634:... His skin all over his body was very white, and in his face the white was tempered with red. His hair was yellowish, but did not hang down to his waist like that of the other barbarians; for the man was not inordinately vain of his hair, but had it cut short to the ears. Whether his beard was reddish, or any other colour I cannot say, for the razor had passed over it very closely and left a surface smoother than chalk... His blue eyes indicated both a high spirit and dignity; and his nose and nostrils breathed in the air freely; his chest corresponded to his nostrils and by his nostrils...the breadth of his chest. For by his nostrils nature had given free passage for the high spirit which bubbled up from his heart. A certain charm hung about this man but was partly marred by a general air of the horrible... He was so made in mind and body that both courage and passion reared their crests within him and both inclined to war. His wit was manifold and crafty and able to find a way of escape in every emergency. In conversation he was well informed, and the answers he gave were quite irrefutable. This man who was of such a size and such a character was inferior to the Emperor alone in fortune and eloquence and in other gifts of nature.
547:. His hands were large, he had a good firm stance, and his neck and back were compact. If to the astute and meticulous observer he appeared to stoop slightly, that was not caused by any weakness of the vertebrae of the lower spine, but presumably there was some malformation there from birth. The skin all over his body was very pale, except for his face which was pale but with some colour to it too. His hair was light-colored and did not go down to his shoulders as it does with other barbarians; in fact, the man had no great predilection for long hair, but cut his short, to the ears. Whether his beard was red or of any other color I cannot say, for the razor had passed over it closely, leaving his chin smoother than any marble. However, it seemed that it would have been red. His eyes were light-blue and gave some hint of the man's spirit and dignity. He breathed freely through nostrils that were broad, worthy of his chest and a fine outlet for the breath that came in gusts from his lungs."
593:
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710:, a prominent crusade leader, did not want to hand Antioch over to Bohemond. Raymond claimed that Bohemond and other leaders would be breaking their oath to Alexios, which was to give any conquered lands to the Byzantine Empire. Bohemond argued that because Alexios had failed to come to the crusaders' aid at Antioch that the oath was no longer valid. Bohemond set himself up as the Prince of Antioch, and no Latin crusader or Byzantine force came to take it from him. Raymond of Toulouse decided to give up Antioch to Bohemond in January 1099, as the other crusaders moved south to the
612:. Bohemond's reputation as an effective strategist and leader came from his fighting experience in the Balkans when he took charge of his father's army against Emperor Alexios (1082–1085). There Bohemond became familiar with various Byzantine and Muslim strategies, including an encircling strategy used by Turkish forces at the siege of Nicaea. Mounted archers would encircle the crusader force, who would be unable to retaliate using close combat weaponry. Bohemond's familiarity with this Eastern strategy allowed him to adapt quickly, leading to crusader victories through Antioch.
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978:
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749:'s power in the city. By submitting to the patriarch, Bohemond made connections to Jerusalem, a potential ally against future attacks on Antioch, and to remain in the Pope's good graces. While Bohemond had the fine territory, strategic position, and army necessary to found a principality in Antioch, he had to face two great forces—the Byzantine Empire, which claimed the whole of his territories, and the strong Muslim principalities in the north-east of
954:, consented to receive Alexios' pay, and promised to cede disputed territories and to admit a Greek patriarch into Antioch. Henceforth, Bohemond was a broken man. He died six months later without returning to Antioch. With one last jab at Alexios, by not returning to Antioch the Treaty of Deabolis became null and void as it only applied to Bohemond himself. Antioch was left in Norman hands with Bohemond's nephew
1856:
861:). The defeat was decisive, making the great eastern principality which Bohemond had contemplated impossible. It was followed by a Greek attack on Cilicia and, despairing of his own resources, Bohemond returned to Europe for reinforcements in late 1104. It is a matter of historical debate whether his "crusade" against the Byzantine empire was to gain the backing and indulgences of
605:. Bohemond's best chance at gaining a favorable position was to be loyal to Alexios, which he attempted to prove while the crusaders were camped around Constantinople. Bohemond, proficient in Greek, was a conduit between Alexios and the crusade leaders. Bohemond also attempted to prove his loyalty by convincing other crusade leaders to take the oath of homage to Alexios.
584:'s force of 2,000 men. What contributed to the Norman army's reputation as a great fighting force was their experience fighting in the East. Many Normans had been employed as mercenaries by the Byzantine Empire. Others like Bohemond had experience fighting the Byzantines and Muslim groups in the East fifteen years prior with Robert Guiscard. Bohemond crossed the
1038:(1898) may also be consulted for his history. The only major biography (of Tancred) that exists in English is "Tancred: a study of his career and work in their relation to the First Crusade and the establishment of the Latin states in Syria and Palestine" by Robert Lawrence Nicholson. Details of his pre-crusade career can found in Geoffrey Malaterra's
543:
barbarian's characteristics. His stature was such that he towered almost a full cubit over the tallest men. He was slender of waist and flanks, with broad shoulders and chest, strong in the arms; overall he was neither too slender, nor too heavily built and fleshy, but perfectly proportioned - one might say that he conformed to the ideal of
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tall in stature that he overtopped the tallest by nearly one cubit, narrow in the waist and loins, with broad shoulders and a deep chest and powerful arms. And in the whole build of the body he was neither too slender nor overweighted with flesh, but perfectly proportioned and, one might say, built in conformity with the canon of
893:, and wished to avoid another unsuitable match. The prince of Antioch was experienced and rich both in gifts and promises; he fully deserved the marriage, which was celebrated with great pomp by the bishop of Chartres in the presence of the king, the Lord Louis, and many archbishops, bishops and noblemen of the realm.
