625:... His skin all over his body was very white, and in his face the white was tempered with red. His hair was yellowish, but did not hang down to his waist like that of the other barbarians; for the man was not inordinately vain of his hair, but had it cut short to the ears. Whether his beard was reddish, or any other colour I cannot say, for the razor had passed over it very closely and left a surface smoother than chalk... His blue eyes indicated both a high spirit and dignity; and his nose and nostrils breathed in the air freely; his chest corresponded to his nostrils and by his nostrils...the breadth of his chest. For by his nostrils nature had given free passage for the high spirit which bubbled up from his heart. A certain charm hung about this man but was partly marred by a general air of the horrible... He was so made in mind and body that both courage and passion reared their crests within him and both inclined to war. His wit was manifold and crafty and able to find a way of escape in every emergency. In conversation he was well informed, and the answers he gave were quite irrefutable. This man who was of such a size and such a character was inferior to the Emperor alone in fortune and eloquence and in other gifts of nature.
538:. His hands were large, he had a good firm stance, and his neck and back were compact. If to the astute and meticulous observer he appeared to stoop slightly, that was not caused by any weakness of the vertebrae of the lower spine, but presumably there was some malformation there from birth. The skin all over his body was very pale, except for his face which was pale but with some colour to it too. His hair was light-colored and did not go down to his shoulders as it does with other barbarians; in fact, the man had no great predilection for long hair, but cut his short, to the ears. Whether his beard was red or of any other color I cannot say, for the razor had passed over it closely, leaving his chin smoother than any marble. However, it seemed that it would have been red. His eyes were light-blue and gave some hint of the man's spirit and dignity. He breathed freely through nostrils that were broad, worthy of his chest and a fine outlet for the breath that came in gusts from his lungs."
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701:, a prominent crusade leader, did not want to hand Antioch over to Bohemond. Raymond claimed that Bohemond and other leaders would be breaking their oath to Alexios, which was to give any conquered lands to the Byzantine Empire. Bohemond argued that because Alexios had failed to come to the crusaders' aid at Antioch that the oath was no longer valid. Bohemond set himself up as the Prince of Antioch, and no Latin crusader or Byzantine force came to take it from him. Raymond of Toulouse decided to give up Antioch to Bohemond in January 1099, as the other crusaders moved south to the
603:. Bohemond's reputation as an effective strategist and leader came from his fighting experience in the Balkans when he took charge of his father's army against Emperor Alexios (1082–1085). There Bohemond became familiar with various Byzantine and Muslim strategies, including an encircling strategy used by Turkish forces at the siege of Nicaea. Mounted archers would encircle the crusader force, who would be unable to retaliate using close combat weaponry. Bohemond's familiarity with this Eastern strategy allowed him to adapt quickly, leading to crusader victories through Antioch.
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740:'s power in the city. By submitting to the patriarch, Bohemond made connections to Jerusalem, a potential ally against future attacks on Antioch, and to remain in the Pope's good graces. While Bohemond had the fine territory, strategic position, and army necessary to found a principality in Antioch, he had to face two great forces—the Byzantine Empire, which claimed the whole of his territories, and the strong Muslim principalities in the north-east of
945:, consented to receive Alexios' pay, and promised to cede disputed territories and to admit a Greek patriarch into Antioch. Henceforth, Bohemond was a broken man. He died six months later without returning to Antioch. With one last jab at Alexios, by not returning to Antioch the Treaty of Deabolis became null and void as it only applied to Bohemond himself. Antioch was left in Norman hands with Bohemond's nephew
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852:). The defeat was decisive, making the great eastern principality which Bohemond had contemplated impossible. It was followed by a Greek attack on Cilicia and, despairing of his own resources, Bohemond returned to Europe for reinforcements in late 1104. It is a matter of historical debate whether his "crusade" against the Byzantine empire was to gain the backing and indulgences of
596:. Bohemond's best chance at gaining a favorable position was to be loyal to Alexios, which he attempted to prove while the crusaders were camped around Constantinople. Bohemond, proficient in Greek, was a conduit between Alexios and the crusade leaders. Bohemond also attempted to prove his loyalty by convincing other crusade leaders to take the oath of homage to Alexios.
575:'s force of 2,000 men. What contributed to the Norman army's reputation as a great fighting force was their experience fighting in the East. Many Normans had been employed as mercenaries by the Byzantine Empire. Others like Bohemond had experience fighting the Byzantines and Muslim groups in the East fifteen years prior with Robert Guiscard. Bohemond crossed the
1029:(1898) may also be consulted for his history. The only major biography (of Tancred) that exists in English is "Tancred: a study of his career and work in their relation to the First Crusade and the establishment of the Latin states in Syria and Palestine" by Robert Lawrence Nicholson. Details of his pre-crusade career can found in Geoffrey Malaterra's
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barbarian's characteristics. His stature was such that he towered almost a full cubit over the tallest men. He was slender of waist and flanks, with broad shoulders and chest, strong in the arms; overall he was neither too slender, nor too heavily built and fleshy, but perfectly proportioned - one might say that he conformed to the ideal of
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tall in stature that he overtopped the tallest by nearly one cubit, narrow in the waist and loins, with broad shoulders and a deep chest and powerful arms. And in the whole build of the body he was neither too slender nor overweighted with flesh, but perfectly proportioned and, one might say, built in conformity with the canon of
884:, and wished to avoid another unsuitable match. The prince of Antioch was experienced and rich both in gifts and promises; he fully deserved the marriage, which was celebrated with great pomp by the bishop of Chartres in the presence of the king, the Lord Louis, and many archbishops, bishops and noblemen of the realm.
