Bologna Process - Knowledge (XXG)

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master's program at a university, which generally require one to two years to complete. An HBO bachelor graduate may have to pass one year of pre-master's education to bridge the gap between their HBO study and (research-oriented) WO study to be admitted to a WO Master's programme, which may grant degrees such as MA, MSc and LLM. There are also HBO master's studies, and HBOs are the only institutions offering associate degrees. A masters degree is the default (legal) requirement to enter a PhD program in the Netherlands. Dispensation can be granted on an individual base, judged by a special committee. With an HBO master's degree, it is also possible to follow a professional doctorate at a university of applied sciences.

1270:. Previously a four- to six-year programme, equivalent to 300 ECTS, it is now a three-year first cycle and the only requirement for the two-year second cycle which awards a master's degree. Some Bologna courses are integrated five- or six-year programmes awarding a joint master's degree, a common practice in medicine. In engineering, despite the use of two cycles, an engineer may be licensed only after obtaining a master's degree. Master's degrees attained after five or six years of study correspond to the old undergraduate degrees known as 33: 41: 1213:(at least 60 ECTS) may be divided into first- (second cycle) and second-level master's degrees (third cycle). A first-level master's degree is accessible by a first-cycle degree and "does not allow access to PhD and to 3rd cycle programmes, since this type of course does not belong to the general requirements established at national level, but it is offered under the autonomous responsibility of each university". 1341:), bachelors are not; the Specialist degree is being discontinued. In most universities bachelor's- and master's-degree education is free of charge, although some state and private universities charge for one or both. The labour market does not yet understand BSc diplomas, but some universities made the program similar to classical education and the MS stage remains mandatory for most graduates. 564:

traditional systems. The process, which will result in bilateral agreements between countries and institutions which recognise each other's degrees, is moving from strict convergence in time spent on qualifications towards a competency-based system which will have an undergraduate and postgraduate division (with a bachelor's degree in the former and a master's and doctorate in the latter).

163: 575:(ECTS) and discussed their degree structures, qualifications, financing and management of higher education and mobility programmes. At the institutional level, the reform involved higher-education institutions, their faculties or departments, student and staff representatives and other factors. Priorities varied by country and institution. 1094:, the Bologna system applies to those who began their university education in or after September 2006. One hundred and eight majors were available for selection (compared with over 400 in 2005), of which six are exempt from the bachelor's-master's division: law, human and veterinary medicine, dentistry, pharmacy and architecture. 524:. The European Higher Education Area did not introduce a bachelor-with-honours programme, which allows graduates to receive a "BA hons." degree (used, for example, in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada) and sometimes enables graduates to begin doctoral studies without first obtaining a master's degree. 1174:

Magistrale a Ciclo Unico (Single-cycle Master's Degree) is awarded in law (Giurisprudenza), in Primary teacher education (Scienze della Formazione Primaria), in Architecture (Architettura), in Pharmacy (Farmacia) and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Chimica e Tecnologia Farmaceutiche), as well as in visual arts (

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The DESS was created in 1975 for students who completed four-year degrees. Intended as a doctorate with a more practical approach than research, it included the production of a 120-page paper which was defended to a jury of three international specialists in the field. The mini-thesis was kept in the

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In Andorra, degrees are awarded by the state in all three cycles (bachelor's, master's and doctoral). The University of Andorra has adapted its classroom studies to the European Higher Education Area in accordance with the Bologna Agreement. The degree workload is counted in European credits, with a

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differentiates between HBO (university of applied sciences) and WO (scientific education or research universities). WO and HBO have adopted the bachelor's-master's system. It generally requires three (WO) or four (HBO) years of education to obtain a bachelor's degree; graduates may then apply for a

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Strikes occurred in 2002 and 2003 and 2007 protesting LMD reform, focusing more on under-funding of French universities since May 1968 than on the Bologna Process. Although the two major student organisations object to some aspects of its application to the French system, they generally welcome the

806:

Denmark introduced the 3+2+3 system in 1971 with an education-management working group of the Society of Danish Engineers and a 1984–85 group of the Federation of Danish Industries, both headed by Hans Bruno Lund. Before the adoption of international standards, the lowest degree normally awarded at

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Polytechnic degrees are considered bachelor's degrees in international use. In domestic use, bachelors transferring from polytechnics to universities may be required to amass a maximum of 60 ECTS credits of additional studies before beginning master's-level studies. In conjunction with the Bologna

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The Laurea corresponds to a bachelor's degree; the Laurea Magistrale, corresponding to a master's degree, grants access to third-cycle programmes (post-MA degrees, doctorates or specialized schools) lasting two to five years (completing a PhD usually takes three years). A five-year degree, Laurea

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After accession to the Bologna process happened in 2003, in October 2007, Russia moved to two-tier education in line with the Bologna Process. Universities inserted a BSc diploma in the middle of their standard specialist programmes, but the transition to MS qualification has not been completed.

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was equivalent to a master's degree (Kandidat/cand.mag). Although bachelor's degrees have been obtained after three years of study, most students continue the additional two years required for a master's degree. Mid-length (two-to four-year) professional degrees have been adapted as professional

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According to an online poll by the National Tertiary Education Information Centre, 65 percent of respondents thought it unnecessary to adopt the system. The new system provides less of a guarantee that students will obtain a master's degree, because many will complete their education after the

563:

Although the declaration was created without a formal affiliation with EU institutions, the European Commission (which has supported European projects such as the Tuning and TEEP projects) plays an important role in implementing the process. Most countries do not fit the framework, using their

1142:, a master's degree is always a postgraduate degree (teaching or research). The generic outcomes for Irish degrees are laid out in the 2003 National Framework of Qualifications. In 2006, Ireland was the first country to verify the compatibility of its national framework with that of the EHEA. 1305:

programmes. The process was developed to improve the education system to one based on the development of competency rather than the transmission of knowledge. Its goal was the development of a system of easily comparable degrees to simplify the comparison of qualifications across Europe. Its

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in the Swedish educational system, the 10-, 25-, 30-, 25- and 10-percent distribution of students among A, B, C, D and E will not be done. Some universities only give Fail or Pass grades (F or P) for certain courses (such as internship and thesis projects) or assignments, such as laboratory

1330:, which can be obtained after five to six years of study. Since the mid-1990s, many universities have introduced limited programmes allowing students to graduate with a bachelor's degree in four years and a master's degree in an additional one to two years while preserving the old system. 559:

The process, an intergovernmental agreement between EU and non-EU countries, does not have the status of EU legislation. Since the Bologna Declaration is not a treaty or convention, there are no legal obligations for the signatory states; participation and cooperation are voluntary.

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Israel is not a party to the European Cultural Convention of the Council of Europe, although it has observer status. Although Israel is not geographically part of Europe, it is part of the UNESCO European Region (although not a UNESCO member). Israel has also ratified the

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flexibility and transparency is intended to enable wider recognition of student qualifications, facilitating movement around a European Higher Education Area based on two main cycles (undergraduate and graduate) and providing third-cycle degrees for doctoral candidates.

2619:(translated) Many tertiary institutions such as the Moscow State University, State University of Management, and RANEPA (Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration) provide an opportunity to take a Masters Degree only on a fee-for basis. 508:. The framework adopted by the ministers at their meeting in Bergen in 2005 defines the qualifications in terms of learning outcomes, which are statements of what students know and can do on completing their degrees. In describing the cycles, the framework uses the 883:), for which the English names are Bachelor of Science (Technology) and Master of Science (Technology). A corresponding change has been made in military higher education, where the officer's degree was divided between bachelor's and master's programmes. Finnish 551:. Doctoral degrees usually require another two to four years of specialization, primarily individual research under a mentor. Degree names may vary by country. One academic year normally corresponds to 60 ECTS credits, equivalent to 1,500–1,800 hours of study. 538:

degree): There is no concrete ECTS range, since the disciplines vary in length and comprehensiveness. However, some countries have minimum credit weight requirements on doctoral degrees. Those country-level requirements typically require 120–420 ECTS of

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A bill proposing new regulations in the field of Higher Education was presented to Parliament in 2005, and the new system came into force in July 2007. The new system of degrees will have two degrees, of different lengths, in each cycle.

