Bombing of Guernica - Knowledge (XXG)

2195:, while the popular view of the attack was a terror bombing aimed at the town, in reality the intended target was the bridge and roads. The issue was that pinpoint bombing was not possible at the time of the attack. Most of the bombers used by the Luftwaffe in Spain did not possess adequate targeting gear and thus the Condor Legion's preferred solution was to carpet the area with bombs to ensure the targets would be hit. Corum also argues against the view that there was a psychological element to the attack, stating that Richtofen seemed unaware of the significance of Guernica to the Basques and his diary indicates he only cared that the attack had been able to shut down logistics in the town. The Nationalists also didn't destroy the Basque parliament building or the Holy Oak, both of which had great cultural significance to the Basque and would have been excellent targets if the raid was meant solely to be a psychological warfare attack. Corum also argues that the attack on the town did not differ in style from the types of attacks the Allies conducted during World War II, and the Condor Legion regarded the attack as a routine tactical operation. 2068:"German airforces, following orders of the Spanish fascists, have bombed Guernica, setting the historical villa, that so much veneration has among the Basques, on fire. They wanted to hurt us in the most vulnerable spot of our patriotic sentiment, proving once again what Euzkadi may expect from those who won't hesitate in destroying the sanctuary that commemorates centuries of our freedom and democracy... Before God and before history, which will judge us all, I assure you that the German planes bombed the population of Guernica, with unprecedented viciousness, for three hours, reducing the historical villa to ashes. They haunted women and children with machine gun fire, killing large numbers of them..." 1172: 39: 154: 1776: 166: 234: 141: 2527:, under rebel control at the time, had been heavily bombarded by seven bombers under the command of the Republican government. The civil population was warned about the bombing. The main target of the attack was the general military hospital in the city. It is estimated that 40 people were killed by the attack, about half of them in the hospital. The same day at 20:00, the Republican government signed an order to execute "as many National prisoners as people died in the Jaén bombing." The order was carried through. 267: 198: 1326: 2343:. The Spanish Republican Government had commissioned a work from him for the Spanish pavilion at the Paris International Exposition. Though he accepted the invitation to display a piece, he remained uninspired until he heard of the bombing of Guernica. Before the bombing of Guernica took place, Picasso never cared much for anything to do with politics. Once Picasso heard the news he changed his commissioned work for Spain into a reflection on the massacre. 1354:

means of an adjacent bridge to the road flanking the main Basque defensive position, along which the defenders might have to retreat. Richthofen’s chief goal was to block a main junction near the front to stymie Basque troop movements and permit Mola to break through, encircling the forces farther north... Pinpoint bombing was impossible with the existing technology, and the only way to hit the targets was to carpet much of the area.

2076:

sustained through three hours, while three hours is the time between the first and last round among the three made on Guernica. The numbers of dead and injured have been now proven to be completely false and impossible for the size of the locality. The intentional, individual chase of civilians by German planes has not been disproven (nor proven) but has some problematic points in it. Some prestigious foreign journalists like