880:' sister Constance, a young lady of excellent breeding, elegant appearance and beautiful face. So great was the reputation for valour of the French kingdom and of the Lord Louis that even the Saracens were terrified by the prospect of that marriage. She was not engaged since she had broken off her agreement to wed
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When he arrived at
Constantinople in April 1097, he took an oath of homage to Emperor Alexios, which he demanded from all crusade leaders. It's not clear what exact negotiations Bohemond and Alexios made concerning Bohemond governing the part of the eastern lands of the Byzantine Empire Alexios hoped
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was unsuccessful. Supply and pay problems (and the gifts promised to deserters by the
Byzantines) undermined the morale of the Norman army, so Bohemond returned to Italy for financial support. During his absence, most of the Norman commanders deserted to the Byzantines and a Venetian fleet recaptured
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and other contemporaneous writers accused his widow, Sikelgaita, of having poisoned Robert to secure Apulia for her son, Roger Borsa, but failed to establish her guilt. She persuaded the army to acclaim Roger Borsa his father's successor and they hurried back to
Southern Italy. Two months later, the
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Now the man was such as, to put it briefly, had never before been seen in the land of the Romans, be he either of the barbarians or of the Greeks (for he was a marvel for the eyes to behold, and his reputation was terrifying). Let me describe the barbarian's appearance more particularly – he was so
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overlord of GĂĽmĂĽshtigin, heard of the proposed payment, he threatened to attack unless given half the ransom. Bohemond proposed instead a ransom of 130,000 dinars paid just to GĂĽmĂĽshtigin. The bargain was concluded, and GĂĽmĂĽshtigin and
Bohemond exchanged oaths of friendship. Ransomed by Baldwin of
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Afraid to weaken his forces at
Antioch, but not wishing to avoid the chance to extend his domain northwards, in August 1100 Bohemond marched north with only 300 knights and a small force of foot soldiers. Failing to send scouting parties, they were ambushed by the Turks and completely encircled at
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to
Constantinople. It is possible that Bohemond had religious reasons for joining the First Crusade. It is equally likely that he saw in the First Crusade the chance to gain a lordship in the Middle East. Lilie details that Bohemond's "father's second marriage deprived him of future prospects," in
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wrote a description of
Bohemond's physical appearance; “The appearance of this man was, to put it briefly, unlike that of any other man whether Greek or barbarian seen in those days on Roman soil. The sight of him inspired admiration, the mention of his name terror. I will describe in detail the
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He has oppressed many thousands of
Christians with wicked treachery, some consigned to shipwreck, many to poison, more still to exile, and countless others he has handed over to pagans. This emperor is not a Christian but a mad heretic, Julian the Apostate, another Judas, friend of the Jews,
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to
Constantinople along the route he had tried to follow in 1082–1084 when attacking the Byzantine Empire. He was careful to observe the correct attitude towards Alexios along this route, which was mainly keeping his soldiers from plundering Byzantine villages en route to Constantinople.
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Emperor
Alexios was incensed that Bohemond had broken his oath made in Constantinople and kept Antioch for himself. When he heard of Bohemond's capture, he offered to redeem the Norman commander for 260,000 dinars, if GĂĽmĂĽshtigin would hand the prisoner over to Byzantium. When
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to his uncle's territory; he was now deprived of his lordship by Bohemond's return. During the summer of 1103, the northern Franks attacked Ridwan of Aleppo to gain supplies and compelled him to pay tribute. Meanwhile, Raymond of Toulouse had established himself in
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Bohemond was then resolved to use his newly recruited army of 34,000 men not to defend Antioch against the Greeks, but to attack Alexios. Bohemond took a route similar to the one that was successful for his father in Illyria and Greece. Alexios, aided by the
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Bohemond accompanied his father to the Byzantine Empire again in 1084, when they defeated the Venetian fleet and captured Corfu. An epidemic decimated the Normans and Bohemond, who was taken seriously ill, was forced to return to Italy in December 1084.
928:, proved to be much stronger than when he faced Bohemond and Robert Guiscard in 1082–1084. Alexios was used to Norman battle tactics and their strength, and decided on a war of attrition rather than face them head on. During the Norman
564:, a powerful Crusade leader, asking him to join forces to sack Constantinople. While Godfrey declined his offer, taking Constantinople was never far from Bohemond's mind, as seen in his later attempt to take over the Byzantine Empire.
