527:, General Seleme, and they took over strategic institutions, such as prefectures and radio stations to spread the news. Also mobilized was Capitan Zeballos and 21 de Julio police regiments, the Departmental Police Brigade, cadets from the Police and Police School, and the General Directorate of Police and Carabineros, all with weapons and ammunition, to take over strategic areas. Arms and ammunition were distributed to the civilians of the MNR who attended, as well as to the many volunteers, workers, above all, coming from the Departmental Brigade, the General Directorate and the Carabineros regiments. The Plaza Antofagasta arsenal, taken over by Army Captain
671:. Among the main objectives of the COB was to fight for the nationalization of the mines and railways, for the agrarian revolution and the repeal of anti-worker measures dictated by previous governments. Throughout the MNR government, the COB was "the radical revolutionary wing" of the revolution demanding the acceleration and deepening of social and economic changes. At the same time, labor relations during the MNR government were turbulent. It is estimated that an average of 350 strikes were carried out per year between 1952 and 1958 with a negative effect on production, making Bolivia amongst the highest in terms 'ghost worker' rates.
133:
504:
50:
723:
labor benefits. Also, the indigenous people had to contribute with seeds, tools and animals to carry out the work. In addition to agricultural labor obligations, the indigenous people were obliged to offer personal services left over during the colonial periods to the landowner and his family. The inefficiency of the agricultural sector was such that between 35 and 40 percent of imports were food. In
January 1953, an Agrarian Reform Commission was organized, chaired by Vice President
119:
570:. Hours later, the MNR politicians arrived, who did not see fit to carry out the "agrarian reform" (many of them were landowners) or the "Nationalization of mines." In the end, Dr. Siles Suazo relented because Lechín argued that those slogans led people to offer his life, and it was the immense crowd that was, at that very moment, outside, in the plaza, chanting the revolutionary victory hymn.
110:
697:
1957. In replacement of the army, the MNR formed urban and rural militias with workers and peasants. Between 1952 and 1956, the police and popular militias predominated in internal security and public order. From 1956 to 1964, the legitimacy of the militias and the importance of the police was reduced as the army was reconstituted, which predominated in internal security and public order.
547:
706:
696:
The MNR reduced the size of the army from approximately 20,000 to 5,000 soldiers between April 1952 and
January 1953 by discharging conscripts. In addition, it is estimated that the MNR retired around 300 officers. The army budget was cut from 20% of the general budget to half in 1953 and to 6.7% in
722:
agrarian system characterized by unequal land tenure, semi-feudal working conditions, and a low capacity to provide food to
Bolivia. Approximately 4.5% of the population owned 70% of the agricultural land. Agricultural work consisted of a system of labor control through access to land through
679:
In 1952, 20.8% of the population of that age were in primary school and two thirds of the population (60.9%) were illiterate. A year after the start of the
Revolution and in order to adapt the educational system to the reforms, in 1953 the government created the National Commission for Educational
554:
On
Thursday, 10 April, the fighting continued. Lechin Oquendo, leading the Milluni miners, took the Hunting Air Group and from there sent planes to drop pamphlets over the Miraflores Great Barracks, urging them to surrender. The people stormed the Garita de Lima checkpoint, took out weapons and
738:
The reform implementation system was cumbersome. Of the 15,322 cases initiated between 1953 and 1966, only 7,322 or 48.8% were concluded. Between 1954 and 1968, the
National Agrarian Reform Service had processed eight million of the approximately thirty-six million hectares to be distributed.
597:
797:
A systematic intentional inflation was initiated, to break the power of the elites. In 1952, the exchange rate was 190 Bolivian pesos per US dollar. Four years later the exchange rate was 15,000 per US dollar. Commenting on the failure of other revolutions, Minister of
Foreign Affairs
512:
309:
resulted in a profound questioning of the political and social model in force in the 1930s. This spawned a whole generation of writers, thinkers, and political leaders who looked to ideologies for ways to solve the resource problems at the time. Among them, were
618:. By granting the rights to vote for the illiterate, indigenous peoples and women, the number of voters increased from 205,000 (6.6% of the total population) in 1951 to 1,125,000 (33.8%) in 1956. The expansion of the right to vote was a radical measure in the
445:, were shot in the Manchego Barracks. Multiple workers took over the mines and a strike was declared in several mineral industrial centers. By 1 September, the government had retaken control of the country, and on 15 September, many of the
680:
Reform, which presented its proposal in 120 days. It was not until 1955 that the
Bolivian Education Code was enacted due to demands from the teaching profession. The Code divided the educational system into an urban area, in charge of the
708:
709:
684:, and rural education in charge of the recently created Ministry of Peasant Affairs. The Code sought to extend education to the majority and re-orient education towards technical education. It also raised the importance of
658:
was founded on 17 April 1952 with the aim of integrating the unions of miners, factories, railway workers, banks, graphics, industry and commerce employees, builders, bakers and farmers. Its first executive secretary was
599:
600:
286:, sponsored the entry of the State into the economy through foreign exchange control and the allocation of tin export quotas among the different producers. Likewise, during the 20s, the nationalist government of
735:, the Agrarian Reform Decree was signed. The decree offered indemnity to landowners and granted hacienda lands to Indians through their unions and communities on the condition that they not be sold personally.
