Bookbinding - Knowledge (XXG)

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styles varied considerably, and there was no standard of uniformity. Early and medieval codices were bound with flat spines, and it was not until the fifteenth century that books began to have the rounded spines associated with hardcovers today. Because the vellum of early books would react to humidity by swelling, causing the book to take on a characteristic wedge shape, the wooden covers of medieval books were often secured with straps or clasps. These straps, along with metal bosses on the book's covers to keep it raised off the surface that it rests on, are collectively known as furniture.

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slightly bigger to accommodate slightly thicker, stronger wire. Once punched, the back cover is then placed on to the front cover ready for the wire binding elements (double loop wire) to be inserted. The wire is then placed through the holes. The next step involves the binder holding the book by its pages and inserting the wire into a "closer" which is basically a vise that crimps the wire closed and into its round shape. The back page can then be turned back to its correct position, thus hiding the spine of the book.

749: 1653:, the spine text, when the book is standing upright, runs from the top to the bottom. This means that when the book is lying flat with the front cover upwards, the title is oriented left-to-right on the spine. This practice is reflected in the industry standards ANSI/NISO Z39.41 and ISO 6357, but "lack of agreement in the matter persisted among English-speaking countries as late as the middle of the twentieth century, when books bound in Britain still tended to have their titles read up the spine". 1267: 48: 187: 846:, where the signatures of the book start off as loose pages which are then clamped together. Small vertical holes are punched through the far left-hand edge of each signature, and then the signatures are sewn together with lockstitches to form the text block. Oversewing is a very strong method of binding and can be done on books up to five inches thick. However, the margins of oversewn books are reduced, and the pages will not lie flat when opened. 1127: 369: 424: 464: 1198: 284:, a few are multi-quire. Codices were a significant improvement over papyrus or vellum scrolls in that they were easier to handle. However, despite allowing writing on both sides of the leaves, they were still foliated—numbered on the leaves, like the Indian books. The idea spread quickly through the early churches, and the word "Bible" comes from the town where the Byzantine monks established their first 521: 3443: 178:

This is partially overcome in the second method, which is to wrap the scroll around two cores, as in a Torah. With a double scroll, the text can be accessed from both beginning and end, and the portions of the scroll not being read can remain wound. This still leaves the scroll a sequential-access medium: to reach a given page, one generally has to unroll and re-roll many other pages.

307: 1135: 40: 1051: 1685: 1123:, or taken apart, in order to be given a new binding. Once the text block of the book has been pulled, it can be rebound in almost any structure; a modern suspense novel, for instance, could be rebound to look like a 16th-century manuscript. Bookbinders may bind several copies of the same text, giving each copy a unique appearance. 1251:, or some combination of the three. Many people choose to rebind books, from amateurs who restore old paperbacks on internet instructions to many professional book and paper conservators and restorationists, who often in the United States are members of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (AIC). 442:, and often small metal pieces of furniture. Medieval stamps showed animals and figures as well as the vegetal and geometric designs that would later dominate book cover decoration. Until the end of the period books were not usually stood up on shelves in the modern way. The most functional books were bound in plain white 980:), and when the glue cools, it adheres the paper to the spine. Thermal glue strips can also be purchased separately for individuals that wish to use customized or original covers. However, creating documents using thermal binding glue strips can be a tedious process, requiring a scoring device and a large-format printer. 602:

rounding and backing the spines of books to create a solid, smooth surface and "shoulders" supporting the textblock against its covers facilitated the upright storage of books and titling on spine. This became common practice by the close of the 16th century but was consistently practiced in Rome as early as the 1520s.

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through another plastic strip called the receiving strip. The excess portion of the pins is cut off and the plastic heat-sealed to create a relatively flat bind method. VeloBind provides a more permanent bind than comb-binding but is primarily used for business and legal presentations and small publications.

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In languages with Chinese-influenced writing systems, the title is written top-to-bottom, as is the language in general. In languages written from left to right, the spine text can be pillar (one letter per line), transverse (text line perpendicular to long edge of spine) and along spine. Conventions

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papers may be used for the sides or end-sheets. Finally, the cover is hand-tooled in gold leaf. The design of the book cover involves such hand-tooling, where an extremely thin layer of gold is applied to the cover. Such designs can be lettering, symbols, or floral designs, depending on the nature of

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Books requiring restoration or conservation treatment run the gamut from the very earliest of texts to books with modern bindings that have undergone heavy usage. For each book, a course of treatment must be chosen that takes into account the book's value, whether it comes from the binding, the text,

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bindings. Also, when creating a new work, modern binders may wish to select a book that has already been printed and create what is known as a 'design binding'. "In a typical design binding, the binder selects an already printed book, disassembles it, and rebinds it in a style of fine binding—rounded

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Though almost any existing book can be repaired to some extent, only books that were originally sewn can be rebound by resewing. Repairs or restorations are often done to emulate the style of the original binding. For new works, some publishers print unbound manuscripts which a binder can collate and

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Scrolls can be rolled in one of two ways. The first method is to wrap the scroll around a single core, similar to a modern roll of paper towels. While simple to construct, a single core scroll has a major disadvantage: in order to read text at the end of the scroll, the entire scroll must be unwound.

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sheets with one's hands and tools, or in modern publishing, by a series of automated processes. Firstly, one binds the sheets of papers along an edge with a thick needle and strong thread. One can also use loose-leaf rings, binding posts, twin-loop spine coils, plastic spiral coils, and plastic spine

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In most cases, questions related to book-binding did not figure into the discussions between authors and publishers about the formal aspects of editions of their works, because individual purchasers generally made separate arrangements with either the publisher or a bookbinder to have printed sheets

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Sometimes the restoration of the cover is a matter of surgically strengthening the original cover by lifting the original materials and applying new materials for strength. This is perhaps a more common method for covers made with book-cloth although leather books can be approached this way as well.

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uses a 9/16" pitch rectangular hole pattern punched near the bound edge. A curled plastic "comb" is fed through the slits to hold the sheets together. Comb binding allows a book to be disassembled and reassembled by hand without damage. Comb supplies are typically available in a wide range of colors

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in order to create a book. For instances, these design and cut pages, assemble pages into paper sheets, et cetera. The trade of bookbinding is both a craft done out of creativity and passion and a process happening in a factory. But each type of bookbinding always resolves three problems in making a

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In languages written from left to right, such as English, books are bound on the left side of the cover; looking from on top, the pages increase counterclockwise. In right-to-left languages, books are bound on the right. In both cases, this is so the end of a page coincides with where it is turned.

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Many times, books that need to be restored are hundreds of years old, and the handling of the pages and binding has to be undertaken with great care and a delicate hand. The archival process of restoration and conservation can extend a book's life for many decades and is necessary to preserve books

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uses a one-piece cover with glue applied to its spine to quickly and easily bind documents without the need for punching. Individuals usually purchase "thermal covers" or "therm-a-bind covers", which are usually made to fit a standard-size sheet of paper and come with a glue channel down the spine.