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the crusaders would reclaim. Alexios had no reason to trust Bohemond enough to give him a position at the time, but hinted that he could get a position by proving his loyalty, similarly to Bohemond's half-brother
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bluntly states that Bohemond took the Cross with the intention of plundering and conquering Byzantine lands. Another reason to suspect Bohemond's religious zeal is the supposed embassy Bohemond sent to
637:, the movement may have been already intended as a preparation for Bohemond's eastern principality. Bohemond was the first to take up a position before Antioch (October 1097). In the subsequent
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The Crusaders' troubles were not over, however, as Kerbogha started his own siege on Antioch. Bohemond was credited as the general and creator of the battle plan used to defeat Kerbogha by
308:. In 1058, Pope Nicholas II strengthened existing canon law against consanguinity and, on that basis, Guiscard repudiated Alberada in favour of a then more advantageous marriage to
856:. Either way, he enthralled audiences across France with gifts of relics from the Holy Land and tales of heroism while fighting the infidel, gathering a large army in the process.
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424:, but Alexios's agents stirred up a rebellion in Southern Italy, forcing Robert Guiscard to return to his realm in April. He charged Bohemond with the command of his army in the
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famously prevented him from landing on English shores, since the king anticipated Bohemond's great attraction to the English nobility. His newfound status won him the hand of
616:. She met him for the first time when she was fourteen and was seemingly fascinated by him, leaving no similar portrait of any other Crusader prince. Of Bohemond, she wrote:
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1043:(1964) is a historical novel concerning the life of Bohemond and its events up to the fall of Jerusalem to the crusaders. Bohemond also appears in the historical novel
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assembly of the Norman barons confirmed the succession, but Bohemond regarded himself his father's lawful heir. He made an alliance with Jordan of Capua, and captured
482:. Bohemond and Roger Borsa met at their father's tomb at Venosa to reach a compromise. Under the terms of their agreement, Bohemond received Taranto, Oria, Otranto,
289:. He was born between 1050 and 1058—in 1054 according to historian John Julius Norwich. He was baptised Mark, possibly because he was born at his father's castle at
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with the aid of Alexios, and was able to check the expansion of Antioch to the south. Early in 1104, Baldwin and Bohemond passed Aleppo to move eastward and attack
694:. Running very low on food and supplies Bohemond took the initiative by leaving the city and attacking Kerbogha's forces, leading to a victory for the crusaders.
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which lay in the port of St. Simeon. Due to his successful efforts Bohemond was seen as the actual leader of the siege of Antioch, rather than the elected leader
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and other Norman barons in 1079. His father dispatched him at the head of an advance guard against the Byzantine Empire in early 1081 and he captured Valona (now
679:, one of the commanders of the city wall to end the siege of Antioch. However, he did not press to end the siege until May 1098 when learning of the approach of
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with a relief army. He then proposed to the other crusade leaders that the one to take Antioch should be put in charge of the city, as Alexios' representative
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had left in February 1098. Firouz led Bohemond's force up the walls of Antioch, allowing the Norman troops to infiltrate and ultimately capture the city.
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but he was forced by returning crusading leaders, including Raymond, to abandon the siege. Bohemond went together with Baldwin of Edessa to Jerusalem at
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Bohemond saw the root of his problems in Alexios and Constantinople when it came to preserving the Principality of Antioch. In speech at the shrine of
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362:, Robert's heir, claiming that the half-Lombard Roger would be the ruler most acceptable to the Lombard nobles in Southern Italy. Robert's nephew,
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to await the arrival of his father's forces. After Robert Guiscard arrived in the latter half of May, they laid siege to Dyrrhachium (present-day
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1096:, there are two campaigns relating to Bohemond for his victory against Alexia Kommenus and his defending against Kerbogha's siege of Antioch.
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Bohemond saw the opportunity to use the crusade for his own ends at the siege of Antioch. When his nephew Tancred left the main army at
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323:. With the annulment of his parents' marriage, Bohemond became a bastard. Before long, Alberada married Robert Guiscard's nephew,
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His nephew Tancred had taken his uncle's place for three years. During that time, he had attacked the Byzantines, and had added
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Bohemond renewed the war against his brother in the autumn of 1087. The ensuing civil war prevented the Normans from supporting
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Recalcitrant Crusaders?: The Relationship Between Southern Italy and Sicily, Crusading and the Crusader States, c. 1060–1198
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Fink, Harold S. (1969). "The Growth of the Latin States, 1118–1144". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.).
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760:. Gabriel was in possession of one of the major cities controlling the access to Anatolia and had received reports that
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501:, to increase his power. Bohemond captured Bari in 1090 and before long, took control of most lands to the south of
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Edessa, he returned in triumph to Antioch in August 1103. Instrumental in the release of Bohemond was according to
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Bohemond then wanted to take control of Antioch for himself, but there were some problems he had to face first.
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1009:, which is a panegyric of Bohemond's second-in-command, Tancred. His career is discussed by B. von KĂĽgler,
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is a primary authority for the whole of his life. A 1924 biography exists by R. B. Yewdale. See also the
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through earlier campaigns with his father, he was the most experienced military leader of the crusade.
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A History of the Crusades, Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
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Defending the City of God: A Medieval Queen, the First Crusades and the Quest for Peace in Jerusalem
550:, which had revolted against Duke Roger, when bands of crusaders began to pass on their way through
358:. She persuaded Robert's vassals who were present to proclaim her eldest son, the thirteen-year-old
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A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187
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pretending peace but inciting war, cut-throat to his brothers, a bloody Herod against Christ!
