1070:
is not there at all, as if it has disappeared, as if it had lost its singular identity. A horse like that raises no dust and leaves no tracks. All my sons are lesser talents. They can judge a good horse, but they lack the talent to judge the best horse in the world. However, there is a man who is my porter and firewood gatherer who is called Nine-Cornered
Hillock. In judging horses, he is not inferior to my abilities. I respectfully request that you grant him an audience." Duke Mu granted him an audience and commanded him to search out a fine steed. After three months Nine-Cornered Hillock returned and reported: "The horse has been located. It is in Shaqiu." Duke Mu replied: "What kind of horse is it?" "It is a yellow mare," answered Nine-Cornered Hillock. Thereupon Duke Mu sent men to Shaqiu to obtain the horse. The horse, however, turned out to be a black stallion. Duke Mu was quite displeased. Summoning Bo Le, he inquired of him saying: "What a loss! The man you sent to find me a good steed cannot distinguish the color of one coat from another nor a female from a male; what could he possibly know about horses?" Bo Le let out a long sigh and replied: "It always comes to this! This is precisely why he surpasses me by a thousand or ten thousand fold and is infinite in his capabilities. What Hillock observes is dynamism of Heaven. He recognizes the refined essence and discards the dross. He focuses on the internal and disregards the external. He looks at what is to be seen and does not look at what is not to be seen. He scrutinizes what is to be scrutinized and disregards what is not to be scrutinized. It appears that what he has judged is more precious than just a horse." The horse arrived and ultimately proved to be an excellent horse. Therefore the
865:] once taught two men how to select horses that kick habitually. Later, he went with them to Viscount Chien's stable to inspect the horses. One of the men pulled out a kicking horse. The other man went near behind the horse and patted its flank three times, but the horse never kicked. Therefore, the man who had pulled out the horse thought he had been wrong in the way of selection. Yet the other man said: "You were not wrong in the way of selection. The shoulders of this horse are short but its laps are swollen. The horse that kicks habitually has to raise the hindlegs and lay its whole weight upon the forelegs. Yet swollen laps are not dependable. So the hind legs cannot be raised. You were skillful in selecting kicking horses but not in observing the swollen laps." Verily, everything has the supporter of its weight. However, that the forelegs have swollen laps and therefore cannot support its whole weight, is known only by intelligent men. … Pai-lo taught men whom he disliked how to select swift race-horses and taught men whom he liked how to select inferior horses, because swift race-horses being few and far between would yield slow profits while inferior horses being sold every day would bring about quick profits. (8, tr. Liao 1939:244-6)
1023:
came Poleh, who said, "I am skilled at training horses." And men began to singe them, clip their hair, trim their hooves, and brand them. They led them with bridles and hobbles, lined them up in stable and stall, resulting in the deaths of two or three out of ten. They made the horses go hungry and thirsty, raced them, and galloped them, arrayed them in rows and columns. In front were the tribulations of the bit and the ornamental halter, behind were the threats of the whip and the crop, resulting in the deaths of over half the horses. … Returning to the subject of horses, if they are allowed to live on the open land, they eat the grass and drink the water. When they are happy, they cross necks and rub against each other. When they are angry, they turn back to back and kick each other. The knowledge of horses amounts to this and no more. But you put a yoke upon them and array them evenly with moon-mirrors on their foreheads, all they know is to try to break the cross-bar, twist out of the yoke, smash the chariot cover, expel the bit, and bite through the reins. Therefore, to take the knowledge of a horse and make it behave like a brigand is the crime of Poleh. (tr. Mair 80–82)
413:
935:, His hooves grew weak and his haunches trembled, his tail was soaked and his flanks drenched till sweat dripped to the ground and mingled with lather from his withers. Midway he came to a halt. He heaved on the shafts but could no longer climb. Po Lo came upon him there and leaping from his chariot he cradled (the horse's head) in his arms and wept. He took off his cape and covered the beast with it. Then Chi lowered his head and snorted, raised it and neighed with a sound that carried to the heavens—a sound as pure as chiming stones. And why? Because he saw that Po Lo truly knew him as he was. (38, tr. Crump 1979:273-4)
836:
rear. All ten of these men were the most skilled of their age. How they examined horses was not the same, but each looked for characteristics that confirmed a horse's qualities. From this they could know whether the horse had superior or inferior joints, whether it would be clumsy or fleet of foot, whether it was made of sturdy or inferior stuff, and whether it was highly talented or not. It is not only the judging of horses that is like this. There are also confirming characteristics for people, as well as for deeds and states. (20, tr. Knoblock and Riegel 2000:543)
975:
one has even remarked on the horse. I beg you, sir, to come and look him up and down, and when you leave, keep glancing back at him. For this I would like to give you a sum equal to my expenses for one day's market." Po Lo did look the horse over carefully, and as he left he glanced back at it. In a single morning offers for the horse increased tenfold. Now I want to "show a splendid steed" to the king and I have no one to introduce me. Would you be willing to be my Po Lo? I would like to make you a gift of a pair of white
25:
1052:. He is carried by the capabilities of others as if they were his feathers and wings." The third context (11, tr. Major et al. 2010:414, 416) lists the swordsmith Ouye with three above horse physiognomers: "Thus it is said, 'Obtaining ten sharp swords is not as good as attaining the skill of Ou Ye; obtaining one hundred fleet horses is not as good as attaining the arts of Bo Le' … The assessment methods of Bo Le, Han Feng, Qin Ya, and Guan Qing were all different, but their understanding of horses was as one."