710:
601:
1603:
368:
ordered the arrest of some leaders, and in response the miners took two foreign employees hostage and ended up killing them. The government reacted with military intervention and the tragic
664:
473:
sentiment. A Government
Military Junta was immediately formed to prevent the MNR from coming to power. Given this reaction by the army, a year later, a coup d'état led by police general
2023:
531:, had already been distributed to civilian combatants. But General Torres Ortiz, involved in the uprising, distanced himself at the last minute and had the army quartered. Dr.
739: In the subsequent 30 years, however, an additional 39 million hectares (reaching a total of 47 million hectares) were distributed with more than 650,000 beneficiaries.
802:
said "Liberalism liquidated conservatism politically but not economically. This was a great mistake: Those who retain economic power will one day recover political power."
2079:
1596:
2008:
864:
707:
1110:
2049:
2013:
1526:
813:, that a series of human rights violations perpetrated by the MNR regime began to be escalate. Among the victims of the concentration camps are the philosophers
598:
2084:
2054:
2217:
2197:
2089:
2064:
1589:
759:) it was not exempt from criticism. Its main shortcomings revolve around the brutality of Political Control, the governing body of the MNR compared to the
543:, top leader of the Miners' Federation, remained, directing the uprising in the streets with the slogans "Agrarian reform" and "Nationalization of mines."
1998:
2094:
1004:
219:(MNR), which, in alliance with liberals and communists, sought to overthrow the ruling Bolivian oligarchy and implement a new socioeconomic model in
1049:
2059:
920:
1084:
290:
tried to apply corrective measures to some fundamental socioeconomic problems in the country. The following decade, the military governments of
2151:
2074:
668:
1560:
1497:
376:
broke out, through which the MNR led an uprising in four cities in
Bolivia. After a few days, a revolutionary government emerged in the
438:, who managed to reconquer first Cochabamba and then Santa Cruz. Bomber aircraft were required for military operations in both cities.
2222:
1612:
462:
216:
137:
2207:
1435:
573:
The defeat of the army claimed a balance of 490 dead. Hernán Siles Zuazo and Lechin Oquendo assumed command of the government until
2146:
235:. In these twelve years, there was a co-government and at the same time a power struggle between the party and the labor unions.
123:
539:
that same day. Seeing the uncontrollable popular overflow, General Seleme resigned from leading the "Revolutionary Government".
2227:
2003:
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400:
377:
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806:
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1341:
1313:
1124:
2069:
232:
2212:
1972:
1852:
1801:
1775:
1762:
844:
524:
1149:
959:
391:
During these events, the revolutionaries had under control more than half of the country, mainly in the departments of
1534:
655:
2202:
2156:
1779:
520:
503:
493:
315:
54:
2120:
1993:
1373:
767:
357:
2192:
1305:
818:
346:
299:
49:
1967:
1917:
1847:
1749:
1740:
1736:
1723:
1710:
1684:
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1632:
574:
458:
431:
427:
365:
224:
184:
168:
161:
86:
1907:
1697:
1962:
1003:
Maria Luise Wagner (1989). "The rise of new political groups". In Rex A. Hudson; Dennis A. Hanratty (eds.).
826:
814:
496:
had large involvement in initiating the revolt that later had the support of the population, the workers of
396:
430:
as president and Edmundo Roca as vice president, despite the fact that the former was in exile. Meanwhile,
822:
799:
470:
413:
180:
176:
1947:
1883:
2171:
2018:
1912:
1891:
1867:
1818:
783:
732:
1977:
1814:
1658:
1649:
931:
724:
532:
485:
373:
369:
335:
228:
172:
1410:
Quintana, Juan Ramon (9 April 2003). "Its Institutional Impact on Internal Security and Public Order".
