Rock dove - Knowledge

913:. A study of melanin in the feathers of both wild rock and domestic pigeons, of different coloration types and known genetic background, measured the concentration, distribution and proportions of eumelanin and pheomelanin and found that gene mutations affecting the distribution, amounts and proportions of pigments accounted for the greater variation of coloration in domesticated birds than in their wild relations. Eumelanin generally causes grey or black coloration, while pheomelanin results in a reddish-brown colour. Other shades of brown may be produced through different combinations and concentrations of the two colours. As in other animals, white pigeons have little to no pigment. Darker birds may be better able to store trace metals in their feathers due to their higher concentrations of melanin, which may help mitigate the negative effects of the metals, the concentrations of which are typically higher in urban areas. Pigeons, especially 1259:

pigeons, they cannot digest adult plant tissue; the various seeds they eat contain the appropriate nutrients they require. While most birds take small sips and tilt their heads backwards when drinking, pigeons are able to dip their bills into the water and drink continuously, without having to tilt their heads back. In cities they typically resort to scavenging human garbage, as unprocessed grain may be impossible to find. Pigeon groups typically consist of producers, which locate and obtain food, and scroungers, which feed on food obtained by the producers. Generally, groups of pigeons contain a greater proportion of scroungers than producers.

1022: 1760: 1692: 1080:

human structures with ample crevices are conducive to rock dove nesting. Thus the modern range of the rock dove is due in large part to humans. Agricultural settlements are favoured over forested ones. Ideal human nesting attributes combine areas with tall buildings, green spaces, ample access to human food, and schools. Conversely, suburban areas which are far from city centers and have high street density are the least conducive to pigeons. Their versatility among human structures is evidenced by a population living inside a deep well in Tunisia.

1748: 49: 1784: 877:, it is a typical pigeon. Although it is a relatively strong flier, it also glides frequently, holding its wings in a very pronounced V shape as it does. As prey birds, they must keep their vigilance, and when disturbed a pigeon within a flock will take off with a noisy clapping sound that cues for other pigeons to take to flight. The noise of the take-off increases the faster a pigeon beats its wings, thus advertising the magnitude of a perceived threat to its flockmates. 226: 1772: 1715: 1113: 105: 855: 950: 1367: 1255:. Additional food is also usually available from waste bins, tourists or residents who feed bird seed to pigeons for reasons such as empathy, fun, tradition and as a means for social interaction. Pigeons tend to congregate in large, often thick flocks when feeding on discarded food, and may be observed flying skillfully around trees, buildings, telephone poles and cables and even through moving traffic just to reach a food source. 1736: 851:

lower jaw. The latter has an angled shape in side view because the long-axis of the front half of the lower jaw is at a 30° angle to the back half. Beneath the skull, the hyoid skeleton involves three mid-line structures and a pair of elongate structures that stem from between the junction of the back two structures. The anterior structure (the paraglossum or entoglossum) is unpaired and shaped like an arrowhead.

4831: 1724: 720: 80: 1706: 445: 768: 1374: 1105: 1664:, and that they do not transmit the virus to poultry. Other studies have presented evidence of clinical signs and neurological lesions resulting from infection but found that the pigeons did not transmit the disease to poultry reared in direct contact with them. Pigeons were found to be "resistant or minimally susceptible" to other strains of avian influenza, such as the 1569: 1134:

avian species, such as seabirds, it could be a conservation issue. Current evidence suggests that wild, domestic and feral pigeons mate for life, although their long-term bonds are not unbreakable. They are socially monogamous, but extra-pair matings do occur, often initiated by males. Due to their ability to produce

1272:

powder, helps maintain the plumage. Some varieties of domestic pigeon have modified feathers called "fat quills". These feathers contain yellow, oil-like fat that derives from the same cells as powder down. This is used while preening and helps reduce bacterial degradation of feathers by feather bacilli.

1079:

relationship with humans, gaining both ample access to food and nesting spots in civilized areas. Human structures provide an excellent imitation of cliff structures, making rock doves very common around human habitation. Skyscrapers, highway overpasses, farm buildings, abandoned buildings, and other

1580:

Many domestic birds have gotten lost, escaped or been released over the years and have given rise to feral pigeons. These show a variety of plumages, although many have the blue-barred pattern as does the pure rock dove. Feral pigeons are found in cities and towns all over the world. The scarcity of

1353:

The body feathers have dense, fluffy bases and are loosely attached to the skin, hence they drop out easily. When a predator catches a pigeon large numbers of feathers come out in the attacker's mouth and the pigeon may use this temporary distraction to make an escape. It also tends to drop the tail

880:

Feral pigeons are essentially the same size and shape as the original wild rock dove, but often display far greater variation in colour and pattern compared to their wild ancestors. The blue-barred pattern which the original wild rock dove displays is generally less common in more urban areas. Urban

850:

There have been numerous skeletal descriptions of the rock dove and the associated muscles including those of the eye, jaw, neck, and throat. The skull is dominated by the rostrum, eye socket, and braincase. The quadrate bone is relatively small and mobile and connects the rest of the cranium to the

1679:

strain. Three studies have been done since the late 1990s by the US Agriculture Department's Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory in Athens, Georgia, according to the center's director, David Swayne. The lab has been working on bird flu since the 1970s. In one experiment, researchers squirted into

1133:

The rock dove breeds at any time of the year, but peak times are spring and summer. Nesting sites are along coastal cliff faces, as well as the artificial cliff faces created by apartment buildings with accessible ledges or roof spaces. Pigeons can compete with native birds for nest sites. For some

779:

The white lower back of the pure rock dove is its best identification characteristic; the two black bars on its pale grey wings are also distinctive. The tail has a black band on the end, and the outer web of the tail feathers are margined with white. It is strong and quick on the wing, dashing out

1271:

for preening, which gives a soft and silky feel to their plumage. They have no preen gland or at times have very rudimentary preen glands, so oil is not used for preening. Rather, powder down feathers are spread across the body. These have a tendency to disintegrate, and the powder, akin to talcum

997:

Non-vocal sounds include a loud flapping noise at take-off, feet stomping, hisses, and beak snapping. Wings may also be clapped during flights, usually during display fights or after copulation. Juveniles particularly snap their bills, usually to respond to nest invasion. The foot stomping appears

1163:

The nest is a flimsy platform of straw and sticks, laid on a ledge, under cover, often on the window ledges of buildings. Two white eggs are laid; incubation, shared by both parents, lasts 17 to 19 days. The newly hatched squab (nestling) has pale yellow down and a flesh-coloured bill with a dark

742:

The adult of the nominate subspecies of the rock dove is 29 to 37 cm (11 to 15 in) long with a 62 to 72 cm (24 to 28 in) wingspan. Weight for wild or feral rock doves ranges from 238–380 g (8.4–13.4 oz), though overfed domestic and semidomestic individuals can exceed

1151:

rituals can be observed in urban parks at any time of the year. The male on the ground or rooftops puffs up the feathers on his neck to appear larger and thereby impress or attract attention. He approaches the female at a rapid walking pace while emitting repetitive quiet notes, often bowing and

1083:

Feral pigeons are usually unable to find these accommodations, so they must nest on building ledges, walls or statues. They may damage these structures via their faeces; starving birds can only excrete urates, which over time corrodes masonry and metal. In contrast, a well-fed bird passes mostly

921:

breeds, are well known for their ability to find their way home from long distances. Despite these demonstrated abilities, wild rock doves are sedentary and rarely leave their local areas. It is hypothesized that in their natural, arid habitat, they rely on this sense to navigate back home after

1258:

Pigeons feed on the ground in flocks or individually. Pigeons are naturally granivorous, eating seeds that fit down their gullet. They may sometimes consume small invertebrates such as worms or insect larvae as a protein supplement. As they do not possess an enlarged cecum as in European wood

1055:

aboard European ships between 1603 and 1607. The species (including ferals) has a large range, with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 10,000,000 km (3,900,000 sq mi). It has a large global population, including an estimated 17 to 28 million individuals in Europe.

604:, and featured in four of his works from 1859 to 1872. Darwin posited that, despite wide-ranging morphological differences, the many hundreds of breeds of domestic pigeon could all be traced back to the wild rock dove; in essence human selection of pigeon breeds was analogous to 1553:

Pigeons have notably been "employed" as medical imaging data sorters. They have been successfully trained under research conditions to examine data on a screen for the purposes of detecting breast cancer. They appear to use their innate visual navigation skills to do so.

1680:

pigeons' mouths liquid drops that contained the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus from a Hong Kong sample. The birds received 100 to 1,000 times the concentration that wild birds would encounter in nature. "We couldn't infect the pigeons", Swayne said. "So that's good news."

1297:

are natural predators of pigeons and quite adept at catching and feeding upon this species. Up to 80% of the diet of peregrine falcons in several cities that have breeding falcons is composed of feral pigeons. Some common predators of feral pigeons in North America are

925:

A rock dove's lifespan ranges from 3–5 years in the wild to 15 years in captivity, though longer-lived specimens have been reported. The main causes of mortality in the wild are predators and persecution by humans. Some sources state the species was first introduced to

747:

along its neck and wing feathers. The iris is orange, red, or golden with a paler inner ring, and the bare skin round the eye is bluish-grey. The bill is grey-black with a conspicuous off-white cere, and the feet are purplish-red. Among standard measurements, the

1067:

Wild pigeons reside in rock formations and cliff faces, settling in crevices to nest. They nest communally, often forming large colonies of many hundreds of individuals. Wild nesting sites include caves, canyons, and sea cliffs. They will even live in the

4453: 885: 1626:

in humans. It is generally transmitted from handling pigeons or their droppings (more commonly the latter). Psittacosis is a serious disease but rarely fatal (less than 1%). Pigeons are also important vectors for various species of the bacteria

1138:, pigeons can breed at any time of year. Pigeons breed when the food supply is abundant enough to support embryonic egg development, which in cities, can be any time of the year. Laying of eggs can take place up to six times per year. 1121: 783:

Young birds show little lustre and are duller. Eye colour of the pigeon is generally orange, but a few pigeons may have white-grey eyes. The eyelids are orange and encapsulated in a grey-white eye ring. The feet are red to pink.