889:' sister Constance, a young lady of excellent breeding, elegant appearance and beautiful face. So great was the reputation for valour of the French kingdom and of the Lord Louis that even the Saracens were terrified by the prospect of that marriage. She was not engaged since she had broken off her agreement to wed
600:
When he arrived at
Constantinople in April 1097, he took an oath of homage to Emperor Alexios, which he demanded from all crusade leaders. It's not clear what exact negotiations Bohemond and Alexios made concerning Bohemond governing the part of the eastern lands of the Byzantine Empire Alexios hoped
457:
was unsuccessful. Supply and pay problems (and the gifts promised to deserters by the
Byzantines) undermined the morale of the Norman army, so Bohemond returned to Italy for financial support. During his absence, most of the Norman commanders deserted to the Byzantines and a Venetian fleet recaptured
482:
and other contemporaneous writers accused his widow, Sikelgaita, of having poisoned Robert to secure Apulia for her son, Roger Borsa, but failed to establish her guilt. She persuaded the army to acclaim Roger Borsa his father's successor and they hurried back to
Southern Italy. Two months later, the
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Now the man was such as, to put it briefly, had never before been seen in the land of the Romans, be he either of the barbarians or of the Greeks (for he was a marvel for the eyes to behold, and his reputation was terrifying). Let me describe the barbarian's appearance more particularly – he was so
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overlord of GĂĽmĂĽshtigin, heard of the proposed payment, he threatened to attack unless given half the ransom. Bohemond proposed instead a ransom of 130,000 dinars paid just to GĂĽmĂĽshtigin. The bargain was concluded, and GĂĽmĂĽshtigin and
Bohemond exchanged oaths of friendship. Ransomed by Baldwin of
784:
Afraid to weaken his forces at
Antioch, but not wishing to avoid the chance to extend his domain northwards, in August 1100 Bohemond marched north with only 300 knights and a small force of foot soldiers. Failing to send scouting parties, they were ambushed by the Turks and completely encircled at
563:
to
Constantinople. It is possible that Bohemond had religious reasons for joining the First Crusade. It is equally likely that he saw in the First Crusade the chance to gain a lordship in the Middle East. Lilie details that Bohemond's "father's second marriage deprived him of future prospects," in
542:
wrote a description of
Bohemond's physical appearance; “The appearance of this man was, to put it briefly, unlike that of any other man whether Greek or barbarian seen in those days on Roman soil. The sight of him inspired admiration, the mention of his name terror. I will describe in detail the
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He has oppressed many thousands of
Christians with wicked treachery, some consigned to shipwreck, many to poison, more still to exile, and countless others he has handed over to pagans. This emperor is not a Christian but a mad heretic, Julian the Apostate, another Judas, friend of the Jews,
588:
to
Constantinople along the route he had tried to follow in 1082–1084 when attacking the Byzantine Empire. He was careful to observe the correct attitude towards Alexios along this route, which was mainly keeping his soldiers from plundering Byzantine villages en route to Constantinople.
800:
Emperor
Alexios was incensed that Bohemond had broken his oath made in Constantinople and kept Antioch for himself. When he heard of Bohemond's capture, he offered to redeem the Norman commander for 260,000 dinars, if GĂĽmĂĽshtigin would hand the prisoner over to Byzantium. When
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to his uncle's territory; he was now deprived of his lordship by Bohemond's return. During the summer of 1103, the northern Franks attacked Ridwan of Aleppo to gain supplies and compelled him to pay tribute. Meanwhile, Raymond of Toulouse had established himself in
932:
Bohemond was then resolved to use his newly recruited army of 34,000 men not to defend Antioch against the Greeks, but to attack Alexios. Bohemond took a route similar to the one that was successful for his father in Illyria and Greece. Alexios, aided by the
461:
Bohemond accompanied his father to the Byzantine Empire again in 1084, when they defeated the Venetian fleet and captured Corfu. An epidemic decimated the Normans and Bohemond, who was taken seriously ill, was forced to return to Italy in December 1084.
937:, proved to be much stronger than when he faced Bohemond and Robert Guiscard in 1082–1084. Alexios was used to Norman battle tactics and their strength, and decided on a war of attrition rather than face them head on. During the Norman
573:, a powerful Crusade leader, asking him to join forces to sack Constantinople. While Godfrey declined his offer, taking Constantinople was never far from Bohemond's mind, as seen in his later attempt to take over the Byzantine Empire.