1792:
1788:
1223:
831:
747:
Although the Bolivian Revolution is considered one of the three most important social revolutions in
567:
559:
536:
408:
361:
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239:
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1862:
1857:
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1922:
1827:
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1701:
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context. For example, the vote for women was only granted in Brazil in 1934, in Chile in 1949, in
381:
1927:
779:
752:
681:
615:
251:
247:
246:. In addition, it incorporated the peasant and female sector into political life by establishing
1688:
1024:
810:
340:
311:
2033:
1952:
1937:
1766:
1714:
1431:
1337:
1309:
1248:
1104:
876:
562:
went to take out the Great Barracks. Later, supported by the rebels, they took control of the
283:
188:
157:
1393:
The Latin American Military as a Socio-Political Force. Case Studies of Bolivia and Argentina
894:
2125:
2028:
756:
466:
323:
275:
255:
243:
204:
1831:
685:
563:
511:
291:
1942:
1675:
1636:
660:
540:
497:
489:
465:(MNR) won the presidential election, gaining large support of labor workers due to his
1150:"DECRETO SUPREMO No 1840 del 19 de Diciembre de 1949 > D-Lex Bolivia | Derechoteca"
2186:
1957:
1932:
1877:
1753:
1581:
1278:
1200:
1178:
763:. This institution promoted a strong repression against opponents of the new regime.
748:
619:
479:
353:
327:
263:
985:
584:
On 12 April, the military surrendered. The prisoners were forced to parade through
578:
331:
17:
1805:
865:"The National Revolution of 1952 and its impacts on the Central Bank of Bolivia"
771:
719:
2110:
1727:
728:
546:
392:
295:
231:. The MNR government after this Revolution lasted from 9 April 1952 until the
963:
880:
2115:
992:(Second ed.). Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 234.
791:
787:
667:(FSTMB) founded in 1944. Lechín was also Minister of Mines and Petroleum in
623:
423:
306:
279:
242:, the distribution of land and State control over natural resources and the
775:
627:
259:
41:
352:
In May 1949, after a general strike, a severe conflict broke out in the
2130:
760:
404:
220:
74:
441:
After retaking the main square, some leaders of the movement, such as
92:
The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement's recognition during elections.
1031:(Winter 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
643:
631:
585:
419:
869:
Revista de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales (Santa Cruz de la Sierra)
250:. It was a political Revolution that at the time was equated to the
704:
595:
545:
502:
1430:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 245–246.
1378:
Bolivia en el siglo XX. La formación de la Bolivia contemporánea
639:
635:
1585:
1561:"Lista de víctimas de los campos de concentración en Bolivia"
1012:. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 31.
326:
and the Social Doctrine of the Church, promoted above all by
835:
and members of the opposition parties were also imprisoned.
766:
The MNR installed concentration camps in rural towns in the
399:, and their capital cities. Armed clashes took place in the
1483:
The Bolivian Revolution at 60: Politics and Historiography
1125:"FROILÁN CALLEJA Y SU LEVANTAMIENTO DE 1936 EN SANTA CRUZ"
1050:"Party of the Revolutionary Left (PIR) | Encyclopedia.com"
727:
with members of opposition parties. On 2 August 1953, in
274:
The origins of this revolution may have begun during the
990:
A History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present
215:, was a series of political demonstrations led by the
921:"La Revolución Boliviana y la participación política"
863:
Robles, Gustavo A. Prado; Klein, Herbert S. (2006).
2139:
2103:
2042:
1986:
1900:
1840:
1621:
1399:: Miami: Center for Advanced International Studies.
484:took place on April 9 with the civilian support of
148:
96:
81:
69:
61:
34:
500:and the miners who arrived from the Milluni mine.
262:and was the only one of the social revolutions in
1485:. Journal of Latin American Studies. p. 329.
2080:Revolutionary Nationalist Movement of the People
2024:Plan Progress for Bolivia – National Convergence
786:. Numerous political opponents of the MNR, both
1023:Sweet, William (2021), Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
665:Trade Union Federation of Bolivian Mine Workers
238:The Revolution of 1952 sought to implement the
2050:Alliance of Nationalist Left Forces of the MNR
1302:The Bolivian National Revolution: A Comparison
821:, whose homes were also looted. The historian
298:deepened these measures with the influence of
223:. Its main leaders were the former presidents
1597:
1336:(in Spanish). Mexico: Economic Culture Fund.
