42:
374:
86:
61:
379:
375:
376:
378:
494:, which means any person of the United States fishing for, taking, or retaining this fish must have a special permit. Also, it may not be taken by means of spearfishing with SCUBA gear from 6 pm to 6 am in the US Exclusive Economic Zone waters around these territories. The population of the fish in
349:
except for the leading edge of the head, which is often light green to pink. Primary phase colouration is a dull gray with scattered white spots, gradually becoming uniformly dark green. This species does not display sex-associated patterns of color change. The adult develops a bulbous forehead and
377:
365:
The green humphead parrotfish, is sexually monochromatic, i.e. there is no initial or terminal phase in the life cycle of the adults. The fish spawn pelagically near the outer reef slope or near promontories, gutters, or channel mouths during a
920:"77 FR 66799 - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants: Notice of 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List the Bumphead Parrotfish as Threatened or Endangered Under the Endangered Species Act (ESA)"
437:
The large size, slow growth and schooling behavior of this species mean it is susceptible to overfishing. This species is highly sought after by fishermen throughout its range, and it has declined from
425:
Adult green humphead parrotfish may ram its head against corals to facilitate feeding. Each adult fish ingests over five tons of structural reef carbonates per year, contributing significantly to the
734:
Hamilton, Richard J.; Almany, Glenn R.; Brown, Christopher J.; Pita, John; Peterson, Nathan A.; Howard Choat, J. (June 2017). "Logging degrades nursery habitat for an iconic coral reef fish".
350:
the teeth plates are exposed, being only partly covered by lips. The species is slow-growing and long-lived (up to 40 years), with delayed reproduction and low replenishment rates.
688:
Taylor, Brett M.; Hamilton, Richard J.; Almany, Glenn R.; Howard Choat, J. (30 July 2018). "The world's largest parrotfish has slow growth and a complex reproductive ecology".
844:"Protected areas and benthic characteristics influence the distribution of the Vulnerable bumphead parrotfish Bolbometopon muricatum in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India"
1322:
1151:
447:
1190:
1381:
1376:
1309:
1125:
464:
has accelerated the decline. Juvenile habitats are susceptible to being degraded by poor water quality, such as run-off of sediments from logging.
1335:
1164:
999:
883:
1216:
971:
779:
41:
796:
568:
411:, often in seagrass beds, and the adults are found in clear outer lagoons and seaward reefs up to a depth of 30 m. They feed on
813:
454:
in 2004, meaning that the species is thought to be threatened, but insufficient data are available to justify a listing under the
1348:
1255:
1386:
1396:
1340:
1169:
991:
164:
85:
1099:
1086:
594:"Extraordinary Aggressive Behavior from the Giant Coral Reef Fish, Bolbometopon muricatum, in a Remote Marine Reserve"
1195:
1064:
592:
Muñoz, Roldan C.; Zgliczynski, Brian J.; Laughlin, Joseph L.; Teer, Bradford Z. (2012-06-06). Steinke, Dirk (ed.).
946:
Fishery
Management Plan for Coral Reef Ecosystems of the Western Pacific Region: Environmental Impact Statement
963:
Fish
Conservation: A Guide to Understanding and Restoring Global Aquatic Biodiversity and Fishery Resources
1391:
1026:
455:
1104:
1242:
491:
187:
919:
442:. Spearfishers and netters target large groups as they sleep at night. The species was identified as a
1353:
1260:
1073:
743:
697:
605:
204:
461:
429:
of reefs. The fish sleeps among corals, in caves and shipwrecks at night, usually in large groups.
354:
50:
713:
539:
443:
293:
213:
80:
65:
1247:
1327:
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1401:
1296:
1229:
1091:
967:
961:
944:
865:
775:
769:
641:
623:
345:, it has a vertical head profile, and unlike other parrotfishes, it is uniformly covered with
265:, growing to lengths of 1.5 m (4.9 ft) and weighing up to 75 kg (165 lb).
802:(Report). NOAA Technical Memorandum. Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center. NMFS-PIFSC-26.
795:
Kobayashi, D. R.; Friedlander, A. M.; Grimes, C. B.; Nichols, R. S.; Zgliczynski, B. (2011).
