447:(CBT) are considered effective. SSRIs can help relieve obsessiveācompulsive and delusional traits, while cognitive-behavioral therapy can help patients recognize faulty thought patterns. A study was done by Dr. Sabine Wilhelm where she and her colleagues created and tested a treatment manual specializing in BDD symptoms that resulted in improved symptoms with no asymptomatic decline. Core treatment elements include Psychoeducation and Case Formulation, Cognitive Restructuring, Exposure and Ritual Prevention and Mindfulness/Perceptual Retraining. Before treatment, it can help to provide psychoeducation, as with self-help books and support websites.
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social media use and selfie taking, individuals may become preoccupied about presenting an ideal photograph for the public. Specifically, females' mental health has been the most affected by persistent exposure to social media. Girls with BDD present symptoms of low self-esteem and negative self-evaluation. Due to social mediaās expectations, a factor of why individuals have body dysmorphia can come from women comparing themselves with media images of ideal female attractiveness, a perceived discrepancy between their actual attractiveness and the mediaās standard of attractiveness is likely to result. Researchers in
145:, perceiving the body as too small, affects mostly males. In addition to thinking about it, the sufferer typically checks and compares the perceived flaw repetitively and can adopt unusual routines to avoid social contact that exposes it. Fearing the stigma of vanity, they usually hide this preoccupation. Commonly overlooked even by psychiatrists, BDD has been underdiagnosed. As the disorder severely impairs quality of life due to educational and occupational dysfunction and social isolation, those experiencing BDD tend to have high rates of
77:
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of abuse as children. Indeed, the researchers found that adults who had a history of emotional neglect as children were especially vulnerable to BDD, though other forms of abuse, including physical and sexual abuse, were also identified as significant risk factors. As the children progress into their adult years, they start to visualise the abuse that has been done to their bodies, and start finding ways to hide, cover, or change it so they are not reminded of the trauma that they endured as an adolescent.
414:, or social phobia. Social anxiety disorder and BDD are highly comorbid (within those with BDD, 12ā68.8% also have SAD; within those with SAD, 4.8-12% also have BDD), developing similarly in patients -BDD is even classified as a subset of SAD by some researchers. Correct diagnosis can depend on specialized questioning and correlation with emotional distress or social dysfunction. Estimates place the Body Dysmorphic Disorder Questionnaire's sensitivity at 100% (0%
362:
ideals around the aesthetic of the human body. Scholars such as Nancy
Scheper-Hughes have suggested such demand placed upon Western bodies has been around since the beginning of the 19th century, and that it has been driven by sexuality. Research also shows that BDD is linked to high comorbidity and suicidality rates. Furthermore, it appears that Caucasian women show higher rates of body dissatisfaction than women of different ethnic backgrounds and societies.
338:, and the diagnostic criteria were not properly defined, as the non-delusional and delusional factors were not separated. This was later resolved with the revision of the DSM-III, which aided many by providing appropriate treatment for patients. BDD was initially considered non-delusional in European research, and was grouped with "
290:, explains how individuals use selfies to gain verification from others through likes and comments. Social media may therefore trigger one's misconception about their physical look. Similar to those with body dysmorphic tendencies, such behavior may lead to constant seeking of approval, self-evaluation and even depression.
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databases was used to identify social networking site patterns. In particular appearance focused social media use was found to be significantly associated with greater body image dissatisfaction. It is highlighted that comparisons appear between body image dissatisfaction and BDD symptomatology. They
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Nevertheless, the Qāeqchiā women also showed the greatest distortion in their own body perception, estimating their physique to be slimmer than it actually was. It is thought this could be due to a lack of access to body monitoring tools such as mirrors, scales, technology, and clothing choices, but
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Socio-cultural models depict and emphasise the way thinness is valued, and beauty is obsessed over in
Western culture, where advertising, marketing, and social media play a large role in manicuring the "perfect" body shape, size, and look. The billions of dollars spent to sell products become causal
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Whilst physically editing the body is not unique to any one culture, research suggests that it is more common throughout
Western society and is on the rise. On close observation of contemporary Western societies, there has been an increase in disorders such as Body dysmorphic disorder, arising from
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Historically, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) was originally coined "dysmorphophobia", a term which was widely applied in research literature among the
Japanese, Russians, and Europeans. However, in American literature, the appearance of BDD was still overlooked in the 1980s. It was introduced in the
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taking" may translate into low self-esteem and body dysmorphic tendencies. The sociocultural theory of self-esteem states that the messages given by media and peers about the importance of appearance are internalized by individuals who adopt others' standards of beauty as their own. Due to excessive
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The development of body dysmorphia can stem from trauma caused by parents/guardians, family, or close friends. In a study published in 2021 about the prevalence of childhood maltreatment among adults with body dysmorphia, researchers found that more than 75% of respondents had experienced some form
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Most generally, one experiencing BDD ruminates over the perceived bodily defect several hours daily or longer, uses either social avoidance or camouflaging with cosmetics or apparel, repetitively checks the appearance, compares it to that of other people, and might often seek verbal reassurances.
