685:
320:
659:
42:
399:
673:
616:
635:
62:
647:
387:. Along with other climbers, it creates a dark and impenetrable shelter for varied animals. The plant grows well in dark areas in places where it can receive the light of morning or afternoon. An area receiving bright light for many hours reduces its development. It grows more easily in rich wet soils with plenty of nitrogen. When grown for medicinal purposes, it is best grown in a dry, exposed environment.
367:, which scrambles over other plants, capable of reaching a height of 4 m where suitable support is available, but more often 1–2 m high. The leaves are 4–12 cm long, roughly arrowhead-shaped, and often lobed at the base. The flowers are in loose clusters of 3–20, 1–1.5 cm across, star-shaped, with five purple petals and yellow stamens and style pointing forward. The fruit is an ovoid red
1532:
549:. Stems are harvested when they do not yet have leaves (or the leaves have already fallen) and are shredded into small pieces. They are mostly known to be applied in the form of liquid onto the skin, but infusing it into a drink is also possible, though not recommended. The stem has also been used in treatment for
515:
has a variety of documented medicinal uses, all of which are advised to be approached with proper caution as the entirety of the plant is considered to be poisonous. Always seek advice from a professional before using a plant medicinally. There have only been records of medicinal use for adults (not
371:
about 1 cm long, soft and juicy, with the aspect and odour of a tiny tomato, and edible for some birds, which disperse the seeds widely. However, the berry is poisonous to humans and livestock, and the berry's attractive and familiar look makes it dangerous for children.
443:
This plant is one of the less poisonous members of the
Solanaceae. Instances of poisoning in humans are very rare on account of the fruit's intensely bitter taste. Incidentally, the fruit has been reported to have a sweet aftertaste, hence the vernacular name
435:(1597) states that "the juice is good for those that have fallen from high places, and have been thereby bruised or beaten, for it is thought to dissolve blood congealed or cluttered anywhere in the intrals and to heale the hurt places."
604:. This is in reference to its curious property of combining extreme bitterness with surprising sweetness – hence its common name "bittersweet". This symbolism is seen in Christian art from the Middle Ages as well as in bridal wreaths.
532:
is believed to be considerably less poisonous than the rest of the plant, and it has mostly been used in treatment for conditions of the skin. There are records of it being used to treat mild recurrent
1132:
A Modern Herbal: The
Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs, & Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses, Volume 1
828:"Almost any unfamiliar berry is or may be snake-berry, and all snake-berries are poisonous; so a boy dares not eat a berry till some one...". Needs verification but may come from
417:
since ancient Greek times. In the Middle Ages the plant was thought to be effective against witchcraft, and was sometimes hung around the neck of cattle to protect them from the "
375:
It is native to northern Africa, Europe, and Asia, but has spread throughout the world. The plant is relatively important in the diet of some species of birds such as
European
581:, while the fruit can treat conditions of the respiratory tract and joints. It has been documented that Indigenous people of North America used the roots for relief of
684:
1857:
1932:
1354:
379:, which feed on its fruits, being immune to its poisons, and scatter the seeds abroad. It grows in all types of terrain with a preference for wetlands and the
1795:
1883:
1808:
2027:
1955:
771:
962:
896:
672:
708:
illustration by Kurt Stüber, published in Prof. Dr. Otto
Wilhelm Thomé Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 1885, Gera, Germany
2175:
1423:"Solanum dulcamara Bittersweet. Bittersweet Nightshade, Climbing nightshade, Bittersweet, Deadly Nightshade, Poisonous PFAF Plant Database"