401:
545:
1159:? They are whipped inappropriately and fed in such a way that they cannot fulfil their innate talents. Yet when they cry out, they cannot be understood. With whip in hand the man approaches them and says, "There are not any good horses in the empire." Alas! Is it that there are really no good horses or is it perhaps that there is no one who really understands horses? (tr. Spring 1988:187)
679:(r. 25–57 CE) a bronze model of a horse designed to clarify the points to observe in equine judging. The inscription, which listed four generations of Ma's horse teachers, said (tr. Creel 1965:659), "Horses are the foundation of military might, the great resource of the state." Some Chinese scholars propose that the famous "
1155:, then even though they may have the ability to go so far, they, having not eaten their fill, are lacking in strength, and their talent and beauty are not apparent. Moreover, if one wanted to rank them with regular horses, they would not make the grade. How then could they be asked to have the ability of going a thousand
1042:. The first one (2, tr. Major et al. 2010:94) mentions him with the charioteer Zaofu: "Zaofu could not be Bo Le. Each had articulated a single corner but did not comprehend the full domain of the myriad techniques." The second (9, tr. Major et al. 2010:324) mentions another famous charioteer, Wang Liang
1084:(tr. Giles 1912:66) repeats this story about Bole recommending Jiufang Gao to Duke Mu. For comparison, "A good horse can be picked out by its general build and appearance. But the superlative horse—one that raises no dust and leaves no tracks—is something evanescent and fleeting, elusive as thin air."
1168:
The name Bole occurs in titles of various
Chinese books on equine medicine, but this does not mean Bole was the author. Imrie et al. (2001:137) write, "As was quite often the case in China, rather than revealing their own names, authors would publish their books under the name of famous historical or
974:
Once there was a merchant who was selling a very fine horse. For three whole days together he stood in the market place and no one paid him the least attention. Finally he went to Po Lo and said, "I have a superior beast I wish to sell, but I have stood in the market place for three whole days and no
1069:
Duke Mu of Qin addressed Bo Le saying: "You are getting on in years. Is anyone in your family who can take over for you and find me a good steed?" Bo Le replied; "A good horse may be judged by his physique, countenance, sinews, and bones. But in judging the best horse in the world, it seems as if it
835:
Of those in antiquity who expertly physiognomized horses, Hanfeng Shi examined the teeth; Ma Chao , the forehead; Zinu Li , the eyes; Wey Ji , the whiskers; Xu Bi , the rump; Toufa He , the chest; Guan Qing , the lips and throat; Chen Pei , the legs and hooves; Qin Ya , the front; and Zan Jun , the
1022:
A horse's hooves can tread upon frost and snow, its hair can withstand the wind and the cold. It eats grass and drinks water; it prances about briskly. This is a horse's true nature. Though one might provide a horse with magnificent terraces and splendid bedrooms, they are of no use to it. But then
652:
A horse's head is king; it should be square. The eyes are the prime ministers; they should be radiant. The spine is the general; it should be strong. The belly and chest are the city walls; they should be extended. The four legs are the local officials; they should be long. … In judging a horse one
740:
word for people with latent talent and ability; and Spring (1988:180) suggests, "For centuries of
Chinese history, horses had been considered animals capable of performing feats requiring exceptional strength and endurance. Possibly it is for this reason that from early times horses have been used
451:
warriors on horseback. Creel (1965:670) writes, "The riding horse was forced upon the
Chinese. It was first thrust upon their attention as a new and deadly weapon that their nomadic enemies had acquired, and it seems always to have been regarded primarily as an instrument for fighting the nomads."
535:
The
Chinese traditionally believed the best horses and horse specialists came from foreign sources. While some people became outstanding equestrians, for Chinese people in general, Creel (1965:670) says, "the riding horse remained something strange, almost foreign in nature. Horses, and horsemen,
803:
When Yang Youji shot at a rhinoceros, he hit a stone instead and the arrow was swallowed, feathers and all. This happened because he was so intent on the rhinoceros. When Bole studied the physiognomy of horses, he saw nothing except horses. This was because he was so intent on horses. (9, tr.
607:(1988:136) explains: "By studying the body of a horse, giving special attention to its bone structure and the sizes and shapes of its various parts, Bole was able to assess with unfailing accuracy hidden capacities that a lesser judge of horses would have overlooked."