2118:, which was dynamited), Steer's reporting was supported by other journalists who witnessed the same levels of destruction. Furthermore, there were objective proofs available at the time of the falsehood of Llano's version: the bad weather he mentioned happened hours after the attack had been perpetrated, and the city's weaponry as well as the bridge to get to it were among the few buildings which had not been destroyed. 2601:, we survivors of Guernica and Dresden recall our own helplessness and horror when we were flung into the inferno of bombing—we saw people killed. Suffocated. Crushed. Incinerated. Mothers trying to protect their children with only their bodies. Old people with no strength left to flee from the flames. These pictures are still alive in our memory, and our accounts capture indelibly what we went through. 1897: 2316: 1723: 4911: 2004: 1634: 1942: 2354:. He used only black and white paint to invoke the truth-telling authority of documentary photography. "The protest is found in what has happened to the bodies, the hands, the soles of the feet, the horse's tongue, the mother's breasts, the eyes in the head—the imaginative equivalent of what happened to them in the flesh. We are made to feel their pain with our own eyes." 4866: 1708:...a realistic estimate on the high side of bombing effectiveness (7–12 fatalities per ton of bombs) would yield a figure of perhaps 300–400 fatalities in Guernica. This is certainly a bloody enough event, but reporting that a small town was bombed with a few hundred killed would not have had the same effect as reporting that a city was bombed with almost 1,700 dead". 2552:. The city suffered a similar attack prior to the bombing of Guernica, and further attacks afterwards. Madrid presented a fierce resistance against the National troops that surpassed all of Franco's expectations and forced him to completely modify his attack strategy. A series of air bombings to demoralize the population were ordered both before and after Guernica. 4894: 1159:("the tree of Gernika" in Basque) is an oak tree that symbolises traditional freedoms for the Biscayan people and, by extension, for the Basque people as a whole. Guernica was considered a key part of the Basques' national identity; it was long celebrated as "the home of Basque liberties". Guernica was also the location of the Spanish weapons manufacturer 274: 241: 205: 1602:'s forces took the town three days later, the Nationalist side claimed that no effort to establish an accurate number had been made by the opposite side. The Basque government, in the confused aftermath of the raids, reported 1,654 dead and 889 wounded. Such a number roughly agreed with the testimony of British journalist 2639:

killing civilian non-combatants even in times of war. However, the second half of the twentieth century has seen most of those taboos broken. Guernica was the point of departure, and Hiroshima is the ultimate symbol. We must find ways to communicate to future generations the history of horror that began with Guernica....

1805:, with part of his report stating "Guernica was not a military objective... The object of the bombardment was seemingly the demoralisation of the civil population and the destruction of the cradle of the Basque race." Steer also pointed out German complicity in the action, citing three small bomb cases stamped with the 2089:

urban area as the population was fleeing from the bombs, but a generalized chase and murder of the witnesses seems like a pointless waste of resources, or even a counter producing action, if the goal of the German airforces was, as it is now believed, to extend demoralization and fear in the neighbouring villages.

1289:

worked out guidelines for what type of bombing was permissible under international law. While direct attacks against civilians were ruled out as "terror bombing", the concept of attacking vital war industries-and probable heavy civilian casualties and breakdown of civilian morale-was ruled as acceptable.

2641:

In this sense, the leadership of those here in Guernica who seek peace and have worked hard to bring about this memorial ceremony is profoundly meaningful. The solidarity we feel today derives from our shared experience of the horror of war, and this solidarity can truly lead us toward a world beyond

2604:

For decades we—and survivors from many other nations—have been scarred by the horror, loss and injuries we experienced in the wars of the 20th century. Today we see that the beginnings of the 21st century are also marked by suffering and destruction. On behalf of all the victims of war throughout the

2440:

wrote to survivors apologizing on behalf of the German people and state for Germany's role in the Civil War in general. Herzog said he wished to extend "a hand of friendship and reconciliation" on behalf of all German citizens. This sentiment was later ratified by members of the German Parliament who

2281:

In Vidal's view, such a mission would have typically used 10-kilogram bombs, and no incendiaries. Vidal also argues that the 22-ton load-out used in the raid represented a relatively large quantity for an attack on the stated primary objective. By way of comparison, Vidal indicates sources which give

1390:

The Condor Legion persuaded Franco to send troops to go north and to be led by General Emilio Mola. On 31 March 1937, Mola attacked the province of Biscay, which included the bombing of Durango by the Condor Legion. Republicans put up a tough fight against the German troops but eventually were forced

1382:

and Biscay). All Nationalist equipment was sent to the north front to support Mola. The main reason to attack first from the north was the suspicion that a decisive victory could be won there quickly. Mola wanted to make this fight quick; he let the Basque people know that if they wanted to surrender

1568:

An early study by Gernikazarra Historia Taldea estimated the number of victims to be 126, later revised to 153, and is still considered by the organisation to be provisional. Those incomplete data roughly correspond to the mortuary records of the town that survived, and do not include the 592 deaths

1353:

Guernica was selected as a target by Lieutenant Colonel Wolfram von Richthofen (younger cousin of the “Red Baron” of World War I), chief of staff of the Condor Legion, for several reasons. It housed several battalions of troops and three arms factories, lay near the front lines, and was connected by

1539:

The bombing shattered the city's defenders' will to resist, allowing the rebel Nationalists to overrun it. This indirectly supported Douhet's theory, which predicted this result. The rebels faced little resistance and took complete control of the town by 29 April. The attacks destroyed the majority

1221:

Prior to the Condor Legion raid, the town had not been directly involved in the fighting, although Republican forces were in the area; 23 battalions of Basque army troops were at the front east of Guernica. The town also housed two Basque army battalions, although it had no static air defenses, and

2248:

The lack of reconnaissance missions before the bombing suggests to him that the Legion intended the destruction of the town rather than a specific target. Reconnaissance missions had been ordered as a prerequisite before raids around built-up areas on 6 January 1937. The intent of the order was to

1703:

during February 1945, which saw 3,431 tons of bombs dropped on the city, caused fewer deaths per ton of bombs: 7.2–10.2 fatalities per ton of bombs dropped. Corum, who ascribes the discrepancy between the high death toll reported at Guernica and in other cases such as Rotterdam to propaganda,

1348:

While questions are often raised over the intent of the raid, the diaries of the planner and commander of the mission made public in the 1970s indicate that an attack on Guernica represented part of a wider Nationalist advance in the area and was also designed to support Franco's forces already in

1288:

The vital industries and transportation centres that would be targeted for shutdown were valid military targets. It could be claimed civilians were not to be targeted directly, but the breakdown of production would affect their morale and will to fight. German legal scholars of the 1930s carefully

1238:

There is a historical debate over whether a market was being held that particular Monday as, prior to the bombing, the Basque government had ordered a general halt to markets to prevent congestion of roads, and restricted large meetings. It is accepted by most historians that Monday "...would have

2571:

Historians described the raid as “the most deadly of those carried out by the Republic in the course of the war”. The extremely high death-to-bombs ratio (60 dead per 1 ton of explosives) was the result of 250-kg bombs exploding on the central square, crowded during the usual morning food market.

2235:

On the Spanish side, threats made prior to the raid by General Emilio Mola to "end the war in the North of Spain quickly" and threats apparently made against Republicans in Bilbao afterward implied a blunting of strategy and that air raids were effective and set to become an increasingly favorite

2125:

Some Nationalist reporters suggested that the town had been bombed from the air, but by Republican airplanes. The bombs were said to have been made in the Basque country and the explosions happened because of dynamite stored in the sewers. Another theory by Nationalists was that there were a "few

2088:

reported it, but none of them actually saw it and have other proven inaccuracies in their accounts of the war. No material proofs of it had been found, and the streets of the village are far too narrow for the chase to take place. It is possible that the chase of civilians happened outside of the

1882:

Stanley Payne observes that the presence of Steer was the reason for Guernica becoming a major media event; the town of Durango had been bombed a few days before and suffered higher casualties yet received comparatively little attention. Steer was first on the scene and was eager to dramatise the

2638:

Human beings have often sought to give concrete form to our powerful collective longing for peace. After World War I, that longing led to the League of Nations and numerous rules and taboos designed to govern warfare itself. Of these, the most important was the proscription against attacking and

2570:

was subject to Republican bombing. Three Tupolev SB-2 aircraft departing from the Fuente Alamo airfield (some 300 km away) and operated by Spanish crews performed a single raid; they dropped some 1.8 tons of explosives. There were over 400 casualties recorded, 109 killed and more than 300 other.