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This type of binding uses either a 3:1 pitch hole pattern with three holes per inch or a 2:1 pitch hole pattern with two holes per inch. The three to one hole pattern is used for smaller books that are up to 9/16" in diameter while the 2:1 pattern is normally used for thicker books as the holes are

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under the tooling and stamps were imported from the Islamic world in the 15th century, and thereafter the gold-tooled leather binding has remained the conventional choice for high quality bindings for collectors, though cheaper bindings that only used gold for the title on the spine, or not at all,

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The next step is the restoration of the book cover. This can be as complicated as completely re-creating a period binding to match the original using whatever is appropriate for that time it was originally created. Sometimes this means a new full leather binding with vegetable tanned leather, dyed

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comes from taking care of the institution's archive of books. The goal of restoration is to return the book to a previous state as envisioned by the restorer, often imagined as the original state of the book. The methods of restoration have been developed by bookbinders with private clients mostly

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Hand bookbinders create new bindings that run the gamut from historical book structures made with traditional materials to modern structures made with 21st-century materials, and from basic cloth-case bindings to valuable full-leather fine bindings. Repairs to existing books also encompass a broad

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is one example of this type. Perfect bound books usually consist of various sections with a cover made from heavier paper, glued together at the spine with a strong glue. The sections are milled in the back and notches are applied into the spine to allow hot glue to penetrate into the spine of the

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together at the spine to form a text block. In contrast to oversewing, through-the-fold books have wide margins and can open completely flat. Pages cannot fall out unless they are ripped. Many varieties of sewing stitches exist, from basic links to the often-used Kettle Stitch. While Western books

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are considered more ephemeral than books, and less durable means of binding them are usual. In general, the cover papers of magazines will be the same as the inner pages (self-cover) or only slightly heavier (plus cover). Most magazines are stapled or saddle-stitched; however, some are bound with

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is the most economical form of mechanical binding when using plastic or metal. It is commonly used for atlases and other publications where it is necessary or desirable for the publication to be opened back onto itself without breaking or damaging the spine. A number of different varieties exist,

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is used to permanently rivet pages together using a plastic strip on the front and back of the document. Sheets for the document are punched with a line of holes near the bound edge. A series of pins attached to a plastic strip called a Comb feeds through the holes to the other side and then goes

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Until the mid-20th century, covers of mass-produced books were laid with bookcloth, but from that period onward, most publishers adopted clothette, a kind of textured paper which vaguely resembles cloth but is easily differentiated on close inspection. Most cloth-bound books are now half-and-half

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is generally credited with having introduced cotton-based book cloth to wholesale bookbinding, which was of great importance to the economy and global expansion of book sales in the 19th century. The new material was much longer lasting than paper "boards" and significantly cheaper than the more

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beginning in the mid-15th century, bookbinding began to standardize somewhat, but page sizes still varied considerably.. Paper leaves also meant that heavy wooden boards and metal furniture were no longer necessary to keep books closed, allowing for much lighter pasteboard covers. The practice of

264:. According to T. C. Skeat, "in at least three cases and probably in all, in the form of codices" and he theorized that this form of notebook was invented in Rome and then "must have spread rapidly to the Near East". In his discussion of one of the earliest pagan parchment codices to survive from 1219:

Conservation and restoration are practices intended to repair damage to an existing book. While they share methods, their goals differ. The goal of conservation is to slow the book's decay and restore it to a usable state while altering its physical properties as little as possible. Conservation

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refers to a binding method that utilises thermal adhesive tape applied to the base of a document. A tape binding machine, such as the PLANAX COPY Binder or Powis Parker Fastback system, is then typically used to complete the binding process and to activate the thermal adhesive on the glue strip.

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Western books from the fifth century onwards were bound between hard covers, with pages made from parchment folded and sewn onto strong cords or ligaments that were attached to wooden boards and covered with leather. Since early books were exclusively handwritten on handmade materials, sizes and

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Double-fan adhesive binding starts off with a stack of loose pages, which is run over a roller, "fanning" the pages, to apply a thin layer of glue to each page edge. Then the pages are perfectly aligned to form a text block, and the glued edges of the text block are attached to a piece of cloth

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In China (only areas using Traditional Chinese), Japan, and Taiwan, literary books are written top-to-bottom, right-to-left, and thus are bound on the right, while textbooks are written left-to-right, top-to-bottom, and thus are bound on the left. In mainland China the direction of writing and

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is a type of binding that is used for books that will be viewed or read in an office or home type environment. The binding involves the use of a C-shaped wire spine that is squeezed into a round shape using a wire closing device. Double wire binding allows books to have smooth crossover and is

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The spine of the book is an important aspect in book design, especially in cover design. When the books are stacked up or stored in a shelf, what is on the spine is the only visible information about the book. In a bookstore, the details on the spine are what initially attract attention.

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Some books that appeared in the mid-20th century signature-bound appear in reprinted editions in glued-together editions. Copies of such books stitched together in their original format are often difficult to find and are much sought after for both aesthetic and practical reasons.

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Typically, the first step in saving and preserving a book is its deconstruction. The text pages need to be separated from the covers and, if necessary, the stitching removed. This is done as delicately as possible. All page restoration is done at this point, be it the removal of

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the spine text, when the book is standing upright, runs from the bottom up, so the title can be read by tilting the head to the left. This allows the reader to read spines of books shelved in alphabetical order in accordance to the usual way: left-to-right and top-to-bottom.

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The sections are then hand-sewn in the style of its period, back into book form, or the original sewing is strengthened with new lining on the text-spine. New hinges must be accounted for in either case both with text-spine lining and some sort of end-sheet restoration.

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In either case, one of the modern standards for conservation and restoration is "reversibility". That is, any repair should be done in such a way that it can be undone if and when a better technique is developed in the future. Bookbinders echo the physician's creed,

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In the German book-distribution system of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the end-user buyers of books "generally made separate arrangements with either the publisher or a bookbinder to have printed sheets bound according to their wishes and their budget".

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Bookbinding is a skilled trade that requires measuring, cutting, and gluing. A finished book requires many steps to complete. This is usually determined by the materials needed and the layout of the book. Bookbinding combines skills from the trades of

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Spiral coil binding uses a number of different hole patterns for binding documents. The most common hole pattern used is 4:1 pitch (4 holes per inch). However, spiral coil spines are also available for use with 3:1 pitch, 5:1 pitch and 0.400-hole

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relief panels or enamel elements. Very few of these have survived intact, as they have been broken up for their precious materials, but a fair number of the ivory panels have survived, as they were hard to recycle; the divided panels from the

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are more sturdily made, with traditional gatherings or sections of bifolios, usually larger, and more expensive. The difference between the two can usually easily be seen by looking for the sections in the top or bottom sides of the

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in Egypt, Eric Turner seems to challenge Skeat's notion when stating "its mere existence is evidence that this book form had a prehistory" and that "early experiments with this book form may well have taken place outside of Egypt".

298:, "to fasten"—appeared when the text of the individual testaments of the Bible were combined and text had to be searched through more quickly. This book format became the preferred way of preserving manuscript or printed material. 155:

The book was not needed in ancient times, as many early Greek texts—scrolls—were 30 pages long, which were customarily folded accordion-fashion to fit into the hand. Roman works were often longer, running to hundreds of pages. The

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were always more common. Although the arrival of the printed book vastly increased the number of books produced in Europe, it did not in itself change the various styles of binding used, except that vellum became much less used.

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certification, though no such certification exists in the United States. MFA programs that specialize in the 'Book Arts' (hand papermaking, printmaking and bookbinding) are available through certain colleges and universities.

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affordable in many colors. This binding is great for annual reports, owners' manuals and software manuals. Wire bound books are made of individual sheets, each punched with a line of round or square holes on the binding edge.

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Modern bookbinding by hand can be seen as two closely allied fields: the creation of new bindings, and the repair of existing bindings. Bookbinders are often active in both fields. Bookbinders can learn the craft through

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and diameters. The supplies themselves can be re-used or recycled. In the United States, comb binding is often referred to as 19-ring binding because it uses a total of 19 holes along the 11-inch side of a sheet of paper.

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combs, but they last for a shorter time. Next, one encloses the bound stack of paper in a cover. Finally, one places an attractive cover onto the boards, and features the publisher's information and artistic decorations.

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When creating new work, modern hand binders often work on commission, creating bindings for specific books or collections. Books can be bound in many different materials. Some of the more common materials for covers are

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reminds us, most newly published books were sold with customised or temporary bindings. There are various commercial techniques in use today. Today, most commercially produced books belong to one of four categories:

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lining to form the spine. Double-fan adhesive bound books can open completely flat and have a wide margin. However, certain types of paper do not hold adhesive well, and, with wear and tear, the pages can come loose.