1178:) and music (Conservatorio di Musica). A six-year degree, Laurea Magistrale a Ciclo Unico (Single-cycle Master's Degree) is awarded in medicine (Medicina) and dentistry (Odontoiatria). The title for BA and BS undergraduate students is 624:

Enrollment in a doctoral programme generally requires a master's degree in a related field. Although the nominal duration of doctoral programmes is two or three years, the time to graduate varies considerably and is generally longer.

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In mainland Europe, five-year-plus first degrees are common. Many do not complete their studies, and many countries are introducing bachelor-level qualifications. The situation is evolving as the Bologna Process is implemented.

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Although it is not recognised by the Dutch state, Dutch universities may still grant the degree MPhil, next to granting a degree as MA or MSc next to the MPhil degree, so that the graduate may still get a recognised

1890: 1062:), second (master's degree, 120 credits) and third (doctorate, 180 credits). Human and veterinary medicine and dentistry (300–360 credits) are integrated programs with a qualification equal to a master's degree. 2764: 1134:, bachelor's degrees are commonly three to four years in duration; master's and doctoral degrees are basically similar to those in the UK. Bachelor's degrees are first-cycle qualifications. Except for the 147:(UK) signed the Sorbonne declaration in Paris in 1998, committing themselves to "harmonising the architecture of the European Higher Education system". The Bologna Process has 49 participating countries. 898:(higher than a master's degree, but less extensive than Doctor of Medicine or Dentistry degrees) is the basic degree. A six-year program of at least 360 ECTS credits leads to the Licentiate of Medicine ( 416: 496:

Northern Cyprus is not a party to the European Cultural Convention of the Council of Europe and not recognized as an independent political entity by any member of the Bologna Process except Turkey.

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is a series of ministerial meetings and agreements between European countries to ensure comparability in the standards and quality of higher-education qualifications. The process has created the

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degree with a grade above 14 (out of 20). After the changes introduced by the Bologna Process, the master's degree is conferred at the end of a programme roughly equivalent in time to many old

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requirement (including final examination and thesis defence) and can be obtained after four to six years of study. In 2000 many curricula began to be converted into bachelor's degrees (

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joined the Bologna Process in 2005 at the Bergen summit, steps towards the establishment of the European Higher Education Area were completed earlier. Since the end of the 1990s, many

934: 601:'s situation is similar to Germany's, with the lowest undergraduate degrees the Magister (FH) and Diplom (FH) (designed to take three or four years). The lowest graduate degrees are 1055:(four years) and earn a master's degree (one to two years) while preserving the old five-to-six-year scheme. During the Soviet era, the only degree was the discontinued Specialist. 1942: 1297:

degree (a four- to six-year course) was required for applicants who wished to undertake the old master's and doctoral programmes, but admission was reserved for those with a

2100: 735:). A local distinction is made between vocational and academic degrees at the baccalaureate level, and between engineering and other programs at levels below the doctoral. 2688: 1898: 1751: 572: 509: 432: 2759: 2258: 1166:, which may be obtained after three years of study. Selected students may then complete their studies with two additional years of specialization leading to the 1267: 1573:, although the legal minimal requirement is either a degree from the second cycle or four years of finished courses, where at least one year is second cycle. 1076:

Greece joined the Bologna Process in 1999. Since 2007, more-intensive steps towards the establishment of the European Higher Education Area were completed.