4066:

Pezzi, Marco; Leis, Marilena; Chicca, Milvia; Roy, Lise (1 October 2017). "Gamasoidosis caused by the special lineage L1 of Dermanyssus gallinae (Acarina: Dermanyssidae): A case of heavy infestation in a public place in Italy".

2953:

Przybylska, Katarzyna; Haidt, Andżelika; Myczko, Łukasz; Ekner-Grzyb, Anna; Rosin, Zuzanna M.; Kwieciński, Zbigniew; Tryjanowski, Piotr; Suchodolska, Joanna; Takacs, Viktoria; Jankowiak, Łukasz; Tobółka, Marcin (2012-06-30).

1152:

turning as he comes closer. At first, the female invariably walks or flies a short distance away and the male follows her until she stops. At this point, he continues the bowing motion and very often makes full- or half-

775:

The adult female is almost identical in outward appearance to the male, but the iridescence on her neck is less intense and more restricted to the rear and sides, whereas that on the breast is often very obscure.

990:. When displaying, songs are partly sexual, partly threatening. They are accompanied by an inflated throat, tail fanning, strutting, and bowing. The alarm call, given at sight of predators, is a grunt-like 4257:"Minute excretion of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A/chicken/Indonesia/2003 (H5N1) from experimentally infected domestic pigeons (Columbia livia) and lack of transmission to sentinel chickens" 1156:

in front of the female. The male then proceeds to feed the female by regurgitating food, as they do when feeding the young. The male then mounts the female, rearing backwards to be able to join their

735:

have greatly altered the rock dove. Feral pigeons, which have escaped domestication throughout history, have significant variations in plumage. When not specified, descriptions are for assumed

888: 892: 891: 887: 886: 893: 4466: 3723: 1227:

in parks and gardens in the spring, but plentiful sources exist throughout the year from scavenging (e.g., food remnants left inside of dropped fast food cartons, in the form of

1064:, confirm its existence there for at least 300,000 years. However, this species has such a long history with humans that it is impossible to identify its original range exactly. 1122: 3953:; Russo, Tamara Pasqualina; Schettini, Rita; Mallardo, Karina; et al. (April 2014). "Occurrence of enteropathogenic bacteria in urban pigeons (Columba livia) in Italy". 1124: 890: 5153: 665: 4171:

Liu Y, Zhou J, Yang H, et al. (2007). "Susceptibility and transmissibility of pigeons to Asian lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1".

5431: 1289:. In fact, with feral pigeons existing in almost every city in the world, they may form the majority of prey for several raptor species that live in urban areas. 5231: 5396: 998:

deliberate, though for what purpose is unclear. Foot stomping is done with a certain foot first, showing that rock doves have "footedness", similar to human

3501: 2185: 1125: 3821: 4216:"Neurotropism of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus A/chicken/Indonesia/2003 (H5N1) in experimentally infected pigeons (Columbia livia f. domestica)" 1168:" (also called "pigeon milk" or "pigeon's milk"). The pigeon milk is produced in the crops of both parents in all species of pigeon and dove. Pigeons are 3189: 3988:

Osman, Kamelia M.; Mehrez, Mona; Erfan, Ahmed M.; Al Atfeehy, Nayerah (May 2013). "Salmonella enterica isolated from pigeon (Columba livia) in Egypt".

5091: 3359:"Tradición: una nueva razón para alimentar las palomas urbanas (Columba livia; Columbiformes: Columbidae), y cómo controlarlas de manera sostenible" 4110:

George, David R; Finn, Robert D; Graham, Kirsty M; Mul, Monique F; Maurer, Veronika; Moro, Claire Valiente; Sparagano, Olivier AE (25 March 2015).

2956:"Local and landscape-level factors affecting the density and distribution of the Feral Pigeon Columba livia var. domestica in an urban environment" 5179: 1866: 2055: 795:. It is almost blackish on the head, rump and underparts with a white back and the iridescence of the nape extending onto the head. Subspecies 889: 5290: 4778: 3199: 2388: 2345: 2202: 1940: 1910: 869:

When circling overhead, the white underwing of the bird becomes conspicuous. In its flight, behaviour, and voice, which is more of a dovecot

457: 2085:

Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis

1123: 1759: 1285:

With only their flying abilities protecting them from predation, rock pigeons are a favourite almost around the world for a wide range of

3219: 2540: 835:

it is similar to the nominate in size but darker, with a stronger and more extensive iridescent sheen on the neck. It intergrades with

799:

is slightly smaller than the nominate, with similar plumage, but the back is concolorous with the mantle instead of white. Subspecies

5127: 1747: 4790: 4785: 4502: 3746: 3482: 2168: 2143: 2010: 4339: 3846: 5426: 5355: 5104: 2993: 4394:

Panigrahy, B.; Senne, D.A.; Pedersen, J.C.; Shafer, A.L.; Pearson, J.E. (1996). "Susceptibility of pigeons to avian influenza".

5052: 4766: 3913: 5421: 3020:"Can interspecific competition and nest site availability explain the decrease of lesser kestrel Falco naumanni populations?" 2107: 1783: 5184: 1858: 986:. Variations include an alarm call, a nest call, and noises made by juveniles. Sibley describes the nest call as a repeated 5218: 5000: 3893: 3872: 2906:"The effect of habitat and number of inhabitants on the population sizes of feral pigeons around towns in northern Poland" 383: 2416: 1660:. One study has shown that adult pigeons are not clinically susceptible to the most dangerous strain of avian influenza, 4898: 4756: 1011: 589: 31: 1771: 1021: 5411: 5406: 5166: 4974: 4922: 4816: 4811: 681: 5347: 3584: 1691: 2955: 1644:

Pigeons are also known to host avian mites, which can infest human habitation and bite humans, a condition known as

743:

normal weights. It has a dark bluish-grey head, neck, and chest with glossy yellowish, greenish, and reddish-purple

5070: 3444: 3272: 3075:

Rodríguez, Beneharo; Rodríguez, Airam; Siverio, Felipe; Martínez, Juan Manuel; Sacramento, Enrique; Acosta, Yarci.

2796: 2290: 2123: 1723: 979: 4296:

Panigrahy B, Senne DA, Pedersen JC, Shafer AL, Pearson JE (1996). "Susceptibility of pigeons to avian influenza".

3632: 5416: 5236: 5083: 2216: 1476: 1392: 3825: 104: 5401: 5244: 4445: 3606: 2884: 656: 1735: 4023:

Regan, Anne Marie (1 December 1987). "Nosocomial Dermatitis and Pruritus Caused by Pigeon Mite Infestation".

4761: 4611: 2135: 2079: 1965: 939: 623: 593: 465: 215: 336:(doves and pigeons). In common usage, it is often simply referred to as the "pigeon", although this is the 5249: 4948: 4851: 4686: 4676: 4112:"Should the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae be of wider concern for veterinary and medical science?" 3145:

Lovell-Mansbridge, C.; Birkhead, T.R. (1998). "Do female pigeons trade pair copulations for protection?".

3019: 1618: 1602: 1423: 1164:

band. For the first few days, the baby squabs are tended and fed (through regurgitation) exclusively on "

5316: 4979: 4580: 4495: 3717: 1610: 707: 647: 567: 485: 425: 356: 199: 48: 1836: 1160:. The mating is very brief, with the male flapping his wings to maintain balance on top of the female. 5360: 5269: 4940: 4909: 4772: 4708: 4569: 4563: 3775: 3403: 3031: 2748: 2613: 2119: 1350:, since many species are hunted and used for food in many of the countries in which they are native. 1294: 749: 946:

settlements in the early 17th century as the first place for species introduction in North America.

4927: 4834: 4558: 3559: 2682:"Do trace metals select for darker birds in urban areas? An experimental exposure to lead and zinc" 1315: 1072:

so long as an area has rocks, water, and some plant matter. They prefer to avoid dense vegetation.

943: 931: 792: 698: 461: 69: 5210: 5132: 3391: 3263: 2787: 225: 4987: 4961: 4889: 4693: 4604: 4411: 4313: 4196: 3284: 3170: 3104: 2975: 2935: 2857: 2808: 2709: 2631: 2582: 2394: 2329: 2208: 1036: 971: 874: 632: 379: 99: 3764:"Pigeons (Columba livia) as Trainable Observers of Pathology and Radiology Breast Cancer Images" 3762:

Levenson, Richard M.; Krupinski, Elizabeth A.; Navarro, Victor M.; Wasserman, Edward A. (2015).

1060:

evidence suggests the rock dove originated in southern Asia, and skeletal remains, unearthed in

5321: 5158: 5303: 5197: 5013: 4419: 4321: 4278: 4237: 4188: 4146: 4092: 4084: 4048: 4040: 4005: 3970: 3932: 3887: 3803: 3742: 3705: 3478: 3195: 3162: 3057: 2927: 2849: 2727: 2701: 2518: 2384: 2351: 2341: 2198: 2164: 2139: 2103: 2026: 2006: 1936: 1906: 1354:

feathers when preyed upon or under traumatic conditions, probably as a distraction mechanism.