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Norman Italy. While he was well known as a warrior, Bohemond's lordship in Italy was small.
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of 1107–1108, Alexios blockaded the Norman camp until Bohemond was forced to negotiate.
486:(through the transfer of Geoffrey of Conversano's vassalage from Roger to Bohemond) and
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1076:(1949) written by Laverne Gay gives an embellished accounting of the life of Bohemond.
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Bohemond had to submit to a humiliating peace, all his ambitions destroyed. Under the
409:. Bohemond commanded the left flank, which defeated the Emperor's largely Anglo-Saxon
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to relieve the city from the east, and connecting the besiegers on the west with the
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11/12th-century prince of Taranto and Antioch; military leader in the First Crusade
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but was captured. He was laden with chains and imprisoned in Neo-Caesarea (modern
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1099 to fulfill his crusade vows. While there he took part in the installation of
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From Constantinople to Antioch, Bohemond was a stand out among the leaders of the
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Robert Guiscard was taken seriously ill in early 1073. Fearing that he was dying,
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Whilst leading the campaign against Harran, Bohemond was defeated at Balak, near
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of Jerusalem, perhaps in order to check the growth of Godfrey and his knights of
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After the fall of Jerusalem, Bohemond was besieging the Byzantine garrison in
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The Normans captured Dyrrhachium on 21 February 1082. They marched along the
1875:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 135–136.
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Bohemond came to France to seek by any means he could gain the hand of the
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The Crusader States and their Neighbours: A Military History, 1099–1187
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The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 4, c. 1024–c. 1198, Part II
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came to the rescue of the town but, on 18 October, his army suffered
327:. She arranged for a knightly education for Bohemond. Bohemond was
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Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations
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Conti, Emanuele (1967). "L'abbazia della Matina (note storiche)".
1051:(1955), the short story "The Track of Bohemond" in the collection
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The Crusades and the Christian World of the East: Rough Tolerance
1087:(writing as Jack Ludlow) casts Bohemond as the main protagonist.
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Bohemond and his Norman troops scale the walls of Antioch, in an
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In 1097, Bohemond and his uncle Roger I of Sicily were attacking
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Armies of Heaven: The First Crusade and the Quest for Apocalypse
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His parents were related within the degree of kinship that made
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Edgington, Susan (2006). "Bohemond I of Antioch (d. 1111)". In
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Capture of Antioch by Bohemond in June 1098, in a painting by
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A map of the routes of the major leaders of the First Crusade
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Bohemond fought in his father's army during the rebellion of
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A History of the Crusades, Volume I: The First Hundred Years
1966:
Chapter XII. The Foundations of the Latin States, 1099–1118
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in 1108, he became the vassal of Alexios with the title of
2098:(Reprint). London : Cassell Military, 2002, pp. 5–7.
1972:. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 368–409.
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780:. Bohemond managed to send one soldier to seek help from
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2212:. The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 368–409.
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God, Gold, or Glory: Norman Piety and the First Crusade
1968:." In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.).
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The Creation of the Principality of Antioch, 1098–1130
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A History of the Crusades: I. The First Hundred Years
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Geschichte der Normannen in Sizilien und Unteritalien
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1150:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 135–136.
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In 1100, Bohemond received a petition for help from
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236: – 5 or 7 March 1111), also known as
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2461:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
2436:The Norman Campaigns in the Balkans: 1081–1108 AD
2178:The Norman Conquest of Southern Italy and Sicily
989:was written by one of Bohemond's followers. The
2269:Luscombe, David; Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2004).
260:on the quest eastward. Knowledgeable about the
641:, he played a key role in gathering supplies,
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2197:Archivio Storico per la Calabria e la Lucania
2171:(Master thesis). University of North Florida.
748:Wars between Antioch and the Byzantine Empire
490:, but acknowledged Roger Borsa's succession.
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2250:Byzantium and the Crusader States, 1096–1204
2043:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
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2445:Bohemond of Taranto: Crusader and Conqueror
2094:Evelyn Waugh, "Preface", in Alfred Duggan,
1694:E.R.A Sewter Penguin Publishing pg 383-384
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1811:. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 211.
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1115:The Routledge Companion to the Crusades
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768:was preparing an expedition to capture
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910:in early 1106, written down by Bishop
675:Bohemond was able to make a deal with
428:. Bohemond defeated the Byzantines at
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1780:
1708:
1679:
1655:
1604:
1563:
1493:
1464:
1432:
1420:
1376:
1318:
1245:
1192:
7:
2496:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
2438:. Suffolk, UK: Boydell & Brewer.
2282:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
2073:(Albericus Aquensis II. XI, p. 177).
1093:Age of Empires II: Lords of the West
1061:(1979) and in the fantastical novel
1027:Geschichte des Königreichs Jerusalem
2773:People of the Byzantine–Norman wars
2748:People from the Province of Cosenza
2482:(PhD thesis). Princeton University.
2254:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
497:, and enabled the brothers' uncle,
343:" and spoke and possibly even read
964:Bohemond I in literature and media
610:, leaves a portrait of him in her
444:; however, the six-month siege of
25:
1236:, pp. 116–117 (note 1), 227.