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of German, Guatemalan Qāeqchiā and
Colombian women. Unlike the German and Colombian women, the Qāeqchiā women in this study live in the jungles of Guatemala and remain relatively removed from modern technology and secure food resources. The study found that the Qāeqchiā women did not have notably
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The bodily area of focus is commonly face, skin, stomach, arms and legs, but can be nearly any part of the body. In addition, multiple areas can be focused on simultaneously. A subtype of body dysmorphic disorder is bigorexia (anorexia reverse or muscle dysphoria). In muscular dysphoria, patients
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For many people with BDD, cosmetic surgery does not work to alleviate the symptoms of BDD as their opinion of their appearance is not grounded in reality. It is recommended that cosmetic surgeons and psychiatrists work together in order to screen surgery patients to see if they have BDD, as the
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Dislike of one's appearance is common, but individuals with BDD have extreme misperceptions about their physical appearance. Whereas vanity involves a quest to aggrandize the appearance, BDD is experienced as a quest to merely normalize the appearance. Although delusional in about one of three
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exists, its importance is disproportionately magnified in the mind of the individual. Whether the physical issue is real or imagined, ruminations concerning this perceived defect become pervasive and intrusive, consuming substantial mental bandwidth for extended periods each day. This excessive
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to experience BDD. With the rise of social media platforms, individuals are easily able to seek validation and openly compare their physical appearance to online influences, finding more flaws and defects in their own appearance. This leads to attempts to conceal the defect such as seeking out
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BDD is classified as an obsessiveācompulsive disorder in DSM-5. It is important to treat people with BDD as soon as possible because the person may have already been suffering for an extended period of time and as BDD has a high suicide rate, at 2ā12 times higher than the national average.
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BDD's severity can wax and wane, and flareups tend to yield absences from school, work, or socializing, sometimes leading to protracted social isolation, with some becoming housebound for extended periods. Social impairment is usually greatest, sometimes approaching avoidance of all social
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The term "dysmorphic" is derived from the Greek word, 'dusmorphĆÄ' ā the prefix 'dys-' meaning abnormal or apart, and 'morphįø' meaning shape. Morselli described people who felt a subjective feeling of ugliness as people who were tormented by a physical deficit.
373:, climate, and fertility management. Cultural groups who experience food insecurity generally prefer larger-bodied women. However, many societies that have abundant access to food also value moderate to larger bodies. This is evident in a comparative study of
422:). BDD is also comorbid with eating disorders, up to 12% comorbidity in one study. Both eating and body dysmorphic disorders are concerned with physical appearance, but eating disorders tend to focus more on weight rather than one's general appearance.
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in this instance, body distortion does not seem to influence body satisfaction. This has also been shown in groups of lower-income
African American women, where the acceptance of larger bodies is not necessarily equivalent to positive body image.
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Universally, it is evident that different cultures place much emphasis on correcting the human body aesthetic, and that this preoccupation with body image is not exclusive to just one society; one example is the binding of women's feet in
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in Turkey found that individuals who have low self-esteem participate more often in trends of taking selfies along with using social media to mediate their interpersonal interaction in order to fulfill their self-esteem needs. The
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Veale, D., Miles, S., Read, J., Troglia, A., Carmona, L., Fiorito, C., Wells, H., Wylie, K., & Muir, G. (2015). Penile
Dysmorphic Disorder: Development of a Screening Scale. Archives of sexual behavior, 44(8), 2311ā2321.
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Thomas, Martina; DeCaro, Jason A. (June 2018). "Body Image Models among Low-income
African American Mothers and Daughters in the Southeast United States: Body Image Models among African American Females".
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Anderson, Judith L.; Crawford, Charles B.; Nadeau, Joanne; Lindberg, Tracy (May 1992). "Was the
Duchess of windsor right? A cross-cultural review of the socioecology of ideals of female body shape".
225:. BDD usually develops during early adolescence, although many patients note earlier trauma, abuse, neglect, teasing, or bullying. In many cases, social anxiety earlier in life precedes BDD. Though
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In 1991, the demographics of individuals who experience BDD were primarily single women aged 19 or older. This statistic has not changed over the decades; women are still considered the predominant
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defines BDD as a preoccupation with an imagined or trivial defect in appearance, a preoccupation causing social or occupational dysfunction, and not better explained as another disorder, such as
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Buhlmann, Ulrike; Reese, Hannah E.; Renaud, Stefanie; Wilhelm, Sabine (March 2008). "Clinical considerations for the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder with cognitive-behavioral therapy".
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Mayville, Stephen; Katz, Roger C.; Gipson, Martin T.; Cabral, Keri (1 September 1999). "Assessing the
Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder in an Ethnically Diverse Group of Adolescents".
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Similar studies have noted a high prevalence of BDD in East Asian societies, where facial dissatisfaction is especially common, indicating that this is not just a Western phenomenon.