1148: 761: 685: 673: 605: 5308: 4795: 4735: 4488: 4403: 4305: 4268: 4227: 4180: 4136: 4126: 4076: 4032: 3997: 3962: 3950: 3922: 3793: 3783: 3697: 3540: 3411: 3370: 3276: 3245: 3154: 3123: 3094: 3084: 3047: 3039: 2967: 2917: 2839: 2800: 2693: 2662: 2621: 2574: 2544: 2508: 2498: 2376: 2294: 2272: 2194: 2059: 1831: 1366: 1323: 1311: 1290: 949: 859: 724: 524: 424:, pigeons have become established in cities around the world. A commonly cited example of a 297: 265: 5342: 4953: 2681: 1714: 1342:. On the ground the adults, their young and their eggs are at risk from feral and domestic 5277: 4718: 4666: 4626: 4616: 4532: 4440: 2666: 2337: 2242: 1672: 1657: 1606: 1520: 1500: 1494: 1307: 854: 780:

from sea caves, flying low over the water, its lighter grey rump showing well from above.

669: 577: 563: 470: 436:

of 17 to 28 million feral and wild birds in Europe alone and up to 120 million worldwide.

413: 359:) descended from this species. Escaped domestic pigeons have increased the populations of 348: 4036: 3685: 2258:"Darwin's pigeons and the evolution of the columbiforms: recapitulation of ancient genes" 1813: 1141:

Pigeons are often found in pairs during the breeding season, but usually the pigeons are

4343: 3850: 3779: 3407: 3035: 2617: 1480:

is a typical blood-sucking ectoparasite of pigeons in tropical and subtropical regions.

1112: 570:. Pigeon chicks are called "squabs". Note that members of the lesser known pigeon genus 5119: 5078: 5065: 4725: 4681: 4638: 4594: 4141: 3909:"Prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci in the feral pigeon population of Basel, Switzerland" 3798: 3763: 3429: 2876: 2513: 2482: 2445: 1601:, and long-term exposure to both droppings and feathers can induce an allergy known as 1594: 1590: 1516: 1407: 918: 597: 539: 531: 480: 176: 4914: 3313: 3043: 2997: 2904:

Hetmański, Tomasz; Bocheński, Marcin; Tryjanowski, Piotr; Skórka, Piotr (2011-06-01).

5390: 5192: 4713: 4633: 3544: 3528: 3288: 3108: 2812: 2650: 2578: 2481:

Jones, Marc. E. H.; Button, David J.; Barrett, P.M., Paul M; Porro B., Laura (2019).

2398: 2370: 1822: 1634: 1471: 1286: 1244: 1096:

Pigeons are often found in pairs in the breeding season, but are usually gregarious.

927: 914: 732: 523:), "diver", for the name of the bird, because of its swimming motion in the air. The 500: 475: 366:

Wild rock doves are pale grey with two black bars on each wing, whereas domestic and

89: 84: 5005: 4471: 4200: 3335: 2979: 2939: 2713: 2635: 2586: 2212: 1930: 719: 5259: 5109: 4730: 4703: 4589: 4537: 2083: 2051: 1645: 1563: 1512: 1397: 1382: 1327: 1268: 1076: 1044: 1025: 512: 421: 417: 409: 360: 341: 5018: 3174: 2257: 1515:

of all sizes, colours, and types have been bred. Domesticated pigeons are used as

444: 5057: 4992: 4480: 4080: 3788: 3124:"Operational sex ratio and breeding strategies in the Feral Pigeon Columba livia" 1900: 1499:

Rock doves have been domesticated for several thousand years, giving rise to the

1039:, rock doves were restricted to a natural resident range in western and southern 5334: 5223: 5205: 5140: 4966: 4883: 4698: 3822:"Why study pigeons? To understand why there are so many colors of feral pigeons" 2785:

Lowther, Peter E.; Johnston, Richard F. (March 2020). Billerman, Shawn M (ed.).

2088:(in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae : Georg. Emanuel. Beer. 1638: 1623: 1598: 1538: 1347: 935: 910: 744: 585: 572: 559: 555: 17: 5373: 4460: 4111: 3089: 3076: 1184:

Rock doves are omnivorous, but prefer plant matter: chiefly fruits and grains.

5368: 4740: 4515: 4511: 4184: 4131: 3907:

Geigenfeind, Ila; Vanrompay, Daisy; Haag-Wackernagel, Daniel (February 2012).

3415: 2922: 2905: 2626: 2601: 2503: 2420: 2380: 2298: 1629: 1542: 1532: 1418: 1373: 1212: 1142: 1048: 999: 954: 828: 689: 433: 333: 166: 156: 4369: 4088: 4044: 3709: 3061: 2971: 2931: 2853: 2602:"Phenotype-dependent selection of juvenile urban Feral Pigeons Columba livia" 2369:

Gilbert, Thomas (2014). "Pigeons, Domestication of". In Smith, Claire (ed.).

2355: 2276: 739:, though the wild type may be on the verge of extinction or already extinct. 5039: 4553: 3701: 3375: 3358: 2128: 1705: 1432: 1319: 1169: 1165: 1153: 1135: 1104: 1085: 1052: 922:

foraging as deserts rarely possess navigational landmarks that may be used.

906: 767: 736: 641:

Geyr von Schweppenburg, 1916 – north Mali and south Algeria to central Sudan

601: 387: 116: 5171: 4874: 4342:. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Archived from 4282: 4241: 4192: 4150: 4096: 4009: 3974: 3936: 3927: 3908: 3849:. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Archived from 3807: 3158: 2705: 2522: 4423: 4325: 4273: 4256: 4052: 4001: 3966: 3280: 3166: 2804: 5282: 4868: 4671: 3659: 3496: 3494: 2565:

Davis, J.Michael (1975). "Socially induced flight reactions in pigeons".

2064: 1932:

Pigeons-The fascinating saga of the world's most revered and reviled bird

1322:. The birds that prey on pigeons in North America can range in size from 1204: 405: 337: 136: 61: 57: 4232: 4215: 3099: 1568: 1507:). They may have been domesticated as long as 5,000 years ago. Numerous 5096: 4935: 4621: 4415: 4317: 3052: 2861: 2027:"Rock Pigeon Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology" 1581:

the pure wild species is partly due to interbreeding with feral birds.

1573: 1303: 1299: 1228: 1224: 1029: 902: 396:

include various open and semi-open environments where they are able to

393: 371: 3558:

White, Clayton M.; Nancy J. Clum; Tom J. Cade & W. Grainger Hunt.

Some contagions are transmitted by pigeons; for example, the bacteria

1145:, living in flocks of 50 to 500 birds (dependent on the food supply). 4599: 1252: 1248: 1236: 1216: 1200: 1188: 1173: 1157: 1069: 1061: 1057: 1040: 863: 397: 126: 5145: 4845: 4407: 4309: 3610: 3018:

Forero, M.G.; Tella, J.L.; Donázar, J.A.; Hiraldo, F. (1996-12-01).

2844: 2827: 881:

pigeons tend to have darker plumage than those in more rural areas.

5044: 5031: 2651:"Melanin Concentrations in Feathers from Wild and Domestic Pigeons" 5329: 5026: 4661: 4643: 3529:"Fat quill secretion in pigeons: Could it function as a cosmetic?" 3477:(3rd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton Company. pp. 373–376. 1567: 1508: 1448: 1406:

Pigeons may harbour a diverse parasite fauna. They often host the

1339: 1240: 1192: 1119: 1111: 1103: 1020: 958: 948: 883: 853: 766: 718: 499:

word meaning "pigeon, dove", whose older etymology comes from the

496: 443: 401: 367: 5295: 3247:

Posthumous Works: The behaviour of pigeons, ed. by Harvey A. Carr

1545:

and medals for their services in saving hundreds of human lives.

478:. He placed it with all the other doves and pigeons in the genus 3875:. Panorama lofts. Archived from the original on October 26, 2009 3191:

Pigeons and Doves: A Guide to the Pigeons and Doves of the World

2600:

Haag-Wackernagel, Daniel; Heeb, Philipp; Leiss, Andreas (2006).

1902:

Pigeons and Doves: A Guide to the Pigeons and Doves of the World

1697: 1676: 1665: 1661: 1589:

Contact with pigeon droppings poses a minor risk of contracting

1335: 1331: 1232: 1220: 757: 753: 429: 146: 4849: 4484: 3660:"The ectoparasite fauna of feral pigeon populations in Hungary" 4214:

Klopfleisch R, Werner O, Mundt E, Harder T, Teifke JP (2006).

1343: 1208: 1196: 375: 340:

form of the bird; the pigeons most familiar to people are the

3527:

Peters, Anne; Klonczinski, Eva; Delhey, Kaspar (March 2010).

3250:. Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington. p. 10. 1519:

as well as food and pets. They were in the past also used as

701:, 1873 – west Pakistan and east Afghanistan to the Himalayas 432:

among birds, the rock doves are abundant, with an estimated

4467:

California Wildlife Center cautions about backyard invaders

626:, 1789 – west, central Europe, north Africa to central Asia 448:

A rock dove reflecting its adaptation to cliff-like perches

283: 970:

The call is a soft, slightly wavering, coo. Ornithologist

961:, showing that the iridescence wraps around the whole neck 592:”. The rock dove was first described by German naturalist 309: 277: 315: 306: 274: 3220:"The breeding season in a rural colony of Feral Pigeons" 3077:"Feral pigeons as a nest competitor for a small seabird" 2680:

Chatelain, Marion; Gasparini, Julien; Frantz, A (2015).

