Body odor - Knowledge (XXG)

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contains 95% water, however, for a person with an abnormal amount of blood sugar, their urine becomes more concentrated with glucose. Therefore, if a person's body odor or urine smells unusually fruity or sweet, that can be a sign of diabetes. Additionally, an ammonia smell that occurs in one's body, urine, or breath could also be an indicator of kidney disease. Typically, the liver converts ammonia to urea because ammonia has a high level of toxicity. The kidneys are responsible for removing waste, such as urea, out from the body. However, if the kidneys are not functioning properly, this urea is kept as ammonia, causing the urine and even one's breath to smell like ammonia. In conclusion, body odor could be used as a helpful indicator of disease, especially when it suddenly deviates from normal.

343:. Babies can recognize their mothers by smell while mothers, fathers, and other relatives can identify a baby by smell. This connection between genetically similar family members is due to the habituation of familial pheromones. In the case of babies and mothers, this chemosensory information is primarily contained within breastmilk and the mother's sweat. When compared to that of strangers, babies are observed to have stronger neural connections with their mothers. This strengthened neurological connection allows for the biological development and socialization of the infant by their mother. Using these connections, the mother transmits olfactory signals to the infant which are then perceived and integrated. 326:

showing that sweat contains distinct chemical components that differ between genders. This discovery not only enhances our understanding of the role of scent in human interactions but also opens up potential applications in fields like biometric identification and personalized product development. The ability of electronic noses to detect and classify these subtle chemical signals could eventually lead to new insights into the role of odor in sexual selection and attraction, reinforcing the idea that human scent plays a crucial role in reproductive success and mate selection.

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mammary pheromone 2MB2. The perception and integration of these signals is an evolutionary response that allows newborns to locate their source of nutrition. Signaling contains a level of precision that allows babies to differentiate their mother's breasts from that of other women. Once the baby recognizes the familiar olfactory signal, the behavioral response of latching follows. Over time the infant becomes habituated to their mother's breast pheromones which increases latch efficiency.

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those of old age. In a study determining if there is a difference between the body odor of individuals of various ages, three groups were studied: those aged 20-30, aged 45-55, and aged 75-95, corresponding to young age, middle-aged, and old age, respectively. This study determined that individuals could distinguish between odors of various ages and group odors of old age, suggesting that there are certain chemical differences in age resulting in “age-dependent odor characteristics”.

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Deodorant is another remedy for body odor. It specifically targets odor but will not reduce sweat. Deodorants are usually alcohol-based which fights off bacteria. Most deodorants contain perfumes which also help with masking odor. If someone is experiencing severe body odor, a doctor may recommend a surgical procedure called endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy. This surgery will cut nerves that control sweating. This surgery poses the risk of harming other nerves in the body.

407: 483:(80–95%), but very low among European and African populations (0–3%). Most of the world's population has the gene that codes for the wet-type earwax and average body odor; however, East Asians are more likely to inherit the allele associated with the dry-type earwax and a reduction in body odor. The reduction in body odor may be due to adaptation to colder climates by their ancient Northeast Asian ancestors. 278:. This, as well as many apocrine glands being close to the sex organs, points to a role related to mating. Sebaceous glands line the human skin while apocrine glands are located around body hairs. Compared to other primates, humans have extensive axillary hair and have many odor producing sources, in particular many apocrine glands. In humans, the apocrine glands have the ability to secrete 2061::"In addition, the impact that biological factors have on our percept of body odors has recently been indirectly demonstrated by several experiments. Our percept of body odors is dependent on the sexual orientations of both the donor and the perceiver (Martins et al., 2005), and heterosexual women's percept of men's body odor varies over their menstrual cycle (Roberts et al., 2004)." 476:(DHEA), possibly bacterial substrates for odoriferous steroids; research has found no difference, however, in testosterone secretion in apocrine sweat between ABCC11 mutants and non-mutants. Secondly, it is also associated with a strongly reduced/atrophic size of apocrine sweat glands and a decreased protein (such as ASOB2) concentration in axillary sweat. 236:), in this state produce a strong body odor to deceive a predator that the prey animal has been dead for a long time and is already in the advanced stage of decomposing. Some animals with strong body odor are rarely attacked by most predators, although they can still be killed and eaten by birds of prey, which are tolerant of carrion odors. 306:(HLA). Each type has a unique scent profile that can be utilized during the mating selection process. When selecting mates, women tend to be attracted to those that have different HLA-types than their own. This is thought to increase the strength of the family unit and increase the chances of survival for potential offspring. 32:) is present in all animals and its intensity can be influenced by many factors (behavioral patterns, survival strategies). Body odor has a strong genetic basis, but can also be strongly influenced by various factors, such as sex, diet, health, and medication. The body odor of human males plays an important 318:

were consistent with previous findings – meaning that lesbian women were not as responsive to male-identified odors, while responding to female odors in a similar way as heterosexual males. According to the researchers, this research suggests a possible role for human pheromones in the biological basis of

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However, research has observed that this allele is not solely responsible for ethnic differences in scent. A 2016 study analyzed differences across ethnicities in volatile organic compounds (VOCs), across racial groups and found that while they largely did not differ significantly qualitatively, they

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Experiments on animals and volunteers have shown that potential sexual partners tend to be perceived more attractive if their MHC composition is substantially different. Married couples are more different regarding MHC genes than would be expected by chance. This behavior pattern promotes variability

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The connection between olfactory and visual cues has also been observed outside of familial relationships. Evolutionarily, body odor has been used to communicate messages about potentially dangerous stimuli in the environment. Body odor produced during particularly stressful situations can produce a

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to occur. In cases of effective latching, breastfed infants are able to locate their mother's nipples for feeding using the sensory information enclosed in their mother's body odor. While no specific human breast pheromones have been identified, studies compare the communication to that of the rabbit

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and they can be transmitted through a variety of mediums. The most common way that human pheromones are transmitted is through bodily fluids. Human pheromones are contained in sweat, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk, and urine. The signals carried in these fluids serve a range of functions from

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As seen in non-human animals such as mice, black-tailed deer, rabbits, otters, and owl monkeys, body odor contains age-related signals that these animals can detect and process. Similarly, humans have been seen to distinguish age-related information from body odor, particularly relating to odors of

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In mammals, body odor can also be used as a symptom of disease. One's body odor is completely unique to themselves, similar to a fingerprint, and can change due to sexual life, genetics, age and diet. Body odor, however, can be used as an indication for disease. For example, typically, human urine