648:) records early Chinese methods of agriculture and animal husbandry, including horse physiognomy. This text metaphorically associates parts of a horse's body with the political organization of a state, and describes the appearance of an ideal horse.
822:
in a single day. That such a ruler would expend none of the effort of the physiognomist and driver and yet enjoy the efficaciousness of the horse would be because he knows the principle of being a passenger. (24, tr. Knoblock and Riegel 2000:633)
1136:
horses are common, but Po-les, on the other hand, are rare. Thus even though there may be famous horses, they only become abused under the hand of the man to whom they are enslaved, and they die in the stables—never having been recognized as
653:
begins with the head. The head should be high and erect; it should look as if it were shaved. The head should be heavy, and it is good that there be little flesh, like the skinned head of a rabbit. (56, tr. Harrist 1997:138-9)
1095:
with the task of locating the perfect horse. Hakuraku returns with news of a bay mare he had found. But when
Imperial soldiers went to fetch the horse, they found it was a black stallion. The story illustrates the
536:
were in general associated with the border areas of the north and west. It is a striking fact that the grooms and handlers of horses appearing in
Chinese art seem almost always to be depicted as non-Chinese."
412:
500:
When the
Chinese imported military horses and chariots from foreign "horse riders", they concurrently introduced a complex equestrian culture, which resulted in new professions in fields such as
627:"Classic of Horse Physiognomy" (also used for a 5th-century text). This manuscript mentions Bole himself (tr. Harrist 1997:137); "What Bole physiognomized were the horses of a superior man.
1048:: "Thus is Bo Le selects the steeds and Wang Liang drives them, and enlightened ruler can ride without the trouble of selecting horses or driving and can undertake a journey of a thousand
809:
Obtaining ten good horses is not as good as obtaining one excellent physiognomist of horses, like Bole, nor ten fine swords as good as one excellent smith, like Ouye, nor a thousand
1216:
Chinese legends associate Bole with the origins of animal acupuncture for horses. For instance (Lin and Panzer 1994:426), "Another famous veterinarian, Sun Yang, alias Baile, wrote
2148:
880:"Strategies of the Warring States" has two historical stories about Bole in which a courtier seeking an audience with a ruler compares himself to an excellent horse.
818:
As for a horse, if Bole physiognomized its quality and Zaofu held the reins, a worthy ruler riding as a passenger in a carriage drawn by it could go a thousand
1495:
1607:
2087:
1395:
The Animal in Far
Eastern Art and Especially in the Art of the Japanese Netsuke, with References to Chinese Origins, Traditions, Legends, and Art
2221:
1903:
931:
You have heard of the great stallion Chi, have you not?' asked Han Ming. When Chi was very old, he was harnessed to a salt cart to pull it up
1403:
1369:
1319:
2226:
1571:
996:"excellent horse; splendid steed", and Spring (1988:185) says Bole, "because of his ability to recognize merit, functions as a mediator."
46:
2094:
1562:
1696:
2115:
68:
1635:
2180:
2173:
2059:
1600:
2141:
329:
303:
133:
85:
2108:
2024:
846:
141:
93:
2216:
429:
278:
1087:
Japanese legend retells a simplified version of this story, omitting
Jiufang Gao, with Hakuraku (the Japanese name for
468:
transportation. The first clear evidence of horse riding in China comes from the late 4th century BCE (Goodrich 1984).
1843:
268:
39:
33:
1492:
2241:
1691:
1655:
1593:
1517:
1286:
2246:
2236:
2194:
2166:
1946:
1670:
50:
2066:
772:
690:
671:(r. 141–87 BCE) with a cast-bronze horse and written instructions for using the model to judge horses. General
424:"Although his fame exceeded that of all others, Bole was only one of many horse experts active during the late
169:
1536:
The Huainanzi: A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Government in Early Han China, by Liu An, King of Huainan
2187:
2080:
1772:
1650:
285:
2002:
1976:
1827:
1630:
1151:
of grain in one feeding. If the one who feeds them does so without knowing they are capable of a thousand-
1104:
adage that expert knowledge embodies the ability to see past appearances to the true nature of a subject.