2320:. St Martin's Publishing Group.
2165:Bartlett, Samuel Andrew (2008).
1845:
1023:Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges
1013:(1862); while L. von Heinemann,
2763:Christians of the First Crusade
2738:12th-century princes of Antioch
2733:11th-century princes of Antioch
2018:Luscombe & Riley-Smith 2004
1209:"Bohemond II Prince of Antioch"
914:, Bohemond said of the emperor:
864:, daughter of the French king,
143:, County of Apulia and Calabria
2476:Yewdale, Ralph Bailey (1917).
2419:. Cambridge University Press.
2397:. Cambridge University Press.
2342:. Cambridge University Press.
2278:MacEvitt, Christopher (2010).
2246:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes (1993).
1161:The Crusades – An Encyclopedia
1:
2479:Bohemond I, Prince of Antioch
2273:. Cambridge University Press.
1072:The historical fiction novel
972:Depiction of Bohemond in the
230:
129:County of Apulia and Calabria
115:
2494:Ghisalberti, Albert M. (ed)
2443:Theotokis, Georgios (2020).
2434:Theotokis, Georgios (2014).
2227:Hailstone, Paula Z. (2019).
2180:. McFarland & Co., Inc.
2057:, pp. 206–207, 212–213.
1808:The Portable Medieval Reader
1267:, pp. 116–117 (note 1).
1142:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
436:, taking control of most of
283:Count of Apulia and Calabria
2783:Children of Robert Guiscard
2447:. Pen & Sword Military.
2301:. Oxford University Press.
2799:
1118:. Routledge. p. 232.
386:in Albania). He sailed to
256:, leading a contingent of
248:from 1089 to 1111 and the
2642:
2528:
2518:
2509:
2504:
2297:Morton, Nicholas (2020).
2176:Brown, Gordon S. (2003).
2150:. Yale University Press.
1964:Fink, Harold S. (1969). "
899:Mausoleum of Bohemond in
868:. Of this marriage wrote
138:5 or 7 March 1111 (56-57)
2383:. New York: Basic Books.
2379:Rubenstein, Jay (2011).
1795:, pp. 167–168, 183.
606:The Emperor's daughter,
461:Robert Guiscard died at
331:. Apart from his native
277:Bohemond was the son of
2573:Principality of Antioch
2316:Newman, Sharan (2014).
1872:Encyclopædia Britannica
1213:Encyclopædia Britannica
1144:Encyclopædia Britannica
1138:Ernest Barker (1911). "
1031:Deeds of Count Roger...
952:Bohemond was buried at
908:Saint-LĂ©onard-de-Noblat
449:Dyrrhachium and Corfu.
287:Alberada of Buonalbergo
209:Alberada of Buonalbergo
2649:
980:
921:
903:
890:Bohemond II of Antioch
886:
717:
672:
627:
588:
517:
380:Geoffrey of Conversano
302:their marriage invalid
285:, and his first wife,
242:Bohemond of Hauteville
177:Bohemond II of Antioch
2648:
2362:The Normans in Sicily
2069:records his death at
971:
916:
898:
882:Hugh, count of Troyes
874:
711:
663:
618:
586:
511:
471:William of Malmesbury
364:Abelard of Hauteville
325:Richard of Hauteville
227:Bohemond I of Antioch
67:Tancred of Hauteville
18:Bohemond I of Taranto
2453:Tyerman, Christopher
2358:Norwich, John Julius
1903:, pp. 169, 189.
1279:, pp. 116, 118.
1112:Lock, Peter (2013).
1011:Bohemund und Tancred
978:Merry-Joseph Blondel
930:siege of Dyrrhachium
703:capture of Jerusalem
512:Coat-of-arms of the
354:held an assembly in
2148:The Crusader States
1915:, pp. 195–196.
1891:, pp. 192–193.
1631:, pp. 267–268.
1578:, pp. 258–259.
1554:, pp. 249–250.
1411:, pp. 231–232.
1348:, pp. 195–196.
758:Gabriel of Melitene
699:Raymond of Toulouse
692:Raymond of Aguilers
562:Godfrey of Bouillon
525:Byzantine princess
521:Physical appearance
291:San Marco Argentano
273:Childhood and youth
238:Bohemond of Taranto
165:Constance of France
121:San Marco Argentano
2743:Princes of Taranto
2650:
1771:, pp. 169–70.
1054:The Road of Azrael
981:
976:in Versailles, by
974:"Hall of Crusades"
937:Treaty of Deabolis
912:Walram of Naumburg
904:
858:Henry I of England
778:Battle of Melitene
718:
673:
589:
557:Geoffrey Malaterra
518:
403:Alexios I Komnenos
2768:Hauteville family
2710:
2709:
2539:
2538:
2531:Prince of Antioch
2519:Succeeded by
2512:Prince of Taranto
2468:978-0-674-02387-1
2371:978-0-14-015212-8
2364:. Penguin Books.
2289:978-0-8122-4050-4
2261:978-0-19-820407-7
2187:978-0-7864-1472-7
2157:978-0-300-11312-9
2135:978-0-85115-661-3
2128:. Boydell Press.