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There are a number of ways to prevent body odor. These suggestions may help with those suffering from body odor. Bathing daily with antibacterial soap helps reduce the amount of bacteria found on the skin. This is especially important after doing any type of physical activity. Shaving armpit hair

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One large study failed to find any significant differences across ethnicity in residual compounds on the skin, including those located in sweat. If there were observed ethnic variants in skin odor, one would find sources to be much more likely in diet, hygiene, microbiome, and other environmental

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males' brains respond in different ways to two odors that may be involved in sexual arousal, and that homosexual men respond in the same way as heterosexual women, though it could not be determined whether this was cause or effect. When the study was expanded to include lesbian women, the results

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by reducing secretion of odorous molecules and its precursors. The lack of ABCC11 function results in a decrease of the odorant compounds 3M2H, HMHA, and 3M3SH via a strongly reduced secretion of the precursor amino-acid conjugates 3M2H–Gln, HMHA–Gln, and Cys–Gly–(S) 3M3SH; and a decrease of the

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Furthermore, recent advances in technology, such as the use of electronic noses, have expanded our understanding of how odor influences sexual selection. A study from Airlangga University demonstrated that electronic noses could classify human gender with high accuracy by analyzing sweat odors,

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Another study evaluated the components of body odor in participants aged 26 through 75 using headspace gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. This study demonstrated that in individuals 40 years or older, 2-Nonenal, an unsaturated aldehyde producing a greasy and grassy odor, was detected in

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In one study about smell and romance, straight women preferred the body odor of straight men whose immune systems were different enough that any offspring would have healthy immune systems. For most of human history, infectious disease has been our greatest threat. In modern times we may seek

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If body odor is affecting a person’s quality of life, then seeing a primary care physician may be helpful. A doctor could recommend prescription antiperspirants containing aluminum-chloride. This chemical agent helps temporarily block sweat pores which reduces the amount a person will sweat.

1173:). This can be particularly strong when it happens in the axillary region (underarms). In this case, the condition may be referred to as axillary osmidrosis. The condition can also be known medically as apocrine bromhidrosis, ozochrotia, fetid sweat, body smell, or malodorous sweating. 1191:

allows for sweat to evaporate more quickly so it won’t produce an odor. Applying deodorant or antiperspirant after showering which helps kill bacteria and prevent someone from sweating is helpful. Wearing fresh and clean clothes is also very important especially if you sweat a lot.

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exuded by their mother allows the connection between vision and smell to form in infants. This type of connection is only found between mothers and babies and over time it socializes the ability to recognize the features that distinguish human faces from inanimate objects.

82:. Eccrine sweat glands are present from birth, while the latter two become activated during puberty. Among the different types of human skin glands, body odor is primarily the result of the apocrine sweat glands, which secrete the majority of chemical compounds that the 334:

Humans can olfactorily detect blood-related kin. Mothers can identify by body odor their biological children, but not their stepchildren. Preadolescent children can olfactorily detect their full siblings, but not half-siblings or step-siblings, and this might explain

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as well as the other factors. Skin spectrophotometry analysis found that males who consumed more fruits and vegetables were significantly associated with more pleasant smelling sweat, which was described as "floral, fruity, sweet and medicinal qualities".

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Beyond a biological function, a mother's body odor plays a role in developing a baby's social capabilities. The ability of an infant to evaluate the properties of human faces stems from the olfactory cues given from their mother. Frequent exposure to the

3704: 3689: 243:), the absence of body odor is important, and they spend plenty of time and energy to keep their body free of odor. For other predators, such as those that hunt by visually locating prey and running for long distances after it (such as 44:

heterozygosity. Significant evidence suggests that women are attracted to men whose body odor is different from theirs, indicating that they have immune genes that are different from their own, which may produce healthier offspring.

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life-partners that satisfy a multitude of needs, but more fundamentally, if you could produce babies with immune systems able to fight a potpourri of pathogens, then your progeny—and your genes—stand a better chance at survival.

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As many as 90% of Americans and 92% of teenagers use antiperspirants or deodorants. In 2014, the global market for deodorants was estimated at US$ 13 billion with a compound annual growth rate of 5.62% between 2015 and 2020.

1198:(TMAU), also known as fish odor syndrome or fish malodor syndrome, is a rare metabolic disorder where trimethylamine is released in the person's sweat, urine, and breath, giving off a strong fishy odor or strong body odor. 264:

reproductive signaling to infant socialization. Each person produces a unique spread of pheromones that can be identified by others. This differentiation allows the formation of sexual attraction and kinship ties to occur.

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increasing concentrations of those individuals. The detection of increasing amounts of 2-Nonenal in individuals 40 years or older suggested that 2-Nonenal contributes to the deteriorating body odor seen with aging.

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Humans have few olfactory receptor cells compared to dogs and few functional olfactory receptor genes compared to rats. This is in part due to a reduction of the size of the snout in order to achieve

184:, with similar characteristics including odor, body odors may be identified as having a pungent, cheesy and vinegar-like smell although certain people might find it pleasant at lower concentrations. 239:

Body odor is an important feature of animal physiology. It plays a different role in different animal species. For example, in some predator species that hunt by stalking (such as big and small

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Li M, Budding AE, van der Lugt-Degen M, Du-Thumm L, Vandeven M, Fan A (August 2019). "The influence of age, gender and race/ethnicity on the composition of the human axillary microbiome".

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with E-3-methylhex-2-enoic acid (E-3M2H) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylhexanoic acid (HMHA), sulfanylalkanols and particularly 3-methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol (3M3SH), and the odoriferous steroids

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Research has indicated a strong association between people with axillary osmidrosis and the ABCC11-genotypes GG or GA at the SNP site (rs17822931) in comparison to the genotype AA.

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as well as other changes related to bipedalism. However, it has been argued that humans may have larger brain areas associated with olfactory perception compared to other species.

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Studies have suggested that people might be using odor cues associated with the immune system to select mates. Using a brain-imaging technique, Swedish researchers have shown that

393: 3462: 1749:"Cutaneous Bacteria in the Gut Microbiome as Biomarkers of Systemic Malodor and People Are Allergic to Me (PATM) Conditions: Insights from a Virtually Conducted Clinical Trial" 397: 4818: 3425: 1169:

Osmidrosis or bromhidrosis is defined by a foul odor due to a water-rich environment that supports bacteria, which is caused by an abnormal increase in perspiration (

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are found in the armpits of women. This causes male armpits to give off a rancid/cheese-like smell, whereas female armpits give off a more fruity/onion-like smell.