676:
437:
1971:
1675:
1541:
Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1988), "Historical Perspectives on the Introduction of the Chariot into China",
981:
and a thousand measures of gold to defray the expenses of your horses' fodder. (70, tr. Crump 1979:514)
672:
663:
1455:
1004:
Unlike most classical texts that praise Bole for skill in evaluating horses, the (c. 3rd century BCE)
615:
2101:
1956:
1074:
says: "Great straightness is as if bent; great skill is as clumsy." (12, tr. Major et al. 2010:458)
548:
525:
501:
469:
2122:
1951:
1936:
680:
220:
202:
1568:
2073:
1640:
1616:
1491:
Imrie, Robert H., David W. Ramey, Paul D. Buell, Edward Ernst, and Stephen P. Basser (2001), "
1399:
1393:
1365:
1315:
1309:
932:
750:
737:
668:
604:
400:
350:
317:
248:
1477:
Harrist, Robert E. (1997), "The Legacy of Bole: Physiognomy and Horses in Chinese Painting,"
1359:
618:. They included a fragmentary text about judging horses, which scholars tentatively call the
1888:
1883:
1789:
1579:
1092:
851:
767:
709:
mention Bole as an exemplar of horse judging. Bole is frequently associated with the fabled
706:
465:
1200:"Bole's Classic on Treatments for Horses". The third veterinary text was extant during the
2231:
1898:
1701:
1575:
1548:
Spring, Madeline K. (1988), "Fabulous Horses and Worthy Scholars in Ninth-Century China,"
1499:
1493:
Veterinary Acupuncture and Historical Scholarship: Claims for the Antiquity of Acupuncture
1010:
796:
494:
490:
453:
448:
251:
who first tamed horses. His name was given to a star, from which he supervised the winged
176:(r. 659–621 BCE), and a famous judge of horses. Bole was the legendary inventor of equine
1435:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
159:
111:
2052:
1777:
1762:
1716:
1645:
1059:
context is a well-known story about Duke Mu of Qin, Bole, Bole's sons, and Jiufang Gao
509:
505:
173:
544:
2210:
2045:
1966:
1931:
1809:
1782:
1179:
967:
910:
884:
591:
556:
486:
482:
444:
190:
1961:
1921:
1767:
1757:
1113:
640:
513:
461:
378:
216:
1342:
Ohio State University. College of Veterinary Medicine. Alumni Association (1919).
1419:
1343:
464:(1046–256 BCE), horse-drawn chariots were increasingly used both for warfare and
1997:
1877:
1873:
1721:
1262:
1201:
1174:
991:
950:
908:"thoroughbred horse; virtuous person" being recognized by Bole. The (c. 121 CE)
888:
876:
569:
529:
417:
405:
273:
264:
219:), was renowned for his extraordinary understanding of horses. He was given the
177:
1463:
440:(1965:654) said the "judging of horses was early recognized as a special art".
1868:
1821:
1731:
1525:
Use of Chinese herbal medicine in veterinary science: history and perspectives
958:
954:
782:
521:
517:
425:
1470:
Goodrich, Chauncey (1984), "Riding Astride and the Saddle in Ancient China,"
2134:
2031:
1799:
1097:
1034:
977:
724:
658:
343:
1178:
bibliographic section on veterinary texts. Two are noted as lost after the
1804:
1711:
729:
611:
1265:." Imrie et al. (2001:137) conclude there is no reason to associate the
2038:
1858:
1706:
1524:
1456:
The Horse: A Mirror of Man: Parallels in Early Human and Horse Medicine
789:
785:
457:
294:
1256:
1172:
The oldest recorded books with Bole's name are listed in the (636 CE)
903:
635:
abided by the plumb line, and curved and straight were exactly even."
242:
231:
210:
196:
2126:
2007:
1941:
1893:
1853:
1848:
1736:
1726:
1117:
1101:
1005:
946:
753:". Thus, (Henry 1987:28) "Geniuses in obscurity were called thousand
741:
allegorically to represent extraordinary people." Bole recognizing a
667:
records two early examples. The horse expert Dongmeng Jing presented
253:
149:
101:
1585:
1534:
Major, John S., Sarah Queen, Andrew Meyer, and Harold Roth, (2010),
1261:"needle; pin" can mean either "needling (to lance boils, etc.)" or "
813:
of land as good as one sage. (24, tr. Knoblock and Riegel 2000:609)
257:("heavenly horses"). Proposed locations of this star are with Zaofu
1169:
even legendary figures living centuries if not millennia earlier."
1038:
refers to Bole in four contexts, three of which are similar to the
1981:
1863:
1832:
1794:
1741:
1665:
1147:
1080:
792:
684:
543:
411:
399:
368:
1440:
Creel, H. G. (1965), "The Role of the Horse in Chinese History,"
572:; judgment of character from facial appearance" were extended to
1926:
1838:
1816:
1660:
661:
reference guides to the ideal horse (Harrist 1997:149–150). The
1589:
1484:
Henry, Eric (1987), "The Motif of Recognition in Early China,"
657:
The Chinese historically used bronze scale models of horses as
1015:
861:
342:'one glance from Bole') means "to instantly raise the
18:
927:
horse that needs a Sun Yang (i.e., Po-le) to be recognized."
771:
contrasts Bole with other legendarily skilled exemplars: the
432:
in ancient China, equestrian experts were highly valued. The
1213:"Bole’s Classic on Curing the Various Illnesses of Horses".
581:"horse physiognomy; evaluating a horse by its appearance". (
223:
name Bole, and is also known as Sun Bole (Henry 1987:28).