601:
the crusaders would reclaim. Alexios had no reason to trust Bohemond enough to give him a position at the time, but hinted that he could get a position by proving his loyalty, similarly to Bohemond's half-brother
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568:
bluntly states that Bohemond took the Cross with the intention of plundering and conquering Byzantine lands. Another reason to suspect Bohemond's religious zeal is the supposed embassy Bohemond sent to
646:, the movement may have been already intended as a preparation for Bohemond's eastern principality. Bohemond was the first to take up a position before Antioch (October 1097). In the subsequent
699:
The Crusaders' troubles were not over, however, as Kerbogha started his own siege on Antioch. Bohemond was credited as the general and creator of the battle plan used to defeat Kerbogha by
317:. In 1058, Pope Nicholas II strengthened existing canon law against consanguinity and, on that basis, Guiscard repudiated Alberada in favour of a then more advantageous marriage to
865:. Either way, he enthralled audiences across France with gifts of relics from the Holy Land and tales of heroism while fighting the infidel, gathering a large army in the process.
2564:
433:, but Alexios's agents stirred up a rebellion in Southern Italy, forcing Robert Guiscard to return to his realm in April. He charged Bohemond with the command of his army in the
869:
famously prevented him from landing on English shores, since the king anticipated Bohemond's great attraction to the English nobility. His newfound status won him the hand of
625:. She met him for the first time when she was fourteen and was seemingly fascinated by him, leaving no similar portrait of any other Crusader prince. Of Bohemond, she wrote:
2781:
1052:(1964) is a historical novel concerning the life of Bohemond and its events up to the fall of Jerusalem to the crusaders. Bohemond also appears in the historical novel
2557:
483:
assembly of the Norman barons confirmed the succession, but Bohemond regarded himself his father's lawful heir. He made an alliance with Jordan of Capua, and captured
491:. Bohemond and Roger Borsa met at their father's tomb at Venosa to reach a compromise. Under the terms of their agreement, Bohemond received Taranto, Oria, Otranto,
298:. He was born between 1050 and 1058—in 1054 according to historian John Julius Norwich. He was baptised Mark, possibly because he was born at his father's castle at
842:
with the aid of Alexios, and was able to check the expansion of Antioch to the south. Early in 1104, Baldwin and Bohemond passed Aleppo to move eastward and attack
703:. Running very low on food and supplies Bohemond took the initiative by leaving the city and attacking Kerbogha's forces, leading to a victory for the crusaders.
662:
which lay in the port of St. Simeon. Due to his successful efforts Bohemond was seen as the actual leader of the siege of Antioch, rather than the elected leader
391:
and other Norman barons in 1079. His father dispatched him at the head of an advance guard against the Byzantine Empire in early 1081 and he captured Valona (now
688:, one of the commanders of the city wall to end the siege of Antioch. However, he did not press to end the siege until May 1098 when learning of the approach of
692:
with a relief army. He then proposed to the other crusade leaders that the one to take Antioch should be put in charge of the city, as Alexios' representative
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1258:
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had left in February 1098. Firouz led Bohemond's force up the walls of Antioch, allowing the Norman troops to infiltrate and ultimately capture the city.
733:
but he was forced by returning crusading leaders, including Raymond, to abandon the siege. Bohemond went together with Baldwin of Edessa to Jerusalem at
517:
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Bohemond saw the root of his problems in Alexios and Constantinople when it came to preserving the Principality of Antioch. In speech at the shrine of
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173:
371:, Robert's heir, claiming that the half-Lombard Roger would be the ruler most acceptable to the Lombard nobles in Southern Italy. Robert's nephew,
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to await the arrival of his father's forces. After Robert Guiscard arrived in the latter half of May, they laid siege to Dyrrhachium (present-day
1148:
1105:, there are two campaigns relating to Bohemond for his victory against Alexia Kommenus and his defending against Kerbogha's siege of Antioch.
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580:, which would have been one of the smaller crusade forces with 500 knights and about 2,500–3,500 infantry soldiers, alongside his nephew
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Bohemond saw the opportunity to use the crusade for his own ends at the siege of Antioch. When his nephew Tancred left the main army at
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818:, who organised the collection of ransom, contributing substantially himself and apparently even adopting Bohemond as son afterwards.
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332:. With the annulment of his parents' marriage, Bohemond became a bastard. Before long, Alberada married Robert Guiscard's nephew,
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His nephew Tancred had taken his uncle's place for three years. During that time, he had attacked the Byzantines, and had added
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Bohemond renewed the war against his brother in the autumn of 1087. The ensuing civil war prevented the Normans from supporting
310:
2680:
2238:
Recalcitrant Crusaders?: The Relationship Between Southern Italy and Sicily, Crusading and the Crusader States, c. 1060–1198
707:
651:
388:
137:
2217:
Fink, Harold S. (1969). "The Growth of the Latin States, 1118–1144". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.).
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769:. Gabriel was in possession of one of the major cities controlling the access to Anatolia and had received reports that
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510:, to increase his power. Bohemond captured Bari in 1090 and before long, took control of most lands to the south of
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Edessa, he returned in triumph to Antioch in August 1103. Instrumental in the release of Bohemond was according to
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Bohemond then wanted to take control of Antioch for himself, but there were some problems he had to face first.
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1018:, which is a panegyric of Bohemond's second-in-command, Tancred. His career is discussed by B. von KĂĽgler,
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is a primary authority for the whole of his life. A 1924 biography exists by R. B. Yewdale. See also the
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372:
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through earlier campaigns with his father, he was the most experienced military leader of the crusade.