2121:

The Germans denied any involvement, as well. Von Richthofen claimed that the Germans had a target that was a bridge over the Mundaka River, which was on the edge of town. It was chosen for the fact that it would cut off the fleeing Republican troops. However, even though the Germans had the best

1437:

for free fighter bomber mission on the streets near Marquina-Guernica-Guerriciaz. K/88 (after Returning from Guerriciaz), VB/88 and Italians for the streets and the bridge (including suburb) east of Guernica. There we have to close the traffic, if we finally want a decision against personnel and

2136:

destructiveness of the Luftwaffe, a fear that encouraged appeasement of Germany. In the aftermath, Franco reiterated his earlier orders that no open town, without troops or military industry, may be bombed without a direct order from the Generalissimo or the commanding general of the air force.

2075:

The attribution of responsibility is correct, the cause of the bombing is probably wrong but reasonable at the time, and machine gun fire was indeed used to create fires in the village. However, it contains lies and is intentionally misleading in various points. It suggests that the bombing was

1234:

Monday 26 April was market day; there were more than 10,000 people in the former Basque capital. Generally speaking, a market day would have attracted people from the surrounding areas to Guernica to conduct business. Market days consisted of local farmers bringing in their crops to sell to the

2101:

broadcast a statement through Union Radio Seville accusing the local population and "the reds" of having deliberately burned and dynamited Guernica, while calling international reporters liars. Among the facts that he provided to prove his version of events were the "absolute absence of German

2273:

It was von Richthofen himself who selected the mix of blast, splinter and fire bombs for this particular operation, agreed at a military conference in Burgos the night before. Von Richthofen wrote in his diary: "As it was a complete success of our 250 kg (explosive) and ECB1 (incendiary)

1458:

at 15:30 with orders to "bomb the road and bridge to the east of Guernica, in order to block the enemy retreat" during the second wave. Their orders explicitly stated not to bomb the town itself. During a single 60-second pass over the town, from north to south, the SM.79s dropped thirty-six

2135:

The attempted cover-up did more harm than good. The uproar irritated even Hitler, who insisted that Franco's government absolve the Condor Legion from any responsibility. Ironically, the whole affair may have redounded to his advantage, for it had the effect of heightening concern about the

1024:

by some historians, and argued as a legitimate attack by others, it was one of the first aerial bombings to capture global attention. Under the international laws regarding aerial warfare in 1937, Guernica was a legitimate military target. The number of victims is still disputed; the Basque

1564:

The number of civilian fatalities is now set at between 170 and 300 people. Until the 1980s, it had been generally accepted that the number of deaths had been over 1,700, but these numbers are now known to have been exaggerated. Historians now agree that the number of deaths was under 300.

1358:

Richthofen, understanding the strategic importance of the town in the advance on Bilbao and restricting Republican retreat, ordered an attack against the roads and bridge in the Renteria suburb. Destruction of the bridge was considered the primary objective since the raid was to operate in

1878:

Overall, the impression generated was one which fed the widely held public fear of air attack which had been building throughout the 1930s, a fear which accurately anticipated that in the next war the aerial forces of warring nations would be able to wipe whole cities off the map.

2302:

Despite Francoist efforts to play down the reports, they proliferated and led to widespread international outrage at the time. Reactions to and condemnation of the bombing of Guernica is regarded by some historians as a turning point in the construction of the modern concept of

1613:

The Nationalist junta gave a patently false description of the events, claiming that the destruction had been caused by Republicans burning the town as they fled, and seemed to have made no effort to establish an accurate number. At an extreme low, the Francoist newspaper

2282:

total tonnage of bombs dropped on the front during the first day of the offensive as sixty-six. Vidal goes on to claim that the official German account of this period in the war, "The War in the North", states that only 7.956 tons of bombs were dropped on Guernica.