1234:
855:
751:
705:
631:
613:
534:
370:, usually spawning just prior to the new moon. They make use of spawning aggregation sites.
1182:
1203:
346:
327:
289:
821:
747:
701:
609:
636:
593:
483:
475:
439:
127:
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can be quite large on seaward and clear outer lagoon reefs, exceeding 75 individuals.
17:
1370:
1177:
564:
525:
516:
487:
277:
70:
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1301:
1287:
471:
467:
273:
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384:
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137:
1049:
901:
860:
843:
709:
426:
404:
388:
262:
147:
1014:
869:
627:
403:) in sheltered lagoons. Small juveniles (<50mm) are often associated with
297:
97:
902:"Proactive Conservation Program: Species of Concern :: NOAA Fisheries"
660:
645:
1208:
490:
from the shoreline out to 50 fathoms (91 m) are protected as low-use
1281:
1112:
1043:
577:
399:
Newly settled juveniles are found in branching coral habitats (primarily
353:
This species is gregarious and usually occurs in small aggregations, but
117:
1314:
1130:
1117:
412:
281:
1143:
408:
342:
107:
1020:
842:
Patankar, Vardhan; Wagh, Tanmay; Marathe, Aniruddha (2019-02-28).
495:
419:
372:
285:
1221:
451:
415:
269:
1024:
333:
and is the largest herbivorous fish inhabiting coral reefs.
884:"Species of Concern - Bumphead Parrotfish - fpir.noaa.gov"
797:
Bumphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum) status review
407:. Larger juvenile green humphead parrotfish are found in
1271:
1033:
515:Chan, T.; Sadovy, Y.; Donaldson, T.J. (2012).
8:
540:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T63571A17894276.en
774:. Marshall Cavendish. 2001. pp. 411–.
1021:
559:
557:
59:
40:
31:
859:
635:
617:
538:
1000:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
507:
7:
900:Fisheries, NOAA (21 December 2023).
729:
727:
683:
681:
526:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
498:is now protected by an export ban.
462:Habitat degradation and destruction
1382:Taxa named by Achille Valenciennes
25:
1377:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
960:Gene S. Helfman (15 July 2007).
478:in 2001. The waters surrounding
84:
966:. Island Press. pp. 359–.
326:It is the only species in the
1:
756:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.04.024
619:10.1371/journal.pone.0038120
261:) is the largest species of
303:Other common names include
1418:
288:in the east, and from the
35:Green humphead parrotfish
1015:Green humphead parrotfish
861:10.1017/S0030605318000376
771:Aquatic Life of the World
710:10.1007/s00338-018-1723-9
253:green humphead parrotfish
219:
212:
193:
186:
81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
567:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
313:double-headed parrotfish
736:Biological Conservation
1387:Fish described in 1840
1092:Bolbometopon_muricatum
1079:Bolbometopon_muricatum
1065:Bolbometopon muricatum
1035:Bolbometopon muricatum
994:Bolbometopon muricatum
949:. 2001. pp. 281–.
571:Bolbometopon muricatum
519:Bolbometopon muricatum
492:marine protected areas
456:Endangered Species Act
391:
258:Bolbometopon muricatum
231:Bolbometopon muricatus
197:Bolbometopon muricatum
18:Bolbometopon muricatum
1397:Monotypic fish genera
1243:Paleobiology Database
1017:on Sealife Collection
814:"Bumphead Parrotfish"
581:. March 2006 version.
533:: e.T63571A17894276.
382:
292:in the north to the
242:(Valenciennes, 1840)
234:(Valenciennes, 1840)
748:2017BCons.210..273H
702:2018CorRe..37.1197T
610:2012PLoSO...738120M
337:Species description
309:humphead parrotfish
305:bumphead parrotfish
239:Callyodon muricatus
51:Conservation status
926:. November 7, 2012
444:Species of Concern
392:
317:buffalo parrotfish
294:Great Barrier Reef
226:Valenciennes, 1840
1364:
1363:
1230:Open Tree of Life
1027:Taxon identifiers
973:978-1-59726-760-1
906:www.nmfs.noaa.gov
781:978-0-7614-7177-6
380:
249:
248:
243:
235:
227:
179:B. muricatum
168:
74:
16:(Redirected from
1409:
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1344:
1343:
1331:
1330:
1318:
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1305:
1304:
1292:
1291:
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1273:Scarus muricatus
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889:. 17 April 2024.