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Yoshiura K, Kinoshita A, Ishida T, Ninokata A, Ishikawa T, Kaname T, et al. (March 2006). "A SNP in the ABCC11 gene is the determinant of human earwax type".

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Weisfeld GE, Czilli T, Phillips KA, Gall JA, Lichtman CM (July 2003). "Possible olfaction-based mechanisms in human kin recognition and inbreeding avoidance".

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Amino-acid conjugates of key human body odorants in sweat samples of panelists with different genotypes, determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

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is also known for producing thioalcohol compounds that contribute to odors. These smaller molecules smell, and give body odor its characteristic aroma.

2820:"Effect of ethnicity, gender and age on the amount and composition of residual skin surface components derived from sebum, sweat and epidermal lipids" 4843: 439:

of the immune system of individuals in the population, thus making the population more robust against new diseases. Another reason may be to prevent

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Pheromones are a factor seen in the mating selection and reproduction in humans. In women, the sense of olfaction is strongest around the time of

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In humans, the formation of body odors is caused by factors such as diet, sex, health, and medication, but the major contribution comes from

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did differ quantitatively. Of the observed differences, they were found to vary with ethnic origin, but not entirely with ABCC11 genotype.

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Ara K, Hama M, Akiba S, Koike K, Okisaka K, Hagura T, et al. (April 2006). "Foot odor due to microbial metabolism and its control".

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In humans, body odor serves as a means of chemosensory signal communication between members of the species. These signals are called

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metabolize into odorant substances. This happens mostly in the axillary (armpit) region, although the gland can also be found in the

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cascade of reactions in the brain. Once the olfactory system is activated by a threatening stimuli, heightened activity in the

3444: 3962: 469: 460: 4935: 282:. These steroid compounds are produced within the peroxisomes of the apocrine glands by enzymes such as mevalonate kinases. 4593: 3351: 1096:* ND indicates that no detectable peak is found on the + ion trace of the selected analyte at the correct retention time. 1143:

ointments and sprays topically, and chlorophyllin supplements internally. Although body odor is commonly associated with

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Zuniga A, Stevenson RJ, Mahmut MK, Stephen ID (January 2017). "Diet quality and the attractiveness of male body odor".

4618: 154: 251:), the absence of body odor is not critical. In most animals, body odor intensifies in moments of stress and danger. 3198:"Pharmacogenetics of human ABC transporter ABCC11: new insights into apocrine gland growth and metabolite secretion" 5167: 5082: 5050: 4878: 4361: 4293: 4097: 3957: 3952: 190: 3987: 2668:"A strong association of axillary osmidrosis with the wet earwax type determined by genotyping of the ABCC11 gene" 377:

is triggered. This chain reaction serves to help assess the nature of the threat and increase chance of survival.

5072: 4763: 4057: 54: 4977: 4961: 4775: 4633: 3719: 225: 148: 5124: 3642: 2004:"Peroxisomes in the apocrine sweat glands of the human axilla and their putative role in pheromone production" 5077: 4955: 4888: 4721: 4405: 4354: 4150: 4067: 1871:"Olfaction in the Multisensory Processing of Faces: A Narrative Review of the Influence of Human Body Odors" 770: 303: 41: 4972: 4666: 4583: 4501: 4491: 4278: 4273: 4022: 3663: 3654: 1711: 473: 160: 463:, resulting in a loss of body odor in people who are specifically homozygous for it. Firstly, it affects 5142: 5057: 4920: 4873: 4813: 4716: 4603: 4366: 4238: 4117: 3967: 3249:"A strong association between human earwax-type and apocrine colostrum secretion from the mammary gland" 3594: 410:

World map of the distribution of the A allele of the single nucleotide polymorphism rs17822931 in the

5025: 4966: 4728: 4233: 4215: 4210: 4170: 3838: 3390: 3064: 2964: 2774: 2519: 2348: 2193: 2136: 1716: 1549: 464: 336: 75: 71: 3147:"Breath Ammonia Is a Useful Biomarker Predicting Kidney Function in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients" 2260:"Classification of Human Gender from Sweat Odor using Electronic Nose with Machine Learning Methods" 5182: 5007: 4996: 4909: 4863: 4838: 4756: 4539: 4288: 4205: 4184: 4087: 4082: 3982: 3708: 2395:

Varendi H, Porter RH, Winberg J (October 1994). "Does the newborn baby find the nipple by smell?".

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and also stronger than the sense in males. Pheromones can be used to deliver information about the

1978: 5172: 5045: 5035: 4925: 4623: 4434: 4387: 4376: 4253: 4107: 3927: 3905: 3333: 3284: 2933: 2890: 2595: 2481: 2420: 2102: 2041: 1948: 1770: 1624: 428: 414:. The proportion of A alleles in each population is represented by the white area in each circle. 340: 319: 188:(3-methyl butanoic acid) is the other source of body odor as a result of actions of the bacteria 98:

regions seem more important than the genital region for body odor, which may be related to human

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Mujica-Parodi LR, Strey HH, Frederick B, Savoy R, Cox D, Botanov Y, et al. (July 2009).

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Kromer J, Hummel T, Pietrowski D, Giani AS, Sauter J, Ehninger G, et al. (August 2016).

1497:"A functional ABCC11 allele is essential in the biochemical formation of human axillary odor" 5177: 4940: 4904: 4638: 4220: 4165: 4112: 4062: 3900: 3869: 3398: 3315: 3260: 3219: 3209: 3168: 3158: 3117: 3080: 3072: 3023: 2982: 2972: 2917: 2880: 2839: 2831: 2790: 2782: 2730: 2689: 2679: 2631: 2579: 2537: 2527: 2404: 2364: 2356: 2304: 2267: 2211: 2201: 2152: 2144: 2084: 2023: 2015: 1974: 1932: 1892: 1882: 1836: 1826: 1760: 1721: 1676: 1567: 1557: 1508: 1454: 1408: 1358: 1310: 1292: 1223: 1148: 659: 468:

odoriferous steroids androstenone and androstenol, possibly due to the reduced secretion of

381: 173: 168:(propanoic acid) is present in many sweat samples. This acid is a breakdown product of some 406: 220:

In many animals, body odor plays an important survival function. Strong body odor can be a

102:. The genital and armpit regions also contain springy hairs which help diffuse body odors. 5134: 4701: 4608: 4486: 4424: 4400: 4160: 4092: 4052: 4007: 3820: 3247:

Miura K, Yoshiura Ki, Miura S, Shimada T, Yamasaki K, Yoshida A, et al. (June 2007).