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Estimates of prevalence and gender distribution have varied widely via discrepancies in diagnosis and reporting. In American psychiatry, BDD gained diagnostic criteria in the
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Grant, Jon E.; Kim, Suck Won; Crow, Scott J. (15 July 2001). "Prevalence and Clinical Features of Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Adolescent and Adult Psychiatric Inpatients".
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factors of image conscious societies. Advertising also supports a specific ideal body image and creates a social capital in how individuals can acquire this ideal.
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defined by an overwhelming preoccupation with a perceived flaw in one's physical appearance. In BDD's delusional variant, the flaw is imagined. When an actual
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However, personal attitudes towards the body do vary cross-culturally. Some of this variability can be accounted for due to factors such as food insecurity,
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BDD is estimated to affect from 0.7% to 2.4% of the population. It usually starts during adolescence and affects both men and women. The BDD subtype
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Cororve, Michelle; Gleaves, David (August 2001). "Body dysmorphic disorder: A review of conceptualizations, assessment, and treatment strategies".
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403:, having been historically unrecognized, only making its first appearance in the DSM in 1987, but clinicians' knowledge of it, especially among
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407:, is constricted. Meanwhile, shame about having the bodily concern, and fear of the stigma of vanity, makes many hide even having the concern.
1512:"The use of social networking sites, body image dissatisfaction, and body dysmorphic disorder: A systematic review of psychological research"
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but involves more depression and social avoidance despite a degree of overlap with obsessive-compulsive disorder. BDD often associates with
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which described the disorder as a feeling of being ugly even though there does not appear to be anything wrong with the person's appearance
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activities. Poor concentration and motivation impair academic and occupational performance. The distress of BDD tends to exceed that of
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Buchanan Ben G, Rossell Susan L, Castle David J (Feb 2011). "Body dysmorphic disorder: A review of nosology, cognition and neurobiology".
189:. Cognitive testing and neuroimaging suggest both a bias toward detailed visual analysis and a tendency toward emotional hyper-arousal.
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Grau, Katharina; Fegert, Jƶrg Michael; Allroggen, Marc (January 2015). "Kƶrperdysmorphe Stƶrung" [Body dysmorphic disorder].
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2333:"Cognitive-behavioral therapy for body dysmorphic disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
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Altabe, Madeline N. (2001). "Issues in the assessment and treatment of body image disturbance in culturally diverse populations".
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170:, which typically does not resolve the distress. On the other hand, attempts at self-treatment, as by skin picking, can create
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Scheper-Hughes, Nancy; Lock, Margaret M. (1987). "The Mindful Body: A Prolegomenon to Future Work in Medical Anthropology".
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Katharine A Phillips, Understanding Body Dysmorphic Disorder: An Essential Guide (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009),
313:" to describe a trend of patients seeking plastic surgeries to mimic "filtered" pictures. Filtered photos, such as those on
1958:
Thompson, Becky Wangsgaard (1992). "'A Way Outa No Way': Eating Problems among African-American, Latina, and White Women".
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Individuals with BDD tend to engage in heavy plastic surgery use. In 2018, the plastic surgeon Dr. Tijon Esho coined term "
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Carroll, Deirdre H.; Scahill, Larry; Phillips, Katharine A. (April 2002). "Current concepts in body dysmorphic disorder".
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Pope, Harrison G.; Gruber, Amanda J.; Choi, Precilla; Olivardia, Roberto; Phillips, Katharine A. (November 1997).
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Wilhelm, Sabine; Phillips, Katharine A.; Fama, Jeanne M.; Greenberg, Jennifer L.; Steketee, Gail (December 2011).
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perceive their body as excessively thin despite being muscular and trained. Many seek dermatological treatment or
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preoccupation not only induces severe emotional distress but also disrupts daily functioning and activities. The
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Harrison, Amy; FernƔndez de la Cruz, Lorena; Enander, Jesper; Radua, Joaquim; Mataix-Cols, David (August 2016).
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1433:"Reducing the Impact of Media Images on Women At Risk For Body Image Disturbance: Three Targeted Interventions"
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Hong, Julie; Hadeler, Edward; Mosca, Megan; Brownstone, Nicholas; Bhutani, Tina; Koo, John (25 October 2021).
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Via shared symptoms, BDD is commonly misdiagnosed as social anxiety disorder, obsessiveācompulsive disorder,
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1554:"From 'Instagram Face' To 'Snapchat Dysmorphia': How Beauty Filters Are Changing The Way We See Ourselves"
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530:), adds operational criteria (such as repetitive behaviors or intrusive thoughts), and notes the subtype
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2557:(Fourth text revision ed.). American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC. 2000. pp. 507ā10.
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One might sometimes avoid mirrors, repetitively change outfits, groom excessively, or restrict eating.
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Bowyer, Laura; Krebs, Georgina; Mataix-Cols, David; Veale, David; Monzani, Benedetta (December 2016).