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Sewing through the fold (also called Smyth Sewing), where the signatures of the book are folded and stitched through the fold, has been called the "gold standard" for binding. The signatures are then sewn and

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formats were often hinged together along one edge, analogous to the spine of modern books, as well as a folding concertina format. Such a set of simple wooden boards sewn together was called by the Romans a

3423:– A rich set of tools, ranging in age from 60 years old to 100 years old, used by the first independent craft binder to set up shop in Vancouver, British Columbia, from the UBC Library Digital Collections 1146:, a flat, tapered, polished piece of bone used to crease paper and apply pressure. Additional tools common to hand bookbinding include a variety of knives and hammers, as well as brass tools used during 2217: 1569:, the pages are aligned, cut, and glued with a strong and flexible layer that holds the book together. In a paperback book, the visible portion of the spine is part of the flexible layer. 855:

are generally sewn through punched holes or sawed notches along the fold, some Asian bindings, such as the Retchoso or Butterfly Stitch of Japan, use small slits instead of punched holes.

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publications. Though many publishers have started to provide "library binding" editions, many libraries elect to purchase paperbacks and have them rebound in hard covers for longer life.

840:". The textblock is then attached to the cover or "case" which is made of cardboard covered with paper, cloth, vinyl or leather. This is also known as cloth binding, or edition binding. 1565:

Regardless of whether a book is bound with a hardcover or bound with a paperback cover, the binding of the signatures determines the durability of the book-as-artefact. In the case of

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book: (i) how to bind the paper sheets into a book block; (ii) how to cover and protect the bound pages; and (iii) how to label and decorate the book covers that protect the pages.

1170:). Those bindings that are made with exceptionally high craftsmanship, and that are made of particularly high-quality materials (especially full leather bindings), are known as 1619:

on their spines; rather they were shelved flat with their spines inward, and titles written with ink along their fore edges. Modern books display their titles on their spines.

627:, a prominent centre of the German book-trade, in 1739 had 20 bookshops, 15 printing establishments, 22 book-binders and three type-foundries in a population of 28,000 people. 4146: 2187: 1106:; by attending specialized trade schools; by taking classes in the course of university studies, or by a combination of those methods. Some European countries offer a 641:, enabling missionaries to take portable books with them around the world, and modern wood glues enabled the addition of paperback covers to simple glue bindings. 174:

scrolls, editions of first five books of the Old Testament, known as the Israelite (or Hebrew) Bible, were—and still are—also held in special holders when read.

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However, some users also refer to tape binding as the process of adding a colored tape to the edge of a mechanically fastened (stapled or stitched) document.

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is a publication that resembles a hardbound book, despite being a paperback with a hard cover. Many books sold as hardcover are actually of this type; the

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size), cheaply made with each sheet fully cut and glued at the spine; these are likely to fall apart or lose sheets after much handling or several years.

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covers with cloth covering only the spine. In that case, the cover has a paper overlap. The covers of modern hardback books are made of thick cardboard.

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elegant leather bindings. As the century progressed, fine quality mass produced covers emerged, often with bright colours and textures, introduced by

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The preparation of the "foundations" of the book could mean the difference between a beautiful work of art and a useless stack of paper and leather.

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bound together. When the book is opened in the middle of a signature, the binding threads are visible. Signatures of hardcover books are typically

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The reduced cost of books facilitated cheap lightweight Bibles, made from tissue-thin oxford paper, with floppy covers, that resembled the early

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is constructed in the same way as a hardbound book, except that it lacks the hard covers. The binding is as durable as that of a hardbound book.

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Erlin, Matt (2010). "How to Think about Luxury Editions in Late Eighteenth- & Early Nineteenth-Century Germany". In Tatlock, Lynne (ed.).

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Materials such as Japanese tissues of various weights may be used. Colors may be matched using acrylic paints or simple colored pencils.

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Modern Bookbinding: A Treatise Covering Both Letterpress and Stationery Branches of the Trade, with a Section on Finishing and Design

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Case binding is the most common type of hardcover binding for books. The pages are arranged in signatures and glued together into a "

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retain the binding on the right, which allows the art, laid out to be read right-to-left, to be published without mirror-imaging it.

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also refer to the size of the finished book, based on the sheet size that a paper maker could produce with a manual printing press:

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volume (sixteen-page signature) is typically 5 to 6 in (13 to 15 cm) by 8 to 9 in (20 to 23 cm), the size of a

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volume (eight-page signature) is typically 9 by 12 in (23 by 30 cm), about the size of a modern magazine. A sheet folded

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being wound through a number of holes punched along the spine of the book, providing a hinge with a greater degree of flexibility.

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range of techniques, from minimally invasive conservation of a historic book to the full restoration and rebinding of a text.

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Luxury medieval books for the library had leather covers decorated, often all over, with tooling (incised lines or patterns),

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dynasties (1644–1912), and finally the adoption of Western-style bookbinding in the 20th century (coupled with the European

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Eloquent witnesses: bookbindings and their history ; a volume of essays dedicated to the memory of Dr Phiroze Randeria

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series is an example. This type of document is usually bound with thermal adhesive glue using a perfect-binding machine.

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A variation of the hardcover which is more durable is the calf-binding, where the cover is either half or fully clad in

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by the year 300 AD. By the 6th century AD, the scroll and wax tablet had been completely replaced by the codex in the

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side of a leaf faces right when the leaf is held upright from the spine (usually an even-numbered page in a book).

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side of a leaf faces left when the leaf is held upright from the spine (usually an odd-numbered page in a book).

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realized that personal books would need to fit in saddle bags and thus produced books in the smaller formats of

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Islamic bookcover features a with a flap on the back cover that encloses the front when the book is closed.

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Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1: Paper and Printing

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Pugliese Carratelli, Giovanni (1950). "L'Instrumentum Scriptorium nei Monumenti Pompeiani ed Ercolanesi".

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book. The other three sides are then face trimmed, allowing the magazine or paperback book to be opened.

578:). The initial phase of this evolution, the accordion-folded palm-leaf-style book, most likely came from 260:. Martial used the term with reference to gifts of literature exchanged by Romans during the festival of 4640: 4188: 4030: 3879: 3408: 1828: 1746: 1420: 1354: 955: 775: 4178: 2319: 1532:

will have folds at the spine and at the top, which must be trimmed before the leaves can be turned. A

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volume is typically 15 in (38 cm) or more in height, the largest book of regular dimensions.

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Foot, Mirjam M. (2022)."Who Planted the Trees? Pioneers in the development of Bookbinding History."

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methods have been developed in the course of taking care of large collections of books. The term

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ABC of bookbinding: a unique glossary with over 700 illustrations for collectors and librarians

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Publishing Culture and the "Reading Nation": German Book History in the Long Nineteenth Century

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binding for all books was changed to be like left to right languages in the mid-20th century.

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and backed spine, laced-in boards, sewn headbands, decorative end sheets, leather cover etc."

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Hand bookbinders use a variety of specialized hand tools, the most emblematic of which is the

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Middleton, B.C. 1963 "A History of English Craft Bookbinding Technique" New York & London

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Klepikov, S.A. (1961). "Russian Bookbinding from the 11th to the Middle of the 17th Century.

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in Egypt. Consisting of primarily Gnostic texts in Coptic, the books were mostly written on

254: 167: 368: 5142: 5091: 4891: 4843: 4620: 4348: 4207: 3937: 3707: 3603: 3415: 3398: 2826: 2641:

Leslie, W. (2016). "Bridging the Gap: Artist's Book and Design Bindings by Karen Hanmer".

2602: 2591: 2580: 2569: 2550: 2535: 2471: 2386: 2337: 2326: 1788: 1721: 1553: 1468: 805: 539: 423: 388: 197: 91: 4571: 3431: 1298:

It is usually harder to restore leather books because of the fragility of the materials.