1235:
Horse-herder's Collection of Ways to Pacify Thoroughbreds
1128:
Only when an era has a man like Po-le are there thousand-
722:
horse", which was supposedly able to gallop one thousand
687:
was a physiognomic model for a superior horse in motion.
1511:
The Annals of Lü Buwei: A Complete Translation and Study
1304:
1302:
855:
has two stories about Bole teaching horse physiognomy.
1464:
Taoist Teachings: Translated from the Book of Lieh-Tzu
1224:) at the time of Qin Mu-Gong (659–621 BC)." The 1385
697:
was an early Western parallel for horse physiognomy.
292:
figuratively means "good judge of talent", from the
610:
In 1973, archeologists excavating a 168 BCE tomb in
508:(as early as the 14th century BCE; Creel 1965:654),
2158:
2016:
1990:
1914:
1750:
1684:
1623:
745:was a metaphor for a wise ruler selecting talented
728:(approximately 400 km) in a single day (e.g.,
675:(a renowned equestrian surnamed "horse") presented
1578:, a (1399) illustrated book on horse physiognomy,
1120:(768–824) wrote a well-known fable about Bole and
831:chapter lists ten specialist horse physiognomers.
551:bronze of a physiognomically ideal "Flying Horse".
472:(r. 325–298 BCE) initiated the military reform of
2149:Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations
883:After waiting three months for an interview with
447:(c. 1600–1046 BCE), Chinese armies first battled
428:" (Harrist 1997:136). Owing to the importance of
180:("judging a horse's qualities from appearance").
16:Chinese horse tamer and hero in East Asian legend
1424:. R. Meiklejohn & Company. 1881. p. 41.
436:listed ten specialized horse physiognomers, and
1509:Knoblock, John and Jeffrey Riegel, trs. 2000.
1273:and other early veterinary texts clearly used
585:
456:dated circa 1200 BCE during the reign of King
362:
1601:
1504:The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine
1458:, United States National Library of Medicine.
1254:
1241:
1228:
1208:
1195:
1186:
1060:
1043:
989:
961:
940:
918:
901:
892:
776:
713:
622:
598:
576:
563:
476:
372:
258:
240:
229:
208:
194:
8:
377:, and which has become Japanese slang for a
404:Painting of Archer and Horse attributed to
337:
316:'Bole physiognomizing horse'). The
311:
277:, Spring 1988:198) or in the constellation
1608:
1594:
1586:
1191:"Bole's Classic of Horse Physiognomy" and
985:The horse allegorizing Su Dai is called a
646:Essential Techniques for the Common People
452:The earliest archaeologically discovered
263:(the legendary charioteer, see below) in
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1529:Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE
1451:, 2nd rev. ed. Chinese Materials Center.
384:The name Bo Le can also be romanized as
247:means "pleasure; happiness". Bole was a
32:This article includes a list of general
1298:
1277:to mean "cauterization or phlebotomy".
164:
116:
1513:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
1248:Bole's Classic of Needling/Acupuncture
1032:The (c. 139 BCE) eclectic compilation
705:Beginning around the 3rd century BCE,
120:), better known by the honorific name
1314:. Forgotten Books. pp. 213–214.
923:(tr. Spring 1988:188) as "a thousand
7:
953:wanted an audience with the King of
887:(d. 238 BCE), the Prime Minister of
757:horses who had not yet met their ".
2095:Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio
1364:. Forgotten Books. pp. 79–82.
1222:Baile's Canon of Animal Acupuncture
1078:The (c. 3rd–4th century CE) Daoist
897:told a story equating himself to a
1697:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
1543:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
1486:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
1472:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2116:What the Master Would Not Discuss
1518:The Complete Works of Han Fei Tzŭ
1454:Della Porta, Giambattista (1586)
1433:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009),
1014:blames him for going against the
1523:Lin, J.H. and R. Panzer (1994),
1145:horses at times consume a whole
775:(771–476 BCE) archer Yang Youji
23:
2181:The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl
2174:Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy
874:The (c. 3rd–1st centuries BCE)
603:} "horse physiognomist", which
460:(Shaughnessy 1998). During the
2142:Records of the Grand Historian
1255:
1242:
1229:
1209:
1196:
1187:
1061:
990:
962:
941:
919:
902:
804:Knoblock and Riegel 2000:220)
777:
765:The (c. 239 BCE) encyclopedic
714:
683:" discovered in a Han tomb in
623:
599:
586:
577:
564:
477:
416:Drawing of Horse and Groom by
373:
363:
333:
307:
259:
241:
209:
195:
154:
145:
137:
106:
97:
89:
1:
2222:7th-century BC Chinese people
2109:In Search of the Supernatural
2025:Classic of Mountains and Seas
1437:, Princeton University Press.
1269:with acupuncture because the
1538:, Columbia University Press.
1520:, vol. 1, Arthur Probsthain.