90:Replacement of the oligarchic political order
8:
2055:Authentic Revolutionary Nationalist Movement
2090:Revolutionary Party of the Nationalist Left
2065:Leftwing Revolutionary Nationalist Movement
2009:Revolutionary Nationalist Movement–Alliance
1109:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
614:On 24 June 1952, the government introduced
588:in underwear, guarded by the mine workers.
266:that had the support of the United States.
27:Revolution that occurred in Bolivia in 1952
1999:Democratic Alliance of National Revolution
1604:
1590:
1582:
895:"Bolivia - Post-1952 regimes | Britannica"
663:, who had been executive secretary of the
558:On Friday, 11 April, Lechín together with
48:
31:
2095:United Revolutionary Nationalist Movement
829:, several journalists from the newspaper
638:in 1956. The vote was granted in 1980 in
2085:Revolutionary Nationalist Movement–Julio
1527:"Los campos de concentración en Bolivia"
794:, were tortured in overcrowded prisons.
510:
434:mobilized the army commanded by General
1372:Contreras, Manuel E. (1 January 1999).
1279:"The 1952 Bolivian Revolution - IWL-FI"
1201:"The 1952 Bolivian Revolution - IWL-FI"
1179:"The 1952 Bolivian Revolution - IWL-FI"
1029:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
855:
718:In the mid-20th century, Bolivia had a
1102:
688:the Bolivia's Indigenous communities.
1554:
1552:
1521:
1519:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1374:"Reformas y desafíos de la educación"
1334:Victor Paz Estenssoro, the politician
1327:
1325:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1173:
1171:
805:It was in the mid-sixties, after the
669:Víctor Paz Estenssoro's first cabinet
523:was institutionally mobilized by the
258:. It developed in the context of the
7:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
954:
952:
282:. The Great Depression weakened the
555:ammunition and continued fighting.
380:in the east of the country, led by
35:Bolivian National Revolution (1952)
2218:Revolutionary Nationalist Movement
2198:April 1952 events in South America
1614:Revolutionary Nationalist Movement
1428:Revolution and the Agrarian Sector
463:Revolutionary Nationalist Movement
217:Revolutionary Nationalist Movement
138:Revolutionary Nationalist Movement
25:
1498:"Un Departamento de Inteligencia"
1224:"The Bolivian Revolution of 1952"
1468:Bolivian History . La Paz: Youth
714:Agrarian reform in Bolivia, 1953
566:, the official residence of the
521:Carabineros and the Police Corps
318:(FSB), with influences from the
131:
124:Republican Socialist Unity Party
117:
108:
2004:Nationalist Union of the People
1359:The Bolivian economy, 1952-1965
962:. 1 August 2003. Archived from
605:National Revolution, April 1952
1559:rcharquina (1 November 2018).
1453:Bolivian History La Paz: Youth
1281:(in Spanish). 13 November 2019
1228:International Socialist League
1203:(in Spanish). 13 November 2019
1181:(in Spanish). 13 November 2019
1:
2070:Movement of the National Left
1357:Zondag, Cornelius H. (1968).
581:, returned a few days later.
55:Museum of National Revolution
2162:Bolivian National Revolution
1533:(in Spanish). Archived from
1391:Corbett, Charles D. (1972).
1332:Bedregal, Guillermo (1999).
1300:Whitehead, Laurence (2003).
1253:www.latinamericanstudies.org
1083:admins5 (19 November 2014).
845:Bolivian war of independence
426:. The Revolution proclaimed
278:and Bolivia's defeat in the
2152:Independent Socialist Party
2075:Revolutionary Left Movement
577:, who had been in exile in
388:group, who joined the MNR.
201:Bolivian Revolution of 1952
2244:
1466:Klein, Herbert S. (1991).
1451:Klein, Herbert S. (1991).
1222:martinc (2 October 2020).
316:Bolivian Socialist Falange
2223:Military coups in Bolivia
2121:Revolutionary nationalism
1994:Mining Parliamentary Bloc
1481:Dunkerley, James (2013).