1935:. St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press. 1116:

Incubating an egg, showing their relatively flimsy nests

803:

is smaller and much paler than the nominate. Subspecies

4472:

Power Requirements for Horizontal Flight in the Pigeon

3261:

Lowther, P.; Johnston, R. (2020). Billerman, S. (ed.).

1671:

Research into whether pigeons play a part in spreading

1541:

have played significant roles during wartime, and many

635:, 1856 – Mauritania and Senegal to south Mali and Ghana 1609:: though they can contract it, they apparently do not 374:. Few differences are seen between males and females; 1899:

Gibbs, David; Eustace Barnes; John Cox (2010-06-30).

550:, "dark-coloured". Its closest relative in the genus 318: 286: 752:

is typically around 22.3 cm (8.8 in), the

303: 271: 4858: 4804: 4749: 4654: 4579: 4546: 4461:

Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds

4255:Werner O, Starick E, Teifke J, et al. (2007). 3307: 3305: 1605:. Pigeons are not a major concern in the spread of 300: 268: 3336:"Die soziokulturellen Ursachen des Taubenproblems" 3262: 2786: 2483:"Digital dissection of the head of the rock dove ( 2163:(5th ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 883. 2127: 1837:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690066A155493121.en 1191:found that their diet includes the following: 92% 30:"Rock pigeon" redirects here. For other uses, see 3722:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 3686:"Evolution in the Rock Dove: Skeletal Morphology" 3188:Gibbs, David; Barnes, Eustace; Cox, John (2001). 1648:. However, infesting mammals is relatively rare. 3227:The Journal of the Scottish Ornithologist's Club 2649:Haase, E; Ito, S; Sell, A; Wakamatsu, K (1992). 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 811:, but has a distinctly paler mantle. Subspecies 370:pigeons vary in the colour and pattern of their 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 1084:solid faeces, containing only small amounts of 756:is 9.5 to 11 cm (3.7 to 4.3 in), the 3213: 3211: 2487:) using contrast-enhanced computed tomography" 2324: 2322: 2320: 760:is around 1.8 cm (0.71 in), and the 390:. Both parents care for the young for a time. 4496: 4370:"Avian flu virus H5N1 and pigeons: the facts" 3587:. Animal Diversity Web University of Michigan 3392:"The foods of the Rock Dove and Feral Pigeon" 897:Slow motion, demonstrating the wing movements 8: 3824:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Archived from 3609:. Game Bird Gazette Magazine. Archived from 3607:"Keeping & Breeding Doves & Pigeons" 2877:"Guide to North American Birds: Rock Pigeon" 764:is 2.6 to 3.5 cm (1.0 to 1.4 in). 659:, 1854 – east Egypt, south Sudan and Eritrea 546:, "dove", itself thought to be derived from 3502:"Columbiformes (Pigeons, Doves, and Dodos)" 3194:. United Kingdom: Pica Press. p. 624. 1675:have shown pigeons do not carry the deadly 1187:Studies of pigeons in a semi-rural part of 312: 280: 4846: 4503: 4489: 4481: 3264:"Rock pigeon (Columba livia), version 1.0" 2996:. Australian Museum Online. Archived from 1924: 1922: 847:but darker, with a less contrasting back. 558:, followed by the other rock pigeons: the 224: 78: 47: 38: 4272: 4231: 4140: 4130: 3926: 3797: 3787: 3374: 3098: 3088: 3051: 2921: 2843: 2625: 2543:. Arkansas Urban Wildlife. Archived from 2534: 2532: 2512: 2502: 2063: 2005:. Sumter, S.C.: Levi Publishing Co, Inc. 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1835: 1346:. Doves and pigeons are considered to be 1219:. Feral pigeons can be seen eating grass 791:is smaller and very much darker than the 3443:MARY H. CLENCH; JOHN R. MATHIAS (1995). 2439: 2437: 2410: 2408: 2187:Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 2100:Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 1361: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1867:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 1799: 1687: 1656:Pigeons may, however, carry and spread 519:304) and others use the word κολυμβίς ( 468:in his revised and expanded edition of 243: introduced non-native populations 3885: 3715: 3357:Cabalceta, A.; Barrientos, Z. (2019). 2056:International Ornithological Committee 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1807: 1805: 1803: 596:in 1789. The rock dove was central to 5432:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin 4340:"Facts about pigeon-related diseases" 3847:"Facts about pigeon-related diseases" 3390:Murton, R.K.; Westwood, N.J. (1966). 2910:European Journal of Wildlife Research 2828:"Introduction of the Domestic Pigeon" 2667:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111160 2305:. International Ornithologists' Union 2134:(Abridged ed.). United Kingdom: 458:International Ornithological Congress 7: 5270:d6d02374-c427-4df5-966e-49a0c943ebeb 5084:473e90fe-3551-486c-9968-21e710b8aeef 4037:10.1001/archinte.1987.00370120121021 2240:In J.F. Gmelin's edition of Linné's 1622:is endemic among pigeons and causes 5397:IUCN Red List least concern species 3961:(4). Larchmont, New York: 251–255. 3684:Johnston, Richard F. (1992-07-01). 2375:. New York, NY: Springer New York. 1972:. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology 1823:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 901:Pigeons feathers have two types of 819:and has darker plumage. Subspecies 3955:Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 2372:Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology 1417:. Their ectoparasites include the 710:, 1844 – south India and Sri Lanka 511:), "dive, plunge headlong, swim". 25: 4791:United States Army Pigeon Service 4786:Save the Trafalgar Square Pigeons 3741:. Great Britain: Winckley Press. 3633:"The detachable tails of pigeons" 3314:"ADW: Columba livia: INFORMATION" 2749:"Rock Dove Facts - NatureMapping" 2419:. The Birds I Saw. Archived from 672:(Egypt) to Syria and west, south 538:, "livid, bluish-grey"; this was 464:in 1789 by the German naturalist 332:) is a member of the bird family 4830: 4829: 3545:10.1163/157075610X12610595764219 2826:Schorger, A. W. (October 1952). 2303:IOC World Bird List Version 13.1 1812:BirdLife International (2019) . 1782: 1770: 1758: 1746: 1734: 1722: 1713: 1704: 1690: 1633:, which causes diseases such as 1372: 1365: 974:describes the display call as a 616:Nine subspecies are recognised: 296: 264: 103: 4767:Royal Pigeon Racing Association 3990:Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 3914:Journal of Medical Microbiology 2875:Kaufman, Kenn (November 2014). 2102:. Bloomsbury Publishing p. 114 3218:Riddle, Gordon (Summer 1971). 1905:. United Kingdom: Pica Press. 1429:Campanulotes bidentatus compar 1203:, along with small amounts of 938:. Although other sources cite 727:is located on top of the beak. 507:), "a diver", hence κολυμβάω ( 386:, with two squabs (young) per 237: approximate native range 1: 4025:Archives of Internal Medicine 3873:"West Nile Virus and Pigeons" 3585:"Columba livia common pigeon" 3564:Birds of North America Online 3475:Principles of Animal Behavior 3334:Haag-Wackernagel, D. (1997). 3312:Roof, Jennifer (2001-05-08). 3044:10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00011-0 2788:"Rock Pigeon (Columba livia)" 2246:appeared in Leipzig, 1788-93. 1051:. They were carried into the 404:and rock ledges are used for 4757:American Racing Pigeon Union 4456:at VIREO (Drexel University) 4081:10.1016/j.parint.2017.05.001 3789:10.1371/journal.pone.0141357 3639:. 2006-2017 ScienceBlogs LLC 2579:10.1016/0003-3472(75)90136-0 1543:pigeons have received awards 1012:Osmoregulation in rock doves 771:A medium sized flock forages 452:The official common name is 412:in the wild. Originating in 344:form of the wild rock dove. 32:Rock pigeon (disambiguation) 3473:Dugatkin, Lee Alan (2014). 3445:"THE AVIAN CECUM: A REVIEW" 2753:naturemappingfoundation.org 2541:"Wildlife Profiles: Pigeon" 692:and west, north Afghanistan 382:. The species is generally 5448: 4069:Parasitology International 3273:Cornell Lab of Ornithology 3090:10.1007/s10530-022-02746-1 2797:Cornell Lab of Ornithology 2730:. BBC Science & Nature 2336:(2nd ed.). New York: 2161:Cassell's Latin Dictionary 1789:Feral pigeons in courtship 1561: 1530: 1492: 1363: 1108:Two squabs, a few days old 1009: 980:Cornell Lab of Ornithology 29: 4825: 4523: 4454:Rock Pigeon photo gallery 4185:10.1080/03079450701639335 4132:10.1186/s13071-015-0768-7 3892:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3737:McClary, Douglas (1999). 3416:10.1080/00063656609476116 2923:10.1007/s10344-010-0448-z 2728:"Columba livia (domest.)" 2627:10.1080/00063650609461429 2504:10.1186/s40851-019-0129-z 2381:10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2 2334:The Sibley Guide to Birds 2052:IOC World Bird List v10.2 1929:Blechman, Andrew (2007). 