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Haze S, Gozu Y, Nakamura S, Kohno Y, Sawano K, Ohta H, et al. (December 8, 2015).

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Grammer K, Fink B, Neave N (February 2005). "Human pheromones and sexual attraction".

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1243: 621: 480: 427:(MHC) molecules. These are genetically determined and play an important role in 229: 181: 122: 3771: 3735: 3445:"Genetically, Some of Us Never Have Body Odor, But We Still Think We're Smelly" 3359: 3109: 3076: 2508:"Chemosensory cues to conspecific emotional stress activate amygdala in humans" 2439: 2186:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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In terms of biological functioning, olfactory signaling allows for functional

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are found more in the armpits of men, whereas greater population numbers of

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1522: 1370: 1324: 2416: 1944: 1581: 5106: 5015: 4930: 4576: 4471: 4466: 4175: 4141: 3932: 3463:"Global Deodorants Market is Expected to Reach USD 17.55 Billion by 2020" 3320: 3303: 2735: 2718: 1513: 1496: 733: 370: 198: 60: 3681: 2869:"Grease and Sweat: Race and Smell in Eighteenth-Century English Culture" 1815:"Olfactory systems and neural circuits that modulate predator odor fear" 4531: 3012:"2-Nonenal Newly Found in Human Body Odor Tends to Increase with Aging" 2019: 1748: 1663:

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Frequencies of ABCC11 allele c.538 (One nonsynonymous SNP 538G > A)

275: 233: 139: 2921: 2835: 2148: 1680: 1642:. Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 93–94. 435:

contains cells sensitive to MHC molecules in a genotype-specific way.

3693: 3658: 2337:"Maternal chemosignals enhance infant-adult brain-to-brain synchrony" 2335:

Endevelt-Shapira Y, Djalovski A, Dumas G, Feldman R (December 2021).

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that break down the lipids in sweat to create smaller molecules like

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European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology

2583: 2719:"Genetic influences on human body odor: from genes to the axillae" 2264:

2021 IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Wireless and Mobile (APWiMob)

1765: 1627:(Press release). Society for General Microbiology. March 30, 2015. 1111:

Body odor may be reduced or prevented or even aggravated by using

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Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, Austen KF, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI (2003).

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Nakano M, Miwa N, Hirano A, Yoshiura K, Niikawa N (August 2009).

4686: 1603:] (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Athenaeum, Polak & Van Gennep. 1131:, special soaps or foams with antiseptic plant extracts such as 459:. The loss of a functional ABCC11 gene is caused by a 538G>A 3775: 3053:"A New Artificial Urine Protocol to Better Imitate Human Urine" 2125:"Influence of HLA on human partnership and sexual satisfaction" 2763:"The Effect of Ethnicity on Human Axillary Odorant Production" 244: 240: 3114:

The 5th 2012 Biomedical Engineering International Conference

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Mitro S, Gordon AR, Olsson MJ, Lundström JN (May 30, 2012).

194:, which is also present in several types of strong cheese. 1147:

practices, its presentation can be affected by changes in

2241:"Gay Men Are Found to Have Different Scent of Attraction" 1538:"A human axillary odorant is carried by apolipoprotein D" 294:, significantly stronger than during other phases of the 2330: 2328: 2326: 2182:"Brain response to putative pheromones in lesbian women" 180:

glands. Because propionic acid is chemically similar to

479:

The non-functional ABCC11 allele is predominant among

228:), or it can also be a signal that the prey animal is 756:

From CEPH families without the French and Venezuelans

394:

Major histocompatibility complex and sexual selection

3671: 3196:

Ishikawa T, Toyoda Y, Yoshiura K, Niikawa N (2012).

1597:

De microbemens: Het belang van het onzichtbare leven

1281:"Functional Neuronal Processing of Human Body Odors" 176:, which thrive in the ducts of adolescent and adult 5133: 5105: 5006: 4995: 4796: 4737: 4684: 4649: 4530: 4386: 4375: 4307: 4135: 4126: 3810: 3745: 3675: 3490:

Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology

2620:"Body malodours and their topical treatment agents" 1788:Ruxton GD, Allen WL, Sherratt TN, Speed MP (2018). 1601:

The microbes: The importance of the invisible life.