1249:"The Bolivian Revolution"
819:Roberto Prudencio Romecín
492:, both from the MNR. The
240:rights to vote in Bolivia
153:
101:
85:Resignation of President
47:
39:
2208:20th-century revolutions
1306:Harvard University Press
1006:Bolivia: A Country Study
656:Bolivian Workers' Center
650:Bolivian Workers' Center
525:Minister of the Interior
378:department of Santa Cruz
347:Revolutionary Left Party
2060:Authentic Revolutionary
928:PIEB, periódico digital
899:Encyclopædia Britannica
827:Bernardino Bilbao Rioja
692:Disbandment of the army
312:Óscar Únzaga de la Vega
305:On the other hand, the
233:coup of 4 November 1964
2228:Revolutions in Bolivia
2147:United Socialist Party
815:Numa Romero del Carpio
715:
606:
551:
516:
508:
488:and the mining leader
407:(under the command of
254:and that preceded the
208:
1426:Carter, Cole (1971).
784:Curahuara de Carangas
713:
682:Ministry of Education
649:
604:
575:Víctor Paz Estenssoro
549:
535:sought asylum at the
519:On 9 April 1952, the
514:
507:Víctor Paz Estenssoro
506:
459:Victor Paz Estenssoro
428:Víctor Paz Estenssoro
366:Mamerto Urriolagoitía
225:Víctor Paz Estenssoro
213:the Revolution of '52
169:Víctor Paz Estenssoro
162:Mamerto Urriolagoitía
87:Mamerto Urriolagoitía
1987:Political coalitions
1622:Presidential tickets
1129:Historias de Bolivia
1054:www.encyclopedia.com
823:Alberto Crespo Rodas
642:and only in 1986 in
592:Aftermath and reform
568:President of Bolivia
372:. On 27 August, the
362:department of Potosí
300:European nationalism
288:Hernando Siles Reyes
209:Revolución boliviana
2213:Protests in Bolivia
1537:on 19 November 2021
1455:. pp. 234–235.
1397:University of Miami
1154:www.derechoteca.com
1085:"1932–1955 Bolivia"
919:Mayorga, Fernando.
800:Wálter Guevara Arze
661:Juan Lechín Oquendo
550:The Palacio Quemado
490:Juan Lechin Oquendo
358:Simón Iturri Patiño
320:Christian democracy
181:Wálter Guevara Arze
177:Juan Lechín Oquendo
114:Bolivian Government
18:Bolivian revolution
1565:Reacción Charquina
1531:www.paginasiete.bo
1496:Bolivia, Opinión.
1025:"Jacques Maritain"
753:Mexican Revolution
725:Hernán Siles Zuazo
716:
675:Educational reform
616:universal suffrage
610:Universal suffrage
607:
552:
517:
509:
486:Hernán Siles Suazo
384:, a member of the
252:Mexican Revolution
248:universal suffrage
229:Hernán Siles Zuazo
185:Ñuflo Chávez Ortiz
173:Hernán Siles Zuazo
2203:Conflicts in 1952
2180:
2179:
2043:Breakaway parties
1973:Sánchez de Lozada
1853:Sánchez de Lozada
1802:Sánchez de Lozada
1776:Sánchez de Lozada
1763:Sánchez de Lozada
1304:. Cambridge, MA:
960:"Bolivia (11/02)"
711:
602:
449:insurgents fled.
374:Civil War of 1949
370:Siglo XX Massacre
345:, founder of the
336:José Antonio Arze
211:), also known as
197:
196:
189:Carlos Montenegro
144:
143:
16:(Redirected from
2235:
2167:1964 coup d'état
2157:1943 coup d'état
2126:Social democracy
2029:Democratic Unity
1908:Andrade Uzquiano
1841:National leaders
1698:Andrade Uzquiano
1615:
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1089:www.educa.com.bo
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993:
982:
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973:
971:
966:on 1 August 2003
956:
947:
946:
944:
942:
937:on 31 March 2022
936:
930:. Archived from
925:
916:
910:
909:
907:
905:
891:
885:
884:
860:
757:Cuban Revolution
712:
603:
483:
467:anti-imperialist
417:
344:
324:Jacques Maritain
276:Great Depression
256:Cuban Revolution
244:Bolivian economy
136:
135:
134:
122:
121:
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102:
52:
32:
21:
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2193:1952 in Bolivia
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1502:Opinión Bolivia
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1390:
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1371:
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1021:
1017:
1009:
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997:
984:
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938:
934:
923:
918:
917:
913:
903:
901:
893:
892:
888:
862:
861:
857:
853:
841:
811:René Barrientos
809:led by General
751:(alongside the
745:
705:
703:
701:Agrarian reform
694:
677:
652:
634:in 1955 and in
612:
596:
594:
564:Palacio Quemado
560:Rolando Requena
477:
471:anti-government
455:
411:
409:Froilán Calleja
338:
284:mining industry
272:
193:
192:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
165:
160:
140:
132:
130:
126:
118:
116:
115:
109:
107:
91:
89:
77:
65:9–11 April 1952
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2241:
2239:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
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2134:
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2128:
2123:
2118:
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2062:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1968:Paz Estenssoro
1965:
1963:Otero Calderón
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1848:Paz Estenssoro
1844:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1821:
1808:
1795:
1782:
1769:
1756:
1750:Paz Estenssoro
1743:
1737:Paz Estenssoro
1730:
1724:Paz Estenssoro
1717:
1711:Paz Estenssoro
1704:
1691:
1685:Paz Estenssoro
1678:
1672:Paz Estenssoro
1665:
1652:
1646:Paz Estenssoro
1639:
1633:Paz Estenssoro
1625:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1586:
1579:
1578:
1548:
1515:
1488:
1473:
1470:. p. 240.