1830:: e.T22690066A155493121. 1477:Pseudolynchia canariensis 1393:Pseudolynchia canariensis 1176:period is about 30 days. 839:in the south. Subspecies 823:is larger and paler than 232: 223: 205: 198: 100:Scientific classification 98: 76: 67: 55: 46: 41: 4655:Relationship with humans 4446:Internet Bird Collection 2972:10.3161/000164512X653908 2885:National Audubon society 2277:10.21829/azm.2009.253674 2080:Gmelin, Johann Friedrich 1753:Nestlings, about 10 days 1445:Colpocephalum turbinatum 1017:Distribution and habitat 831:in the west. Subspecies 815:is slightly larger than 688:, 1906 – east Turkey to 542:'s translation of Greek 440:Taxonomy and systematics 5427:Birds described in 1789 5133:rock-dove-columba-livia 4928:Columba_(Columba)_livia 4762:National Pigeon Service 4119:Parasites & Vectors 3871:Chalmers, Dr Gordon A. 3704:(inactive 2024-09-12). 3667:Parasitologia Hungarica 3583:Roof, Jennifer (2001). 3376:10.22458/urj.v11i3.2216 3244:Whitman, C. O. (1919). 3024:Biological Conservation 2297:, eds. (January 2023). 2265:Acta Zoológica Mexicana 2136:Oxford University Press 2130:A Greek-English Lexicon 1505:Columba livia domestica 905:(pigment) – 873:than the phrase of the 466:Johann Friedrich Gmelin 355:, which includes about 353:Columba livia domestica 56:Group of wild birds in 4677:IP over Avian Carriers 3928:10.1099/jmm.0.034025-0 3340:Deutsche Tierärztliche 3159:10.1006/anbe.1998.0774 3122:Marchesan, M. (2002). 2159:Simpson, D.P. (1979). 2050:Gill, F., ed. (2020). 2001:Levi, Wendell (1977). 1619:Chlamydophila psittaci 1577: 1484:Relationship to humans 1267:Pigeons primarily use 1130: 1117: 1109: 1032: 962: 898: 866: 772: 728: 568:white-collared pigeons 449: 378:they are not strongly 357:1,000 different breeds 5422:Birds of North Africa 5317:Paleobiology Database 4274:10.1099/vir.0.83105-0 4002:10.1089/fpd.2012.1347 3967:10.1089/vbz.2011.0943 3702:10.1093/auk/109.3.530 3605:Butler, Krissy Anne. 3363:UNED Research Journal 3316:. Animaldiversity.org 3281:10.2173/bow.rocpig.01 2805:10.2173/bow.rocpig.01 2686:Global Change Biology 2256:Baptista, L. (2009). 2120:Liddell, Henry George 2031:www.allaboutbirds.org 1571: 1460:Dermoglyphus columbae 1330:and may even include 1295:Eurasian sparrowhawks 1128: 1115: 1107: 1092:Behaviour and ecology 1047:, and extending into 1024: 952: 896: 857: 770: 722: 447: 426:least-concern species 5079:Fauna Europaea (new) 4773:British Homing World 4570:Sarcocystis calchasi 4564:Olfactory navigation 3739:Pigeons for Everyone 3081:Biological Invasions 3000:on February 13, 2008 2450:www.diamonddove.info 2184:Jobling, J. (2010). 2065:10.14344/ioc.ml.10.2 1468:Diplaegidia columbae 1464:Falculifer rostratus 1456:Dermanyssus gallinae 1424:Columbicola columbae 1408:intestinal helminths 1316:eastern screech owls 1269:powder down feathers 1247:) and they also eat 460:. The rock dove was 4817:Wild pigeon species 4687:Bird fancier's lung 4233:10.1354/vp.43-4-463 3780:2015PLoSO..1041357L 3432:. 13 November 2014. 3408:1966BirdS..13..130M 3036:1996BCons..78..289F 2655:Journal of Heredity 2618:2006BirdS..53..163H 1777:Young bird, 22 days 1741:Nestling, five days 1684:Stages of lifecycle 1603:bird fancier's lung 1452:Tinaminyssus melloi 1437:Bonomiella columbae 1411:Capillaria columbae 1396:), a blood-sucking 976:whoo, hoo-witoo-hoo 793:nominate subspecies 650:, 1928 – west Egypt 70:Conservation status 5412:Cosmopolitan birds 5407:Domesticated birds 4962:BirdLife-Australia 4812:Wild pigeon genera 4349:on 13 January 2008 4267:(Pt 11): 3089–93. 3560:"Peregrine Falcon" 3269:Birds of the World 2960:Acta Ornithologica 2793:Birds of the World 2491:Zoological Letters 2293:; Donsker, David; 2222:on August 15, 2019 2098:James A. Jobling. 1729:Nestlings, one day 1578: 1415:Ascaridia columbae 1390:Pigeon louse fly ( 1131: 1118: 1110: 1075:Rock doves have a 1037:Columbian Exchange 1033: 984:Coo, roo-c'too-coo 982:describes it as a 963: 899: 867: 807:closely resembles 773: 729: 462:formally described 456:, as given by the 450: 380:sexually dimorphic 363:around the world. 5384: 5383: 5304:Open Tree of Life 4852:Taxon identifiers 4843: 4842: 4547:Life and behavior 4512:Pigeons and doves 4476:-C. J. PENNYCUICK 4441:"Rock Dove media" 3951:Gargiulo, Antonio 3921:(Pt 2): 261–265. 3201:978-1-873403-60-0 2698:10.1111/gcb.13170 2390:978-1-4419-0426-3 2347:978-0-307-95790-0 2295:Rasmussen, Pamela 2204:978-1-408-12501-4 1942:978-0-7022-3641-9 1912:978-1-873403-60-0 1441:Hohorstiella lata 1404: 1403: 1324:American kestrels 1312:great horned owls 1291:Peregrine falcons 1129:Courtship display 1126: 894: 674:Arabian Peninsula 663:C. l. palaestinae 606:natural selection 584:), also have the 491:. The genus name 248: 247: 93: 16:(Redirected from 5439: 5417:Birds of Eurasia 5377: 5376: 5364: 5363: 5351: 5350: 5338: 5337: 5325: 5324: 5312: 5311: 5299: 5298: 5286: 5285: 5273: 5272: 5263: 5262: 5253: 5252: 5240: 5239: 5227: 5226: 5224:NHMSYS0000530307 5214: 5213: 5201: 5200: 5188: 5187: 5175: 5174: 5162: 5161: 5149: 5148: 5136: 5135: 5123: 5122: 5113: 5112: 5100: 5099: 5087: 5086: 5074: 5073: 5061: 5060: 5048: 5047: 5035: 5034: 5022: 5021: 5009: 5008: 4996: 4995: 4983: 4982: 4970: 4969: 4957: 4956: 4944: 4943: 4941:BBA263C235B15B88 4931: 4930: 4918: 4917: 4905: 4904: 4894: 4893: 4892: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4847: 4833: 4832: 4796:Up North Combine 4779:Show of the Year 4505: 4498: 4491: 4482: 4450: 4428: 4427: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4348: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4276: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4235: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4144: 4134: 4116: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4020: 4014: 4013: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3930: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3891: 3883: 3881: 3880: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3858: 3853:on March 4, 2009 3843: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3833: 3828:on June 12, 2008 3818: 3812: 3811: 3801: 3791: 3774:(11): e0141357. 3759: 3753: 3752: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3721: 3713: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3664: 3658:Rózsa L (1990). 3655: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3637:Scienceblogs.com 3628: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3618: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3570: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3506:Encyclopedia.com 3498: 3489: 3488: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3454:. 107(l): 93–121 3449: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3321: 3309: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3266: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3224: 3215: 3206: 3205: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3147:Animal Behaviour 3142: 3136: 3135: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3102: 3092: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3055: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3005: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2925: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2891: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2847: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2790: 2782: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2759: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2735: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2629: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2567:Animal Behaviour 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2552: 2536: 2527: 2526: 2516: 2506: 2478: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2441: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2428: 2423:on June 29, 2008 2412: 2403: 2402: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2326: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2262: 2253: 2247: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2221: 2215:. Archived from 2195:Christopher Helm 2192: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2133: 2116: 2110: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2037: 2023: 2017: 2016: 1998: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1977: 1962: 1947: 1946: 1926: 1917: 1916: 1896: 1877: 1876: 1874: 1873: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1839: 1809: 1786: 1774: 1762: 1750: 1738: 1726: 1717: 1708: 1694: 1387:, a nasal mite. 1376: 1369: 1362: 1308:red-tailed hawks 1127: 895: 860:British Columbia 705:C. l. intermedia 648:Meinertzhagen, R 630:C. l. gymnocycla 600:'s discovery of 525:specific epithet 325: 324: 321: 320: 317: 314: 311: 308: 305: 302: 293: 292: 289: 288: 285: 282: 279: 276: 273: 270: 242: 236: 228: 211: 108: 107: 87: 82: 81: 51: 39: 21: 18:Blue rock pigeon 5447: 