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A cartoon of a patient with body dysmorphia looking in a mirror, seeing a distorted image of himself
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1883:"From the jungle to urban centers: body image and self-esteem of women in three different cultures"
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321:, often present unrealistic and unattainable looks that may be a causal factor in triggering BDD.
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Fang, Angela; Matheny, Natalie L.; Wilhelm, Sabine (September 2014). "Body Dysmorphic Disorder".
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Phillips, K. A. (September 1991). "Body dysmorphic disorder: the distress of imagined ugliness".
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1248:"A comparison of self-esteem and perfectionism in anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder"
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Varnali, Kaan; Toker, Aysegul (7 February 2015). "Self-Disclosure on Social Networking Sites".
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Body image, eating disorders, and obesity: An integrative guide for assessment and treatment
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1383:"Selfie use: The implications for psychopathology expression of body dysmorphic disorder"
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Browne, Heidi A.; Gair, Shannon L.; Scharf, Jeremiah M.; Grice, Dorothy E. (2014-01-01).
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concluded that heavy social media use may mediate the onset of sub-threshold BDD.
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536:(preoccupation that one's body is too small or insufficiently muscular or lean).
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1812:"The Modern-Day Feminine Beauty Ideal, Mental Health, and Jungian Archetypes"
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cases, the appearance concern is usually non-delusional, an overvalued idea.
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Exacting Beauty: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment of Body Image Disturbance
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Mufaddel Amir, Osman Ossama T, Almugaddam Fadwa, Jafferany Mohammad (2013).
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560: ā Mental disorder characterized by a desire to be physically disabled
342:" ā delusional paranoia disorders, before being introduced in the DSM-III.
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As with most mental disorders, BDD's cause is likely intricate, altogether
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2003:"Cultural and biological factors in body dysmorphic disorder in East Asia"
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Feusner, J.D.; Neziroglu, F; Wilhelm, S.; Mancusi, L.; Bohon, C. (2010).
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544:(1856ā1939), once called one of his patients, a Russian aristocrat named
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higher body satisfaction when compared to the German or Colombian women.
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2570:"Muscle Dysmorphia: An Underrecognized Form of Body Dysmorphic Disorder"
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848:"Body dysmorphic disorder: recognizing and treating imagined ugliness"
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Ipser, Jonathan C; Sander, Candice; Stein, Dan J (21 January 2009).
2429:"Modular CognitiveāBehavioral Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder"
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Didie E, Tortolani C, Pope C, Menard W, Fay C, Phillips K (2006).
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1147:"Genetics of obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Related Disorders"
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and rates of suicidal ideation and attempts are especially high.
2380:"Pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for body dysmorphic disorder"
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Zeitschrift fĆ¼r Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie
1484:. Vol. 2. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. pp. 33ā66.
548:, "Wolf Man," as he was experiencing classical symptoms of BDD.
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recognized the disorder, while categorizing it as an atypical
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delusions that others are covertly pointing out their flaws
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Understanding Body Dysmorphic Disorder: An Essential Guide
496:). Classifying it as a distinct somatoform disorder, the
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1501:
1499:
1295:"Childhood abuse and neglect in body dysmorphic disorder"
1072:"What causes BDD: Research findings and a proposed model"
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Ramphul, Kamleshun; Mejias, Stephanie G (3 March 2018).
2555:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
1510:
Ryding, Francesca C.; Kuss, Daria J. (October 2020).
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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surgeons to resolve the issue of perceived ugliness.
20:"Dysmorphia" redirects here. Not to be confused with
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International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology
1480:. In Suls, Jerry M.; Greenwald, Anthony G. (eds.).
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2160:Fang, Angela; Hofmann, Stefan G. (December 2010).
2069:Prazeres AM, Nascimento AL, Fontenelle LF (2013).
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2209:Phillips, K. A; Castle, D. J (3 November 2001).
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938:"Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders".
2791:
2523:Hunt TJ; Thienhaus O; Ellwood A (July 2008).
2125:Anxiety and Depression Association of America
1482:Social psychological perspectives on the self
1065:
1063:
1061:
8:
761:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
655:Bjornsson AS; Didie ER; Phillips KA (2010).
580:
578:
576:
574:
2525:"The mirror lies: Body dysmorphic disorder"
1381:Khanna, Anisha; Sharma, ManojKumar (2017).
974:Fang, Angela; Hofmann Stefan G (Dec 2010).
779:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2009),
134:, distinguishing it from disorders such as
4001:
3890:
3869:
3804:
3695:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
3667:
3656:
3432:
3404:
3383:
3239:
3228:
3138:
2971:
2958:
2830:
2819:
2798:
2784:
2776:
2635:
75:
46:
2585:
2452:
2403:
2234:
2185:
2096:
2086:
2018:
1898:
1827:
1604:
1594:
1408:
1398:
1318:
1222:
1170:
1095:
999:
889:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0484-6
863:
738:
680:
340:monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychoses
3958:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
3554:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
1816:Mental Health: Global Challenges Journal
1579:"Is 'Snapchat Dysmorphia' a Real Issue?"
719:Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders
2384:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
570:
441:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
2291:
2289:
2149:. Oxford University Press. p. 47.
2075:Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
1344:"Body Dysmorphia as A Trauma Response"
948:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm06
754:
486:disorder, in the third edition of its
1810:Danylova, Tetiana (6 November 2020).
1252:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
1121:"When your looks take over your life"
969:
967:
791:
789:
7:
2298:Psychiatric Clinics of North America
1151:Psychiatric Clinics of North America
898:
896:
439:Anti-depressant medication, such as
3661:Physiological and physical behavior
1744:Journal of Child and Family Studies
468:reported a disorder that he termed
3607:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
3001:Emotional and behavioral disorders
2260:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
673:10.31887/DCNS.2010.12.2/abjornsson
229:on BDD are few, one estimated its
113:), also known in some contexts as
14:
3787:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
2211:"Body dysmorphic disorder in men"
418:) and specificity at 92.5% (7.5%
233:at 43%. Yet other factors may be
3087:X-linked intellectual disability
480:American Psychiatric Association
293:In 2019 systematic review using
2916:Intermittent explosive disorder
2841:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
1448:Social Behavior and Personality
905:Archives of Psychiatric Nursing
174:where none previously existed.
3559:Dissociative identity disorder
2824:Adult personality and behavior
2396:10.1002/14651858.CD005332.pub2
2145:Phillips, Katharine A (1996).
2050:Phillips, Katharine A (1996).
1925:Medical Anthropology Quarterly
1671:Medical Anthropology Quarterly
1633:American Journal of Psychiatry
846:Phillips, KA (February 2004).
524:shifts BDD to a new category (
1:
4076:Obsessiveācompulsive disorder
2587:10.1016/S0033-3182(97)71400-2
1683:10.1525/maq.1987.1.1.02a00020
1387:Industrial Psychiatry Journal
1119:Brody, Jane E. (2010-03-22).
599:10.1016/s0272-7358(00)00075-1
527:obsessiveācompulsive spectrum
179:obsessiveācompulsive disorder
132:obsessiveācompulsive spectrum
27:For the butterfly genus, see
3963:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
3500:Generalized anxiety disorder
3233:Neurological and symptomatic
2878:Sexual relationship disorder
2494:10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.07.001
1865:10.1016/0162-3095(92)90033-Z
1311:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.03.007
1264:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000215
1088:10.3928/00485713-20100701-08
810:10.1016/j.bodyim.2007.12.002
445:cognitive-behavioral therapy
435:Medication and psychotherapy
3739:REM sleep behavior disorder
3208:Seasonal affective disorder
3006:Separation anxiety disorder
1519:Psychology of Popular Media
4092:
4006:Symptoms and uncategorized
3107:developmental disabilities
2873:Sexual maturation disorder
2445:10.1016/j.beth.2011.02.002
2337:Clinical Psychology Review
2166:Clinical Psychology Review
2121:"Body Dysmorphic Disorder"
2007:Dermatology Online Journal
1972:10.1177/089124392006004002
1900:10.1186/s41257-020-00030-5
1473:Swann, William B. (1983).
1342:Foley, Wade (2021-03-07).
1199:"Body dysmorphic disorder"
980:Clinical Psychology Review
657:"Body dysmorphic disorder"
587:Clinical Psychology Review
518:. Published in 2013, the
257:
36:
18:
4061:Neurocutaneous conditions
4056:Somatic symptom disorders
4011:
4000:
3968:Simple-type schizophrenia
3937:Schizophreniform disorder
3889:
3868:
3821:
3803:
3666:
3655:
3403:
3382:
3315:Mild cognitive impairment
3300:CreutzfeldtāJakob disease
3238:
3227:
3198:Major depressive disorder
3151:
3137:
3103:Psychological development
2970:
2957:
2829:
2818:
2529:American Family Physician
2349:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.05.007
2310:10.1016/j.psc.2014.05.003
2227:10.1136/bmj.323.7320.1015
2178:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.08.001
1853:Ethology and Sociobiology
1721:10.1024/1422-4917/a000330
1163:10.1016/j.psc.2014.06.002
992:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.08.001
412:major depressive disorder
325:Sociocultural perspective
279:Istanbul Bilgi University
199:major depressive disorder
83:
74:
4016:Impulse-control disorder
3932:Schizoaffective disorder
3927:Brief reactive psychosis
3624:Mass psychogenic illness
3587:Body dysmorphic disorder
3366:Post-concussion syndrome
2976:Emotional and behavioral
2764:Body dysmorphic disorder
558:Body integrity dysphoria
505:body dysmorphic disorder
288:self-verification theory
185:(SAD). Some experience
107:Body dysmorphic disorder
50:Body dysmorphic disorder
37:Not to be confused with
3953:Childhood schizophrenia
3305:Frontotemporal dementia
3262:High-functioning autism
3079:Intellectual disability
2056:Oxford University Press
1756:10.1023/A:1022023514730
1460:10.2224/sbp.2015.43.1.1
1299:Child Abuse and Neglect
1215:10.1136/pmj.2003.015289
1203:British Medical Journal
917:10.1053/apnu.2002.32109
661:Dialogues Clin Neurosci
183:social anxiety disorder
3470:Specific social phobia
3361:Organic brain syndrome
3203:Melancholic depression
2964:Childhood and learning
1829:10.32437/mhgcj.v3i1.99
1645:10.1176/ajp.148.9.1138
775:Katharine A Phillips,
130:places BDD within the
39:body image disturbance
4026:Psychomotor agitation
3816:and substance-related
3759:Postpartum depression
3639:Somatization disorder
3525:Acute stress reaction
3290:AIDS dementia complex
2272:10.4088/jcp.v62n07a03
1400:10.4103/ipj.ipj_58_17
503:switched the term to
405:general practitioners
260:Filter (social media)
4021:KlĆ¼verāBucy syndrome
3851:Substance dependence
3764:Postpartum psychosis
3310:Huntington's disease
3092:LujanāFryns syndrome
2941:Personality disorder
2610:"The History of BDD"
1781:. pp. 129ā147.