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Some Swedish universities have introduced the ECTS standard grading scale for all students, and others will use it only for international students. Since

490:. It was suggested that Kosovo could be associated with the process in a category appropriate to its situation, such as guest or special-observer status. 2548: 1098:

three-year bachelor's degree. Students are expected to study more unrelated subjects during the first three years, due to the smaller number of majors.

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There are several exceptions. The first degree in economics still takes four years, and the master's degree is obtained after an additional year at the

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Verification of Compatibility of Irish National Framework of Qualifications with the Framework for Qualifications of the European Higher Education Area

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Kyrgyzstan is not a party to the European Cultural Convention of the Council of Europe, although has also ratified the Lisbon Recognition Convention.

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higher education framework was basically incompatible with the process. The generic, lowest degree in all universities since the Soviet era is the

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In July 2007 a new system of credits, compatible with the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System, was introduced in which one credit (

887:, which have offered bachelor's-equivalent engineering programmes, began offering master's-degree programs in 2005. Some Master of Engineering ( 2507:"Vocational education and the binary higher education system in the Netherlands: higher education symbiosis or vocational education dichotomy?" 1011:

have been merged into a three-year Licence. The Maîtrise, DESS and DEA have been combined into a two-year master's degree, which can be work- (

1116:, bachelor's degrees are usually three years in duration; master's degrees are two years, and doctoral degrees range from three to six years. 746:. The four-plus-one-year system also applies to fine arts and music. Medical and related studies replace the bachelor's degree with six-year 1832: 1135: 1125: 2020: 1946: 965:

libraries of the university issuing the DESS, unlike a PhD dissertation (distributed by its author to every French university library).

621:) programmes, with nominal durations of six semesters (three years) and three to four semesters (18 months to two years) respectively. 1175: 2261:[Students have demanded the repeal of the LMD reform and definitive withdrawal of the bill on the autonomy of universities] 790:

In May 2008, about 5,000 students protested weak funding, imprecisely defined new rules and the poor results of the Bologna reform.

2259:"Les étudiants ont exigé l'abrogation de la réforme LMD et le retrait définitif du projet de loi sur l'autonomie des universités" 1839: 884: 1994: 1746: 1641: 941:

Students could then pursue a Maîtrise, a one-year research degree which could be followed by a one-year vocational degree (the

408: 2695: 1756: 1038: 156: 53: 2295: 1833:"Sorbonne Joint Declaration: Joint declaration on harmonisation of the architecture of the European higher education system" 584:

European equivalent of 180 credits (three years) for bachelor's degrees and 120 credits (two years) for master's degrees.

468: 57: 2232: 2123: 1920: 2126:[More than 3,000 students protested in Zagreb – Students: We are the first Bologna degeneration] (in Croatian). 1686: 1681: 1631: 1609: 1588: 1253: 1230: 1205:

The Italian system has two types of postgraduate degree (called "Master", not to be confused with the master's degree).

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was signed by education ministers from 29 European countries in 1999. The process was opened to other countries in the

2754: 184: 404: 1354: 950: 124: 2689:"Tuning Chemistry Subject Area Group and European Chemistry Thematic Network: Recommendations for the Third Cycle" 2387: 747: 1731: 985: 968:

Higher education in France is also provided by non-university institutions dedicated to specific subjects. The

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All member states of the EU are participating in the process, with the European Commission also a signatory.

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degree is still separate from a university degree, but holders may legally claim a master's degree as well.

871: 841: 651: 527:

Second cycle: typically 60–120 ECTS credits (a minimum of 60 credits per academic year), usually awarding a

2365: 1814: 2604: 1656: 1139: 326: 783:(Master of Science), an intermediate title between the new master's degree and a doctorate for local use. 1716: 1711: 1221:

Kazakhstan has been a full member of the Bologna Process and European Higher Education Area since 2010.