1497:

Earlier, around noon that day, the Junkers Ju 52s of the Condor Legion had carried out a mission around Gerrikaraiz. Following this they landed to re-arm and then took off to complete the raid on Guernica. The attack would run from north to south, coming from the

2427:, one of his most violent and personal sculptures. He was shocked and horrified by the enormous civilian massacre and worked endlessly on the plaster statue. Iché used his daughter to model a child's body. During his lifetime, it was only exhibited once in 1940. 2485:, as well as several survivors from Guernica itself. During the meeting they showed images and film clips of the bombing, took time to remember the 250 dead, and read the Guernica Manifesto for Peace, pleading that Guernica become a "World Capital for Peace". 1556:. Since the Luftwaffe was then operating on Wever's theory of bombing as a military action, the mission was considered a failure as a result. However, the rubble and civil disorder that the raid created severely restricted the movement of Republican forces. 1487:

If the aerial attacks had stopped at that moment, for a town that until then had maintained its distance from the convulsions of war, it would have been a totally disproportionate and insufferable punishment. However, the biggest operation was yet to come.

2715:(Stuka) at his disposal as these aircraft, as some sources indicate that first pre-serial Ju 87A came to Spain in November 1936, serving in the experimental VJ/88 unit. Regular deliveries began arriving in Spain in December 1937, although this is disputed. 2539:

is considered the clearest precedent for Guernica. It was perpetrated on 31 March 1937, by the Italian Air Forces in a three-raid pattern, almost identical to that carried out in Guernica. It killed an estimated 250 people and destroyed most of the city.

2435:

Recrimination for the activities of the Condor Legion and shame at the involvement of German citizens in the bombing of Guernica surfaced following German reunification in the 1990s. In 1997, the 60th anniversary of Operation Rügen, then German President

2230:

We have had notable results in hitting the targets near the front, especially in bombing villages which hold enemy reserves and headquarters. We have had great success because these targets are easy to find and can be thoroughly destroyed by carpet

4618:, translated into English by Peter Miller. A detailed account of the attack and an account of its likely motivations. The sections of the article on the timing of the attacks and the particular planes and armaments used draw heavily on this source. 2298:

Steer's reports on the horrors of Guernica were greatly appreciated by the Basque people. Steer had made their plight known. Basque authorities later honored his memory by naming two streets in his memory and commissioning a bronze bust of him.

2215:. Comparisons between the raid on Guernica and the fate of other cities during the conflict are also telling. As the fighting progressed into March 1938, Italian pilots flying as Aviazione Legionaria were involved in thirteen raids against 1610:, which estimated that 800 to 3,000 of 5,000 people perished in Guernica. These figures were adopted over the years by some commentators. These figures are represented in a majority of the literature from that period and up to the 1970s. 2105:

On 29 April, in view of the outrage caused by the bombing in European public opinion, Franco's propaganda service issued an official statement parroting Llano's claims. This theory found favor in conservative British journals, including

2183:

I urged him (Adolf Hitler) to give support under all circumstances, firstly, in order to prevent the further spread of communism in that theater and, secondly, to test my young Luftwaffe at this opportunity in this or that technical

1163:, which had been a supplier of firearms to the Spanish military and police forces since 1912. At the time of the bombing, the population of Guernica was 7,000 people, and the battlefront was 30 kilometres away. 1029:

claims 400 civilians died. Soviet archives claim 800 deaths on 1 May 1937, but this number may not include victims who later died of their injuries in hospitals or whose bodies were discovered buried in the rubble.

4785: 2358: 2294:

The bombing gained immediate international media attention because of the alleged intentional targeting of civilians by aerial bombers, a strategy widely recognized as "deviant", causing "international horror".

1698:

uses the figure of forty tons of bombs dropped on Guernica, and calculates that if the figure of 1654 dead is accepted as accurate, then the raid caused 41 fatalities per ton of bombs. By way of comparison, the

2285:

Vidal argues that the Italians had been trying to obtain a separate peace agreement with the Basque nationalists and were not inclined to jeopardize those efforts by deliberately inflicting civilian casualties.