455:gene determines axillary body odor and the type of 3659:"Skeptoid #855: Sniffing for Human Sex Pheromones" 1415:(3rd ed.). New York: Facts on File. pp. 398:Body odor and subconscious human sexual attraction 4819:Disseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis 1665:"Potent aroma compounds of two red wine vinegars" 302:(MHC). The MHC in humans is referred to as the 197:Factors such as food, drink, gut microbiome, and 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 1098:* HMHA: 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-hexanoic acid; 3M2H: 3918:Congenital onychodysplasia of the index fingers 2390: 2388: 2058: 105:The main components of human axillary odor are 2618:Kanlayavattanakul M, Lourith N (August 2011). 2118: 2116: 1918: 1916: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1334: 128:Body odor is influenced by the actions of the 4829:Erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli 3787: 3515:Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine 2180:Berglund H, Lindström P, Savic I (May 2006). 1864: 1862: 1860: 8: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1436: 3613:"Body Odor: Causes, Prevention, Treatments" 2438:Schaal B (2014), Mucignat-Caretta C (ed.), 1411:The encyclopedia of skin and skin disorders 70:. Humans have three types of sweat glands: 5003: 4383: 4132: 3794: 3780: 3772: 3672: 3517:(6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 707. 1669:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1451:Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology 3319: 3223: 3213: 3172: 3162: 3084: 3027: 2986: 2976: 2910:International Journal of Cosmetic Science 2884: 2843: 2794: 2734: 2693: 2683: 2635: 2624:International Journal of Cosmetic Science 2613: 2611: 2609: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2541: 2531: 2368: 2215: 2205: 2156: 2088: 2027: 1979:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199586073.003.0020 1896: 1886: 1840: 1830: 1764: 1715: 1640:Human Wildlife: The Life That Lives On Us 1571: 1561: 1512: 1314: 4824:Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp 4244:Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia 3492:(10th ed.). Saunders. p. 779. 3308:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 3134:– via IEEE conference publication. 2723:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2297:Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 1501:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1274: 1272: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1260: 807: 521: 405: 2756: 2754: 1459:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568308.013.0022 1256: 1102:; 3M3SH: 3-methyl-3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol. 4804:Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex 3488:William J, Berger T, Elston D (2005). 2444:Neurobiology of Chemical Communication 1964: 1962: 7: 4844:Intermittent hair–follicle dystrophy 3016:Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2717:Preti G, Leyden JJ (February 2010). 2008:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 1819:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 1386:"What Your Body Odor Says About You" 224:for predators to stay away (such as 90:, anogenital region, and around the 4781:Recurrent palmoplantar hidradenitis 4662:Idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma 4299:Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis 3576:"Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy" 2002:Rothardt G, Beier K (August 2001). 138:, which manufacture enzymes called 4522:Lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei 4269:Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp 3403:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2016.08.002 146:. Greater bacteria populations of 14: 4786:Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis 4545:Granulomatous perioral dermatitis 2272:10.1109/APWiMob51111.2021.9435205 569:Northern and southern Han Chinese 3580:Medlineplus medical encyclopedia 3465:. gosreports.com. Archived from 3443:Considine A (January 17, 2013). 3029:10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01287.x 2637:10.1111/j.1468-2494.2011.00649.x 1704:Canadian Journal of Microbiology 1279:Lundström JN, Olsson MJ (2010). 775:From various sub-Saharan nations 425:major histocompatibility complex 300:major histocompatibility complex 16:Odor produced by a living animal 4946:Traumatic anserine folliculosis 4657:Granulomatous facial dermatitis 1971:Applied Evolutionary Psychology 1813:Takahashi LK (March 11, 2014). 1407:Turkington C, Dover JS (2007). 34:role in human sexual attraction 3963:Malalignment of the nail plate 3540:"What to know about body odor" 3538:Felman A (November 29, 2017). 3352:"Learn How to Fight Body Odor" 470:dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate 461:single-nucleotide polymorphism 1: 4594:Erythrotelangiectatic rosacea 3641:Flores G (November 4, 2004). 3595:"Tips for Reducing Body Odor" 3424:Pomeroy R (August 10, 2014). 2886:10.1080/14780038.2016.1202008 2409:10.1016/S0140-6736(94)91645-4 2309:10.1016/s0022-0965(03)00061-4 2090:10.1016/s0301-0511(03)00076-0 1297:10.1016/S0083-6729(10)83001-8 664:Inhabitants of southern India 121:(5α-androst-16-en-3-one) and 36:, as a powerful indicator of 4849:Keratosis pilaris atropicans 4752:Folliculitis nares perforans 3383:Evolution and Human Behavior 3122:10.1109/BMEiCon.2012.6465441 2978:10.1371/journal.pone.0038110 2824:Skin Research and Technology 2533:10.1371/journal.pone.0006415 1937:10.1016/0031-9384(85)90210-0 1363:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.08.010 1100:(E)-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid 645:People from multiple regions 4619:Persistent edema of rosacea 3164:10.3390/biomedicines8110468 2873:Cultural and Social History 2767:Journal of Chemical Ecology 2059:Lundström & Olsson 2010 1792:. Oxford University Press. 1037:Detectable, < 0.03 μmol 1011:Detectable, < 0.03 μmol 985:Detectable, < 0.03 μmol 959:Detectable, < 0.03 μmol 423:Body odor is influenced by 155:Staphylococcus haemolyticus 5199: 5051:Postmiliarial hypohidrosis 4879:Menkes kinky hair syndrome 4294:Frontal fibrosing alopecia 4098:Staining of the nail plate 3958:Longitudinal erythronychia 3953:Lichen planus of the nails 3077:10.1038/s41598-019-56693-4 2867:Tullett W (July 2, 2016). 1384:Everts S (July 21, 2021). 391: 208: 191:Staphylococcus epidermidis 52: 4936:Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome 4764:Pseudofolliculitis barbae 4058:Pterygium inversum unguis 3265:10.1007/s00439-007-0356-9 2787:10.1007/s10886-015-0657-8 2440:"Pheromones for Newborns" 1925:Physiology & Behavior 1888:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.750944 1595:Kort R (September 2017). 