768:(a single sheet folded three times), though they may also be folio, quarto, or 16mo (see 2742: 2351: 832:

There are a number of methods used to bind hardcover books. Those still in use include:

5051: 4972: 4732: 4625: 4173: 3955: 3859: 3854: 3816: 3697: 3175:

Japanese Bookbinding: Instructions from a Master Craftsman / adapted by Barbara Stephan

2969: 1817: 1731: 1638: 1548: 1429: 1287: 1103: 988: 698: 653: 606: 598: 583: 571: 524: 417: 413: 334: 108: 3391: 2870: 2483:

Parisi, Paul (February 1994). "Methods of Affixing Leaves: Options and Implications".

1349:

is a single sheet of paper folded in half to make two leaves; the plural is "bifolia".

463: 5116: 5071: 4982: 4863: 4848: 4381: 4301: 3793: 3378:

Online exhibit of publishers' bookbinding, 1830–1910 from the University of Rochester

3272: 3022: 2794: 2768: 2716: 2690: 2615: 2502: 1761: 1668: 1634: 799: 765: 358: 157: 3166:

Harrop, Dorothy J. 1975. "Craft Binders at Work V: H. J. Desmond Yardley, 1905-72."

2595: 446:

over boards, and had a brief title hand-written on the spine. Techniques for fixing

5039: 4977: 4957: 4873: 4757: 4727: 4689: 4684: 4635: 4588: 4576: 4536: 4396: 4373: 4291: 4263: 4232: 4015: 3864: 1812: 1751: 912: 898: 888: 590: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 520: 338: 250: 240:

employed a unique connecting system that presages later sewing on thongs or cords.

3289:

Romme, Mirjam M. (1969). "The Henry Davis Collection I: The British Museum Gift."

4317: 3076: 3055: 3034: 3000: 2955: 2252: 170:

was a massive 200 pages long and was used in funerary services for the deceased.

5066: 5029: 5024: 4916: 4833: 4790: 4772: 4762: 4704: 4674: 4659: 4630: 4546: 4471: 4441: 4386: 4258: 4248: 4227: 4113: 4103: 4040: 3965: 3924: 3826: 3773: 3717: 3650: 3645: 3590: 3582: 1646: 1542: 1283: 1055: 708: 675: 594: 503: 499: 439: 346: 330: 285: 273: 265: 237: 1460:(also 4to. and 4º) is twice folded in half at right angles to make four leaves. 1191:

Hardbound book with half leather binding (spine and corners) and marbled boards

5101: 4810: 4785: 4752: 4664: 4556: 4551: 4498: 4488: 4476: 4461: 4446: 4431: 4401: 4352: 4075: 4056: 3995: 3869: 3849: 3834: 3748: 3702: 3618: 3595: 3442: 1861: 1851: 1846: 1248: 1242:

Rebacking saving original spine, showing one volume finished and one untouched

1143: 1073: 1029: 1021: 717: 427:

Sammelband of three alchemical treatises, bound in Strasbourg by Samuel Emmel

350: 261: 214: 134: 75: 2528: 2257:. Studies in German Literature Linguistics and Culture Series. Vol. 76. 1255:

that sometimes are limited to a small handful of remaining copies worldwide.

243:

At the turn of the first century, a kind of folded parchment notebook called

5096: 5086: 5061: 4967: 4911: 4906: 4896: 4838: 4825: 4805: 4795: 4747: 4722: 4717: 4694: 4650: 4613: 4566: 4451: 4436: 4194: 4061: 3973: 3932: 3788: 3778: 3635: 3454: 3310:

Tomlinson, W and Master, R (1996 "Bookcloth 1823-1980", Stockport, Cheshire

3277:

Binding design and paper conservation of antique books, albums and documents

1741: 1472: 1134: 1068: 965: 960: 940: 868: 821: 809: 769: 757: 447: 392: 306: 222: 142: 17: 39: 4124: 3360:

digital collection, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto

3332:

Books, Boxes and Portfolios: Binding Construction, and Design Step-by-Step

2838: 2294: 1623:

differ about the direction in which the title along the spine is rotated:

1215:

Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera

1203:

Cloth book cover with attached paper panel, mimicking half leather binding

5014: 5009: 4992: 4952: 4926: 4742: 4737: 4712: 4679: 4608: 4503: 4456: 4416: 4286: 4108: 4035: 4010: 4000: 3988: 3983: 3909: 3889: 3808: 3722: 3382: 2903: 1841: 1036: 1016: 944: 905: 851: 547: 191: 152:, referring to the beechwood on which early written works were recorded. 83: 3133:. (Originally published by Rinehart & Company, 1946 in two volumes.) 1908: 5046: 4901: 4881: 4800: 4780: 4603: 4593: 4561: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4391: 4202: 4083: 4025: 4005: 3894: 3783: 3768: 3692: 3665: 3623: 2669:. New Castle (Del.) Nottingham (GB): Oak Knoll press The Plough press. 2562: 1807: 1167: 1155: 977: 813: 795: 624: 507: 342: 322: 292:, in modern Lebanon. The idea of numbering each side of the page—Latin 277: 257: 218: 138: 2463:

Joshua P. Hochschild, Publishers' Bind, First Things (November 2020),

1937:

Pompeiana: raccolta di studi per il secondo centenario degli di Pompei

1684: 1540:

might require trimming of the other two edges. Moreover, books with a

5034: 4858: 4483: 4466: 3712: 2898: 1835: 1464: 1453: 1260: 635: 617: 611: 443: 354: 326: 289: 161: 130: 90:

and binding deals with books planned to be read. This comprises: the

79: 2505:. Stanford University Libraries and Academic Information Resources. 1514:(also 16mo. and 16º) is folded in half four times to make 16 leaves. 1050: 976:

The paper is placed in the cover, heated in a machine (resembling a

932:

Some of the different types of thermally activated binding include:

704:

Traditional Chinese and Korean bookbinding and Japanese stab binding

86:, manifold books, day books, diaries, and portfolios. The second is 1238: 4583: 4528: 4426: 3409:

University of Iowa Libraries Bookbinding Models Digital Collection

3372: 2136: 2134: 1683: 1600: 1585: 1528:

separates the leaves of the bound book into pages. A sheet folded

1479:(also 8vo. and 8º) is folded in half three times to make 8 leaves. 1411: 1336: 1327: 1265: 1237: 1163: 1159: 1133: 1125: 1049: 1028:, joins a set of nested folios into a single magazine issue; most 917: 862: 772:). Unusually large and heavy books are sometimes bound with wire. 747: 638: 579: 519: 422: 400: 372:

Decorative binding with figurehead of the 12th century manuscript

367: 318: 305: 227: 185: 171: 104: 67: 63: 46: 38: 3546: 3140:. London: The Bibliographical Society, The British Library, 2004. 5004: 4962: 4815: 4421: 4406: 3727: 2428:. New York & London: Hafner Publishing Company. p. 346. 495: 59: 4321: 4128: 3739: 3555: 1322:, thus "folio 5r" means "On the recto of the leaf numbered 5": 752:

Book conservators at the State Library of New South Wales, 1943

3551: 3403: 2573: 1981:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 38. 1482:

A sextodecimo volume (thirty-two-page signature) is typically

916:

though all are produced through the basic principle of a wire

458: 3432:

UNCG Digital Collections: American Publishers' Trade Bindings

3258:

Pearson, David. 2020. "Bookbinding History and Sacred Cows."