1818:978-1-101-17374-9
1730:, pp. 71–72.
1619:, pp. 20–26.
1435:, pp. 57–58.
1306:, pp. 27–28.
1125:978-1-135-13137-1
1049:F. Van Wyck Mason
1019:Reinhold Röhricht
803:Matthew of Edessa
782:Baldwin of Edessa
631:Heraclea Cybistra
499:Roger I of Sicily
465:on 17 July 1085.
457:Succession crisis
407:a crushing defeat
400:Byzantine Emperor
376:Jordan I of Capua
321:Prince of Salerno
250:prince of Antioch
246:prince of Taranto
224:
223:
74:Prince of Taranto
39:Prince of Antioch
16:(Redirected from
2790:
2581:Reigning princes
2565:
2558:
2551:
2542:
2502:
2483:
2472:
2448:
2439:
2430:
2413:Runciman, Steven
2408:
2389:Runciman, Steven
2384:
2375:
2353:
2336:Nicol, Donald M.
2331:
2312:
2293:
2274:
2265:
2253:
2242:
2223:
2204:
2191:
2172:
2161:
2139:
2120:Asbridge, Thomas
2106:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1877:
1876:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1823:
1822:
1805:Various (1977).
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1731:
1725:
1716:
1706:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1516:
1510:
1497:
1491:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1451:
1445:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1397:
1391:
1380:
1374:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1322:
1316:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1253:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1205:
1196:
1190:
1179:
1173:
1164:
1157:
1151:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1109:
1059:Robert E. Howard
901:Canosa di Puglia
850:Battle of Harran
762:Gazi GĂĽmĂĽshtigin
730:Dagobert of Pisa
655:Stephen of Blois
647:Ridwan of Aleppo
639:siege of Antioch
312:, the sister of
262:Byzantine Empire
235:
232:
153:Canosa di Puglia
141:Canosa di Puglia
117:
30:
21:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2758:Norman warriors
2713:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2659:
2657:Titular princes
2651:
2640:
2583:
2575:
2571:Princes of the
2569:
2534:
2524:
2515:
2491:
2489:Further reading
2486:
2475:
2469:
2451:
2442:
2433:
2427:
2411:
2405:
2387:
2378:
2372:
2356:
2350:
2334:
2328:
2315:
2309:
2296:
2290:
2277:
2268:
2262:
2245:
2239:
2226:
2220:
2207:
2194:
2188:
2175:
2164:
2158:
2144:Barber, Malcolm
2142:
2136:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1923:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1901:Rubenstein 2011
1899:
1895:
1887:
1880:
1857:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1826:
1819:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1769:Rubenstein 2011
1767:
1763:
1757:Rubenstein 2011
1755:
1751:
1743:
1734:
1728:Rubenstein 2011
1726:
1719:
1707:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1519:
1511:
1500:
1492:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1454:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1400:
1392:
1383:
1375:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1256:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1182:
1174:
1167:
1158:
1154:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1102:
986:Gesta Francorum
966:
854:Pope Paschal II
750:
645:the attempt of
544:
523:
467:Orderic Vitalis
459:
411:Varangian Guard
372:
341:Lombard Italian
279:Robert Guiscard
275:
270:
233:
199:Robert Guiscard
156:
139:
119:
92:Robert Guiscard
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2796:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2715:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2653:
2652:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2626:Raymond-Roupen
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2577:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2517:
2508:
2500:
2499:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2473:
2467:
2449:
2440:
2431:
2425:
2409:
2403:
2385:
2376:
2370:
2354:
2348:
2332:
2327:978-1137437839
2326:
2313:
2308:978-0192557988
2307:
2294:
2288:
2275:
2266:
2260:
2243:
2238:978-1000764628
2237:
2224:
2218:
2205:
2192:
2186:
2173:
2162:
2156:
2140:
2134:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2096:Count Bohemond
2087:
2085:, p. 214.
2083:Theotokis 2014
2075:
2059:
2055:Theotokis 2014
2047:
2041:W. Treadgold,
2034:
2032:, p. 144.
2030:Theotokis 2020
2022:
2020:, p. 760.
2010:
1998:
1986:
1974:
1957:
1945:
1941:Hailstone 2019
1933:
1917:
1913:Theotokis 2014
1905:
1893:
1889:Theotokis 2014
1878:
1867:Chisholm, Hugh
1859:Barker, Ernest
1824:
1817:
1797:
1793:Theotokis 2014
1785:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1747:, p. 187.
1745:Theotokis 2014
1732:
1717:
1696:
1684:
1682:, p. 186.
1672:
1670:, p. 269.
1660:
1658:, p. 187.
1648:
1646:, p. 268.
1633:
1621:
1617:Hailstone 2019
1609:
1607:, p. 185.
1592:
1590:, p. 261.
1580:
1568:
1566:, p. 184.
1556:
1544:
1542:, p. 250.
1532:
1530:, p. 245.
1517:
1515:, p. 243.
1498:
1496:, p. 170.
1481:
1479:, p. 235.
1469:
1452:
1450:, p. 233.
1437:
1425:
1423:, p. 166.
1413:
1398:
1396:, p. 228.
1381:
1362:
1360:, p. 196.