39:
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2609:
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A History of the Crusades, Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
1027:
986:
982:
655:
322:
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Defending the City of God: A Medieval Queen, the First Crusades and the Quest for Peace in Jerusalem
559:, which had revolted against Duke Roger, when bands of crusaders began to pass on their way through
367:. She persuaded Robert's vassals who were present to proclaim her eldest son, the thirteen-year-old
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1937:
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A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100–1187
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399:, but did not invade the island since the local garrison outnumbered his army. He withdrew to
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pretending peace but inciting war, cut-throat to his brothers, a bloody Herod against Christ!
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Norman Italy. While he was well known as a warrior, Bohemond's lordship in Italy was small.
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of 1107–1108, Alexios blockaded the Norman camp until Bohemond was forced to negotiate.
495:(through the transfer of Geoffrey of Conversano's vassalage from Roger to Bohemond) and
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1085:(1949) written by Laverne Gay gives an embellished accounting of the life of Bohemond.
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Bohemond had to submit to a humiliating peace, all his ambitions destroyed. Under the
418:. Bohemond commanded the left flank, which defeated the Emperor's largely Anglo-Saxon
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781:. The Armenians sought help from Bohemond and even offered his daughter in marriage.
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to relieve the city from the east, and connecting the besiegers on the west with the
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375:, was the only baron to protest, because he regarded himself Robert's lawful heir.
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11/12th-century prince of Taranto and Antioch; military leader in the First Crusade
17:
1217:
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but was captured. He was laden with chains and imprisoned in Neo-Caesarea (modern
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1099 to fulfill his crusade vows. While there he took part in the installation of
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From Constantinople to Antioch, Bohemond was a stand out among the leaders of the
359:
Robert Guiscard was taken seriously ill in early 1073. Fearing that he was dying,
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Whilst leading the campaign against Harran, Bohemond was defeated at Balak, near
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of Jerusalem, perhaps in order to check the growth of Godfrey and his knights of
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After the fall of Jerusalem, Bohemond was besieging the Byzantine garrison in
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The Normans captured Dyrrhachium on 21 February 1082. They marched along the
1884:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 135–136.
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Bohemond came to France to seek by any means he could gain the hand of the
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The Crusader States and their Neighbours: A Military History, 1099–1187
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The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 4, c. 1024–c. 1198, Part II
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came to the rescue of the town but, on 18 October, his army suffered
336:. She arranged for a knightly education for Bohemond. Bohemond was
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Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations
2204:
Conti, Emanuele (1967). "L'abbazia della Matina (note storiche)".
1060:(1955), the short story "The Track of Bohemond" in the collection
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The Crusades and the Christian World of the East: Rough Tolerance
1096:(writing as Jack Ludlow) casts Bohemond as the main protagonist.
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Bohemond and his Norman troops scale the walls of Antioch, in an
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In 1097, Bohemond and his uncle Roger I of Sicily were attacking
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Armies of Heaven: The First Crusade and the Quest for Apocalypse
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His parents were related within the degree of kinship that made
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Edgington, Susan (2006). "Bohemond I of Antioch (d. 1111)". In
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Capture of Antioch by Bohemond in June 1098, in a painting by
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A map of the routes of the major leaders of the First Crusade
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Bohemond fought in his father's army during the rebellion of
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A History of the Crusades, Volume I: The First Hundred Years
1975:
Chapter XII. The Foundations of the Latin States, 1099–1118
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in 1108, he became the vassal of Alexios with the title of
2107:(Reprint). London : Cassell Military, 2002, pp. 5–7.
1981:. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 368–409.
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789:. Bohemond managed to send one soldier to seek help from
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2221:. The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 368–409.
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God, Gold, or Glory: Norman Piety and the First Crusade
1977:." In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.).
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The Creation of the Principality of Antioch, 1098–1130
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A History of the Crusades: I. The First Hundred Years
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Geschichte der Normannen in Sizilien und Unteritalien
753:. Against these two forces he would ultimately fail.
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1159:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 135–136.
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In 1100, Bohemond received a petition for help from
666:, who would soon leave the siege, claiming illness.
245: – 5 or 7 March 1111), also known as
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2470:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
2445:The Norman Campaigns in the Balkans: 1081–1108 AD
2187:The Norman Conquest of Southern Italy and Sicily
998:was written by one of Bohemond's followers. The
2278:Luscombe, David; Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2004).
269:on the quest eastward. Knowledgeable about the
650:, he played a key role in gathering supplies,
2565:
2206:Archivio Storico per la Calabria e la Lucania
2180:(Master thesis). University of North Florida.
757:Wars between Antioch and the Byzantine Empire
499:, but acknowledged Roger Borsa's succession.
8:
2259:Byzantium and the Crusader States, 1096–1204
2052:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
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2454:Bohemond of Taranto: Crusader and Conqueror
2103:Evelyn Waugh, "Preface", in Alfred Duggan,
1703:E.R.A Sewter Penguin Publishing pg 383-384
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261:from 1098 to 1111. He was a leader of the
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1820:. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 211.
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897:Bohemond and Constance produced a son,
777:was preparing an expedition to capture
2002:
1990:
919:in early 1106, written down by Bishop
684:Bohemond was able to make a deal with
437:. Bohemond defeated the Byzantines at
1961:
1933:
1789:
1717:
1688:
1664:
1613:
1572:
1502:
1473:
1441:
1429:
1385:
1327:
1254:
1201:
7:
2505:Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani
2447:. Suffolk, UK: Boydell & Brewer.