1036:"Solanum dulcamara Bittersweet. Bittersweet Nightshade, Climbing nightshade, Bittersweet, Deadly Nightshade, Poisonous PFAF Plant Database"
722:
954:
CRC World
Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology (5 Volume Set)
1723:
2170:
1375:
1179:
1111:
2165:
2160:
319:
1844:
869:
730:
658:
2155:
2006:
1888:
1919:
615:
2150:
872:. US Army center for health promotion and preventive medicine, Entomological Sciences Program. July 1994. Archived from
1536:
2066:
1870:
1648:
1625:
481:
2053:
809:
1937:
61:
2145:
1960:
2058:
1472:"Symbolism of plants: examples from European-Mediterranean culture presented with biology and history of art"
1772:
1777:
1751:
634:
1746:
1663:
1548:
421:". It has been suggested that the plant was used both medicinally and to induce altered states of mind in
1653:
1586:
1813:
467:
178:
1083:
Daimonomageia. A small treatise of sicknesses and diseases from witchcraft and supernatural causes, etc
646:
2045:
1947:
1738:
1697:
1059:
1014:
1764:
920:
497:
422:
398:
1911:
41:
2112:
1759:
1689:
1501:
1289:
851:
56:
2104:
2032:
1252:
Kumar, Padma; Sharma, Bindu; Bakshi, Nidhi (2009-05-20). "Biological activity of alkaloids from
775:
1862:
1422:
1035:
952:
873:
1981:
1671:
1509:
1493:
1281:
1273:
1234:
1185:
1175:
1107:
1097:
958:
902:
892:
815:
754:
344:
332:
1307:
Bakshi, N.; Kumar, P.; Sharma, M. (2008). "Antidermatophytic activity of some alkaloids from
1101:
1081:
2140:
1986:
1483:
1265:
1224:
1216:
843:
759:
The
English physitian: or an astrologo-physical discourse of the vulgar herbs of this nation
384:
1836:
985:
1968:
805:
361:
99:
2019:
459:(from flowers) and beta-solamarine (from roots) have been found to inhibit the growth of
1597:
1330:
2014:
1229:
1204:
546:
368:
86:
2134:
855:
831:
376:
308:
194:
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924:
1630:
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2071:
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1145:
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1906:
1821:
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428:
284:
1996:
1607:
1269:
550:
456:
414:
380:
358:
231:
145:
1728:
1571:
1497:
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906:
307:
It is native to Europe and Asia, and widely naturalised elsewhere, including
17:
1875:
1710:
1189:
558:
538:
340:
135:
2084:
1513:
1285:
1238:
1220:
1531:
1446:
928:
2079:
1640:
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1488:
1471:
887:
Parnell, John A. N.; Cullen, Elaine L.; Webb, D. A.; Curtis, Tom (2011).
750:
601:
490:
452:
418:
336:
125:
112:
1973:
1787:
1505:
402:
Illustration by Kurt Stüber, published in Prof. Dr. Otto
Wilhelm Thomé,
1800:
1684:
626:
542:
461:
218:
209:
155:
451:
The poison in this species is believed to be solanine. The alkaloids,
1826:
622:
586:
578:
554:
534:
501:
227:
223:
1542:
1399:
847:
2040:
1849:
1715:
582:
397:
348:
318:
73:
1203:
R. F. Alexander; G. B. Forbes & E. S. Hawkins (1948-09-11).
574:
364:
213:
1702:
1546:
1400:"Целебные Травы | Паслен сладко-горький - Solanum dulcamara L."
1355:"Community herbal monograph on Solanum dulcamara L., stipites"
870:"Guide to Poisonous and Toxic Plants (Technical Guide #196)"
1170:
Mabey, Richard; Gibbons, Bob; Jones, Gareth Lovett (1997).
1150:(and Woody Nightshade) in Anglo-Saxon England, 700–900
786:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
1146:
1555:
1383:European Medicines Agency Science Medicines Health
1362:European Medicines Agency Science Medicines Health
1103:Culpeper's Complete Herbal & English Physician
500:for external use as supportive therapy in chronic
404:Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz
933:. U.S. Department of Agriculture. pp. 31–32
390:It is a nonnative species in the United States.
690:Bittersweet after rain in Boston, Massachusetts
516:children) and it is possible to be allergic to
1470:Kandeler, Riklef; Ullrich, Wolfram R. (2009).
1447:"BRIT - Native American Ethnobotany Database"
816:Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
678:Bittersweet nightshade in Clark County, Ohio.