1008:"Horses' Hooves" chapter of
555:Techniques from the Chinese
2227:Horses in Chinese mythology
1345:Veterinary alumni quarterly
594:.) Bole was specifically a
269:Cepheus (Chinese astronomy)
188:Sun Yang, with the surname
2263:
1442:American Historical Review
1287:Horse in Chinese mythology
371:of the Chinese characters
2195:Mulian Rescues His Mother
2167:Legend of the White Snake
1516:Liao, W. K., tr. (1939),
1044:
970:, to be an intermediary.
893:
845:The (c. 3rd century BCE)
528:, animal acupuncture and
230:
2067:The Peach Blossom Spring
1498:22 February 2017 at the
1447:Crump, J. I., tr. 1979.
773:Spring and Autumn period
701:Early textual references
695:De humana physiognomonia
691:Giambattista della Porta
170:Spring and Autumn period
2188:The Magic Lotus Lantern
2081:Investiture of the Gods
286:Modern Standard Chinese
168:) was a horse tamer in
53:more precise citations.
2003:Peaches of Immortality
1828:Chinese guardian lions
1751:Mythological creatures
1461:Giles, Lionel (1912),
1398:. BRILL. p. 101.
1361:The Awakening of Japan
1311:Legend in Japanese Art
1250:), but the title word
1206:Bole zhima zabing jing
1161:
1076:
1025:
983:
937:
867:
838:
825:
815:
806:
677:Emperor Guangwu of Han
655:
552:
438:Herrlee Glessner Creel
421:
409:
281:(Harrist 1997:135-6).
2088:The Sorcerer's Revolt
1676:Chinese folk religion
1467:, Wisdom of the East.
1126:
1067:
1020:
972:
929:
857:
833:
816:
807:
801:
664:Book of the Later Han
650:
547:
415:
403:
357:is known by the name
320:expression (from the
172:, a retainer for the
1636:Godly world concepts
1574:3 March 2016 at the
1488:47.1, pp. 5–30.
1164:Textual attributions
1091:) dispatched by the
616:Mawangdui Silk Texts
2217:Deified Chinese men
2102:Journey to the West
914:dictionary defined
549:Eastern Han dynasty
526:veterinary medicine
502:horse domestication
470:King Wuling of Zhao
249:mythological figure
236:means "eldest" and
134:traditional Chinese
86:traditional Chinese
2123:Heavenly Questions
1937:Gate of the Ghosts
1692:Gods and immortals
1656:Gods and immortals
1392:T. Volker (1950).
799:(r. 976–922 BCE).
553:
489:", which replaced
422:
410:
396:Historical context
142:simplified Chinese
94:simplified Chinese
2242:Taoist philosophy
2204:
2203:
2074:The Four Journeys
1617:Chinese mythology
1563:Bole Knows Horses
1421:The Chrysanthemum
1405:978-90-04-04295-7
1371:978-1-4400-3231-8
1321:978-1-4400-8392-1
1184:Bole xiangma jing
1141:horses. Thousand-
1132:horses. Thousand-
751:scholar-officials
669:Emperor Wu of Han
605:Robert E. Harrist
540:Horse physiognomy
340:
318:Classical Chinese
314:
221:Chinese honorific
79:
78:
71:
2254:
2247:Qin state people
2237:Taoist mythology
2159:Other folk tales
1889:Nine-headed Bird
1884:Peng (mythology)
1790:Four Holy Beasts
1685:Major personages
1610:
1603:
1596:
1587:
1580:Kyoto University
1552:74.4/5: 173–210.
1481:57.1/2: 135–156.
1426:
1425:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1306:
1260:
1259:
1245:
1244:
1232:
1231:
1212:
1211:
1199:
1198:
1193:Bole liaoma jing
1190:
1189:
1064:
1063:
1047:
1046:
995:
994:
966:, master of the
965:
964:
944:
943:
922:
921:
907:
906:
896:
895:
859:Pai-lo [
780:
779:
738:literary Chinese
717:
716:
707:Chinese classics
626:
625:
602:
601:
589:
588:
580:
579:
567:
566:
480:
479:
449:Eurasian nomadic
376:
375:
367:), which is the
366:
365:
341:
338:
335:
315:
312:
309:
262:
261:
246:
245:
235:
234:
214:
213:
200:
199:
166:
156:
147:
139:
118:
108:
99:
91:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2154:
2012:
1986:
1952:Kunlun Mountain
1910:
1899:Nine-tailed fox
1746:
1702:Eight Immortals
1680:
1624:Overview topics
1619:
1614:
1576:Wayback Machine
1559:
1500:Wayback Machine
1430:
1429:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1283:
1239:Bo Le zhen jing
1218:Baile Zhen Jing
1166:
1110:
1093:Chinese Emperor
1030:
1002:
872:
843:
797:King Mu of Zhou
763:
703:
614:discovered the
542:
530:horse shamanism
495:cavalry tactics
491:chariot tactics
454:Chinese chariot
398:
346:of something".