1458:
1443:
1436:
1413:
1402:
1383:
1364:
1349:
1342:
1321:
1314:
1308:. p. 32.
1292:
1265:
1240:
1214:
1192:
1167:
1141:
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1066:
1041:
1015:
995:
977:
948:
911:
886:
854:
852:
849:
848:
847:
840:
837:
768:Bolivian Andes
744:
741:
702:
699:
693:
690:
686:castilianizing
676:
673:
651:
648:
620:Latin American
611:
608:
593:
590:
541:Lechín Oquendo
498:Villa Victoria
475:Antonio Seleme
454:
451:
436:Ovidio Quiroga
354:Siglo XX mines
314:, who led the
271:
268:
195:
194:
166:
158:Hugo Ballivián
155:
154:
151:
150:
146:
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142:
141:
129:
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106:
99:
98:
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93:
83:
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71:
67:
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63:
59:
58:
53:
45:
44:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2240:
2229:
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2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
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1911:
1909:
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1903:
1899:
1893:
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1886:
1885:
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1876:
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1861:
1859:
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1833:
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1816:
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1786:
1783:
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1777:
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1708:
1705:
1703:
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1673:
1669:
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1634:
1630:
1627:
1626:
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1620:
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1607:
1602:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1553:
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1536:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1477:
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1469:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1437:9780822984306
1433:
1429:
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1418:
1414:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1387:
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1379:
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1360:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1328:
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1322:
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1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1215:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1016:
1008:
1007:
999:
996:
991:
987:
986:Meade, Teresa
981:
978:
965:
961:
955:
953:
949:
933:
929:
922:
915:
912:
900:
896:
890:
887:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
859:
856:
850:
846:
843:
842:
838:
836:
834:
833:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
803:
801:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
749:Latin America
742:
740:
736:
734:
730:
726:
721:
700:
698:
691:
689:
687:
683:
674:
672:
670:
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657:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
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621:
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587:
582:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
556:
548:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
529:Israel Téllez
526:
522:
513:
505:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
481:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
457:In May 1951,
452:
450:
448:
444:
443:Lidio Ustarez
439:
437:
433:
432:Urriolagoitia
429:
425:
421:
415:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
386:Acción Obrera
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
342:
337:
333:
329:
328:Pope Leo XIII
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
269:
267:
265:
264:Latin America
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
191:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
164:
163:
159:
152:
147:
139:
128:
125:
105:
104:
100:
95:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
51:
46:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2172:Gas conflict
2161:
1948:Monroy Block
1918:Chávez Ortiz
1882:
1741:Chávez Ortiz
1663:Chávez Ortiz
1569:. Retrieved
1567:(in Spanish)
1564:
1539:. Retrieved
1535:the original
1530:
1506:. Retrieved
1504:(in Spanish)
1501:
1491:
1482:
1476:
1467:
1461:
1452:
1446:
1427:
1405:
1392:
1386:
1377:
1367:
1358:
1352:
1333:
1301:
1295:
1283:. Retrieved
1256:. Retrieved
1252:
1243:
1231:. Retrieved
1227:
1217:
1205:. Retrieved
1195:
1183:. Retrieved
1158:. Retrieved
1156:(in Spanish)
1153:
1144:
1132:. Retrieved
1128:
1119:
1093:. Retrieved
1091:(in Spanish)
1088:
1057:. Retrieved
1053:
1044:
1033:, retrieved
1028:
1018:
1005:
998:
989:
980:
968:. Retrieved
964:the original
939:. Retrieved
932:the original
927:
914:
902:. Retrieved
898:
889:
872:
868:
858:
830:
804:
796:
765:
761:Nazi Gestapo
746:
737:
717:
695:
678:
653:
630:in 1951, in
613:
583:
579:Buenos Aires
572:
557:
553:
518:
494:Police Corps
456:
440:
390:
382:Edmundo Roca
364:. President
351:
332:Pope Pius XI
304:
292:Germán Busch
273:
237:
212:
200:
198:
167:
156:
149:Lead figures
40:Part of the
29:
1978:Siles Zuazo
1928:del Granado
1901:Politicians
1659:Siles Zuazo
1650:Siles Zuazo
1285:26 February
1258:26 February
1233:26 February
1207:26 February
1185:26 February
1160:25 February
1134:25 February
1095:25 February
1059:25 February
1035:25 February
970:24 February
904:24 February
875:(SE): 0–0.