520:medicinal use is not advised in these cases.
8:
930:Thirty Poisonous Plants of the United States
1543:
475:showed antidermatophytic activity against
471:. Solanine and solasodine extracted from
40:
31:
1487:
1228:
1125:
1123:
701:
611:
1394:
1392:
1349:
1347:
1009:
1007:
784:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
7:
2046:01E66004-8BD6-F7E0-BDE5-5D1E66297DDF
1948:bdaf7be6-5725-4e05-b10a-39c9f95b7803
1205:"A Fatal Case of Solanine Poisoning"
1264:(8). Informa UK Limited: 719–723.
830:Fannie D. Bergen (November 1892).
757:, for example Culpeper, Nicholas,
331:It occurs in a very wide range of
25:
1106:. Applewood Books. pp. 1–2.
753:, discussing various editions of
2059:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:285213-2
1530:
683:
671:
657:
645:
633:
614:
60:
1174:. London: Chatto & Windus.
891:. Cork: Cork University Press.
1476:Journal of Experimental Botany
992:. Greenfield Community College
832:"Popular American Plant Names"
565:Use of leaves, fruit, and root
496:The stems are approved by the
1:
751:Culpeper Plant Names Database
600:has been used as a symbol of
951:Umberto Quattrocchi (2016).
2176:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
957:. CRC Press. p. 3481.
761:, London, Peter Cole, 1652.
482:Trichophyton mentagrophytes
2192:
1160:(2013), 43-69 (pp. 60–62).
811:Wild Flowers Worth Knowing
1270:10.1080/14786410802267692
573:have been known to treat
222:(which also includes the
184:
177:
57:Scientific classification
55:
48:
39:
34:
2171:Plants described in 1753
1331:"Bittersweet Nightshade"
1258:Natural Product Research
1154:Leeds Studies in English
723:"Plant Name Details for
234:. Common names include
2166:Garden plants of Europe
2161:Flora of temperate Asia
1376:"Woody nightshade stem"
1080:Drage, William (1665).
35:Bittersweet nightshade
1221:10.1136/bmj.2.4575.518
455:(from unripe fruits),
407:
406:, 1885, Gera, Germany.
328:
240:bittersweet nightshade
2156:Flora of North Africa
1130:Grieve, Maud (1971).
986:"Climbing nightshade"
889:Webb's an Irish flora
477:Chrysosporium indicum
401:
322:
1539:at Wikimedia Commons
990:Outdoor Learning Lab
290:trailing bittersweet
2151:Flora of Indo-China
1062:. US Forest Service
1060:"Solanum dulcamara"
1017:. US Forest Service
1015:"Solanum dulcamara"
921:Victor King Chesnut
498:German Commission E
489:, thus it may cure
439:Biological activity
423:Anglo-Saxon England
413:has been valued by
294:trailing nightshade
256:climbing nightshade
1489:10.1093/jxb/erp207
1364:. 15 January 2013.
1098:Culpeper, Nicholas
518:Solanum dulcamara;
408:
329:
2128:
2127:
1997:Solanum_dulcamara
1982:Open Tree of Life
1765:Solanum dulcamara
1587:Solanum dulcamara
1557:Solanum dulcamara
1549:Taxon identifiers
1537:Solanum dulcamara
1535:Media related to
1482:(11): 2955–2956.
1309:Solanum dulcamara
1254:Solanum dulcamara
964:978-1-4822-5064-0
898:978-1-909005-08-2
836:Botanical Gazette
778:Solanum dulcamara
725:Solanum dulcamura
665:Solanum dulcamara
598:Solanum dulcamara
571:Solanum dulcamara
530:Solanum dulcamara
513:Solanum dulcamara
473:Solanum dulcamara
411:Solanum dulcamara
355:Solanum dulcamara
244:bitter nightshade
205:Solanum dulcamara
201:
200:
188:Solanum dulcamara
170:S. dulcamara
50:Solanum dulcamara
16:(Redirected from
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1925:NBNSYS0000004037
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1304:
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1243:
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1194:
1193:
1172:Flora Britannica
1167:
1161:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1118:
1117:
1100:(October 2006).