1270:

Example of blind tooling a book binding with exquisite detail

3373:

Several free books on Bookbinding, Gilding, Box construction

802:. This is also called full-bound or, simply, leather bound. 2465:

https://www.firstthings.com/article/2020/11/publishers-bind

3427:

Dutch art nouveau and art deco bookbindings on Anno1900.nl

2443:. Stockport, Cheshire: Dorothy Tomlinson. pp. 1–143. 412:

were given a new gold relief cover in about 1500, and the

249:

in Latin, became commonly used for writing throughout the

3357:

Great and Manifold: A Celebration of the Bible in English

74:

The trade of binding books is in two parts: the first is

2389:" at My Handbound Books – Bookbinding Blog, 19 June 2011 107:, textile and leather-working crafts, model making, and 94:

fine binding, edition binding and publisher's bindings.

3404:

Publishers Bindings Online, 1815–1930: The Art of Books

2543: 2403:. Stockport, Cheshire: Dorothy Tomlinson. p. vii. 1546:(uncut) are untrimmed and usually are special interest 1415:

is a series of quires sewn and bound through the folds.

1119:

bind, but often an existing commercially bound book is

554:(618–907), improved by the 'butterfly' bindings of the 475: 420:, New York) have their original cover from around 800. 341:

during the 1st century AD. First described by the poet

3436: 2584: 534:

replaced traditional Chinese writing supports such as

349:, it largely replaced earlier writing mediums such as 217:

were commonly used in Antiquity as a writing surface.

2503:"A Dictionary of Descriptive Terminology: self-cover" 1960: 1958: 1041:

perfect binding and use thermally activated adhesive.

434:, showing metal clasps and leather covering of boards 3320:

Waller, Ainslie C. "The Guild of Women-Binders", in

3033:

Skeat, Theodore Cressy (2004). Elliot, J. K. (ed.).

2350:

Cyril James, Humphries Davenport (23 January 2006).

2329:

library exhibition "Islamic Books and Bookbinding";

2057:. New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Press. pp. 79–117. 605:

In the early sixteenth century, the Italian printer

4935: 4872: 4824: 4771: 4703: 4527: 4372: 4279: 4241: 4160: 4049: 3964: 3923: 3825: 3807: 3747: 3589: 2820:

ANSI/NISO Z39.41-1997 Printed Information on Spines

1838: – Japanese historic precursor to modern books 1366:if unprinted) is a group of bifolia organized as a 1150:(as seen in the lead photograph for this article). 383:The earliest surviving European bookbinding is the 3021: 2869: 2769:"Etherington & Roberts. Dictionary—sexternion" 527:book board from a book published in London in 1872 3298:Non-adhesive Binding: Books Without Paste or Glue 2795:"Etherington & Roberts. Dictionary—signature" 2281:bound according to their wishes and their budget. 542:and paper scrolls. The evolution of the codex in 30:"Bookbinder" redirects here. For other uses, see 3352:Fine Printing & Binding of the English Bible 2426:A History of English Craft Bookbinding Technique 1605:Three books with different titling orientations: 145:. The modern English word "book" comes from the 3252:. (Originally published by B.T. Batsford, 1952) 3186: 2717:"Etherington & Roberts. Dictionary—section" 3465:. Vol. IV (9th ed.). pp. 41–44. 3193: 3036:The Collected Biblical Writings of T. C. Skeat 2939:. Vancouver, BC: David & Charles Limited. 2937:The Craft of Bookbinding: A Practical Handbook 2616:"Etherington & Roberts. Dictionary—folder" 649:The history of book-binding methods features: 4333: 4140: 3567: 2691:"Etherington & Roberts. Dictionary—quire" 2439:Tomlinson, William; Masters, Richard (1996). 2380:Secret Belgian Binding — not a secret anymore 2180:"A brief history of shelving, and other news" 783:, which dominated bookbinding for a century. 194:containing about ten codices depicted in the 8: 2841:Spine titles on books and other publications 2295:"Historic Cut-away Binding Structure Models" 2140: 2125: 2113: 1949: 812:binding of books intended for the rigors of 726:(or "crisscross binding"), invented in 1986. 558:(960–1279), the wrapped back binding of the 408:are among the most notable. The 8th century 399:, often studded with gems and incorporating 137:, while important documents were written on 4066: 3385:, by Cyril James Humphries Davenport, from 3207:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1978. 2542:, The London College of Communication, and 2006:. London: British Academy. pp. 15–22. 1227:interested in improving their collections. 373: 293: 244: 231: 195: 4340: 4326: 4318: 4147: 4133: 4125: 3574: 3560: 3552: 656:: a method of sewing leaves/pages together 387:of about 700, in red goatskin, now in the 3123:Bookbinding: Its Background and Technique 1404:) — six bifolia, producing twelve leaves. 889:Double wire, twin loop, or Wire-O binding 761: 562:(1271–1368), the stitched binding of the 3392:British Library Database of Bookbindings 3364:Book bindings through the ages on Flickr 3300:. Fairport, NY: Sigma Foundation, 1992. 3219:The Practical Guide to Craft Bookbinding 2999:Roberts, Colin H.; Skeat, T. C. (1987). 2238: 1894: 1864: – Japanese traditional bookbinding 272:Early intact codices were discovered at 3437:BBinding project, resources and manuals 2585:– Nova Scotia College of Art and Design 2101: 2089: 2077: 2036:, New York & Oxford, 1991, p. 473. 1882: 1875: 1388:— four bifolia, producing eight leaves; 1181: 550:in the 9th century AD, during the late 3244:. New York: Dover Publications, 1957. 3125:. New York: Dover Publications, 1980. 3109:Bookbinding: A Guide to the Literature 2596:University of the Arts in Philadelphia 1382:— three bifolia, producing six leaves; 498:paper had existed in China during the 2960:. H.M. Stationery Office – via 2660: 2658: 2656: 2190:from the original on 13 February 2017 2178:Piepenbring, Dan (12 November 2015). 1964: 1633:In texts published or printed in the 1394:— five bifolia, producing ten leaves; 1376:— two bifolia, producing four leaves; 1032:are well-known examples of this type. 7: 3500:Bookbinding: Its Processes and Ideal 3078:Geschichte des deutschen Buchhandels 2749:from the original on 3 February 2009 2622:from the original on 9 November 2011 2002:Roberts, Colin H; Skeat, TC (1983). 593:manufacturing in Europe in the late 589:With the arrival (from the East) of 584:Buddhist missionaries and scriptures 576:traditional Chinese printing methods 321:-style book, using sheets of either 3421:Dorothy Burnett's bookbinding tools 3221:. London: Thames and Hudson, 1985. 3156:. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 2897:Drösser, Christoph (9 April 2011). 2801:from the original on 11 August 2011 2220:from the original on 9 October 2016 1823:Bookbindings in the British Library 1138:Traditionally sewn book opened flat 2849:from the original on 31 March 2022 2029:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 1832:– a book bound in human skin 1306:In U.S. publishing the terms are: 230:(pl. codices)—from the Latin word 25: 3532:"Bookbinding and Book Collecting" 3111:. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1982. 2911:from the original on 7 April 2022 2797:. US Government Printing Office. 2775:from the original on 18 July 2011 2771:. US Government Printing Office. 2723:from the original on 18 July 2011 2719:. US Government Printing Office. 2697:from the original on 18 July 2011 2693:. US Government Printing Office. 2618:. US Government Printing Office. 2509:from the original on 16 June 2012 2401:Foreword to "Bookcloth 1823-1980" 2360:from the original on 27 July 2020 2301:from the original on 27 June 2015 781:Archibald Winterbottom & Sons 166:, meaning "to cut". The Egyptian 66:format, from an ordered stack of 4922:Bronze and brass ornamental work 3738: 3513:Davenport, Cyril J. H. (1911). " 3441: 3383:English Embroidered Bookbindings 3334:. New York: Design Press, 1990. 3083:History of the German Book Trade 2745:. National Diet Library, Japan. 2353:English Embroidered Bookbindings 1196: 1184: 582:and was introduced to China via 462: 43:A traditional bookbinder at work 3267:English Blind-Stamped Bindings. 3177:. New York: Weatherhill, 1986. 2158:Boundless Books and Writingware 1979:The Typology of the Early Codex 3324:Autumn 1983, published by the 3275:, Licheva, Elitsa and others, 2544:The North Bennet Street School 2540:The Camberwell College of Arts 2424:Middleton, Bernard C. (1963). 1130:Hardbound book spine stitching 681:Calf binding ("leather-bound") 329:(before the spread of Chinese 129:culture wrote longer texts as 1: 3326:Private Libraries Association 3136:Foot, Mirjam Michaela (ed.). 3085:] (in German). C.H.Beck. 958:(pulp paperbacks) are small ( 615:(one-quarter-size pages) and 532:Bookbinding in medieval China 511: 428: 203: 58:is the process of building a 3269:Cambridge: University Press. 1424:contains the text. Although 1209:Conservation and restoration 502:period (202 BC – 9 AD), the 280:, and while many are single- 253:. This term was used by the 162: 27:Process of assembling a book 4269:List of proofreader's marks 3631:Canons of page construction 3547:American Bookbinding Museum 3469:Joseph William Zaehnsdorf, 3279:, (BBinding), Sofia, 2014. 3187: 3185:. (Originally published as 3107:Brenni, Vito J., compiler. 3075:Wittmann, Reinhard (2011). 2743:"Printing and Book Designs" 2399:Middleton, Bernard (1995). 1914:Online Etymology Dictionary 1628:Top-to-bottom (descending): 943:books. It is also used for 928:Thermally activated binding 735:For several hundred years, 213:In addition to the scroll, 32:Bookbinder (disambiguation) 5179: 3540:Metropolitan Museum of Art 3368:National Library of Sweden 3170:24 (no 2) Summer: 245-250. 3149:71 no.3 (Autumn): 417–424. 2982:Cambridge University Press 2962:Victoria and Albert Museum 1700: 1658:Bottom-to-top (ascending): 1212: 29: 4359: 3759:Anthropodermic bibliopegy 3736: 3194: 3054:Vaughan, Alex J. (1950). 2954:Harthan, John P. (1950). 2872:The Book on the Bookshelf 2665:Greenfield, Jane (2002). 2053:Greenfield, Jane (2002). 1688:Modern book spine designs 1615:Early books did not have 731:Modern commercial binding 714:Anthropodermic bibliopegy 621:(one-eighth-size pages). 410:Vienna Coronation Gospels 4099:Intentionally blank page 3397:26 February 2015 at the 3293:18 no 1 (spring): 23–44. 3265:Oldham, J. Basil, 1952. 2868:Petroski, Henry (1999). 2825:14 November 2008 at the 2643:Journal of Artists Books 2601:21 November 2007 at the 2579:12 December 2007 at the 2563:Columbia College Chicago 2470:13 November 2020 at the 2340:from the Brooklyn Museum 2141:Needham & Tsien 1985 2126:Needham & Tsien 1985 2114:Needham & Tsien 1985 1950:Roberts & Skeat 1987 1291:any particular project. 1003:Stitched or sewn binding 51:Bookbinder's type holder 5057:Painting in Hälsingland 4155:Book publishing process 3520:Encyclopædia Britannica 3505:Popular Science Monthly 3496:Cobden-Sanderson, T. J. 3462:Encyclopædia Britannica 3414:12 January 2009 at the 3237:10 4 (autumn): 408–422. 3024:Introducing Bookbinding 3020:Robinson, Ivor (1968). 3005:. OUP/British Academy. 2590:5 February 2009 at the 2297:. Book Arts Web. 2013. 2034:Oxford University Press 880:Different types of the 665:Long-stitch bookbinding 546:began with folded-leaf 536:bamboo and wooden slips 494:Although early, coarse 337:), was invented in the 4067: 3488:Arts and Crafts Essays 3479:T. J. Cobden-Sanderson 3472:The Art of Bookbinding 3154:Simplified Bookbinding 3002:The Birth of the Codex 2935:Burdett, Eric (1975). 2899:"Linksdrehende Bücher" 2534:26 August 2009 at the 2336:6 January 2017 at the 2325:6 January 2017 at the 2154:"The Book on Two Legs" 2004:The Birth of the Codex 1717:Archibald Winterbottom 1709:Guild of Women-Binders 1689: 1612: 1310:In a finished book, a 1271: 1243: 1139: 1131: 1098: 956:Mass-market paperbacks 872: 753: 724:Secret Belgian binding 716:(rare) bookbinding in 687:In-board cloth binding 528: 435: 406:Codex Aureus of Lorsch 380: 374: 314: 310:9th-century Qur'an in 294: 245: 232: 210: 196: 52: 44: 4189:intellectual property 3446:Texts on Wikisource: 3205:Manual of Bookbinding 2574:University of Alabama 2292:See some examples at 1977:Turner, Eric (1977). 