807:coup d'état
743:Controversy
720:latifundist
533:Siles Suazo
515:Juan Lechín
478: [
412: [
356:, owned by
339: [
2187:Categories
2111:Federalism
1953:Montenegro
1689:Barrientos
1343:9681659902
1315:0674011414
851:References
825:, Marshal
792:Falangists
788:communists
770:, such as
733:Cochabamba
537:Nunciature
453:Chronology
447:Santa Cruz
401:Santa Cruz
397:Santa Cruz
393:Cochabamba
296:David Toro
270:Background
2116:Reformism
2014:MNR-MRTKL
1793:Fernández
881:1819-0545
624:Argentina
424:Incahuasi
403:towns of
360:, in the
307:Chaco War
280:Chaco War
2104:Ideology
2034:Libre 21
1923:Céspedes
1913:Bedregal
1868:Bedregal
1819:Bedregal
1815:Nagatani
1780:Cárdenas
1105:cite web
988:(2016).
839:See also
832:La Razón
780:Corocoro
755:and the
628:Colombia
260:Cold War
70:Location
42:Cold War
2140:History
2131:Statism
2019:MNR-MBL
1938:Guevara
1933:Gueiler
1863:Quevedo
1858:Campero
1767:Guevara
1715:Guevara
1571:4 March
1541:4 March
1508:4 March
941:17 July
729:Ucureña
461:of the
405:Yacuiba
221:Bolivia
205:Spanish
97:Parties
75:Bolivia
1943:Lechín
1884:Torres
1832:Untoja
1754:Garret
1676:Lechín
1637:Lechín
1434:
1340:
1312:
879:
772:Catavi
644:Brazil
632:Mexico
586:La Paz
420:Camiri
334:, and
1958:Morón
1892:Siles
1878:Morón
1873:Anaya
1789:Durán
1728:Ossio
1702:Otazo
1010:(PDF)
935:(PDF)
924:(PDF)
776:Uncía
482:]
416:]
343:]
82:Goals
1828:Lema
1824:2019
1811:2005
1806:Mesa
1798:2002
1785:1997
1772:1993
1759:1989
1746:1985
1733:1980
1720:1979
1707:1978
1694:1966
1681:1964
1668:1960
1655:1956
1642:1951
1629:1947
1573:2022
1543:2022
1510:2022
1432:ISBN
1338:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1287:2022
1260:2022
1235:2022
1209:2022
1187:2022
1162:2022
1136:2022
1111:link
1097:2022
1061:2022
1037:2022
972:2022
943:2021
906:2022
877:ISSN
817:and
790:and
782:and
654:The
640:Peru
636:Peru
626:and
469:and
422:and
395:and
330:and
294:and
227:and
199:The
62:Date
418:),
322:of
2189::
1826::
1813::
1800::
1787::
1774::
1761::
1748::
1735::
1722::
1709::
1696::
1683::
1670::
1657::
1644::
1631::
1563:.
1551:^
1529:.
1518:^
1500:.
1416:^
1395:.
1376:.
1324:^
1268:^
1251:.
1226:.
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1152:.
1127:.
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1103:{{
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480:es
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341:es
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207::
1830:/
1817:/
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1791:/
1778:/
1765:/
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203:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