128: 61: 136: 2186: 2064: 1286:). Old and new master's degrees are the first graduate degree before a doctorate, and the old and new 2506: 2452: 1741: 1701: 1671: 1646: 1636: 1592: 1107: 1085: 1052: 954: 835: 801: 739: 687: 665: 634: 593: 544: 521: 2715:

Alexandra Kertz-Welzel, "Motivation zur Weiterbildung: Master- und Bachelor-Abschlüsse in den USA",

2666: 1736: 1726: 1706: 1696: 1691: 1661: 1626: 1605: 1350: 1315: 1263: 1131: 1071: 1051:(mostly private) have introduced limited educational programs allowing students to graduate with a 919: 895: 483: 472: 144: 65: 2124:"Više od 3 tisuće studenata prosvjeduje u Zagrebu – Studenti: Mi smo prva bolonjska degeneracija" 1721: 1666: 1580:) in the new system corresponds to one ECTS credit and two-thirds of a credit in the old system ( 1151: 751: 2637:[Masters has been made a fee course by 50 tertiary institutions] (in Russian). sostav.ru 1843: 981: 548: 528: 2526: 2127: 1766: 1325: 1044: 977: 705: 602: 420: 397: 356: 180: 132: 73: 2665:[The Bologna Process: Catastrophe or panacea] (in Russian). Vedomosti. Archived from 2031: 1282:

awarded by polytechnics from the 1970s to the early 2000s (roughly equivalent to an extended

928:, awarded at the end of secondary education, allows students to enter university. Before the 478:

Kosovo is not a party to the European Cultural Convention of the Council of Europe. Although

2518: 1374: 1369: 1283: 844:. In universities, degrees were divided in most fields into a three-year bachelor's degree ( 642:

ratified the Bologna Process in 2005 and is a member of the European Higher Education Area.

140: 2219: 972:(engineering diploma) is awarded to students after five years of study in state-recognized 2153: 1761: 1234: 456: 330: 131:(and European universities) in 1988. One year before the declaration, education ministers 840:

In the Finnish pre-Bologna system, higher education was divided between universities and

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was issued at a meeting of university rectors celebrating the 900th anniversary of the

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Students may not always be offered all the combinations above to obtain a degree. The

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fits the framework since its 1999 adoption of the 3+2 system. The first degree is the

505: 2748: 2656: 2347: 1059: 716:(master's degree) is achieved after two additional years of post-graduate study. The 517: 307: 2325: 2296:"ttc.org - O domínio pode estar à venda pelo seu dono! - ttc Recursos e Informações" 932:

amid the 2000s which implemented the Bologna Process, it was followed by a two-year

32: 2303: 2208:

Finnish governmental decree 423/2005 on degrees at Universities of Applied Sciences

2207: 696:, implementation of the Bologna Process began during the 2005–2006 academic year. 342: 2522: 894:

Only medicine and dentistry retain their non-standard degree structure, where the

27:

System for compatibility of higher education qualifications in the European region

670:

Belarus became a member of the European Higher Education Area at a conference in

617:; the term was replaced by "bachelor's" in most curricula by 2007) and master's ( 17: 2632: 2569: 2101:"Belarus' accession to Bologna Process approved by European education ministers" 1240: 288: 252: 1604:

Several Bologna Process seminars have been held. The first devoted to a single

720:

degree (doctorate) may be received after three more years (eight years total).

2236: 2131: 1198:). This should not be confused with PhD and post-MA graduates, whose title is 1058:

Cycles of higher education are divided into first (bachelor's degree with 240

487: 452: 393: 376: 370: 352: 244: 2530: 1995:"69 years after joining, Israel formally leaves UNESCO; so, too, does the US" 2589: 938:(DEUG) and a third-year Licence (the equivalent of a UK bachelor's degree). 535: 240: 105: 486:

from it and has theoretically been a part of the Bologna Process since the

2547:[The MPhil degree is no longer granted] (in Dutch). Archived from 2417: 1608:, Chemistry Studies in the European Higher Education Area (which approved 40: 1968: 1003:

are unchanged in the Bologna system (known in France as LMD reform), the

902:) degree. There is an intermediate title (but not an academic degree) of 516:

First cycle: typically 180–240 ECTS credits (a minimum of 60 credits per

276: 272: 264: 188: 97: 2021:"The framework of qualifications for the European Higher Education Area" 1549:

is usually not offered, and many schools require students to obtain the

1613: 1337:

Although Specialists and masters are eligible for doctoral programmes (

1278:, obtained after three years of study, corresponds to the discontinued 1113: 1091: 808: 693: 675: 671: 639: 598: 436: 412: 382: 364: 360: 348: 322: 318: 299: 268: 228: 224: 220: 212: 204: 200: 196: 176: 172: 109: 2564: 2395: 1868: 2738: 2220:

Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences – Master's Degrees

1321: 1161: 712:), and the programmes were shortened from four to about three years. 610: 606: 479: 460: 448: 424: 389: 338: 334: 311: 303: 284: 260: 256: 236: 216: 208: 101: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 2366:"Index – Belföld – Szabad bölcsész leszel vagy romanisztika szakos?" 2086: 1891:"The Bologna Accord: A European Revolution with Global Implications" 723:

The typical length of study is three years for a bachelor's degree (

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are part of the process' follow-up. Other groups at this level are

1156: 280: 248: 232: 113: 463:, have applied to join but did not meet the membership criteria. 1921:"Bologna for Pedestrians, The Council of Europe Internet Portal" 1004: 910:

Process, polytechnics have the right to award master's degrees.

117: 2614: 2181:[Diplomas and degree programmes in foreign languages]. 953:). The DEA, preparation for a doctorate, was equivalent to the 852:). In these fields, the Bologna Process resulted in no change. 656:

Azerbaijan is a full member of the Bologna Process since 2005.

162: 2470:"Italian Qualifications Framework (QTI): other qualifications" 875:). This has been replaced by a three-year bachelor's degree ( 1789:"The Bologna Process and the European Higher Education Area" 1439:

Magister's degree, 1 year (a.k.a. "Swedish master's degree")

543:

In most cases, it would take three to four years to earn a

2765:

Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union

2585:"В РФ вводится двухуровневая система высшего образования" 2179:"Tutkintojen ja tutkinto-ohjelmien vieraskieliset nimet" 1209:(120 ECTS) allows access to third-cycle programmes, and 504:

The basic framework is three cycles of higher-education

2731: 2442:

National Qualifications Authority of Ireland (2006).

2087:"European Higher Education Area and Bologna Process" 1268:

university and polytechnic institutions of Portugal

1182:and for MA, MFA, MSc, MD and MEd graduate students 123:Before the signing of the Bologna declaration, the 155:Signatories of the Bologna Accord, members of the 2694:. ECTN Association. November 2006. Archived from 1567:. Most third-cycle programmes require at least a 1943:"BFUG11_7a Applications To Join Bologna Process" 1752:European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System 573:European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System 510:European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System 2511:Journal of Vocational Education & Training 2505:van Houten, Maarten Matheus (2 January 2018). 2185:(in Finnish). 5 September 2008. Archived from 779:The old master's degree is grandfathered into 2565:"Россия присоединилась к Болонской конвенции" 1568: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1532: 1519: 1506: 1493: 1480: 1471: 1458: 1445: 1432: 1411: 1390: 8: 2348:"Országos Felsőoktatási Információs Központ" 1793:Education and Training - European Commission 855:In engineering, universities only offered a 475:, it is ineligible for the Bologna Process. 76:, and government meetings have been held in 761:The old degrees are translated as follows: 731:) and three years for a doctor of science ( 2613:(in Russian). 20 July 2011. Archived from 2269:(in French). December 2003. Archived from 2662:Болонский процесс: Катастрофа или панацея 2545:"De MPhil graad wordt niet meer verleend" 2235:. Wes.org. 29 August 2003. Archived from 1969:"Second Cycle Periodic Report for Europe" 943:Diplôme d'études supérieures spécialisées 935:Diplôme d'études universitaires générales 744:Zagreb School of Economics and Management 1787:BONJEAN, Dominique (21 September 2018). 1362: 1258:Due to the Bologna Process, in 2005 new 961:(PhD), which took at least three years. 161: 39: 31: 2634:Магистратуру сделали платной в 50 вузах 1779: 1871:. European Higher Education Area. 2020 2760:Educational assessment and evaluation 2741:of the European Higher Education Area 7: 2326:"Higher Education system of Georgia" 1126:Education in the Republic of Ireland 891:) programmes are taught in English. 727:), two years for a master's degree ( 547:and another one or two years for a 1235:Academic degree § Netherlands 879:) and a two-year master's degree ( 848:) and a two-year master's degree ( 25: 2183:Helsinki University of Technology 1945:. 30 October 2008. Archived from 945:or DESS) or research degree (the 786:Doctoral degrees remain the same. 400:which did not adopt the process. 2719:, vol. 29, pp. 33–35, 2006. 2573:(in Russian). 18 September 2003. 2418:"Framhaldsnám | Háskóli Íslands" 2233:"WENR, March/April 2004: France" 2122:Šimičević, Hrvoje (7 May 2008). 1973:UNESCO World Heritage Convention 885:Universities of Applied Sciences 2631:Yana Miliukova (21 July 2011). 2609:[Payment for Masters]. 1747:Education in the United Kingdom 1642:Education in the Czech Republic 957:. Students could then pursue a 768:holders hold master's degrees ( 471:but, under the criteria of the 2770:Higher education accreditation 2593:(in Russian). 25 October 2007. 2451:. Dublin: NQAI. Archived from 1815:"European Cultural Convention" 1757:European Higher Education Area 1039:Education in Georgia (country) 571:Some countries introduced the 166:European Higher Education Area 157:European Higher Education Area 54:European Higher Education Area 1: 2523:10.1080/13636820.2017.1394359 2328:. Mes.gov.ge. 25 January 2010 1842:. 25 May 1998. Archived from 947:Diplôme d'études approfondies 469:Lisbon Recognition Convention 58:Lisbon Recognition Convention 2388:"Grunnnám | Háskóli Íslands" 2368:. Index.hu. 15 December 2005 1687:Education in the Netherlands 1682:Education in North Macedonia 1632:Chemistry Quality Eurolabels 1612:), was held in June 2004 in 1589:criterion-referenced grading 1266:) degrees were organized at 1254:Higher education in Portugal 1231:Education in the Netherlands 609:, which typically fulfill a 396:are the only members of the 70:European Cultural Convention 1290:are undergraduate degrees. 185:French Community of Belgium 2786: 2030:. May 2005. Archived from 1355:Academic grading in Sweden 1348: 1313: 1251: 1228: 1149: 1123: 1105: 1083: 1069: 1036: 917: 906:, and no master's degree. 