1829:Destinies of the Soul 1747:Jane Bissell Grabhorn 1701:Further information: 1687: 1604: 1584:Many translations of 1269: 1241: 1137: 1129: 1053: 866: 751: 645:Forms of book binding 523: 506:Chinese court eunuch 455:Introduction of paper 426: 371: 309: 189: 50: 42: 5077:Pressed flower craft 4218:Developmental editor 4213:Commissioning editor 4185:Contract negotiation 2529:Centro del bel Libro 2385:15 July 2015 at the 2214:www.encyclopedia.com 1757:Carolyn Price Horton 1703:Category:Bookbinders 1609:(middle) descending 1586:Japanese comic books 1473:trade paperback book 1302:Terms and techniques 816:use and are largely 672:Wooden-board binding 246:pugillares membranei 88:letterpress printing 5148:Egyptian inventions 4494:Spinning (textiles) 4412:Friendship bracelet 4197:rates, format, etc. 3536:Digital Collections 3456:"Bookbinding" 3322:The Private Library 3217:Johnson, Arthur W. 3203:Johnson, Arthur W. 3188:Hon no tsukuriikata 2876:. Alfred A. Knopf. 2568:12 May 2009 at the 2549:16 May 2008 at the 2441:Bookcloth 1823-1980 2143:, pp. 227–229. 1939:. pp. 166–178. 1857:Swell (bookbinding) 1784:Gligorije Vozarević 1779:Polly Lada-Mocarski 1046:Modern hand binding 950:National Geographic 694:Embroidered binding 690:Cased cloth binding 597:and the use of the 121:Origins of the book 4179:Publisher's reader 4094:Fore-edge painting 4089:Extra-illustration 3530:Museum Libraries. 3291:The Book Collector 3234:The Book Collector 3168:The Book Collector 3146:The Book Collector 2974:Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin 2331:spread out example 2261:. pp. 25–54. 2055:ABC of Bookbinding 1690: 1665:continental Europe 1613: 1272: 1244: 1140: 1132: 1099: 939:is often used for 873: 776:Archibald Leighton 754: 684:Paper case binding 529: 474:. You can help by 436: 385:St Cuthbert Gospel 381: 315: 312:Reza Abbasi Museum 211: 182:Early book formats 160:word for book was 53: 45: 5110: 5109: 5000:Hardstone carving 4948:Balloon modelling 4462:Ribbon embroidery 4315: 4314: 4122: 4121: 4001:Addendum/Appendix 3885:Table of contents 3387:Project Gutenberg 3285:978-954-92311-8-2 3242:Basic Bookbinding 3173:Ikegami, Kojiro. 3092:978-3-406-61760-7 3067:978-0-7090-5820-5 3012:978-0-19-726061-6 2676:978-1-884718-41-0 2485:New Library Scene 2116:, pp. 38–41. 1952:, pp. 15–22. 1907:Harper, Douglas. 1794:Joseph Zaehnsdorf 1737:Douglas Cockerell 1607:(left) ascending 1561:Paperback binding 1475:. A sheet folded 1233:First, do no harm 1108:Master Bookbinder 1087:Right page, recto 1054:Scheme of common 985:cardboard article 884:binding include: 798:, usually from a 744:Hardcover binding 737:Bernard Middleton 660:Ethiopian binding 492: 491: 397:treasure bindings 376:Liber Landavensis 127:Hellenistic-Roman 16:(Redirected from 5170: 5163:Print production 5082:Qing handicrafts 4887:Chemical milling 4342: 4335: 4328: 4319: 4149: 4142: 4135: 4126: 4070: 3799:Treasure binding 3742: 3576: 3569: 3562: 3553: 3543: 3524: 3523:(11th ed.). 3509: 3466: 3458: 3445: 3296:Smith, Keith A. 3262:21 (4): 498–517. 3199: 3197: 3196: 3190: 3096: 3071: 3050: 3029: 3027: 3016: 2995: 2965: 2950: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2875: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2835: 2829: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2662: 2651: 2650: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2612: 2606: 2559: 2553: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2480: 2474: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2396: 2390: 2378:Miller, Rhonda " 2376: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2347: 2341: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2277: 2275: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2206: 2200: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2184:The Paris Review 2175: 2169: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2104:, pp. 8–11. 2099: 2093: 2087: 2081: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2050: 2044: 2024: 2018: 2017: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1974: 1968: 1962: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1904: 1898: 1892: 1886: 1880: 1775: 1509: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1200: 1188: 1090:Left page, verso 1026:saddle-stitching 966:Trade paperbacks 566:(1368–1644) and 516: 513: 487: 484: 466: 459: 433: 430: 379: 297: 248: 235: 208: 205: 201: 168:Book of the Dead 165: 21: 5178: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5138:Book publishing 5113: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5092:Straw marquetry 4931: 4868: 4844:Enamelled glass 4820: 4767: 4699: 4523: 4368: 4355: 4349:Decorative arts 4346: 4316: 4311: 4280:Book production 4275: 4237: 4223:Authors' editor 4208:Literary editor 4156: 4153: 4123: 4118: 4045: 3960: 3956:Tipped-in pages 3919: 3900:Acknowledgments 3821: 3803: 3750: 3743: 3734: 3708:Recto and verso 3594: 3585: 3580: 3529: 3512: 3508:. Vol. 46. 3498:(March 1895). " 3494: 3449: 3416:Wayback Machine 3399:Wayback Machine 3348: 3191: 3104: 3102:Further reading 3099: 3093: 3074: 3068: 3053: 3047: 3032: 3019: 3013: 2998: 2992: 2970:Needham, Joseph 2968: 2953: 2947: 2946:978-071536656-1 2934: 2930: 2925: 2924: 2914: 2912: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2884: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2827:Wayback Machine 2818: 2814: 2804: 2802: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2752: 2750: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2726: 2724: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2700: 2698: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2664: 2663: 2654: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2625: 2623: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2603:Wayback Machine 2592:Wayback Machine 2581:Wayback Machine 2570:Wayback Machine 2560: 2556: 2551:Wayback Machine 2536:Wayback Machine 2526: 2522: 2512: 2510: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2472:Wayback Machine 2462: 2458: 2451: 2438: 2437: 2433: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2411: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2387:Wayback Machine 2377: 2373: 2363: 2361: 2349: 2348: 2344: 2338:Wayback Machine 2327:Wayback Machine 2320:Yale University 2318: 2314: 2304: 2302: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2237: 2233: 2223: 2221: 2208: 2207: 2203: 2193: 2191: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2162: 2160: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2100: 2096: 2092:, pp. 8–9. 2088: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2065: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2025: 2021: 2014: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1989: 1976: 1975: 1971: 1963: 1956: 1948: 1944: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1919: 1917: 1906: 1905: 1901: 1893: 1889: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1803: 1798: 1789:Ignatz Wiemeler 1769: 1727:William Anthony 1722:Katharine Adams 1705: 1699: 1682: 1611:(right) upright 1610: 1608: 1606: 1599: 1580: 1575: 1567:perfect binding 1563: 1554:book collectors 1506: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1469:digest magazine 1304: 1217: 1211: 1204: 1201: 1192: 1189: 1097: 1096: 1048: 1005: 973:Thermal binding 937:Perfect binding 930: 921: 893: 878: 830: 806:Library binding 746: 733: 647: 514: 488: 482: 479: 472:needs expansion 457: 431: 389:British Library 304: 206: 198:Codex Amiatinus 190:Early medieval 184: 125:Writers in the 123: 118: 100: 92:library binding 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5176: 5174: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5153:Graphic design 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5115: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5020:Leatherworking 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4973:Egg decorating 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4939: 4937: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4878: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4830: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4777: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4709: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4617: 4616: 4611: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4533: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4480: 4479: 4474: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4378: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4366: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4347: 4345: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4322: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4271: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4182: 4181: 4176: 4174:Literary agent 4171: 4167: 4165: 4158: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4144: 4137: 4129: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4078: 4073: 4072: 4071: 4059: 4053: 4051: 4050:Other elements 4047: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3992: 3991: 3981: 3976: 3970: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3929: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3917: 3915:Printer's mark 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3860:Imprimi potest 3857: 3855:Edition notice 3852: 3847: 3842: 3841: 3840: 3831: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3813: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3755: 3753: 3745: 3744: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3732: 3731: 3730: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3698:Page numbering 3695: 3690: 3685: 3680: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3600: 3598: 3587: 3586: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3571: 3564: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3544: 3527: 3526: 3525: 3510: 3492: 3476: 3467: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3418: 3406: 3401: 3389: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3361: 3347: 3346:External links 3344: 3343: 3342: 3330:Zeier, Franz. 3328: 3318: 3308: 3294: 3287: 3273:Petkov, Rossen 3270: 3263: 3256: 3253: 3238: 3229: 3215: 3201: 3171: 3164: 3152:Gross, Henry. 3150: 3141: 3134: 3121:Diehl, Edith. 3119: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3097: 3091: 3072: 3066: 3051: 3045: 3030: 3017: 3011: 2996: 2990: 2966: 2951: 2945: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2889: 2882: 2860: 2830: 2812: 2786: 2760: 2734: 2708: 2682: 2675: 2652: 2633: 2607: 2554: 2520: 2494: 2491:(1): 8–11, 15. 