1094:
1088:
1087:
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1047:
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984:Jones, Theresa.
981:
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806:Blanchan, Neltje
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385:riparian forests
357:is a semi-woody
323:Distribution of
302:woody nightshade
230:) of the family
190:
65:
64:
44:
32:
27:Species of plant
21:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2146:Flora of Europe
2131:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2116:
2111:
2103:
2101:
2093:
2091:
2083:
2078:
2070:
2065:
2057:
2052:
2044:
2039:
2031:
2026:
2018:
2013:
2005:
2003:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1980:
1972:
1969:Observation.org
1967:
1959:
1954:
1946:
1944:
1936:
1931:
1923:
1918:
1910:
1905:
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1896:MichiganFlora:
1895:
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1737:
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1727:
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1714:
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1683:
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1527:
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1455:
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1440:
1431:
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1421:
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1416:
1407:
1405:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1385:. 12 July 2013.
1378:
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1201:
1197:
1182:
1169:
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1143:
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1129:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1096:
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1091:
1079:
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1063:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1034:
1033:
1029:
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1018:
1013:
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1005:
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993:
983:
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965:
950:
949:
945:
936:
934:
919:
918:
914:
899:
886:
885:
881:
876:on May 4, 2008.
868:
867:
863:
842:(11): 363–380.
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827:
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803:
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789:
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2118:wfo-0001027661
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1403:www.medherb.ru
1388:
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1144:Alaric Hall, "
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569:The leaves of
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1451:naeb.brit.org
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1319:(6): 483–484.
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1215:(4575): 518.
1214:
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1199:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1181:1-85619-377-2
1177:
1173:
1166:
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1126:
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1120:
1115:
1113:9781557090805
1109:
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1086:. p. 39.
1085:
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1016:
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987:
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977:
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925:"Bittersweet"
922:
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883:
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508:Medicinal use
507:
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309:North America
305:
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287:
286:
281:
280:scarlet berry
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:blue bindweed
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
220:
216:in the genus
215:
211:
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206:
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183:
180:
179:Binomial name
176:
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87:Tracheophytes
85:
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75:
72:
69:
68:
63:
58:
54:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
18:Blue bindweed
2020:tro-29600249
1556:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1454:. Retrieved
1450:
1441:
1430:. Retrieved
1426:
1417:
1406:. Retrieved
1402:
1382:
1370:
1361:
1335:. Retrieved
1325:
1316:
1313:Indian Drugs
1312:
1308:
1302:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1171:
1165:
1153:
1147:
1140:
1131:
1102:
1092:
1082:
1075:
1064:. Retrieved
1054:
1043:. Retrieved
1039:
1030:
1019:. Retrieved
994:. Retrieved
989:
979:
968:. Retrieved
953:
946:
935:. Retrieved
929:
915:
888:
882:
874:the original
864:
839:
835:
824:
810:
800:
788:. Retrieved
783:
777:
766:
758:
746:
734:. Retrieved
724:
717:
713:
704:
664:
597:
596:
570:
568:
529:
528:The stem of
527:
517:
512:
511:
495:
486:
480:
476:
472:
466:
460:
450:
445:
442:
432:
427:
410:
409:
403:
389:
374:
354:
353:
330:
325:S. dulcamara
324:
306:
301:
298:violet bloom
297:
293:
289:
283:
279:
276:poisonflower
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
252:Amara Dulcis
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
217:
204:
203:
202:
187:
185:
169:
168:
156:
119:
106:
93:
80:
49:
29:
1907:NatureServe
1822:iNaturalist
1581:Wikispecies
1333:. Drugs.com
790:17 November
736:December 1,
524:Use of stem
446:bittersweet
429:John Gerard
272:poisonberry
236:bittersweet
100:Angiosperms
2135:Categories
2102:WisFlora:
2015:Plant List
1661:Calflora:
1456:2022-10-05
1432:2022-10-03
1408:2022-10-10
1337:2013-08-15
1066:2022-08-25
1045:2022-10-10
1021:2022-10-10
970:2017-07-22
937:2017-07-22
772:USDA, NRCS
696:References
551:bronchitis
457:solasodine
415:herbalists
381:understory
359:herbaceous
285:snakeberry
264:fellenwort
232:Solanaceae
146:Solanaceae
1778:200020582
1752:200020582
1498:0022-0957
1278:1478-6419
1148:Elleborus
907:830022856
856:224830265
621:Flowers,
593:Symbolism
559:pneumonia
539:psoriasis
468:S. aureus
362:perennial
341:scrubland
337:woodlands
268:felonwood
260:felonwort
164:Species:
136:Solanales
70:Kingdom:
2092:VASCAN:
2085:29600249
2080:Tropicos
1994:PalDat:
1912:2.144589
1863:10204791
1850:285213-2
1638:BioLib:
1566:Wikidata
1514:19549625
1506:24038282
1427:pfaf.org
1294:25721657
1286:19418354
1239:18881287
1209:Br Med J
1190:38725904
1040:pfaf.org
923:(1898).