1013:. The town was being used as a communications centre by Republican forces just behind the front line, and the raid was intended to destroy bridges and roads. The operation opened the way to Franco's capture of 1313:'s theory of terror bombing. Terror bombing was deemed to be "counter-productive", increasing rather than destroying the enemy's will to resist. Such bombing campaigns were regarded as a diversion from the 1871:, was the first reporter to arrive on the scene after the bombing. He received the following cable from his office, "Berlin denies Guernica bombing. Franco says he had no planes up yesterday owing fog. 1391:

back. Many refugees fled to Guernica for safety, about a thousand people turned to Guernica. On 25 April, Mola sent a warning to Franco saying that he was planning a heavy strike against Guernica.

2612:

But is that very suffering now also to be inflicted upon the people of Iraq? Must thousands more die in a rain of bombs, must cities and villages be destroyed and cultural treasures obliterated?

3853: 2152:. It is also remembered by the surviving inhabitants and Basque people as such. Due to the lingering divisions from the conflict, the event remains a source of emotion and public recrimination. 3674: 2350:(349 cm x 776 cm). Since the work was so large, Picasso had to use a ladder and a long-handled brush to reach the furthest corners of the canvas. He spent over two months creating 3831: 2203:

Alongside the potential for gains in combat experience it is also thought that various strategic initiatives were first tried as part of Luftwaffe involvement in the conflict. Theories on

3204:

Telegram for the CO of Legion Condor, sent by HQ at Salamanca, in: Maier: Guernica 26 April 1937. Die deutsche Intervention in Spanien und der "Fall Guernica", Freiburg 1977, Appendix 6.

2263:

Since the raid appears to have ignored Mola's earlier plans for reconnaissance prior to the raid, Vidal concludes that Richthofen must have received direct orders from Mola or Franco.

1417:

were assigned for the mission. These were armed with 250 kg (550 lb) medium high-explosive bombs, 50 kg (110 lb) light explosive bombs and 1 kg (2.2 lb)

321: 1025:

government reported 1,654 people killed at the time, while local historians identified 126 victims (later revised by the authors of the study to 153). A British source used by the

2516:

by 6 German bombers. The bombers made a single raid over the city, in which an estimated 150 people were killed. The order for the Jaén bombing was written and signed by General

513: 1540:

of Guernica. Three-quarters of the city's buildings were reported completely destroyed, and most others sustained damage. Among infrastructure spared were the arms factories

1218:. Bilbao was seen as key to bringing the war to a conclusion in the north of Spain. Guernica also was the path of retreat for the Republicans from the northeast of Biscay. 1333:

The Condor Legion was entirely under the command of the Nationalist forces. The order to perform the raid was transmitted to the commanding officer of the Condor Legion,

4986: 2702:

Although on 27 April, two Republican fighters were reported shot down by Condor Legion Messerschmitt Bf 109 conducting follow-up raids against traffic around Guernica.

1801:, who was covering the Spanish Civil War from inside the country, authored the first full account of events. Steer's reporting set the tone for much of the subsequent 4966: 1694:. A comparison of the Guernica figures with the figures of dead resulting from air attacks on major European cities during the Second World War exposed an anomaly. 1438:

materiel of the enemy. Vigon agrees to move his troops for blocking all streets south of Guernica. If this succeeds, we will have trapped the enemy around Marquina.