2291:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
2082:(Albericus Aquensis II. XI, p. 177).
1102:Age of Empires II: Lords of the West
1070:(1979) and in the fantastical novel
1036:Geschichte des Königreichs Jerusalem
2782:People of the Byzantine–Norman wars
2757:People from the Province of Cosenza
2491:(PhD thesis). Princeton University.
2263:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
506:, and enabled the brothers' uncle,
352:" and spoke and possibly even read
973:Bohemond I in literature and media
619:, leaves a portrait of him in her
453:; however, the six-month siege of
25:
1245:, pp. 116–117 (note 1), 227.
2329:. St Martin's Publishing Group.
2174:Bartlett, Samuel Andrew (2008).
1854:
1032:Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges
1022:(1862); while L. von Heinemann,
2772:Christians of the First Crusade
2747:12th-century princes of Antioch
2742:11th-century princes of Antioch
2027:Luscombe & Riley-Smith 2004
1218:"Bohemond II Prince of Antioch"
923:, Bohemond said of the emperor:
873:, daughter of the French king,
152:, County of Apulia and Calabria
2485:Yewdale, Ralph Bailey (1917).
2428:. Cambridge University Press.
2406:. Cambridge University Press.
2351:. Cambridge University Press.
2287:MacEvitt, Christopher (2010).
2255:Lilie, Ralph-Johannes (1993).
1170:The Crusades – An Encyclopedia
1:
2488:Bohemond I, Prince of Antioch
2282:. Cambridge University Press.
1081:The historical fiction novel
981:Depiction of Bohemond in the
239:
138:County of Apulia and Calabria
124:
2503:Ghisalberti, Albert M. (ed)
2452:Theotokis, Georgios (2020).
2443:Theotokis, Georgios (2014).
2236:Hailstone, Paula Z. (2019).
2189:. McFarland & Co., Inc.
2066:, pp. 206–207, 212–213.
1817:The Portable Medieval Reader
1276:, pp. 116–117 (note 1).
1151:". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.).
445:, taking control of most of
292:Count of Apulia and Calabria
2792:Children of Robert Guiscard
2456:. Pen & Sword Military.
2310:. Oxford University Press.
2808:
1127:. Routledge. p. 232.
395:in Albania). He sailed to
265:, leading a contingent of
257:from 1089 to 1111 and the
2651:
2537:
2527:
2518:
2513:
2306:Morton, Nicholas (2020).
2185:Brown, Gordon S. (2003).
2159:. Yale University Press.
1973:Fink, Harold S. (1969). "
908:Mausoleum of Bohemond in
877:. Of this marriage wrote
147:5 or 7 March 1111 (56-57)
37:
2392:. New York: Basic Books.
2388:Rubenstein, Jay (2011).
1804:, pp. 167–168, 183.
615:The Emperor's daughter,
470:Robert Guiscard died at
340:. Apart from his native
286:Bohemond was the son of
2582:Principality of Antioch
2325:Newman, Sharan (2014).
1881:Encyclopædia Britannica
1222:Encyclopædia Britannica
1153:Encyclopædia Britannica
1147:Ernest Barker (1911). "
1040:Deeds of Count Roger...
961:Bohemond was buried at
917:Saint-LĂ©onard-de-Noblat
458:Dyrrhachium and Corfu.
296:Alberada of Buonalbergo
218:Alberada of Buonalbergo
2658:
989:
930:
912:
899:Bohemond II of Antioch
895:
726:
681:
636:
597:
526:
389:Geoffrey of Conversano
311:their marriage invalid
294:, and his first wife,
251:Bohemond of Hauteville
186:Bohemond II of Antioch
2657:
2371:The Normans in Sicily
2078:records his death at
980:
925:
907:
891:Hugh, count of Troyes
883:
720:
672:
627:
595:
520:
480:William of Malmesbury
373:Abelard of Hauteville
334:Richard of Hauteville
236:Bohemond I of Antioch
76:Tancred of Hauteville
2462:Tyerman, Christopher
2367:Norwich, John Julius
1912:, pp. 169, 189.
1288:, pp. 116, 118.
1121:Lock, Peter (2013).
1020:Bohemund und Tancred
987:Merry-Joseph Blondel
939:siege of Dyrrhachium
712:capture of Jerusalem
521:Coat-of-arms of the
363:held an assembly in
2157:The Crusader States
1924:, pp. 195–196.
1900:, pp. 192–193.
1640:, pp. 267–268.
1587:, pp. 258–259.
1563:, pp. 249–250.
1420:, pp. 231–232.
1357:, pp. 195–196.
767:Gabriel of Melitene
708:Raymond of Toulouse
701:Raymond of Aguilers
571:Godfrey of Bouillon
534:Byzantine princess
530:Physical appearance
300:San Marco Argentano
282:Childhood and youth
247:Bohemond of Taranto
174:Constance of France
130:San Marco Argentano
18:Bohemond of Taranto
2752:Princes of Taranto
2659:
1780:, pp. 169–70.