388:Genes affecting body odor 55:Biochemistry of body odor 4978:Uncombable hair syndrome 4962:Trichorrhexis invaginata 4776:Hidradenitis suppurativa 4634:Periorificial dermatitis 3643:"Immunity, smell linked" 3558:"Sweating and body odor" 3215:10.3389/fgene.2012.00306 1832:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00072 149:Corynebacterium jeikeium 4956:Trichomycosis axillaris 4889:Parakeratosis pustulosa 4406:Acne miliaris necrotica 4187:(male-pattern baldness) 4151:noncicatricial alopecia 4068:Purpura of the nail bed 2685:10.1186/1471-2156-10-42 2207:10.1073/pnas.0600331103 1875:Frontiers in Psychology 1563:10.1073/pnas.93.13.6626 1285:Vitamins & Hormones 626:Central Thai in Bangkok 498:Age-Related Differences 304:Human Leukocyte Antigen 132:, including members of 4973:Trichostasis spinulosa 4667:Periorbital dermatitis 4584:Papulopustular rosacea 4502:Acne with facial edema 4492:Acne keloidalis nuchae 4279:Folliculitis decalvans 4274:Graham-Little syndrome 4023:Onychoptosis defluvium 3647:The Scientist Magazine 3116:. IEEE. pp. 1–4. 2361:10.1126/sciadv.abg6867 2239:Wade N (May 9, 2005). 1747:Gabashvili IS (2020). 1219:Halitosis (bad breath) 550:Daegu city inhabitants 531:Tribes or inhabitants 474:dehydroepiandrosterone 415: 201:can affect body odor. 161:Staphylococcus hominis 5143:Sebaceous hyperplasia 5058:Granulosis rubra nasi 4921:Pityriasis amiantacea 4874:Loose anagen syndrome 4814:Bubble hair deformity 4604:Gram-negative rosacea 4367:Nevoid hypertrichosis 4239:Pseudopelade of Brocq 4118:Twenty-nail dystrophy 3988:Nail–patella syndrome 3968:Median nail dystrophy 3202:Frontiers in Genetics 2077:Biological Psychology 511:Body Odor and Disease 465:apocrine sweat glands 431:of the organism. The 409: 364:Environmental threats 330:Kinship communication 76:apocrine sweat glands 5026:Miliaria crystalline 4967:Trichorrhexis nodosa 4234:cicatricial alopecia 4216:Alopecia neoplastica 4211:Trichorrhexis nodosa 3839:Yellow nail syndrome 3657:(October 25, 2022). 3321:10.1038/jid.2009.254 2736:10.1038/jid.2009.396 2266:. pp. 109–115. 1973:. pp. 330–348. 1514:10.1038/jid.2009.254 1453:. pp. 315–320. 72:eccrine sweat glands 5125:Fox–Fordyce disease 4910:Pili pseudoannulati 4864:Lichen planopilaris 4839:Hair follicle nevus 4757:Tufted folliculitis 4540:Perioral dermatitis 4289:Triangular alopecia 4206:Lichen planopilaris 4185:Androgenic alopecia 4088:Splinter hemorrhage 4083:Shell nail syndrome 3928:Half and half nails 3469:on October 28, 2016 3395:2017EHumB..38..136Z 3069:2019NatSR...920159S 2969:2012PLoSO...738110M 2779:2016JCEco..42...33P 2524:2009PLoSO...4.6415M 2353:2021SciA....7.6867E 2198:2006PNAS..103.8269B 2141:2016NatSR...632550K 1554:1996PNAS...93.6626Z 810: 524: 5046:Occlusion miliaria 5036:Miliaria pustulosa 4926:Plica neuropathica 4624:Rosacea conglobata 4435:Acne medicamentosa 4254:Traumatic alopecia 4108:Subungual hematoma 3746:External resources 3617:Medical News Today 3544:Medical News Today 3057:Scientific Reports 3051:Sarigul N (2019). 2245:The New York Times 2129:Scientific Reports 2020:10.1007/PL00000946 1638:Buckman R (2003). 1165:Medical conditions 849:Cys–Gly conjugate 822:Ethnic population 808: 522: 416: 341:Westermarck effect 320:sexual orientation 5168:Animal physiology 5155: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5031:Miliaria profunda 4991: 4990: 4983:Woolly hair nevus 4869:Lichen spinulosus 4707:Trichilemmal cyst 4680: 4679: 4599:Glandular rosacea 4552:Phymatous rosacea 4482:Occupational acne 4264:Hot comb alopecia 4249:Pressure alopecia 4226:Alopecia mucinosa 4201:Traction alopecia 4196:Telogen effluvium 3769: 3768: 3524:978-0-07-138076-8 3499:978-0-7216-2921-6 3362:on March 24, 2010 3356:MD Health Network 3131:978-1-4673-4892-8 3108:Siyang S (2012). 2922:10.1111/ics.12549 2836:10.1111/srt.12091 2453:978-1-4665-5341-5 2403:(8928): 989–990. 2281:978-1-7281-9475-2 2192:(21): 8269–8274. 2149:10.1038/srep32550 1988:978-0-19-958607-3 1799:978-0-19-186849-8 1681:10.1021/jf9905424 1649:978-0-8018-7407-9 1610:978-90-253-0692-2 1548:(13): 6626–6630. 1468:978-0-19-174365-8 1426:978-0-8160-6403-8 1306:978-0-12-381516-3 1234:Olfactory fatigue 1196:Trimethylaminuria 1103: 1093: 1092: 854: 846: 839: 832: 806: 805: 790:African Americans 433:vomeronasal organ 274:become active at 94:. In humans, the 5190: 5004: 4941:Setleis syndrome 4905:Pili multigemini 4639:Pyoderma faciale 4384: 4221:Anagen effluvium 4133: 4063:Pterygium unguis 3983:Muehrcke's lines 3870:Onychotillomania 3796: 3789: 3782: 3773: 3673: 3668: 3650: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3430:RealClearScience 3421: 3415: 3414: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3358:. Archived from 3348: 3342: 3341: 3323: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3227: 3217: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3176: 3166: 3145:Chan MJ (2020). 3142: 3136: 3135: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3088: 3048: 3042: 3041: 3031: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2990: 2980: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2888: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2847: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2798: 2758: 2749: 2748: 2738: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2697: 2687: 2663: 2650: 2649: 2639: 2615: 2604: 2603: 2567: 2556: 2555: 2545: 2535: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2392: 2383: 2382: 2372: 2347:(50): eabg6867. 2341:Science Advances 2332: 2321: 2320: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2219: 2209: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2160: 2120: 2111: 2110: 2092: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2031: 2014:(9): 1344–1349. 1999: 1993: 1992: 1966: 1957: 1956: 1920: 1911: 1910: 1900: 1890: 1866: 1855: 1854: 1844: 1834: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1785: 1779: 1778: 1768: 1753:JMIR Dermatology 1744: 1738: 1737: 1719: 1717:10.1.1.1013.4047 1699: 1693: 1692: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1635: 1629: 1628: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1575: 1565: 1533: 1527: 1526: 1516: 1492: 1473: 1472: 1446: 1431: 1430: 1414: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1381: 1375: 1374: 1346: 1329: 1328: 1318: 1276: 1224:Old person smell 1095: 852: 844: 837: 831:sweat (g)/2 pads 830: 811: 525: 382:depth perception 375:occipital cortex 337:incest avoidance 286:Sexual selection 174:propionibacteria 80:sebaceous glands 5198: 5197: 5193: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5147: 5129: 5101: 4998: 4987: 4960:Trichorrhexis ( 4792: 4733: 4702:Epidermoid cyst 4676: 4645: 4609:Steroid rosacea 4526: 4487:Acne aestivalis 4425:Excoriated acne 4401:Acne conglobata 4378: 4371: 4303: 4140: 4122: 4093:Spotted lunulae 4053:Psoriatic nails 