5446: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5402:Columba (genus) 5387: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5372: 5367: 5359: 5354: 5346: 5341: 5333: 5328: 5320: 5315: 5307: 5302: 5294: 5289: 5281: 5278:Observation.org 5276: 5268: 5266: 5258: 5256: 5248: 5243: 5235: 5230: 5222: 5217: 5209: 5204: 5196: 5191: 5183: 5178: 5170: 5165: 5157: 5152: 5144: 5139: 5131: 5126: 5118: 5116: 5108: 5103: 5095: 5090: 5082: 5077: 5069: 5064: 5056: 5051: 5043: 5038: 5030: 5025: 5017: 5012: 5004: 4999: 4991: 4986: 4978: 4973: 4965: 4960: 4952: 4947: 4939: 4934: 4926: 4921: 4913: 4908: 4902: 4897: 4888: 4887: 4882: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4854: 4844: 4839: 4821: 4800: 4745: 4650: 4612:Flying/Sporting 4575: 4542: 4519: 4509: 4439: 4436: 4431: 4408:10.2307/1592270 4393: 4392: 4388: 4378: 4376: 4374:Purebred Pigeon 4367: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4310:10.2307/1592270 4295: 4294: 4290: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4155: 4153: 4114: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4022: 4021: 4017: 3987: 3986: 3982: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3884: 3878: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3865: 3856: 3854: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3831: 3829: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3714: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3662: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3631:Naish, Darren. 3630: 3629: 3625: 3616: 3614: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3590: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3568: 3566: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3511: 3509: 3500: 3499: 3492: 3485: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3457: 3455: 3447: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3319: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3303: 3293: 3291: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3222: 3217: 3216: 3209: 3202: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3003: 3001: 2994:"Columba livia" 2992: 2991: 2987: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2889: 2887: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2845:10.2307/4081033 2825: 2824: 2820: 2784: 2783: 2766: 2757: 2755: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2733: 2731: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2550: 2548: 2538: 2537: 2530: 2480: 2479: 2464: 2455: 2453: 2443: 2442: 2435: 2426: 2424: 2414: 2413: 2406: 2391: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2348: 2340:. p. 201. 2338:Alfred A. Knopf 2328: 2327: 2318: 2308: 2306: 2289: 2288: 2284: 2267:. Nueva Serie. 2260: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2243:Systema Naturae 2239: 2235: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2205: 2190: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2171: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2146: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2097: 2093: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2035: 2033: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2013: 2000: 1999: 1984: 1975: 1973: 1970:All About Birds 1964: 1963: 1950: 1943: 1928: 1927: 1920: 1913: 1898: 1897: 1880: 1871: 1869: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1842: 1840: 1811: 1810: 1801: 1797: 1790: 1787: 1778: 1775: 1766: 1763: 1754: 1751: 1742: 1739: 1730: 1727: 1718: 1709: 1700: 1695: 1686: 1658:avian influenza 1654: 1652:Avian influenza 1607:West Nile virus 1587: 1566: 1560: 1551: 1535: 1529: 1521:carrier pigeons 1501:domestic pigeon 1497: 1495:Domestic pigeon 1491: 1486: 1360: 1283: 1278: 1265: 1182: 1120: 1102: 1094: 1019: 1014: 1008: 968: 884: 787:The subspecies 717: 670:Sinai Peninsula 654:C. l. schimperi 614: 578:speckled pigeon 484:and coined the 471:Systema Naturae 442: 414:Southern Europe 400:on the ground. 349:domestic pigeon 299: 295: 267: 263: 244: 240: 238: 234: 219: 213: 207: 194: 102: 94: 83: 79: 72: 35: 28: 27:Species of bird 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5445: 5443: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5389: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5378: 5365: 5352: 5339: 5326: 5313: 5300: 5287: 5274: 5264: 5254: 5241: 5228: 5215: 5202: 5189: 5176: 5163: 5150: 5137: 5124: 5114: 5101: 5088: 5075: 5066:Fauna Europaea 5062: 5049: 5036: 5023: 5010: 4997: 4984: 4971: 4958: 4945: 4932: 4919: 4906: 4895: 4880: 4864: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4826: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4814: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4776: 4764: 4759: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4726:Pigeon whistle 4723: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4636: 4631: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4586: 4584: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4573: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4510: 4508: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4469: 4464: 4457: 4451: 4435: 4434:External links 4432: 4430: 4429: 4386: 4368:Turner, Brad. 4360: 4331: 4288: 4247: 4206: 4163: 4102: 4075:(5): 666–670. 4058: 4031:(12): 2185–7. 4015: 3996:(5): 481–483. 3980: 3942: 3899: 3863: 3838: 3813: 3754: 3747: 3729: 3696:(3): 530–542. 3676: 3650: 3623: 3597: 3575: 3550: 3533:Animal Biology 3519: 3490: 3483: 3465: 3435: 3421: 3402:(2): 130–146. 3382: 3349: 3326: 3301: 3253: 3236: 3207: 3200: 3180: 3137: 3114: 3067: 3030:(3): 289–293. 3010: 2985: 2945: 2916:(3): 421–428. 2896: 2867: 2838:(4): 462–463. 2818: 2764: 2740: 2719: 2692:(7): 2380–91. 2672: 2641: 2592: 2557: 2539:Wright, Mike. 2528: 2462: 2446:"Rock Pigeons" 2444:White, Helen. 2433: 2417:"Feral Pigeon" 2404: 2389: 2361: 2346: 2316: 2282: 2271:(3): 719–741. 2248: 2233: 2203: 2176: 2169: 2151: 2144: 2111: 2091: 2071: 2042: 2018: 2011: 1982: 1948: 1941: 1918: 1911: 1878: 1850: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1721: 1719: 1712: 1710: 1703: 1701: 1696: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1653: 1650: 1595:cryptococcosis 1591:histoplasmosis 1586: 1583: 1562:Main article: 1559: 1556: 1550: 1547: 1531:Main article: 1528: 1525: 1517:homing pigeons 1493:Main article: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1402: 1401: 1388: 1378: 1377: 1370: 1359: 1356: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1264: 1261: 1181: 1178: 1101: 1098: 1093: 1090: 1018: 1015: 1010:Main article: 1007: 1006:Osmoregulation 1004: 978:, whereas the 967: 964: 843:is similar to 827:with which it 723:A distinctive 716: 713: 712: 711: 702: 696:C. l. neglecta 693: 676: 660: 651: 642: 636: 627: 613: 610: 598:Charles Darwin 582:Columba guinea 540:Theodorus Gaza 532:Medieval Latin 441: 438: 246: 245: 239: 233: 230: 229: 221: 220: 214: 203: 202: 196: 195: 188: 186: 182: 181: 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 154: 150: 149: 144: 140: 139: 134: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 114: 110: 109: 96: 95: 77: 74: 73: 68: 65: 64: 53: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5444: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5375: 5374:Columba-livia 5370: 5366: 5362: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5265: 5261: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4915:Columba_livia 4911: 4907: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4890:Columba livia 4885: 4881: 4876: 4870: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4860:Columba livia 4857: 4853: 4848: 4836: 4828: 4827: 4824: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4750:Organizations 4748: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4667:Domestication 4665: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4525: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4506: 4501: 4499: 4494: 4492: 4487: 4486: 4483: 4477: 4475: 4474:Columba livia 4470: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4448: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4402:(3): 600–04. 4401: 4397: 4390: 4387: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4361: 4347:(Web article) 4345: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4292: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4261:J. Gen. Virol 4258: 4251: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4226:(4): 463–70. 