1063:The Road of Azrael
990:
985:in Versailles, by
983:"Hall of Crusades"
946:Treaty of Deabolis
921:Walram of Naumburg
913:
867:Henry I of England
787:Battle of Melitene
727:
682:
598:
566:Geoffrey Malaterra
527:
412:Alexios I Komnenos
2777:Hauteville family
2719:
2718:
2548:
2547:
2540:Prince of Antioch
2528:Succeeded by
2521:Prince of Taranto
2477:978-0-674-02387-1
2380:978-0-14-015212-8
2373:. Penguin Books.
2298:978-0-8122-4050-4
2270:978-0-19-820407-7
2196:978-0-7864-1472-7
2166:978-0-300-11312-9
2144:978-0-85115-661-3
2137:. Boydell Press.
1827:978-1-101-17374-9
1739:, pp. 71–72.
1628:, pp. 20–26.
1444:, pp. 57–58.
1315:, pp. 27–28.
1134:978-1-135-13137-1
1058:F. Van Wyck Mason
1028:Reinhold Röhricht
812:Matthew of Edessa
791:Baldwin of Edessa
640:Heraclea Cybistra
508:Roger I of Sicily
474:on 17 July 1085.
466:Succession crisis
416:a crushing defeat
409:Byzantine Emperor
385:Jordan I of Capua
330:Prince of Salerno
259:prince of Antioch
255:prince of Taranto
233:
232:
83:Prince of Taranto
48:Prince of Antioch
16:(Redirected from
2799:
2590:Reigning princes
2574:
2567:
2560:
2551:
2511:
2492:
2481:
2457:
2448:
2439:
2422:Runciman, Steven
2417:
2398:Runciman, Steven
2393:
2384:
2362:
2345:Nicol, Donald M.
2340:
2321:
2302:
2283:
2274:
2262:
2251:
2232:
2213:
2200:
2181:
2170:
2148:
2129:Asbridge, Thomas
2115:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1832:
1831:
1814:Various (1977).
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1740:
1734:
1725:
1715:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1525:
1519:
1506:
1500:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1460:
1454:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1406:
1400:
1389:
1383:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1331:
1325:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1262:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1214:
1205:
1199:
1188:
1182:
1173:
1166:
1160:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1118:
1068:Robert E. Howard
910:Canosa di Puglia
859:Battle of Harran
771:Gazi GĂĽmĂĽshtigin
739:Dagobert of Pisa
664:Stephen of Blois
656:Ridwan of Aleppo
648:siege of Antioch
321:, the sister of
271:Byzantine Empire
244:
241:
162:Canosa di Puglia
150:Canosa di Puglia
126:
42:
30:
21:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2767:Norman warriors
2722:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2668:
2666:Titular princes
2660:
2649:
2592:
2584:
2580:Princes of the
2578:
2543:
2533:
2524:
2500:
2498:Further reading
2495:
2484:
2478:
2460:
2451:
2442:
2436:
2420:
2414:
2396:
2387:
2381:
2365:
2359:
2343:
2337:
2324:
2318:
2305:
2299:
2286:
2277:
2271:
2254:
2248:
2235:
2229:
2216:
2203:
2197:
2184:
2173:
2167:
2153:Barber, Malcolm
2151:
2145:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1910:Rubenstein 2011
1908:
1904:
1896:
1889:
1866:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1835:
1828:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1778:Rubenstein 2011
1776:
1772:
1766:Rubenstein 2011
1764:
1760:
1752:
1743:
1737:Rubenstein 2011
1735:
1728:
1716:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1509:
1501:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1463:
1455:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1409:
1401:
1392:
1384:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1334:
1326:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1265:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1200:
1191:
1183:
1176:
1167:
1163:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1111:
995:Gesta Francorum
975:
863:Pope Paschal II
759:
654:the attempt of
553:
532:
476:Orderic Vitalis
468:
420:Varangian Guard
381:
350:Lombard Italian
288:Robert Guiscard
284:
279:
242:
208:Robert Guiscard
165:
148:
128:
101:Robert Guiscard
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2805:
2803:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2724:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2662:
2661:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2635:Raymond-Roupen
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2586:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2546:
2545:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2526:
2517:
2509:
2508:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2482:
2476:
2458:
2449:
2440:
2434:
2418:
2412:
2394:
2385:
2379:
2363:
2357:
2341:
2336:978-1137437839
2335:
2322:
2317:978-0192557988
2316:
2303:
2297:
2284:
2275:
2269:
2252:
2247:978-1000764628
2246:
2233:
2227:
2214:
2201:
2195:
2182:
2171:
2165:
2149:
2143:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2105:Count Bohemond
2096:
2094:, p. 214.
2092:Theotokis 2014
2084:
2068:
2064:Theotokis 2014
2056:
2050:W. Treadgold,
2043:
2041:, p. 144.
2039:Theotokis 2020
2031:
2029:, p. 760.
2019:
2007:
1995:
1983:
1966:
1954:
1950:Hailstone 2019
1942:
1926:
1922:Theotokis 2014
1914:
1902:
1898:Theotokis 2014
1887:
1876:Chisholm, Hugh
1868:Barker, Ernest
1833:
1826:
1806:
1802:Theotokis 2014
1794:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1756:, p. 187.
1754:Theotokis 2014
1741:
1726:
1705:
1693:
1691:, p. 186.
1681:
1679:, p. 269.
1669:
1667:, p. 187.