1246:Hartmann, A (2014).
731:10.4088/PCC.12r01464
3901:Delusional disorder
3846:Stimulant psychosis
3836:Physical dependence
3690:Rumination syndrome
3592:Conversion disorder
3569:Psychogenic amnesia
3419:with depressed mood
3417:Adjustment disorder
3320:Parkinson's disease
3295:Alzheimer's disease
3188:Atypical depression
3024:Social functioning
2899:Munchausen syndrome
2894:Factitious disorder
2221:(7320): 1015ā1016.
1596:10.7759/cureus.2263
510:Published in 1994,
311:Snapchat Dysmorphia
283:Bogazici University
99:clinical psychology
64:Dysmorphic syndrome
3920:schizophrenia-like
3564:Dissociative fugue
3013:Movement disorders
2739:External resources
2088:10.2147/NDT.S41074
2020:10.5070/D327955133
1960:Gender and Society
1531:10.1037/ppm0000264
1125:The New York Times
1076:Psychiatric Annals
157:Signs and symptoms
123:visible difference
4043:
4042:
4039:
4038:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3864:
3863:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3540:
3539:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3335:Vascular dementia
3257:Asperger syndrome
3223:
3222:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3067:Tourette syndrome
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2773:
2772:
2147:The Broken Mirror
2052:The Broken Mirror
1937:10.1111/maq.12390
1787:10.1037/10502-006
1348:Crossroads Health
1305:(10): 1105ā1115.
957:978-0-89042-555-8
533:muscle dysmorphia
147:suicidal thoughts
143:muscle dysmorphia
104:
103:
44:Medical condition
4083:
4071:Human appearance
4002:
3891:
3870:
3805:
3680:Anorexia nervosa
3668:
3657:
3634:Psychogenic pain
3602:Globus pharyngis
3450:Childhood phobia
3433:
3405:
3384:
3240:
3229:
3139:
3038:Selective mutism
2989:Conduct disorder
2972:
2959:
2936:Trichotillomania
2911:Gender dysphoria
2906:Fear of intimacy
2863:Sexual anhedonia
2831:
2820:
2807:Mental disorders
2800:
2793:
2786:
2777:
2636:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2589:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2456:
2433:Behavior Therapy
2424:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2293:
2284:
2283:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2238:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2189:
2172:(8): 1040ā1048.
2157:
2151:
2150:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2090:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2022:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1902:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1831:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1639:(9): 1138ā1149.
1628:
1619:
1618:
1608:
1598:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1516:
1507:
1494:
1493:
1479:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1412:
1402:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1322:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1226:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1174:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1067:
1056:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1037:10.2217/npy.10.3
1020:
1014:
1013:
1003:
986:(8): 1040ā1048.
971:
962:
961:
935:
929:
928:
900:
891:
884:
878:
877:
867:
852:World Psychiatry
843:
822:
821:
793:
784:
773:
767:
766:
760:
752:
742:
710:
695:
694:
684:
652:
611:
610:
582:
546:Sergei Pankejeff
516:anorexia nervosa
470:dysmorphophobia,
451:Self-improvement
268:Constant use of
245:Childhood trauma
168:cosmetic surgery
136:anorexia nervosa
79:
47:
34:
25:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4035:
4007:
3988:
3972:
3941:
3919:
3910:
3885:
3860:
3817:
3814:substance abuse
3791:
3768:
3745:
3699:
3685:Bulimia nervosa
3662:
3643:
3619:Hypochondriasis
3614:False pregnancy
3597:Ganser syndrome
3579:Somatic symptom
3573:
3536:
3488:
3477:Specific phobia
3422:
3399:
3370:
3344:
3276:
3272:Savant syndrome
3244:Autism spectrum
3234:
3219:
3147:
3125:
3104:
3098:
3073:
2966:
2945:
2921:Dermatillomania
2882:
2868:Sexual anorexia
2825:
2814:
2804:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2734:
2733:
2647:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2618:
2616:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2390:(1): CD005332.
