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first frost. The cotton stalks are shredded and plowed into the ground to eliminate their use as a winter shelter. During years 2 through 5, the automatic spraying is supplemented by an intensive trapping program (one trap per 1–2 acres), and malathion applications are made only in those fields where weevils are detected. This phase begins in late spring and continues until the first killing frost. The final phase of the program involves monitoring and trapping at a density of one trap per 10 acres (40,000 m), with spot spraying as required. The program has become more high-tech in recent years, employing
136:. After initial success, the USDA's APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) agency established an eradication plan. The cost of the program was borne both by APHIS (30%) and by the producer (70%). Since the weevil can travel long distances quickly, it was important to implement the program on a regional basis. Expansion of the program usually required cotton producers within the area of proposed expansion to pass a referendum with at least a two-thirds majority. Some states passed legislation to help growers pay their share of program costs.
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At one time, cotton growers applied more than 41 percent of all insecticides in agricultural use; they regularly sprayed their cotton as many as 15 times a season. In contrast, under this program, only two applications are made by the third year, and this number may be reduced to nearly zero when the
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for detection, cultural practices to reduce the weevil’s food supply, and malathion treatments. During the first year, applications of malathion are made every five to seven days starting in late summer. The frequency is reduced to every 10 days during the later part of the growing season until the
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treatments in the fall significantly reduced the overwintering population, especially when combined with plowing of the stalks into the ground. More sophisticated trapping and monitoring devices were developed over the next decade. Further progress was made when the male boll weevil pheromone was
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in the late 19th century, the boll weevil had been the single most destructive cotton pest in the United States, and possibly the most destructive agricultural pest in the United States. The cost of its crop depredations has been estimated at $ 300 million per year. The control measures used have
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The program was extended into the southeast and southwest during the 1980s. Eradication is now complete in all cotton growing states except Texas, where problems along the
Mexican border have halted the program there. Eradication was not complete in Texas as of 2022.
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by between 40-100%, and increase their yields by at least 10%, since its inception in the 1970s. By the autumn of 2009, eradication was finished in all US cotton regions with the exception of less than one million acres still under treatment in Texas.
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USDA’s Animal and Plant Health
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identified in the 1960s; the insects could be lured into traps baited with this pheromone, further reducing their reproduction, and enhancing the monitoring system.
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is estimated by the USDA at 12:1, and the research that built the program will be used in other projects. The program may be used as a model for control of the
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has also been significantly reduced. Fewer pesticide applications enable other insects to survive, including those that naturally prey on the boll weevil.
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120:) behavior of the boll weevil. Brazzel published the results of his first diapause control insecticide treatment trial in 1959, finding that
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benefits of the program are manifold; in addition to reducing pesticide use in the US, the fumigation of exported U.S. cotton bales with
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Boll weevil eradication: a model for sea lamprey control? Journal of Great Lakes
Research 2003
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Current Status of Boll Weevil
Eradication Program, National Cotton Council, Fall 2009
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Brazzel, J. R.; Newsom, L. D. (1959-08-01). "Diapause in
Anthonomus grandis Boh".
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In portions of its range, the program has been bolstered by the spread of the
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The first full-scale eradication trial began in 1978 in southern
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Three main techniques are employed over a 3-5-year period:
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support to create the USDA Boll Weevil
Research Lab.
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27:(USDA) which has sought to eradicate the
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25:United States Department of Agriculture
193:nationwide program is completed. The
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662:Global Polio Eradication Initiative
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386:Boll weevil eradicated in Arkansas
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761:Mathematical modelling of disease
628:Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
693:Boll Weevil Eradication Program
667:Global Certification Commission
21:Boll Weevil Eradication Program
354:The US National Cotton Council
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472:Eradication of dracunculiasis
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16:USDA pest management program
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41:integrated pest management
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606:Eradication of rinderpest
56:Since its migration from
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708:India National PolioPlus
381:Program economic impacts
449:Eradication of smallpox
344:USDA Program definition
165:mapping technology and
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35:-growing areas of the
588:agricultural diseases
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526:Lymphatic filariasis
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114:L. D. Newsom
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793:Vaccination
713:Pulse Polio
641:Eradication
203:Great Lakes
199:sea lamprey
29:boll weevil
813:Categories
776:horizontal
602:Rinderpest
595:Successful
514:(regional)
438:Successful
297:2013-10-07
220:References
210:ecological
87:heptachlor
45:pesticides
291:"Welcome"
277:1938-291X
144:Operation
95:parathion
91:malathion
71:toxaphene
819:Agronomy
798:Zoonosis
781:vertical
766:Pandemic
681:Regional
643:programs
616:Underway
563:Syphilis
553:Trachoma
521:Hookworm
512:Underway
461:(global)
459:Underway
445:Smallpox
362:Archived
314:Archived
167:bar code
130:Virginia
118:diapause
79:dieldrin
573:Leprosy
548:Rubella
536:vaccine
531:Measles
488:Malaria
188:Impacts
52:History
31:in the
704:India
650:Global
568:Rabies
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178:larvae
93:, and
83:endrin
75:aldrin
58:Mexico
33:cotton
829:Crops
478:Polio
182:pupae
498:Yaws
273:ISSN
208:The
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163:GPS
67:DDT
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