4008:Onychomatricoma 3821:Onychogryphosis 3806: 3804:skin appendages 3800: 3770: 3765: 3764: 3741: 3740: 3684: 3653: 3640: 3637: 3632: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3472: 3470: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3423: 3422: 3418: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3365: 3363: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3009: 3008: 3004: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2907: 2906: 2902: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2817: 2816: 2812: 2760: 2759: 2752: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2665: 2664: 2653: 2617: 2616: 2607: 2572:Nature Genetics 2569: 2568: 2559: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2466: 2464: 2454: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2394: 2393: 2386: 2334: 2333: 2324: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2282: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2122: 2121: 2114: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2057: 2053: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1989: 1968: 1967: 1960: 1922: 1921: 1914: 1868: 1867: 1858: 1812: 1811: 1807: 1800: 1787: 1786: 1782: 1746: 1745: 1741: 1726:10.1139/w05-130 1701: 1700: 1696: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1650: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1611: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1535: 1534: 1530: 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4900:Pili bifurcati 4897: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4859:Koenen's tumor 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4809:Acroosteolysis 4806: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4743: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4713:Steatocystoma 4711: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4696:Sebaceous cyst 4691: 4689: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4672:SAPHO syndrome 4669: 4664: 4659: 4653: 4651: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4643: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4614:Ocular rosacea 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4589:Lupoid rosacea 4586: 4581: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4549: 4548: 4547: 4536: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4512:Acne necrotica 4509: 4504: 4499: 4497:Acne mechanica 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4477:Acne cosmetica 4474: 4469: 4464: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4442: 4432: 4430:Acne fulminans 4427: 4422: 4416:Infantile acne 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4392: 4390: 4381: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4319: 4313: 4311: 4309:Hypertrichosis 4305: 4304: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4282: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4259:Tumor alopecia 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4181: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4146: 4144: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4103:Stippled nails 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4048:Plummer's nail 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3903: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3878: 3877: 3872: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3852: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3829: 3828: 3823: 3816: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3791: 3784: 3776: 3767: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3727: 3716: 3701: 3685: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3676:Classification 3670: 3669: 3651: 3636: 3635:External links 3633: 3630: 3629: 3604: 3585: 3567: 3549: 3530: 3523: 3505: 3498: 3480: 3454: 3435: 3416: 3389:(1): 136–143. 3373: 3343: 3314:(2): 529–540. 3294: 3259:(5): 631–633. 3253:Human Genetics 3239: 3188: 3137: 3130: 3100: 3043: 3022:(4): 520–524. 3002: 2943: 2916:(4): 371–377. 2900: 2879:(3): 307–322. 2859: 2810: 2750: 2729:(2): 344–346. 2709: 2651: 2630:(4): 298–311. 2605: 2584:10.1038/ng1733 2578:(3): 324–330. 2557: 2498: 2473: 2452: 2430: 2384: 2322: 2303:(3): 279–295. 2287: 2280: 2250: 2231: 2172: 2112: 2083:(3): 269–279. 2063: 2051: 1994: 1987: 1958: 1931:(3): 445–448. 1912: 1856: 1805: 1798: 1780: 1739: 1710:(4): 357–364. 1694: 1655: 1648: 1630: 1616: 1609: 1587: 1528: 1507:(2): 529–540. 1474: 1467: 1432: 1425: 1399: 1376: 1357:(2): 135–142. 1330: 1305: 1255: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1166: 1163: 1157: 1154: 1108: 1105: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 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47: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5195: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5120:Chromhidrosis 5118: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5068:Hyperhidrosis 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4994: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4895:Pili annulati 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4795: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4772: 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4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4191:Hypotrichosis 4189: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4113:Terry's nails 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4033:Onychoschizia 4031: 4029: 4028:Onychorrhexis 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4013:Onychomycosis 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4003:Onychomadesis 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3993:Onychoatrophy 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3866: 3863: 3862:Nail clubbing 3860: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3802:Disorders of 3797: 3792: 3790: 3785: 3783: 3778: 3777: 3774: 3761: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3751: 3748: 3744: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3666: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3589: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3571: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3531: 3526: 3520: 3516: 3509: 3506: 3501: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3481: 3468: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3439: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3420: 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1267: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1250: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1229:Olfactophilia 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1172: 1171:hyperhidrosis 1164: 1162: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1141:chlorophyllin 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1121:disinfectants 1118: 