2377:
2376:
2372:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1630:
1629:
1622:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1562:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1514:
1509:
1508:
1497:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1352:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1258:(12): 883ā888.
1245:
1244:
1240:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1069:
1068:
1059:
1051:
1044:
1025:Neuropsychiatry
1022:
1021:
1017:
973:
972:
965:
958:
937:
936:
932:
902:
901:
894:
885:
881:
845:
844:
825:
795:
794:
787:
774:
770:
753:
712:
711:
698:
654:
653:
614:
584:
583:
572:
567:
554:
501:s 1987 revision
466:Enrico Morselli
462:
453:
437:
432:
420:false positives
416:false negatives
395:
327:
266:
256:
247:
239:childhood abuse
211:biopsychosocial
207:
159:
151:attempt suicide
119:mental disorder
115:dysmorphophobia
70:
67:Dysmorphophobia
61:Body dysmorphia
45:
42:
35:
26:
19:
17:
16:Mental disorder
12:
11:
5:
4089:
4087:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4048:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4005:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3895:
3887:
3886:
3873:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3841:Rebound effect
3838:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3808:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3782:Hypersexuality
3778:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3755:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3674:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3653:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3589:
3583:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3517:
3515:Panic disorder
3512:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3482:Claustrophobia
3474:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3465:Anthropophobia
3457:
3455:Social anxiety
3452:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3413:
3411:
3401:
3400:
3387:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3325:Pick's disease
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3246:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3142:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3083:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3010:
3009:
3008:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2816:
2815:
2811:Classification
2805:
2803:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2755:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2720:
2709:
2694:
2679:
2664:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:Classification
2632:
2631:External links
2629:
2626:
2625:
2601:
2580:(6): 548ā557.
2574:Psychosomatics
2560:
2546:
2515:
2468:
2439:(4): 624ā633.
2419:
2370:
2323:
2304:(3): 287ā300.
2285:
2266:(7): 517ā522.
2250:
2201:
2152:
2137:
2112:
2061:
2042:
1993:
1966:(4): 546ā561.
1950:
1931:(2): 293ā310.
1914:
1870:
1859:(3): 197ā227.
1843:
1802:
1795:
1769:
1750:(3): 357ā362.
1734:
1696:
1658:
1620:
1569:
1552:Haines, Anna.
1544:
1525:(4): 412ā435.
1495:
1465:
1438:
1424:
1393:(1): 106ā109.
1373:
1359:
1334:
1285:
1238:
1209:(940): 67ā71.
1186:
1157:(3): 319ā335.
1137:
1111:
1082:(7): 349ā355.
1057:
1042:
1015:
963:
956:
930:
892:
879:
823:
785:
768:
696:
612:
593:(6): 949ā970.
569:
568:
566:
563:
562:
561:
553:
550:
461:
458:
452:
449:
436:
433:
431:
428:
394:
391:
326:
323:
295:Web of Science
264:Instagram face
255:
252:
246:
243:
206:
203:
158:
155:
102:
101:
92:
86:
85:
81:
80:
72:
71:
69:
68:
65:
62:
58:
56:
52:
51:
43:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4088:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4003:
3999:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:Schizophrenia
3944:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3875:Schizophrenia
3871:
3867:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3826:Drug overdose
3824:
3823:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3774:Sexual desire
3771:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3654:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3460:Social phobia
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3395:-related and
3394:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3101:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2789:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2535:(2): 217ā22.
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2148:
2141:
2138:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2062:
2058:. p. 39.
2057:
2053:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1796:1-55798-324-0
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1711:(in German).
1710:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
970:
968:
964:
959:
953:
949:
945:
941:
934:
931:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
899:
897:
893:
890:
883:
880:
875:
871:
866:
861:
857:
853:
849:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
824:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
772:
769:
764:
758:
750:
746:
741:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
697:
692:
688:
683:
678:
674:
670:
667:(2): 221ā32.
666:
662:
658:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
581:
579:
577:
575:
571:
564:
559:
556:
555:
551:
549:
547:
543:
542:Sigmund Freud
537:
535:
534:
529:
528:
523:
522:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
500:
495:
491:
490:
485:
481:
478:In 1980, the
477:
476:
471:
467:
459:
457:
450:
448:
446:
443:(SSRIs), and
442:
434:
429:
427:
423:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
402:
401:
392:
390:
387:
383:
380:
376:
372:
367:
363:
359:
357:
351:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
324:
322:
320:
316:
312:
307:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
284:
280:
275:
271:
265:
261:
253:
251:
244:
242:
241:and neglect.