1657:
1655:, p. 268.
1642:
1630:
1626:Hailstone 2019
1618:
1616:, p. 185.
1601:
1599:, p. 261.
1589:
1577:
1575:, p. 184.
1565:
1553:
1551:, p. 250.
1541:
1539:, p. 245.
1526:
1524:, p. 243.
1507:
1505:, p. 170.
1490:
1488:, p. 235.
1478:
1461:
1459:, p. 233.
1446:
1434:
1432:, p. 166.
1422:
1407:
1405:, p. 228.
1390:
1371:
1369:, p. 196.
1359:
1347:
1345:, p. 195.
1332:
1330:, p. 143.
1317:
1313:Hailstone 2019
1305:
1303:, p. 227.
1290:
1278:
1263:
1247:
1235:
1206:
1189:
1187:, p. 116.
1174:
1172:. pp. 175–176.
1161:
1140:
1133:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1094:David Donachie
1054:Silver Leopard
1046:Count Bohemund
1011:Gesta Tancredi
992:The anonymous
974:
971:
803:Kilij Arslan I
797:) until 1103.
758:
755:
576:He gathered a
552:
549:
531:
528:
467:
464:
380:
379:Byzantine wars
377:
283:
280:
278:
275:
231:
230:
228:Roman Catholic
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
195:
189:
188:
183:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
160:
158:
154:
153:
145:
141:
140:
122:
118:
117:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2804:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2762:Italo-Normans
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2523:
2522:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2435:0-521-06162-8
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2413:0-521-06161-X
2409:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2358:0-521-42894-7
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2240:. Routledge.
2239:
2234:
2230:
2228:0-299-04844-6
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2113:9780304362738
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2076:Albert of Aix
2072:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2017:, p. 86.
2016:
2015:MacEvitt 2010
2011:
2008:
2005:, p. 83.
2004:
1999:
1996:
1993:, p. 18.
1992:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1964:, p. 64.
1963:
1958:
1955:
1952:, p. 27.
1951:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1863:public domain
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1792:, p. 13.
1791:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1768:, p. 96.
1767:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1647:
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1639:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1476:, p. 58.
1475:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1388:, p. 57.
1387:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1204:, p. 97.
1203:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1083:Wine of Satan
1079:
1077:
1076:Russell Hoban
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:Alfred Duggan
1047:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:Ralph of Caen
1013:
1012:
1007:
1003:
1002:
997:
996:
988:
984:
979:
972:
970:
968:
964:
959:
957:
953:
952:
947:
942:
940:
936:
929:
924:
922:
918:
911:
906:
902:
900:
894:
892:
888:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
847:
845:
841:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
814:the Armenian
813:
808:
804:
798:
796:
792:
788:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
756:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
724:
723:Louis Gallait
719:
715:
713:
709:
704:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
680:
676:
671:
667:
665:
661:
660:Genoese fleet
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
635:
633:
626:
624:
623:
618:
613:
611:
610:First Crusade
606:
604:
594:
590:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
567:
562:
558:
551:First Crusade
550:
548:
546:
541:
537:
529:
524:
523:de Hauteville
519:
515:
513:
509:
505:
504:Pope Urban II
500:
498:
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477:
473:
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263:First Crusade
260:
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99:
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91:
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84:
80:
77:
74:
70:
67:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2732:1050s births
2681:Bohemond VII
2625:Bohemond III
2599:
2538:
2519:
2514:
2504:
2487:
2466:
2453:
2444:
2425:
2402:
2389:
2370:
2348:
2326:
2307:
2288:
2279:
2258:
2237:
2218:
2209:
2205:
2186:
2176:
2156:
2133:
2104:
2099:
2087:
2071:
2059:
2051:
2046:
2034:
2022:
2010:
1998:
1986:
1978:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1929:
1917:
1905:
1879:
1816:
1809:
1797:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1696:
1684:
1677:Norwich 1992
1672:
1660:
1653:Norwich 1992
1638:Norwich 1992
1633:
1621:
1597:Norwich 1992
1592:
1585:Norwich 1992
1580:
1568:
1561:Norwich 1992
1556:
1549:Norwich 1992
1544:
1537:Norwich 1992
1522:Norwich 1992
1486:Norwich 1992
1481:
1457:Norwich 1992
1437:
1425:
1418:Norwich 1992
1403:Norwich 1992
1367:Norwich 1992
1362:
1355:Norwich 1992
1350:
1343:Norwich 1992
1308:
1301:Norwich 1992
1286:Norwich 1992
1281:
1274:Norwich 1992
1250:
1243:Norwich 1992
1238:
1226:. Retrieved
1221:
1185:Norwich 1992
1169:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1143:
1123:
1116:
1100:
1098:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1071:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:(1894), and
1023:
1019:
1009:
1006:Anna Comnena
999:
993:
991:
960:
949:
943:
931:
926:
914:
896:
884:
848:
820:
799:
783:
760:
728:
705:
698:
683:
679:Gustave Doré
637:
628:
620:
617:Anna Comnena
614:
607:
599:
586:Adriatic Sea
575:
554:
536:Anna Komnene
533:
501:
469:
460:
424:
382:
358:
338:multilingual
308:
285:
250:
246:
235:
234:
2737:1111 deaths
2691:Philippe II
2676:Bohemond VI
2669:(1268–1457)
2645:Bohemond VI
2630:Bohemond IV
2605:Bohemond II
2593:(1098–1268)
2531:Bohemond II
2003:Morton 2020
1991:Newman 2014
1034:(1901) and
969:, in 1111.