186:
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2260:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2209:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2053:Shenxian Zhuan
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2020:
2018:
2017:Literary works
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1878:Four Evildoers
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1778:Vermilion Bird
1775:
1770:
1765:
1763:Black Tortoise
1754:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1717:Yellow Emperor
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1651:Shenmo fiction
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1566:
1558:
1557:External links
1555:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1545:48.1: 189–237.
1539:
1532:
1531:13.2: 425–432.
1521:
1514:
1507:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1428:
1427:
1411:
1404:
1384:
1370:
1351:
1348:. p. 104.
1334:
1320:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1267:Bole zhen jing
1165:
1162:
1109:
1106:
1029:
1026:
1001:
998:
957:and requested
945:(a brother of
871:
868:
842:
839:
762:
759:
702:
699:
541:
538:
510:horse training
506:horse breeding
493:with superior
485:clothing and
397:
394:
185:
182:
174:Duke Mu of Qin
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2259:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2046:Liexian Zhuan
2043:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:Jade Mountain
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1932:Eight Pillars
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1810:Spirit turtle
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1783:Yellow Dragon
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1631:Creation myth
1629:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1565:, KanZhongGuo
1564:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1479:Artibus Asiae
1476:
1474:44.2:279–305.
1473:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1449:Chan-kuo ts'e
1446:
1444:70.3:647–672.
1443:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1385:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1335:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1240:
1236:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1207:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1181:
1180:Liang dynasty
1177:
1176:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1066:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1041:
1040:Lüshi Chunqiu
1037:
1036:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1007:
999:
997:
993:
988:
982:
980:
979:
971:
969:
968:Jixia Academy
960:
956:
952:
948:
936:
934:
933:Mount Taihang
928:
926:
917:
913:
912:
911:Shuowen Jiezi
905:
900:
890:
886:
885:Lord Chunshen
881:
879:
878:
869:
866:
864:
863:
856:
854:
853:
848:
840:
837:
832:
830:
829:Lüshi Chunqiu
824:
821:
814:
812:
805:
800:
798:
794:
791:
787:
784:
774:
770:
769:
768:Lüshi Chunqiu
761:Lüshi Chunqiu
760:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
726:
721:
712:
708:
700:
698:
696:
692:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:
660:
654:
649:
647:
643:
642:
638:The (c. 544)
636:
634:
630:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
597:
593:
592:Japanese name
584:
575:
571:
562:
558:
557:pseudoscience
550:
546:
539:
537:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
487:horse archery
484:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
446:
445:Shang dynasty
441:
439:
435:
434:Lüshi Chunqiu
431:
430:horse warfare
427:
419:
414:
407:
402:
395:
393:
391:
387:
382:
380:
370:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
331:
327:
323:
319:
305:
301:
297:
296:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
275:
270:
266:
256:
255:
250:
244:
239:
233:
228:
224:
222:
218:
212:
207:
204:
198:
193:
192:
183:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
161:
157:
151:
143:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
113:
109:
103:
95:
87:
83:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
1962:Moving Sands
1904:
1824:(Fox spirit)
1768:Azure Dragon
1758:Four Symbols
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1510:
1503:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1462:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1420:
1414:
1394:
1387:
1375:. Retrieved
1360:
1354:
1344:
1337:
1325:. Retrieved
1310:
1274:
1271:Simu anji ji
1270:
1266:
1251:
1247:
1238:
1234:
1226:Simu anji ji
1225:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1205:
1192:
1183:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1121:
1114:Tang dynasty
1111:
1088:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1021:
1009:
1003:
986:
984:
976:
973:
938:
930:
924:
915:
909:
898:
882:
875:
873:
860:
858:
850:
844:
834:
828:
826:
819:
817:
810:
808:
802:
766:
764:
754:
746:
742:
733:
723:
719:
710:
704:
694:
689:
681:Flying Horse
662:
656:
651:
645:
641:Qimin yaoshu
639:
637:
632:
628:
619:
609:
595:
590:is a common
582:
573:
560:
554:
534:
514:horse riding
504:, selective
499:
473:
466:aristocratic
462:Zhou dynasty
442:
433:
423:
389:
385:
383:
379:veterinarian
358:
354:
348:
325:
321:
300:Bole-xiangma
299:
293:
289:
283:
272:
252:
237:
226:
225:
217:yin and yang
205:
189:
187:
163:
153:
129:
125:
121:
115:
105:
81:
80:
65:
56:
37:
2060:Shenyi Jing
1874:Four Perils
1773:White Tiger
1722:Yan Emperor
1263:acupuncture
1204:(578–618):
1202:Sui dynasty
1182:(502–577):
1175:Book of Sui
1018:of horses.