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820:. Archived from
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696:(4): 1197–1208.
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321:giant parrotfish
300:, in the south.
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223:Scarus muricatus
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924:www.govinfo.gov
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328:monotypic genus
290:Yaeyama Islands
284:in the west to
268:It is found on
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83:
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53:
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27:Species of fish
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985:External links
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854:(4): 564–571.
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565:Froese, Rainer
553:
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484:Johnston Atoll
476:American Samoa
474:was banned in
440:overharvesting
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278:Pacific Oceans
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188:Binomial name
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1003:. Retrieved
993:
962:
955:
945:
939:
928:. Retrieved
923:
914:
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878:
851:
847:
837:
826:. Retrieved
822:the original
818:fiji.wcs.org
817:
808:
790:
770:
764:
739:
735:
693:
689:
668:. Retrieved
654:
601:
597:
587:
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544:. Retrieved
530:
524:
518:
510:
472:scuba diving
468:Spearfishing
466:
460:
436:
433:Conservation
424:
400:
398:
387:of males at
364:
361:Reproduction
352:
340:
331:Bolbometopon
330:
325:
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316:
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308:
304:
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267:
257:
256:
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238:
230:
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205:Valenciennes
196:
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178:
177:
159:Bolbometopon
158:
157:
29:
1139:iNaturalist
1059:Wikispecies
742:: 273–280.
690:Coral Reefs
546:19 November
480:Wake Island
385:headbutting
383:Ritualized
368:lunar cycle
280:, from the
138:Labriformes
1371:Categories
1288:Q106411472
1013:Photos of
930:2019-03-30
828:2017-10-22
670:8 February
661:"Scaridae"
502:References
427:bioerosion
405:Damselfish
389:Wake Atoll
355:group size
263:parrotfish
66:Vulnerable
870:0030-6053
628:1932-6203
418:and live
298:Australia
173:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1402:Scaridae
1328:10493998
1282:Wikidata
1157:10154742
1113:FishBase
1050:Q2343773
1044:Wikidata
1005:11 March
718:51888896
646:22701606
598:PLOS ONE
578:FishBase
401:Acropora
214:Synonyms
148:Scaridae
144:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1315:2393446
1131:2393443
744:Bibcode
698:Bibcode
637:3368943
606:Bibcode
413:benthic
409:lagoons
395:Ecology
343:wrasses
341:Unlike
282:Red Sea
272:in the
207:, 1840)
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
1354:308967
1341:614558
1261:219074
1248:357024
1235:465029
1222:219074
1209:186724
1196:188110
1170:170884
1105:258768
970:
868:
778:
716:
644:
634:
626:
486:, and
470:while
420:corals
347:scales
319:, and
274:Indian
167:, 1956
1349:WoRMS
1323:IRMNG
1302:4V3LF
1256:WoRMS
1183:63571
1152:IRMNG
1144:95867
887:(PDF)
800:(PDF)
714:S2CID
666:. FAO
664:(PDF)
496:Palau
416:algae
286:Samoa
270:reefs
1336:ITIS
1310:GBIF
1217:OBIS
1191:NCBI
1178:IUCN
1165:ITIS
1126:GBIF
1118:5537
1100:BOLD
1007:2006
968:ISBN
866:ISSN
848:Oryx
776:ISBN
672:2020
642:PMID
624:ISSN
548:2021
531:2012
452:NMFS
448:NOAA
276:and
251:The
1297:CoL
1087:AFD
1074:ADW
856:doi
752:doi
740:210
706:doi
632:PMC
614:doi
535:doi
446:by
1373::
1351::
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1325::
1312::
1299::
1284::
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1193::
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1141::
1128::
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1089::
1076::
1061::
1046::
998:.
922:.
904:.
864:.
852:54
850:.
846:.
816:.
750:.
738:.
726:^
712:.
704:.
694:37
692:.
680:^
640:.
630:.
622:.
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