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:psychological
212:
204:
202:
200:
194:
190:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
169:
163:
156:
154:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
100:
96:
93:
91:
87:
82:
78:
73:
66:
63:
60:
59:
57:
53:
48:
40:
32:
31:
23:
3906:Folie Ć deux
3831:Intoxication
3812:substances,
3810:Psychoactive
3729:Night terror
3586:
3546:Dissociative
3510:Panic attack
3062:Tic disorder
2757:
2746:
2722:
2711:
2696:
2681:
2666:
2651:
2617:. Retrieved
2613:
2604:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2554:
2549:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2301:
2297:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2146:
2140:
2128:. Retrieved
2124:
2115:
2078:
2074:
2064:
2051:
2045:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1890:
1886:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1822:(1): 38ā44.
1819:
1815:
1805:
1778:
1772:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1715:(1): 29ā37.
1712:
1708:
1674:
1670:
1636:
1632:
1589:(3): e2263.
1586:
1582:
1572:
1561:. Retrieved
1557:
1547:
1522:
1518:
1481:
1468:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1427:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1367:
1362:
1351:. Retrieved
1347:
1337:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1206:
1202:
1189:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1128:. Retrieved
1124:
1114:
1079:
1075:
1031:(1): 71ā80.
1028:
1024:
1018:
983:
979:
939:
933:
911:(2): 72ā79.
908:
904:
882:
855:
851:
804:(1): 39ā49.
801:
797:
776:
771:
757:cite journal
722:
718:
664:
660:
590:
586:
538:
531:
525:
519:
509:
504:
498:
493:
487:
474:
473:
469:
463:
454:
438:
424:
409:
398:
396:
388:
384:
368:
364:
360:
352:
344:
328:
308:
292:
270:social media
267:
254:Social media
248:
235:introversion
231:heritability
227:twin studies
208:
195:
191:
176:
164:
160:
140:
114:
110:
106:
105:
29:
3879:schizotypal
3714:Hypersomnia
3704:Nonorganic
3445:Agoraphobia
3176:Cyclothymia
3171:Bipolar NOS
3146:(affective)
3018:Stereotypic
2926:Kleptomania
1677:(1): 6ā41.
1454:(1): 1ā13.
858:(1): 12ā7.
379:self-esteem
55:Other names
4066:Body shape
4050:Categories
4031:Stereotypy
3894:Delusional
3883:delusional
3856:Withdrawal
3724:Parasomnia
3629:Nosophobia
3409:Adjustment
3397:somatoform
3330:Sundowning
3183:Depression
3166:Bipolar II
3055:Stuttering
3050:Cluttering
2846:Paraphilia
2759:Patient UK
2724:DiseasesDB
2619:2022-04-27
2482:Body Image
2081:: 307ā16.
1563:2022-11-01
1353:2022-11-24
798:Body Image
565:References
484:somatoform
375:body image
258:See also:
177:BDD is an
95:Psychiatry
30:Dismorphia
3984:Catatonia
3916:Psychosis
3751:Postnatal
3734:Nightmare
3340:Wandering
3193:Dysthymia
3161:Bipolar I
3116:Pervasive
2931:Pyromania
2856:Voyeurism
2851:Fetishism
2748:eMedicine
2343:: 43ā51.
2130:2 January
2037:239981559
1988:145179769
1909:219748446
1838:228817747
1539:213989742
464:In 1886,
430:Treatment
393:Diagnosis
358:culture.
315:Instagram
90:Specialty
22:dysphoria
3719:Insomnia
3389:Neurotic
3356:Delirium
3282:Dementia
3121:Specific
2753:med/3124
2541:18697504
2502:27517118
2463:22035991
2414:19160252
2365:19454310
2357:27393916
2318:25150563
2280:11488361
2245:11691744
2196:20817336
2107:23467711
2029:34755975
1945:28556397
1893:(1): 4.
1764:67989365
1729:25536894
1615:29732270
1490:15309009
1419:29456333
1329:17005251
1280:43880482
1272:25390930
1233:14970291
1197:(2004).
1181:25150565
1130:13 March
1106:24347738
1010:20817336
942:. 2013.
925:11925574
874:16633443
818:18313372
781:pp 50ā51
749:24392251
691:20623926
607:11497214
552:See also
499:DSM-III'
319:Snapchat
299:PsycINFO
223:cultural
149:and may
3428:Anxiety
3267:PDD-NOS
3156:Bipolar
2809: (
2718:D057215
2596:9427852
2510:4553598
2488:: 1ā8.
2454:3320734
2405:7159283
2236:1121529
2187:2952668
2098:3589080
1653:1882990
1606:5933578
1410:5810159
1320:1633716
1224:1742928
1195:Veale D
1172:4143777
1097:3859614
1001:2952668
865:1414653
740:3869603
682:3181960
460:History
371:poverty
356:Chinese
334:by the
332:DSM-III
172:lesions
117:, is a
3672:Eating
3520:Stress
3437:Phobia
3393:stress
3252:Autism
3045:Speech
2834:Sexual
2692:F45.22
2614:OCD-UK
2594:
2539:
2508:
2500:
2461:
2451:
2412:
2402:
2363:
2355:
2316:
2278:
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