4225: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4167: 4164: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4106: 4103: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4062: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4016: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3984: 3981: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3946: 3943: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3915: 3910: 3903: 3900: 3895: 3889: 3874: 3867: 3864: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3839: 3827: 3823: 3817: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3755: 3750: 3748:0-907769-28-4 3744: 3740: 3733: 3730: 3725: 3719: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3654: 3651: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3624: 3613:on 2008-02-28 3612: 3608: 3601: 3598: 3586: 3579: 3576: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3523: 3520: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3484:9780393920451 3480: 3476: 3469: 3466: 3453: 3446: 3439: 3436: 3431: 3430:"Rock Pigeon" 3425: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3386: 3383: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3327: 3315: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3257: 3254: 3249: 3248: 3240: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3221: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3184: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3153:(1): 249–57. 3152: 3148: 3141: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3118: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3014: 3011: 2999: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2949: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2900: 2897: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2645: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2561: 2558: 2547:on 2008-06-10 2546: 2542: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2486: 2485:Columba livia 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2452:. Helen White 2451: 2447: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2422: 2418: 2415:Jahan, Shah. 2411: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2365: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2286: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2259: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2237: 2234: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2188: 2180: 2177: 2172: 2170:0-304-52257-0 2166: 2162: 2155: 2152: 2147: 2145:0-19-910207-4 2141: 2137: 2132: 2131: 2125: 2121: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2095: 2092: 2087: 2086: 2081: 2075: 2072: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2046: 2043: 2032: 2028: 2022: 2019: 2014: 2012:0-85390-013-2 2008: 2004: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1971: 1967: 1966:"Rock Pigeon" 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1861:Columba livia 1854: 1851: 1838: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1816:Columba livia 1808: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1794: 1785: 1780: 1773: 1768: 1761: 1756: 1749: 1744: 1737: 1732: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1699: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1635:salmonellosis 1632: 1631: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1584: 1582: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1557: 1555: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1534: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1513:fancy pigeons 1510: 1506: 1502: 1496: 1489:Domestication 1488: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1328:golden eagles 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1179: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1146: 1144: 1139: 1137: 1114: 1106: 1099: 1097: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1081: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1016: 1013: 1005: 1003: 1001: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 966:Vocalizations 965: 960: 956: 951: 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 928:North America 923: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 882: 878: 876: 872: 865: 861: 856: 852: 848: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 785: 781: 777: 769: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 746: 740: 738: 734: 733:domestication 731:Centuries of 726: 721: 714: 709: 706: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 687: 683: 680: 677: 675: 671: 667: 664: 661: 658: 655: 652: 649: 646: 645:C. l. dakhlae 643: 640: 637: 634: 631: 628: 625: 622: 619: 618: 617: 611: 609: 607: 603: 599: 595: 594:Johann Gmelin 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 574: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 501:Ancient Greek 498: 494: 490: 489:Columba livia 487: 486:binomial name 483: 482: 477: 476:Carl Linnaeus 473: 472: 467: 463: 459: 455: 446: 439: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 364: 362: 361:feral pigeons 358: 354: 350: 345: 343: 339: 335: 331: 330: 329:Columba livia 323: 291: 261: 260:common pigeon 257: 253: 231: 227: 222: 217: 212: 210: 209:Columba livia 204: 201: 200:Binomial name 197: 193: 192: 191:C. livia 187: 184: 183: 180: 179: 175: 172: 171: 168: 165: 162: 161: 158: 157:Columbiformes 155: 152: 151: 148: 145: 142: 141: 138: 135: 132: 131: 128: 125: 122: 121: 118: 115: 112: 111: 106: 101: 97: 91: 86: 85:Least Concern 75: 71: 66: 63: 59: 54: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 4859: 4771: 4731:Release dove 4568: 4559:Intelligence 4527: 4473: 4459:Rock dove - 4444: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4377:. Retrieved 4373: 4363: 4351:. Retrieved 4344:the original 4334: 4304:(3): 600–4. 4301: 4297: 4291: 4264: 4260: 4250: 4223: 4219: 4209: 4179:(6): 461–5. 4176: 4173:Avian Pathol 4172: 4166: 4154:. Retrieved 4125:(178): 178. 4122: 4118: 4105: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4028: 4024: 4018: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3958: 3954: 3945: 3918: 3912: 3902: 3877:. Retrieved 3866: 3855:. Retrieved 3851:the original 3841: 3830:. Retrieved 3826:the original 3816: 3771: 3767: 3757: 3738: 3732: 3718:cite journal 3693: 3689: 3679: 3670: 3666: 3653: 3643:18 September 3641:. Retrieved 3636: 3626: 3615:. Retrieved 3611:the original 3600: 3589:. Retrieved 3578: 3567:. Retrieved 3563: 3553: 3536: 3532: 3522: 3510:. Retrieved 3505: 3474: 3468: 3456:. Retrieved 3451: 3438: 3424: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3318:. Retrieved 3292:. Retrieved 3268: 3256: 3246: 3239: 3230: 3226: 3190: 3183: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3134:(2): 249–57. 3131: 3127: 3117: 3100:10486/703009 3080: 3070: 3027: 3023: 3013: 3002:. Retrieved 2998:the original 2988: 2966:(1): 37–45. 2963: 2959: 2948: 2913: 2909: 2899: 2888:. Retrieved 2880: 2870: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2792: 2756:. Retrieved 2752: 2743: 2732:. Retrieved 2722: 2689: 2685: 2675: 2658: 2654: 2644: 2609: 2605: 2595: 2570: 2566: 2560: 2549:. Retrieved 2545:the original 2494: 2490: 2484: 2454:. Retrieved 2449: 2425:. Retrieved 2421:the original 2371: 2364: 2333: 2307:. Retrieved 2302: 2285: 2268: 2264: 2251: 2241: 2236: 2224:. Retrieved 2217:the original 2186: 2179: 2160: 2154: 2129: 2124:Robert Scott 2114: 2099: 2094: 2084: 2074: 2045: 2034:. Retrieved 2030: 2021: 2002: 1974:. Retrieved 1969: 1931: 1901: 1870:. Retrieved 1860: 1853: 1841:. Retrieved 1827: 1821: 1815: 1670: 1655: 1646:gamasoidosis 1643: 1628: 1617: 1615: 1588: 1585:Human health 1579: 1564:Feral pigeon 1558:Feral pigeon 1552: 1549:Medical uses 1536: 1504: 1498: 1475: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1428: 1422: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1398:ectoparasite 1391: 1383:Tinaminyssus 1381: 1352: 1284: 1266: 1257: 1186: 1183: 1162: 1147: 1140: 1132: 1095: 1082: 1074: 1066: 1045:North Africa 1034: 996: 991: 987: 983: 975: 972:David Sibley 969: 924: 900: 879: 870: 868: 849: 844: 840: 836: 832: 825:palaestinae, 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 788: 786: 782: 778: 774: 741: 730: 704: 695: 678: 662: 653: 644: 639:C. l. targia 638: 629: 620: 615: 581: 571: 551: 547: 543: 535: 527: 520: 516: 513:Aristophanes 508: 504: 492: 488: 479: 469: 453: 451: 422:Western Asia 418:North Africa 392: 365: 352: 346: 342:domesticated 328: 327: 259: 255: 251: 249: 208: 206: 190: 189: 177: 36: 5260:rock-pigeon 5245:Neotropical 5206:NatureServe 5141:iNaturalist 5120:rock-pigeon 4884:Wikispecies 4709:Clay pigeon 4694:Photography 4220:Vet. Pathol 4156:10 February 3452:Wilson Bull 3053:10261/57592 2573:: 597–601. 2291:Gill, Frank 1843:19 February 1765:18 days old 1639:paratyphoid 1624:psittacosis 1599:psittacosis 1572:A feral in 1539:war pigeons 1527:War pigeons 1472:hippoboscid 1419:ischnoceran 1035:Before the 988:hu-hu-hurrr 936:Nova Scotia 930:in 1606 at 911:pheomelanin 875:wood pigeon 858:In flight, 829:intergrades 813:palaestinae 745:iridescence 715:Description 679:C. l. gaddi 621:C. l. livia 590:rock pigeon 586:common name 573:Petrophassa 556:hill pigeon 534:variant of 474:written by 256:rock pigeon 5391:Categories 5369:Xeno-canto 4516:Columbidae 3879:2008-02-18 3857:2009-03-05 3832:2008-02-20 3673:: 115–119. 