808:(2005).
774:(n.d.).
755:Culpeper
602:fidelity
491:ringworm
487:T. simil
453:solanine
419:evil eye
377:thrushes
333:habitats
315:Overview
226:and the
142:Family:
126:Asterids
113:Eudicots
2141:Solanum
1801:2932737
1685:Ecocrop
1572:Q147707
1230:2091497
996:4 April
718:Sp. Pl.
640:Flowers
627:Ontario
608:Gallery
543:scabies
462:E. coli
433:Herball
394:History
349:marshes
335:, from
219:Solanum
210:species
157:Solanum
152:Genus:
132:Order:
74:Plantae
2028:PLANTS
1987:121226
1945:NZOR:
1876:117225
1814:101313
1788:SOLDUL
1785:FoIO:
1739:soldul
1736:FEIS:
1729:185041
1703:581116
1654:100958
1631:101126
1618:153922
1615:APDB:
1595:AoFP:
1512:
1504:
1496:
1292:
1284:
1276:
1237:
1227:
1188:
1178:
1110:
961:
905:
895:
854:
652:Fruits
623:Ottawa
587:nausea
579:tumors
557:, and
555:asthma
545:, and
535:eczema
502:eczema
345:hedges
300:, and
228:tomato
224:potato
2072:17451
2041:Plazi
2004:PFI:
1956:NZPCN
1938:45834
1889:30414
1858:IRMNG
1834:IPA:
1827:55620
1760:FoAO2
1724:EUNIS
1716:SOLDU
1677:4Y2BH
1641:40757
1605:APA:
1502:JSTOR
1379:(PDF)
1358:(PDF)
1290:S2CID
1256:L.".
852:S2CID
583:fever
575:warts
369:berry
208:is a
120:Clade
107:Clade
94:Clade
81:Clade
2105:8664
2095:9378
2054:POWO
2033:SODU
2007:4711
1974:7481
1961:2773
1933:NCBI
1899:2710
1884:ITIS
1845:IPNI
1837:6448
1809:GRIN
1796:GBIF
1711:EPPO
1690:9848
1664:7653
1649:BOLD
1626:APNI
1608:3565
1598:1761
1510:PMID
1494:ISSN
1282:PMID
1274:ISSN
1235:PMID
1186:OCLC
1176:ISBN
1108:ISBN
998:2021
959:ISBN
903:OCLC
893:ISBN
792:2015
738:2009
731:IPNI
585:and
577:and
485:and
465:and
365:vine
347:and
214:vine
2113:WFO
2067:RHS
1920:NBN
1871:ISC
1773:FoC
1747:FNA
1698:EoL
1672:CoL
1484:doi
1311:".
1266:doi
1225:PMC
1217:doi
1152:",
844:doi
431:'s
383:of
339:to
212:of
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1935::
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1500:.
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