1350:
1338:
1336:, p. 195.
1323:
1321:, p. 143.
1308:
1304:Hailstone 2019
1296:
1294:, p. 227.
1281:
1269:
1254:
1238:
1226:
1197:
1180:
1178:, p. 116.
1165:
1163:. pp. 175–176.
1152:
1131:
1124:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1085:David Donachie
1045:Silver Leopard
1037:Count Bohemund
1002:Gesta Tancredi
983:The anonymous
965:
962:
794:Kilij Arslan I
788:) until 1103.
749:
746:
567:He gathered a
543:
540:
522:
519:
458:
455:
371:
370:Byzantine wars
368:
274:
271:
269:
266:
222:
221:
219:Roman Catholic
216:
212:
211:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
186:
180:
179:
174:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
151:
149:
145:
144:
136:
132:
131:
113:
109:
108:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
76:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2795:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:Italo-Normans
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2426:0-521-06162-8
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2404:0-521-06161-X
2400:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2349:0-521-42894-7
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2231:. Routledge.
2230:
2225:
2221:
2219:0-299-04844-6
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2104:9780304362738
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:Albert of Aix
2063:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2008:, p. 86.
2007:
2006:MacEvitt 2010
2002:
1999:
1996:, p. 83.
1995:
1990:
1987:
1984:, p. 18.
1983:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1955:, p. 64.
1954:
1949:
1946:
1943:, p. 27.
1942:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1854:public domain
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1786:
1783:, p. 13.
1782:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1759:, p. 96.
1758:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
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1703:
1701:
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1685:
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1630:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1601:
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1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1467:, p. 58.
1466:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1379:, p. 57.
1378:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1195:, p. 97.
1194:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1074:Wine of Satan
1070:
1068:
1067:Russell Hoban
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:Alfred Duggan
1038:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:Ralph of Caen
1004:
1003:
998:
994:
993:
988:
987:
979:
975:
970:
963:
961:
959:
955:
950:
948:
944:
943:
938:
933:
931:
927:
920:
915:
913:
909:
902:
897:
893:
891:
885:
883:
879:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
836:
832:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
808:
805:the Armenian
804:
799:
795:
789:
787:
783:
779:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
747:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
715:
714:Louis Gallait
710:
706:
704:
700:
695:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
671:
667:
662:
658:
656:
652:
651:Genoese fleet
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
626:
624:
617:
615:
614:
609:
604:
602:
601:First Crusade
597:
595:
585:
581:
578:
574:
570:
565:
563:
558:
553:
549:
542:First Crusade
541:
539:
537:
532:
528:
520:
515:
514:de Hauteville
510:
506:
504:
500:
496:
495:Pope Urban II
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
472:
468:
464:
456:
454:
450:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
369:
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361:
357:
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348:
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307:
303:
298:
296:
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288:
284:
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272:
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263:
259:
255:
254:First Crusade
251:
247:
243:
239:
228:
220:
217:
213:
210:
207:
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200:
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190:
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137:
133:
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114:
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100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:
36:
31:
19:
2723:1050s births
2672:Bohemond VII
2616:Bohemond III
2590:
2529:
2510:
2505:
2495:
2478:
2457:
2444:
2435:
2416:
2393:
2380:
2361:
2339:
2317:
2298:
2279:
2270:
2249:
2228:
2209:
2200:
2196:
2177:
2167:
2147:
2124:
2095:
2090:
2078:
2062:
2050:
2042:
2037:
2025:
2013:
2001:
1989:
1977:
1969:
1960:
1948:
1936:
1920:
1908:
1896:
1870:
1807:
1800:
1788:
1776:
1764:
1752:
1687:
1675:
1668:Norwich 1992
1663:
1651:
1644:Norwich 1992
1629:Norwich 1992
1624:
1612:
1588:Norwich 1992
1583:
1576:Norwich 1992
1571:
1559:
1552:Norwich 1992
1547:
1540:Norwich 1992
1535:
1528:Norwich 1992
1513:Norwich 1992
1477:Norwich 1992
1472:
1448:Norwich 1992
1428:
1416:
1409:Norwich 1992
1394:Norwich 1992
1358:Norwich 1992
1353:
1346:Norwich 1992
1341:
1334:Norwich 1992
1299:
1292:Norwich 1992
1277:Norwich 1992
1272:
1265:Norwich 1992
1241:
1234:Norwich 1992
1229:
1217:. Retrieved
1212:
1176:Norwich 1992
1160:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1134:
1114:
1107:
1091:
1089:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1062:
1052:
1044:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:(1894), and
1014:
1010:
1000:
997:Anna Comnena
990:
984:
982:
951:
940:
934:
922:
917:
905:
887:
875:
839:
811:
790:
774:
751:
719:
696:
689:
674:
670:Gustave Doré
628:
619:
611:
608:Anna Comnena
605:
598:
590:
577:Adriatic Sea
566:
545:
527:Anna Komnene
524:
492:
460:
451:
415:
373:
349:
329:multilingual
299:
276:
241:
237:
226:
225:
2728:1111 deaths
2682:Philippe II
2667:Bohemond VI
2660:(1268–1457)
2636:Bohemond VI
2621:Bohemond IV
2596:Bohemond II
2584:(1098–1268)
2522:Bohemond II
1994:Morton 2020
1982:Newman 2014
1025:(1901) and
960:, in 1111.