891:, Han Ming
795:who served
620:Xiangmajing
570:physiognomy
443:During the
420:(1254–1322)
418:Zhao Mengfu
274:Book of Jin
265:Zeta Cephei
178:physiognomy
51:introducing
2211:Categories
1977:Weak River
1869:Fox spirit
1550:T'oung Pao
1293:References
1237:) cites a
1055:The final
959:Chunyu Kun
877:Zhanguo ce
870:Zhanguo ce
790:charioteer
788:, and the
783:swordsmith
718:"thousand-
596:xiangmashi
522:horse care
518:horse tack
474:hufu qishe
426:Bronze Age
369:On reading
322:Zhanguo Ce
203:given name
160:Wade–Giles
112:Wade–Giles
34:references
2135:Huainanzi
2032:Shi Yi Ji
1972:Red River
1822:Huli jing
1800:Fenghuang
1641:Astrology
1137:thousand-
1098:Confucian
1057:Huainanzi
1035:Huainanzi
1028:Huainanzi
659:hippology
483:barbarian
408:(899–937)
344:ask price
326:Bole yigu
59:June 2021
1805:Yinglong
1712:Shennong
1572:Archived
1506:5:133-9.
1496:Archived
1281:See also
1122:qianlima
1011:Zhuangzi
1000:Zhuangzi
852:Hanfeizi
849:classic
847:Legalist
841:Hanfeizi
827:Another
743:qianlima
734:Qianlima
730:Red Hare
711:qianlima
693:'s 1586
612:Changsha
561:xiangshu
406:Yelü Bei
359:Hakuraku
351:Japanese
279:Scorpius
117:Sun Yang
107:Sūn Yáng
82:Sun Yang
2039:Bowuzhi
1967:Penglai
1957:Longmen
1905:more...
1859:Wuzhiqi
1835:(Bixie)
1732:Chang'e
1707:Youchao
1646:Dragons
1582:Library
1210:伯樂治馬雜病經
949:) from
939:Su Dai
673:Ma Yuan
574:xiangma
568:"human
458:Wu Ding
330:Chinese
324:below)
304:Chinese
295:chengyu
267:within
47:improve
2232:Adages
2127:Chu Ci
2008:Xirang
1942:Fusang
1922:Buzhou
1915:Places
1894:Tianma
1854:Xiezhi
1849:Hundun
1844:Horses
1737:Hou Yi
1727:Chiyou
1671:Ghosts
1402:
1377:9 July
1368:
1327:9 July
1318:
1118:Han Yu
1108:Han Yu
1102:Taoist
1006:Daoist
947:Su Qin
736:was a
332::
306::
298:idiom
254:tianma
162::
152::
150:pinyin
144::
136::
114::
104::
102:pinyin
96::
88::
36:, but
1991:Items
1982:Youdu
1864:Yeren
1833:Pixiu
1795:Qilin
1742:Kuafu
1666:Pangu
1230:司牧安驥集
1197:伯樂療馬經
1188:伯樂相馬經
1116:poet
1081:Liezi
1072:Laozi
987:junma
793:Zaofu
685:Gansu
390:Po Lo
386:Po-le
184:Names
165:Po-le
130:Po-le
126:Bo Le
1927:Diyu
1839:Nian
1817:Bixi
1661:Tian
1569:良馬相図
1400:ISBN
1379:2012
1366:ISBN
1329:2012
1316:ISBN
1275:zhen
1252:zhen
1243:伯樂針經
1112:The
1100:and
1089:Bole
786:Ouye
781:and
633:yang
631:and
583:Sōma
478:胡服騎射
355:Bole
339:lit.
334:伯樂一顧
313:lit.
308:伯樂相馬
290:Bole
215:(of
206:Yang
201:and
155:Bólè
122:Bole
1502:,"
1148:dan
1062:九方皋
1016:Dao
963:淳於髡
951:Yan
889:Chu
862:sic
778:養由基
747:shi
732:).
715:千里馬
629:Yin
624:相馬經
600:相馬師
559:of
388:or
349:In
284:In
191:Sun
124:or
2213::
1998:Gu
1527:,
1301:^
1157:li
1153:li
1143:li
1139:li
1134:li
1130:li
1124:.
1065:.
1050:li
1045:王良
992:駿馬
978:pi
955:Qi
942:蘇代
925:li
916:ji
899:ji
894:汗明
820:li
811:li
755:li
725:li
720:li
587:相馬
578:相馬
565:相術
532:.
524:,
520:,
516:,
512:,
497:.
392:.
381:.
374:伯樂
364:伯楽
353:,
336:;
310:;
288:,
271:;
260:造父
238:le
227:Bo
158:;
148:;
146:伯乐
140:;
138:伯樂
132:;
110:;
100:;
98:孙阳
92:;
90:孫陽
2129:)
2125:(
1880:)
1876:(
1609:e
1602:t
1595:v
1408:.
1381:.
1331:.
1257:針
1246:(
1233:(
1220:(
920:驥
904:驥
749:"
644:(
481:"
361:(
328:(
302:(
243:樂
232:伯
211:陽
197:孫
128:(
84:(
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.