2475: 2456: 2449: 2431: 2416: 2409: 2391: 2371: 2342: 2312: 2285: 2267: 2243: 2241:, p. 269. 2231: 2201: 2170: 2145: 2130: 2128:, p. 227. 2118: 2106: 2094: 2082: 2070: 2063: 2045: 2019: 2012: 1994: 1987: 1969: 1954: 1942: 1927: 1899: 1887: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1865: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1833: 1825: 1820: 1818:Book rebinding 1815: 1810: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1732:George A. Baer 1729: 1724: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1698: 1697:Notable people 1695: 1681: 1678: 1661: 1660: 1639:United Kingdom 1631: 1630: 1598: 1595: 1590: 1589: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1557: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1515: 1512:in sextodecimo 1480: 1461: 1450: 1433: 1430:signature mark 1428:refers to the 1416: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1395: 1389: 1383: 1377: 1350: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1332: 1303: 1300: 1213:Main article: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1183: 1104:apprenticeship 1095: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1033: 1024:, also called 1013: 1004: 1001: 1000: 999: 992: 989:Modern Library 981: 970: 929: 926: 925: 924: 913:Spiral binding 910: 903: 896: 882:punch and bind 877: 876:Punch and bind 874: 861: 860: 856: 847: 841: 829: 826: 808:refers to the 745: 742: 732: 729: 728: 727: 721: 711: 709:Girdle binding 706: 701: 699:Bradel binding 696: 691: 688: 685: 682: 679: 673: 670: 667: 662: 657: 654:Coptic binding 646: 643: 607:Aldus Manutius 599:printing press 574:that replaced 572:printing press 490: 489: 469: 467: 456: 453: 418:Morgan Library 414:Lindau Gospels 335:Imperial China 303: 300: 183: 180: 147:Proto-Germanic 122: 119: 117: 114: 109:graphic design 99: 96: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5175: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5072:Private press 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4983:Faux painting 4981: 4979: 4978:Engraved gems 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4865: 4864:Stained glass 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4849:Glass etching 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4770: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4382:Banner-making 4380: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4338: 4336: 4331: 4329: 4324: 4323: 4320: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4264:Proof-reading 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4159: 4150: 4145: 4143: 4138: 4136: 4131: 4130: 4127: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3943:Illustrations 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3839:bastard title 3838: 3837: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3794:Picture cover 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3746: 3741: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3619:Marginal note 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3565: 3563: 3558: 3557: 3554: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3468: 3464: 3463: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3444: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3340:0-8306-3483-5 3337: 3333: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3307: 3306:0-927159-04-X 3303: 3299: 3295: 3292: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3261: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3250:0-486-20169-4 3247: 3243: 3240:Lewis, A. W. 3239: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3227:0-500-27360-X 3224: 3220: 3216: 3214: 3213:0-684-15332-7 3210: 3206: 3202: 3189: 3184: 3183:0-8348-0196-5 3180: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3163: 3162:0-442-22898-8 3159: 3155: 3151: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3131:0-486-24020-7 3128: 3124: 3120: 3118: 3117:0-313-23718-2 3114: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3079: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3059: 3058: 3052: 3048: 3046:90-04-13920-6 3042: 3038: 3037: 3031: 3026: 3025: 3018: 3014: 3008: 3004: 3003: 2997: 2993: 2991:0-521-08690-6 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2958: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2900: 2893: 2890: 2885: 2883:0-375-40649-2 2879: 2874: 2873: 2864: 2861: 2848: 2844: 2842: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2816: 2813: 2800: 2796: 2790: 2787: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2748: 2744: 2738: 2735: 2722: 2718: 2712: 2709: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2678: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2637: 2634: 2621: 2617: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2527:Such as the: 2524: 2521: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2469: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2452: 2446: 2442: 2435: 2432: 2427: 2420: 2417: 2412: 2406: 2402: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2381: 2375: 2372: 2359: 2355: 2354: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2316: 2313: 2300: 2296: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2270: 2268:9781571134028 2264: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2239:Wittmann 2011 2235: 2232: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2202: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2174: 2171: 2159: 2155: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2071: 2066: 2064:1-884718-41-8 2060: 2056: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2023: 2020: 2015: 2013:0-19-726061-6 2009: 2005: 1998: 1995: 1990: 1988:0-8122-7696-5 1984: 1980: 1973: 1970: 1967:, p. 45. 1966: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1943: 1938: 1931: 1928: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1895:Robinson 1968 1891: 1888: 1885:, p. xi. 1884: 1879: 1876: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1762:Fortino Jaime 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1704: 1696: 1694: 1686: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1673:French Canada 1670: 1669:Latin America 1666: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1635:United States 1629: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1620: 1618: 1603: 1596: 1594: 1587: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1393: 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Retrieved 1912: 1902: 1897:, p. 9. 1890: 1883:Vaughan 1950 1878: 1827: 1813:Book folding 1767:Paul Kersten 1752:James Hayday 1691: 1662: 1657: 1643:Commonwealth 1632: 1627: 1621: 1614: 1591: 1566: 1564: 1549:objets d’art 1547: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1517: 1511: 1476: 1457: 1439: 1435: 1425: 1419: 1410: 1401: 1397: 1391: 1385: 1379: 1373: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1353: 1346: 1335: 1326: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1305: 1297: 1293: 1288:hand-marbled 1284:natural dyes 1280: 1276: 1273: 1257: 1253: 1245: 1229: 1221: 1218: 1175: 1171: 1152: 1141: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1107: 1100: 1035: 1025: 1020:through the 1015: 1009: 995:Tape binding 994: 984: 972: 959: 948: 936: 931: 899:Comb binding 881: 879: 831: 804: 793: 789: 785: 774: 755: 734: 648: 633: 629: 623: 616: 610: 604: 588: 560:Yuan dynasty 556:Song dynasty 552:Tang dynasty 530: 493: 480: 476:adding to it 471: 440:blind stamps 437: 382: 363: 339:Roman Empire 316: 271: 251:Roman Empire 242: 212: 176: 154: 149: 124: 105:paper making 101: 73: 55: 54: 36: 18:Book-binding 5133:Book design 5123:Bookbinding 5067:Pietra dura 5030:Micromosaic 4963:Doll making 4917:Silversmith 4834:Cameo glass 4791:Earthenware 4763:Woodturning 4675:Pop-up book 4660:Papermaking 4547:Calligraphy 4542:Bookbinding 4472:Rug hooking 4442:Needlepoint 4422:Lace-making 4387:Canvas work 4259:Typesetting 4228:Book editor 4164:preparation 4114:Thumb index 4080:Die-cutting 4041:Author page 3966:Back matter 3925:Body matter 3774:Dust jacket 3764:Bookbinding 3751:back covers 3718:Rubrication 3671:Historiated 3591:Page layout 3583:Book design 3515:Bookbinding 3483:Bookbinding 3028:. Batsford. 2274:19 February 2026:"Codex" in 1770: [ 1663:In most of 1651:Netherlands 1647:Scandinavia 1578:Orientation 1552:to and for 1543:Deckle edge 1392:quinternion 1166:(see also: 1056:book design 1030:comic books 676:Limp vellum 595:Middle Ages 504:Eastern-Han 500:Western Han 432: 1568 351:wax tablets 347:Roman Spain 333:outside of 331:papermaking 302:Development 286:scriptorium 274:Nag Hammadi 266:Oxyrhynchus 238:Herculaneum 215:wax tablets 135:wax tablets 56:Bookbinding 5117:Categories 5102:Wall decal 5025:Miniatures 4943:Assemblage 4811:Terracotta 4786:Bone china 4665:Paper toys 4631:Papercraft 4557:Cast paper 4552:Cardmaking 4499:String art 4489:Shoemaking 4477:Rug making 4447:Needlework 4402:Embroidery 4392:Crocheting 4353:handicraft 4170:Submission 4076:Book rhyme 4057:Book curse 3996:Postscript 3979:Conclusion 3875:Dedication 3870:Imprimatur 3850:Title page 3835:Half-title 3749:Front and 3703:Pull quote 3604:Annotation 3596:typography 3316:0952773600 2839:"ISO 6357 2626:23 October 2513:22 October 2450:0952773600 2410:0952773600 2364:25 January 2194:27 January 2042:0195046528 1965:Skeat 2004 1870:References 1852:Stiffening 1847:Prize book 1398:sexternion 1386:quaternion 1249:provenance 1144:bonefolder 1074:Book cover 1062:Belly band 1022:centerfold 844:Oversewing 762:signatures 718:human skin 262:Saturnalia 255:Roman poet 221:and later 207: 700 76:stationery 5158:Paper art 5128:Book arts 5097:Taxidermy 5087:Scrimshaw 5062:Pargeting 4988:Grotesque 4968:Dollhouse 4912:Goldsmith 4907:Jewellery 4897:Engraving 4854:Glassware 4839:Chip work 4806:Stoneware 4796:Porcelain 4748:Marquetry 4723:Carpentry 4718:Cabinetry 4695:Wallpaper 4621:Embossing 4614:Moneygami 4567:Decoupage 4452:Patchwork 4437:Millinery 4068:ex-librīs 4062:Bookplate 3974:Afterword 3933:Body text 3809:Endpapers 3789:Paperback 3779:Hardcover 3688:Miniature 3676:Inhabited 3656:Headpiece 3636:Catchword 3039:. 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