870:Abbot Suger
569:Norman army
418:Via Egnatia
360:Roger Borsa
234: 1054
102:Bohemond II
88:Predecessor
57:Bohemond II
2717:Categories
2631:Bohemond V
2591:Bohemond I
2535:1098–1111
2516:1088–1111
1953:Lilie 1993
1927:, p.
1925:Lilie 1993
1781:Lilie 1993
1711:, p.
1709:Lilie 1993
1680:Brown 2003
1656:Brown 2003
1605:Brown 2003
1564:Brown 2003
1494:Brown 2003
1465:Nicol 1992
1433:Nicol 1992
1421:Brown 2003
1377:Nicol 1992
1319:Brown 2003
1246:Conti 1967
1193:Brown 2003
1100:References
1083:series by
1063:Pilgermann
878:Lord Louis
807:Kogh Vasil
756:chieftain
623:Polycletus
536:Polyklitos
463:Cephalonia
420:as far as
352:Sikelgaita
310:Sikelgaita
268:Early life
244:, was the
189:Hauteville
33:Bohemond I
2601:Constance
2506:New title
2415:(1989b).
2391:(1989a).
1861:(1911). "
926:Venetians
862:Constance
846:Euphrates
734:Patriarch
726:Christmas
666:engraving
529:, in her
488:Gallipoli
438:Macedonia
306:canon law
155:Mausoleum
98:Successor
83:1088–1111
53:Successor
48:1098–1111
2778:Sebastoi
2702:John III
2687:Margaret
2455:(2006).
2360:(1992).
2338:(1992).
2203:: 11–30.
2146:(2012).
2122:(2000).
1863:Bohemund
1140:Bohemund
1081:Crusades
1069:(1983).
942:sebastos
866:Philip I
822:Massissa
770:Melitene
766:Sebastea
754:Armenian
738:Lorraine
681:Kerbogha
643:stopping
484:Brindisi
442:Thessaly
430:Ioannina
422:Kastoria
392:Butrinto
295:Calabria
215:Religion
125:Calabria
2697:John II
2611:Raynald
2606:Raymond
2498:. Rome.
2112:Sources
1869:(ed.).
1856::
1692:Alexiad
992:Alexiad
947:Tancred
844:on the
831:Tripoli
826:Cilicia
722:Latakia
685:Tetigus
635:Cilicia
613:Alexiad
573:Tancred
531:Alexiad
516:dynasty
480:Otranto
446:Larissa
432:and at
426:Balkans
398:). The
337:Romance
318:Lombard
258:Normans
2692:John I
2465:
2423:
2401:
2368:
2346:
2324:
2305:
2286:
2258:
2235:
2216:
2184:
2154:
2132:
2102:
2045:, 626
1865:". In
1850:
1815:
1215:. 2016
1122:
958:Apulia
954:Canosa
835:Harran
814:Tarsus
798:Seljuk
796:, the
786:Niksar
716:, 1840
677:Firouz
548:Amalfi
396:Durrës
333:Norman
316:, the
314:Gisulf
304:under
205:Mother
195:Father
161:Spouse
148:Burial
63:Regent
2677:Lucia
1219:5 May
848:(see
842:Raqqa
818:Adana
742:Syria
552:Italy
503:Melfi
388:Corfu
384:Vlorë
345:Greek
184:House
172:Issue
80:Reign
45:Reign
2463:ISBN
2421:ISBN
2399:ISBN
2366:ISBN
2344:ISBN
2322:ISBN
2303:ISBN
2284:ISBN
2256:ISBN
2233:ISBN
2214:ISBN
2182:ISBN
2152:ISBN
2130:ISBN
2100:ISBN
2071:Bari
1931:–42.
1813:ISBN
1221:2016
1120:ISBN
1079:The
820:and
776:the
478:and
476:Oria
440:and
434:Arta
356:Bari
135:Died
118:1054
112:Born
1090:In
1065:by
1057:by
1047:by
1039:by
1021:'s
1005:by
995:of
956:in
824:in
764:of
732:as
668:by
594:Guy
293:in
240:or
2719::
2201:35
2199:.
1929:39
1881:^
1827:^
1735:^
1720:^
1699:^
1636:^
1595:^
1520:^
1501:^
1484:^
1455:^
1440:^
1401:^
1384:^
1365:^
1326:^
1311:^
1284:^
1257:^
1250:24
1248:,
1211:.
1200:^
1183:^
1168:^
1148:4.
1146:.
1033:.
949:.
892:.
872::
837:.
816:,
705:.
505:.
469:,
413:.
378:,
347:.
297:.
281:,
231:c.
127:,
123:,
116:c.
2564:e
2557:t
2550:v
2471:.
2429:.
2407:.
2374:.
2352:.
2330:.
2311:.
2292:.
2264:.
2241:.
2222:.
2190:.
2160:.
2138:.
1821:.
1715:.
1713:5
1252:.
1223:.
1128:.
339:"
229:(
20:)
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