3617:2008-02-23 3591:2008-02-20 3569:2011-08-30 3396:Bird Study 3320:2022-08-05 3004:2008-02-18 2890:2021-10-16 2758:2021-06-30 2734:2008-02-19 2612:(2): 169. 2606:Bird Study 2551:2008-02-18 2456:2008-02-18 2427:2008-02-19 2330:Sibley, D. 2226:August 20, 2193:. London: 2108:1408125013 2054:(Report). 2036:2019-12-24 2003:The Pigeon 1976:2008-02-19 1872:2008-02-23 1795:References 1630:Salmonella 1537:So-called 1533:War pigeon 1433:amblyceran 1348:game birds 1320:accipiters 1213:poison ivy 1172:and their 1154:pirouettes 1143:gregarious 1049:South Asia 1000:handedness 955:Chandigarh 932:Port Royal 841:intermedia 789:gymnocycla 750:wing chord 708:Strickland 690:Uzbekistan 624:Gmelin, JF 612:Subspecies 503:κόλυμβος ( 434:population 384:monogamous 334:Columbidae 216:Gmelin, JF 167:Columbidae 42:Rock dove 4967:rock-dove 4605:Trumpeter 4583:and types 4554:Crop milk 4396:Avian Dis 4379:4 January 4353:4 January 4298:Avian Dis 4089:1383-5769 4045:0003-9926 3710:0004-8038 3539:: 69–78. 3294:August 6, 3289:216428981 3109:247095691 3062:0006-3207 2932:1439-0574 2854:0004-8038 2813:216428981 2661:: 64–67. 2399:220616743 2356:869807502 2299:"Pigeons" 1358:Parasites 1281:Predators 1170:altricial 1166:crop milk 1149:Courtship 1136:crop milk 1086:uric acid 1077:commensal 1053:New World 944:Jamestown 907:eumelanin 817:schimperi 805:schimperi 737:wild type 725:operculum 668:, 1912 – 657:Bonaparte 602:evolution 454:rock dove 252:rock dove 185:Species: 123:Kingdom: 117:Eukaryota 5330:Species+ 5211:2.105107 5198:22690066 5159:11119255 4954:22690066 4949:BirdLife 4869:Wikidata 4835:Category 4719:Shooting 4682:Fancying 4672:Dovecote 4533:Domestic 4283:17947534 4242:16846988 4201:13181639 4193:17994324 4151:25884317 4097:28483708 4010:23531124 3975:24661012 3937:21921110 3888:cite web 3808:26581091 3768:PLOS ONE 3512:26 April 3458:13 March 3346:: 52–57. 2980:56390450 2940:20351031 2714:27962528 2706:27282322 2636:84205070 2587:53171567 2523:31205748 2497:: 1–31. 2332:(2014). 2213:82496461 2126:(1980). 2082:(1789). 1673:bird flu 1611:transmit 1304:opossums 1300:raccoons 1276:Survival 1263:Preening 1245:currants 1205:knotweed 1174:fledging 1100:Breeding 940:Plymouth 845:neglecta 833:neglecta 633:Gray, GR 576:and the 564:speckled 521:kolumbís 509:kolumbáō 505:kólumbos 410:breeding 406:roosting 394:Habitats 163:Family: 137:Chordata 133:Phylum: 127:Animalia 113:Domain: 90:IUCN 3.1 62:Scotland 58:Shetland 5361:1464527 5296:1464527 5097:2495414 5006:bob6650 4936:Avibase 4805:Related 4736:Symbols 4662:As food 4639:Utility 4627:Tumbler 4622:Tippler 4595:Fantail 4424:8883790 4416:1592270 4326:8883790 4318:1592270 4142:4377040 4053:3689070 3799:4651348 3776:Bibcode 3690:The Auk 3404:Bibcode 3167:9710482 3032:Bibcode 2881:Audubon 2862:4081033 2832:The Auk 2614:Bibcode 2514:6558907 2309:10 June 1641:fever. 1576:, China 1574:Nanjing 1287:raptors 1253:spiders 1249:insects 1237:peanuts 1229:popcorn 1225:berries 1199:, 3.7% 1195:, 3.2% 1180:Feeding 1158:cloacae 1030:Norfolk 919:carrier 903:melanin 801:dakhlae 682:Zarudny 666:Zedlitz 554:is the 552:Columba 495:is the 493:Columba 481:Columba 372:plumage 178:Columba 173:Genus: 153:Order: 143:Class: 88: ( 5309:938416 5267:NZOR: 5257:NZBO: 5250:rocpig 5185:177071 5117:GNAB: 5053:EURING 5045:COLULI 5032:rocpig 4993:rocpig 4903:rocpig 4875:Q42326 4714:Racing 4634:Homing 4617:Roller 4600:Pouter 4581:Breeds 4528:Common 4422: 4414: 4324: 4316: 4281: 4240: 4199: 4191: 4149: 4139: 4095: 4087: 4051: 4043: 4008: 3973: 3935: 3806: 3796: 3745: 3708: 3481: 3287: 3233:: 323. 3198: 3175:901466 3173: 3165: 3107: 3060: 2978: 2938: 2930: 2860: 2852: 2811: 2712: 2704: 2634: 2585: 2521: 2511: 2397: 2387: 2354: 2344: 2211: 2201: 2167: 2142: 2122:& 2106: 2009: 1939: 1909: 1509:breeds 1470:. The 1447:, the 1431:, the 1385:melloi 1340:ravens 1318:, and 1217:barley 1201:cherry 1189:Kansas 1070:Sahara 1062:Israel 1058:Fossil 1041:Europe 1026:Ferals 915:homing 864:Canada 809:targia 797:targia 762:tarsus 686:Loudon 684:& 566:, and 548:pellós 544:péleia 536:livida 420:, and 402:Cliffs 398:forage 241: 235: 218:, 1789 5356:WoRMS 5322:94497 5283:87959 5172:87913 5154:IRMNG 5071:97002 5027:eBird 4980:11907 4704:Sport 4644:Squab 4590:Fancy 4538:Feral 4412:JSTOR 4314:JSTOR 4197:S2CID 4115:(PDF) 3663:(PDF) 3448:(PDF) 3369:(3). 3285:S2CID 3223:(PDF) 3171:S2CID 3128:Ardea 3105:S2CID 2976:S2CID 2936:S2CID 2858:JSTOR 2809:S2CID 2710:S2CID 2632:S2CID 2583:S2CID 2395:S2CID 2261:(PDF) 2220:(PDF) 2209:S2CID 2191:(PDF) 1449:mites 1435:lice 1421:lice 1336:gulls 1332:crows 1241:bread 1221:seeds 1193:maize 992:oorhh 959:India 837:gaddi 821:gaddi 530:is a 528:livia 517:Birds 497:Latin 388:brood 368:feral 294:also 258:, or 5348:4664 5335:5649 5291:OBIS 5237:8932 5232:NCBI 5193:IUCN 5180:ITIS 5146:3017 5110:1052 5105:GISD 5092:GBIF 5058:6650 5040:EPPO 5019:XBFW 4975:BOLD 4699:Post 4420:PMID 4381:2008 4355:2008 4322:PMID 4279:PMID 4238:PMID 4189:PMID 4158:2021 4147:PMID 4093:PMID 4085:ISSN 4049:PMID 4041:ISSN 4006:PMID 3971:PMID 3933:PMID 3894:link 3804:PMID 3743:ISBN 3724:link 3706:ISSN 3645:2008 3514:2017 3479:ISBN 3460:2022 3296:2020 3196:ISBN 3163:PMID 3058:ISSN 2928:ISSN 2850:ISSN 2702:PMID 2519:PMID 2385:ISBN 2352:OCLC 2342:ISBN 2311:2023 2228:2019 2199:ISBN 2165:ISBN 2140:ISBN 2104:ISBN 2007:ISBN 1937:ISBN 1907:ISBN 1845:2022 1828:2019 1698:MHNT 1677:H5N1 1666:H7N7 1662:H5N1 1637:and 1613:it. 1597:and 1474:fly 1466:and 1413:and 1344:cats 1338:and 1293:and 1251:and 1243:and 1233:cake 1223:and 1215:and 1197:oats 942:and 909:and 758:bill 754:tail 699:Hume 560:snow 430:IUCN 428:per 408:and 347:The 338:wild 250:The 147:Aves 5343:TSA 5219:NBN 5167:ISC 5128:IBC 5014:CoL 5001:BTO 4988:BOW 4923:AFD 4910:ADW 4899:ABA 4741:War 4404:doi 4306:doi 4269:doi 4228:doi 4181:doi 4137:PMC 4127:doi 4077:doi 4033:doi 4029:147 3998:doi 3963:doi 3923:doi 3794:PMC 3784:doi 3698:doi 3694:109 3541:doi 3412:doi 3371:doi 3344:104 3277:doi 3155:doi 3095:hdl 3085:doi 3048:hdl 3040:doi 2968:doi 2918:doi 2840:doi 2801:doi 2694:doi 2663:doi 2622:doi 2575:doi 2509:PMC 2499:doi 2377:doi 2273:doi 2060:doi 1832:doi 1523:. 1511:of 1326:to 1209:elm 953:In 917:or 871:coo 376:i.e 5393:: 5371:: 5358:: 5345:: 5332:: 5319:: 5306:: 5293:: 5280:: 5247:: 5234:: 5221:: 5208:: 5195:: 5182:: 5169:: 5156:: 5143:: 5130:: 5107:: 5094:: 5081:: 5068:: 5055:: 5042:: 5029:: 5016:: 5003:: 4990:: 4977:: 4964:: 4951:: 4938:: 4925:: 4912:: 4901:: 4886:: 4871:: 4443:. 4418:. 4410:. 4400:40 4398:. 4372:. 4320:. 4312:. 4302:40 4300:. 4277:. 4265:88 4263:. 4259:. 4236:. 4224:43 4222:. 4218:. 4195:. 4187:. 4177:36 4175:. 4145:. 4135:. 4121:. 4117:. 4091:. 4083:. 4073:66 4071:. 4047:. 4039:. 4027:. 4004:. 3994:10 3992:. 3969:. 3959:14 3957:. 3931:. 3919:61 3917:. 3911:. 3890:}} 3886:{{ 3802:. 3792:. 3782:. 3772:10 3770:. 3766:. 3720:}} 3716:{{ 3692:. 3688:. 3671:23 3669:. 3665:. 3635:. 3562:. 3537:60 3535:. 3531:. 3504:. 3493:^ 3450:. 3410:. 3400:13 3398:. 3394:. 3367:11 3365:. 3361:. 3342:. 3338:. 3304:^ 3283:. 3275:. 3271:. 3267:. 3229:. 3225:. 3210:^ 3169:. 3161:. 3151:56 3149:. 3132:90 3130:. 3126:. 3103:. 3093:. 3083:. 3079:. 3056:. 3046:. 3038:. 3028:78 3026:. 3022:. 2974:. 2964:47 2962:. 2958:. 2934:. 2926:. 2914:57 2912:. 2908:. 2883:. 2879:. 2856:. 2848:. 2836:69 2834:. 2830:. 2807:. 2799:. 2795:. 2791:. 2767:^ 2751:. 2708:. 2700:. 2690:22 2688:. 2684:. 2659:83 2657:. 2653:. 2630:. 2620:. 2610:53 2608:. 2604:. 2581:. 2571:23 2569:. 2531:^ 2517:. 2507:. 2493:. 2489:. 2465:^ 2448:. 2436:^ 2407:^ 2393:. 2383:. 2350:. 2319:^ 2301:. 2269:25 2263:. 2207:. 2197:. 2138:. 2058:. 2029:. 1985:^ 1968:. 1951:^ 1921:^ 1881:^ 1865:. 1826:. 1820:. 1802:^ 1668:. 1593:, 1462:, 1458:, 1454:, 1443:, 1439:, 1427:, 1400:. 1334:, 1314:, 1310:, 1306:, 1302:, 1239:, 1235:, 1231:, 1211:, 1207:, 1088:. 1043:, 1028:, 1002:. 994:. 957:, 934:, 862:, 608:. 562:, 416:, 326:; 310:dʒ 278:dʒ 254:, 60:, 4518:) 4514:( 4504:e 4497:t 4490:v 4463:. 4449:. 4426:. 4406:: 4383:. 4357:. 4328:. 4308:: 4285:. 4271:: 4244:. 4230:: 4203:. 4183:: 4160:. 4129:: 4123:8 4099:. 4079:: 4055:. 4035:: 4012:. 4000:: 3977:. 3965:: 3939:. 3925:: 3896:) 3882:. 3860:. 3835:. 3810:. 3786:: 3778:: 3751:. 3726:) 3712:. 3700:: 3647:. 3620:. 3594:. 3572:. 3547:. 3543:: 3516:. 3487:. 3462:. 3418:. 3414:: 3406:: 3379:. 3373:: 3323:. 3298:. 3279:: 3231:6 3204:. 3177:. 3157:: 3111:. 3097:: 3087:: 3064:. 3050:: 3042:: 3034:: 3007:. 2982:. 2970:: 2942:. 2920:: 2893:. 2864:. 2842:: 2815:. 2803:: 2761:. 2737:. 2716:. 2696:: 2669:. 2665:: 2638:. 2624:: 2616:: 2589:. 2577:: 2554:. 2525:. 2501:: 2495:5 2459:. 2430:. 2401:. 2379:: 2358:. 2313:. 2279:. 2275:: 2230:. 2173:. 2148:. 2068:. 2062:: 2039:. 2015:. 1979:. 1945:. 1915:. 1875:. 1863:" 1859:" 1847:. 1834:: 1818:" 1814:" 1503:( 588:“ 580:( 515:( 351:( 322:/ 319:n 316:ɪ 313:. 307:ɪ 304:p 301:ˈ 298:/ 290:/ 287:n 284:ə 281:. 275:ɪ 272:p 269:ˈ 266:/ 262:( 92:) 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index