833: 799: 748:first professional degrees 685: 663: 649: 632: 591: 125:Magna Charta Universitatum 2717:Diskussion Musikpädagogik 2492:"Kazakhstan country page" 2103:. Belarus By. 14 May 2015 900:lääketieteen lisensiaatti 742:Faculty of Economics and 2661: 2633: 2605: 1732:Education in Switzerland 1465:Master's degree, 2 years 1015:) or research-oriented ( 904:lääketieteen kandidaatti 869:-year master's program ( 500:Qualifications framework 60:. It is named after the 1923:. Coe.int. 19 June 1999 1677:Education in Montenegro 1652:Education in Kazakhstan 1379:Length (undergraduate) 1176:Accademia di Belle Arti 652:Education in Azerbaijan 455:, and the unrecognized 2222:Accessed: 21 June 2009 2210:Accessed: 21 June 2009 2158:Danish Statistics Bank 2063:. 2012. Archived from 2057:"Outstanding features" 1657:Education in Lithuania 1569: 1563: 1557: 1551: 1545: 1533: 1520: 1507: 1494: 1481: 1472: 1459: 1446: 1433: 1412: 1391: 1382:Length (postgraduate) 1140:Trinity College Dublin 889:insinööri (ylempi AMK) 740:University of Zagreb's 709: 520:), usually awarding a 473:2003 Berlin Communiqué 327:Bosnia and Herzegovina 167: 45: 37: 2061:University of Andorra 1717:Education in Slovenia 1712:Education in Slovakia 1049:Georgian universities 877:tekniikan kandidaatti 484:declared independence 314:, European Commission 165: 129:University of Bologna 62:University of Bologna 43: 35: 2606:Платная магистратура 2472:. quadrodeititoli.it 2154:"Statistikbanken.dk" 2037:on 23 September 2015 1774:Notes and references 1742:Education in Ukraine 1702:Education in Romania 1672:Education in Moldova 1647:Education in Germany 1637:Education by country 1537:or higher + 4 years 1511:or higher + 2 years 1211:Master universitario 1108:Education in Iceland 1086:Education in Hungary 1013:master professionnel 836:Education in Finland 812:bachelor's degrees ( 802:Education in Denmark 704:(bachelor's degree, 688:Education in Croatia 666:Education in Belarus 635:Education in Armenia 594:Education in Austria 2701:on 30 October 2008. 2669:on 5 September 2008 2458:on 24 January 2011. 2354:. 24 February 2006. 2189:on 16 November 2008 1813:Council of Europe. 1737:Education in Turkey 1727:Education in Sweden 1707:Education in Serbia 1697:Education in Poland 1692:Education in Norway 1662:Education in Latvia 1627:Bologna declaration 1606:academic discipline 1591:is used instead of 1555:before obtaining a 1351:Education in Sweden 1316:Education in Russia 1202:(Research Doctor). 1072:Education in Greece 1022:Diplôme d'ingénieur 976:, particularly the 974:Écoles d'ingénieurs 970:Diplôme d'ingénieur 920:Education in France 482:is a party, Kosovo 145:Baroness Blackstone 66:Bologna declaration 2755:Academia in Europe 2659:(8 October 2007). 2617:on 25 April 2012. 2067:on 15 January 2013 1949:on 30 October 2008 1722:Education in Spain 1667:Education in Malta 1397:University diploma 1200:Dottore di Ricerca 1184:Dottore magistrale 1152:Education in Italy 1029:European process. 772:for engineers and 752:Doctor of Medicine 443:Rejected countries 168: 46: 38: 2128:Nacional (weekly) 1849:on 24 August 2009 1767:University reform 1541: 1540: 1418:Bachelor's degree 1207:Laurea Magistrale 1168:Laurea Magistrale 1053:bachelor's degree 881:diplomi-insinööri 872:diplomi-insinööri 781:magistar znanosti 770:magistar inženjer 545:bachelor's degree 522:bachelor's degree 421:Council of Europe 398:Council of Europe 181:Flemish Community 74:Council of Europe 18:Bologna agreement 16:(Redirected from 2777: 2735: 2734: 2732:Official website 2703: 2702: 2700: 2693: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2551:on 26 July 2009. 2541: 2535: 2534: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2450: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2398:on 24 April 2016 2394:. 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Archived from 1887: 1881: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1848: 1837: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1784: 1593:relative grading 1572: 1566: 1560: 1554: 1548: 1536: 1523: 1510: 1497: 1484: 1475: 1462: 1449: 1436: 1415: 1394: 1363: 1284:associate degree 1017:master recherche 868: 867: 863: 860: 825: 824: 820: 817: 807:universities in 555:Effects by state 447:Four countries, 141:Luigi Berlinguer 21: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2775: 2774: 2745: 2744: 2730: 2729: 2726: 2712: 2707: 2706: 2698: 2691: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2663: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2475: 2473: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2455: 2448: 2441: 2440: 2436: 2426: 2424: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2401: 2399: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2371: 2369: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2331: 2329: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2309: 2307: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2262: 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