879:Abbot Suger
578:Norman army
427:Via Egnatia
369:Roger Borsa
243: 1054
111:Bohemond II
97:Predecessor
66:Bohemond II
2726:Categories
2640:Bohemond V
2600:Bohemond I
2544:1098–1111
2525:1088–1111
1962:Lilie 1993
1936:, p.
1934:Lilie 1993
1790:Lilie 1993
1720:, p.
1718:Lilie 1993
1689:Brown 2003
1665:Brown 2003
1614:Brown 2003
1573:Brown 2003
1503:Brown 2003
1474:Nicol 1992
1442:Nicol 1992
1430:Brown 2003
1386:Nicol 1992
1328:Brown 2003
1255:Conti 1967
1202:Brown 2003
1109:References
1092:series by
1072:Pilgermann
887:Lord Louis
816:Kogh Vasil
765:chieftain
632:Polycletus
545:Polyklitos
472:Cephalonia
429:as far as
361:Sikelgaita
319:Sikelgaita
277:Early life
253:, was the
198:Hauteville
33:Bohemond I
2610:Constance
2515:New title
2424:(1989b).
2400:(1989a).
1870:(1911). "
935:Venetians
871:Constance
855:Euphrates
743:Patriarch
735:Christmas
675:engraving
538:, in her
497:Gallipoli
447:Macedonia
315:canon law
164:Mausoleum
107:Successor
92:1088–1111
62:Successor
57:1098–1111
2787:Sebastoi
2711:John III
2696:Margaret
2464:(2006).
2369:(1992).
2347:(1992).
2212:: 11–30.
2155:(2012).
2131:(2000).
1872:Bohemund
1149:Bohemund
1090:Crusades
1078:(1983).
951:sebastos
875:Philip I
831:Massissa
779:Melitene
775:Sebastea
763:Armenian
747:Lorraine
690:Kerbogha
652:stopping
493:Brindisi
451:Thessaly
439:Ioannina
431:Kastoria
401:Butrinto
304:Calabria
224:Religion
134:Calabria
2706:John II
2620:Raynald
2615:Raymond
2507:. Rome.
2121:Sources
1878:(ed.).
1865::
1701:Alexiad
1001:Alexiad
956:Tancred
853:on the
840:Tripoli
835:Cilicia
731:Latakia
694:Tetigus
644:Cilicia
622:Alexiad
582:Tancred
540:Alexiad
525:dynasty
489:Otranto
455:Larissa
441:and at
435:Balkans
407:). The
346:Romance
327:Lombard
267:Normans
2701:John I
2474:
2432:
2410:
2377:
2355:
2333:
2314:
2295:
2267:
2244:
2225:
2193:
2163:
2141:
2111:
2054:, 626
1874:". In
1859:
1824:
1224:. 2016
1131:
967:Apulia
963:Canosa
844:Harran
823:Tarsus
807:Seljuk
805:, the
795:Niksar
725:, 1840
686:Firouz
557:Amalfi
405:Durrës
342:Norman
325:, the
323:Gisulf
313:under
214:Mother
204:Father
170:Spouse
157:Burial
72:Regent
2686:Lucia
1228:5 May
857:(see
851:Raqqa
827:Adana
751:Syria
561:Italy
512:Melfi
397:Corfu
393:Vlorë
354:Greek
193:House
181:Issue
89:Reign
54:Reign
2472:ISBN
2430:ISBN
2408:ISBN
2375:ISBN
2353:ISBN
2331:ISBN
2312:ISBN
2293:ISBN
2265:ISBN
2242:ISBN
2223:ISBN
2191:ISBN
2161:ISBN
2139:ISBN
2109:ISBN
2080:Bari
1940:–42.
1822:ISBN
1230:2016
1129:ISBN
1088:The
829:and
785:the
487:and
485:Oria
449:and
443:Arta
365:Bari
144:Died
127:1054
121:Born
1099:In
1074:by
1066:by
1056:by
1048:by
1030:'s
1014:by
1004:of
965:in
833:in
773:of
741:as
677:by
603:Guy
302:in
249:or
2728::
2210:35
2208:.
1938:39
1890:^
1836:^
1744:^
1729:^
1708:^
1645:^
1604:^
1529:^
1510:^
1493:^
1464:^
1449:^
1410:^
1393:^
1374:^
1335:^
1320:^
1293:^
1266:^
1259:24
1257:,
1220:.
1209:^
1192:^
1177:^
1157:4.
1155:.
1042:.
958:.
901:.
881::
846:.
825:,
714:.
514:.
478:,
422:.
387:,
356:.
306:.
290:,
240:c.
136:,
132:,
125:c.
2573:e
2566:t
2559:v
2480:.
2438:.
2416:.
2383:.
2361:.
2339:.
2320:.
2301:.
2273:.
2250:.
2231:.
2199:.
2169:.
2147:.
1830:.
1724:.
1722:5
1261:.
1232:.
1137:.
348:"
238:(
20:)
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