1114: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 989: 988: 984: 981: 978: 975: 972: 969: 966: 963: 962: 958: 955: 952: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 936: 932: 929: 926: 923: 920: 917: 914: 911: 910: 906: 903: 900: 897: 894: 891: 888: 885: 884: 880: 877: 874: 871: 868: 865: 862: 859: 858: 855: 853:(μmol/2 pads) 848: 845:(μmol/2 pads) 841: 838:(μmol/2 pads) 834: 827: 824: 821: 818: 813: 812: 801: 798: 795: 793: 791: 788: 787: 783: 780: 777: 774: 772: 769: 768: 764: 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116: 112: 108: 103: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 66: 62: 56: 48: 46: 43: 39: 35: 31: 27: 23: 19: 5114: 5090:Hypohidrosis 5083:Palmoplantar 4951:Trichomegaly 4854:Kinking hair 4771:Hidradenitis 4747:Folliculitis 4739:Inflammation 4628: 4445:Halogen acne 4439:steroid acne 4285: 4232: 4149: 4073:Racquet nail 4043:Pincer nails 4018:Onychophosis 3978:Melanonychia 3948:Ingrown nail 3938:Hapalonychia 3913:Chevron nail 3883:Ingrown nail 3875:Onychophagia 3849:Azure lunula 3834:Beau's lines 3753: 3729: 3718: 3703: 3688: 3662: 3646: 3620:. Retrieved 3616: 3607: 3598: 3588: 3579: 3570: 3561: 3552: 3543: 3533: 3514: 3508: 3489: 3483: 3471:. Retrieved 3467:the original 3457: 3448: 3438: 3429: 3419: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3364:. Retrieved 3360:the original 3355: 3346: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3205: 3201: 3191: 3154: 3151:Biomedicines 3150: 3140: 3113: 3103: 3063:(1): 20159. 3060: 3056: 3046: 3019: 3015: 3005: 2960: 2956: 2946: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2876: 2872: 2862: 2827: 2823: 2813: 2773:(1): 33–39. 2770: 2766: 2726: 2722: 2712: 2675: 2672:BMC Genetics 2671: 2627: 2623: 2575: 2571: 2518:(7): e6415. 2515: 2511: 2501: 2491:November 27, 2489:. Retrieved 2486:ScienceDaily 2485: 2476: 2467:November 27, 2465:, retrieved 2443: 2433: 2400: 2396: 2344: 2340: 2300: 2296: 2290: 2263: 2253: 2244: 2234: 2189: 2185: 2175: 2132: 2128: 2080: 2076: 2066: 2054: 2011: 2007: 1997: 1970: 1928: 1924: 1878: 1874: 1822: 1818: 1808: 1789: 1783: 1756: 1752: 1742: 1707: 1703: 1697: 1675:(1): 70–77. 1672: 1668: 1658: 1639: 1633: 1619: 1600: 1596: 1590: 1545: 1541: 1531: 1504: 1500: 1450: 1410: 1402: 1393: 1389: 1379: 1354: 1350: 1288: 1284: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1168: 1159: 1110: 1094: 850: 518: 514: 510: 509: 505: 501: 497: 496: 493: 489: 485: 478: 472:(DHEAS) and 450: 437: 422: 379: 367: 353: 345: 333: 324: 315:heterosexual 308: 289: 266: 258: 238: 219: 196: 189: 159: 153: 147: 144:butyric acid 133: 127: 119:androstenone 111:hydroxylated 104: 63:activity on 58: 29: 25: 21: 20: 18: 5073:Generalized 4884:Monilethrix 4685:Follicular 4567:Gnathophyma 4507:Pomade acne 4362:Prepubertal 4345:generalised 4341:Congenital 4330:generalised 4171:universalis 4078:Red lunulae 4038:Platonychia 3998:Onycholysis 3973:Mees' lines 3923:Green nails 3894:ungrouped: 3857:Koilonychia 3844:Leukonychia 3819:thickness: 3593:Brennan D. 3562:Mayo Clinic 3157:(11): 468. 1244:Sweat gland 1107:Alterations 828:Net weight 481:East Asians 412:ABCC11 gene 230:unpalatable 182:acetic acid 170:amino acids 123:androstenol 115:fatty acids 107:unsaturated 5183:Immunology 5162:Categories 5095:Anhidrosis 4915:Pili torti 4834:Hair casts 4557:Rhinophyma 4455:Bromoderma 4286:ungrouped: 3896:Paronychia 3868:behavior: 3826:Onychauxis 3731:DiseasesDB 3725:D000089083 1881:: 750944. 1759:: e10508. 1251:References 1186:Prevention 1113:deodorants 641:Vietnamese 441:inbreeding 392:See also: 357:pheromones 311:homosexual 280:pheromones 261:pheromones 209:See also: 130:skin flora 100:bipedalism 84:skin flora 68:secretions 65:skin gland 53:See also: 26:body odour 5173:Body odor 5135:Sebaceous 5115:Body odor 5078:Gustatory 4797:Ungrouped 4722:multiplex 4650:Ungrouped 4572:Metophyma 4517:Blackhead 4460:Chloracne 4450:Iododerma 4377:Acneiform 4350:localised 4335:patterned 4325:localised 4321:Acquired 4317:Hirsutism 4137:Hair loss 3943:Hook nail 3888:Anonychia 3755:eMedicine 3655:Dunning B 3411:1090-5138 3273:0340-6717 2938:189816630 2895:147837009 2678:(1): 42. 2135:: 32550. 1775:226280399 1712:CiteSeerX 1239:Pheromone 1214:Foot odor 1177:Treatment 1137:liquorice 1129:triclosan 851:of 3M3SH 660:Dravidian 584:Mongolian 491:factors. 292:ovulation 268:Sebaceous 211:Pheromone 178:sebaceous 113:branched 61:bacterial 22:Body odor 5107:Apocrine 5016:Miliaria 4931:Poliosis 4629:variants 4577:Otophyma 4472:Tar acne 4467:Oil acne 4379:eruption 4355:X-linked 4176:Ophiasis 4156:Alopecia 4142:Baldness 3933:Hangnail 3760:derm/597 3664:Skeptoid 3622:March 4, 3473:July 29, 3338:36754463 3330:19710689 3281:17394018 3234:23316210 3183:33142890 3095:31882896 3038:11286617 2997:22666457 2957:PLOS ONE 2930:31190339 2854:23865719 2805:26634572 2745:20081888 2704:19650936 2646:21401651 2592:16444273 2552:19641623 2512:PLOS ONE 2462:24830031 2425:35029502 2379:34890230 2317:12810039 2226:16705035 2167:27578547 2107:46065468 2099:12853171 2046:28790000 2038:11577991 2029:11337405 1953:42316168 1907:34675855 1851:24653685 1734:16699586 1689:10637054 1523:19710689 1371:15653193 1325:20831940 1291:: 1–23. 1202:See also 1156:Industry 1022:Filipino 944:Filipino 892:Filipino 842:3M2H–Gln 835:HMHA–Gln 814:Genotype 697:Filipino 603:Japanese 429:immunity 371:amygdala 339:and the 234:opossums 205:Function 199:genetics 5178:Hygiene 5008:Eccrine 4717:simplex 4532:Rosacea 4437:(e.g., 4166:totalis 3906:Chronic 3881:other: 3855:shape: 3832:color: 3391:Bibcode 3366:July 5, 3225:3539816 3208:: 306. 3174:7692127 3086:6934465 3065:Bibcode 2988:3364187 2965:Bibcode 2845:4285158 2796:4724538 2775:Bibcode 2695:2731057 2600:3201966 2543:2713432 2520:Bibcode 2417:7934434 2370:8664266 2349:Bibcode 2217:1570103 2194:Bibcode 2158:5006172 2137:Bibcode 1945:4011726 1898:8523678 1842:3949219 1582:8692868 1550:Bibcode 1316:3593650 1145:hygiene 1133:ribwort 866:Chinese 816:ABCC11 771:African 734:Russian 701:Palawan 565:Chinese 276:puberty 216:Animals 140:lipases 4999:glands 4893:Pili ( 4161:areata 3714:705.89 3521: 3496: 3409: 3336: 3328: 3289:575882 3287: 3279: 3271: 3232: 3222: 3181: 3171: 3128: 3093: 3083: 3036: 2995: 2985: 2936: 2928: 2893: 2852: 2842: 2803: 2793: 2743: 2702: 2692: 2644: 2598: 2590: 2550: 2540: 2460: 2450: 2423: 2415: 2397:Lancet 2377: 2367: 2315: 2278: 2224: 2214: 2165: 2155: 2105: 2097: 2044: 2036: 2026: 1985: 1951: 1943: 1905: 1895: 1849: 1839: 1825:: 72. 1796: 1773: 1732: 1714: 1687: 1646: 1607: 1580: 1570: 1521: 1465: 1423: 1369: 1323: 1313: 1303: 1089:0.038 1074:German 1063:0.041 1048:German 996:German 918:Korean 784:91.7% 765:79.3% 746:55.3% 728:43.3% 716:Kazakh 710:29.2% 635:16.3% 546:Korean 457:earwax 453:ABCC11 447:ABCC11 402:ABCC11 400:, and 255:Humans 249:wolves 96:armpit 88:areola 49:Causes 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