1363:. Secondary objectives were restriction of Republican traffic/equipment movements and the prevention of bridge repair via the creation of rubble around the bridge. 2973: 2126:

bomb fragments found" in Guernica, but the damage was mainly caused by Basque incendiaries. Franco's regime minimized the bombing for decades. In 1970, newspaper

1463:

says that at this point, the damage to the town was "relatively limited... confined to a few buildings", including the church of San Juan and headquarters of the

2254: 1523: 4996: 4099: 4971: 4769: 3861: 2384: 420: 314: 4077: 1425:

load for the 24 bombers was 22 tonnes (22 long tons; 24 short tons) in total. A follow-up to the bombing raid was also planned for the next day involving

2592:, Germany, including survivors of the firestorm of 1945, joined with witnesses of the bombing of Guernica to issue an appeal to the people of the world: 4956: 3682: 2014: 1644: 1214:. At the time of the raid, Guernica represented a focal strategic point for the Republican forces. It stood between the Nationalists and capture of 946: 385: 353: 2548:

Alfredo Kindelán considers that both Guernica and Durango were "practice drills" in the development of more effective bombing strategies to use in

1264:, in which civilians were deliberately targeted in order to break the will or aid the collapse of an enemy. After the bombing of Guernica in 1937, 3037: 988: 3823: 3633: 906: 779: 2512:

On 1 April 1937, at 17:20, the Spanish city of Jaén, one of the few areas in Andalusia under Republican control at that point of the Civil War,

609: 197: 4660: 4318: 2776: 1284:

leadership officially rejected the concept of terror bombing, but continued to allow bombings which might result in heavy civilian casualties:

379: 373: 307: 4882: 4630: 4504: 4469: 4451: 4276: 3921: 2918: 508: 4976: 3508: 1740: 1472:

The next three waves of the first attack then occurred, ending around 18:00. The third wave consisted of a Heinkel He 111 escorted by five

233: 2499:

leads up to and culminates in the bombing of Guernica, set against the background of personalities involved in press coverage of the war.

2061: 899: 1531:(J/88), for a total of twenty-nine planes. Lützow himself did not participate in the attack, he was on home leave from 8–29 April 1937. 346: 266: 4354: 4701: 4399: 3491: 3431: 3368: 3146: 1700: 71: 3704: 1907: 4602: 4554: 4421: 4234: 4205: 3807: 3778: 3749: 3547: 3459: 3399: 3336: 3298: 3228: 2222:

The use of "carpet bombing" was becoming standard practice by Condor Legion personnel. To illustrate this point, military historian

2047: 1985: 1762: 1677: 585: 2677: 1952: 1171: 4951: 1855: 599: 552: 391: 3252:. "The destruction of a Basque town served as a model for Terror Bombing and Inspired an Anti-War Masterpiece". Vol. 14, Issue 2 1840:

brandishing a bloody sword labelled "air raids" as he towered over heaps of civilian dead littering "the Holy City of Guernica".

2400: 2366: 1337: 960: 518: 1917: 4573: 4156: 3124: 3101: 3079: 3053: 1744: 545: 479: 1003: 3939:"Accessing children's historical experiences through their art: four drawings of aerial warfare from the Spanish Civil War" 2935: 592: 528: 413: 4856: 4936: 2981: 2441:

went on to legislate in 1998 for the removal of all former Legion members' names from associated German military bases.

1235:

village people. They would bring the crops of the week's labour to the main square, which is where the market was held.

406: 1690:

Issues with the originally released figures were raised following an appraisal of large scale bombing raids during the

38: 4941: 4815: 2110:

which even put in doubt the testimony from its own correspondent, George Steer. While Republican forces had pursued a

1883:

effect of bombing on cities in order to encourage war preparedness. Steer inflated the number of casualties by 1000%.

870: 796: 709: 218: 4900: 2085: 2029: 1967: 1659: 4991: 4981: 4478: 4107: 4055: 823: 760: 604: 365: 1963: 1733: 4608: 2323:. Basque nationalists advocate that the painting be brought to the town, as can be seen in the slogan underneath. 1460: 850: 750: 716: 623: 361: 4961: 4496: 4069: 4004: 3900:

In 2006 the town of Guernica honored Steer by unveiling a bronze bust of him and naming a street in his memory.

3093:

Fleeing Franco: How Wales gave shelter to refugee children from the Basque country during the Spanish Civil War

2160:

A commonly held viewpoint is that the involvement of the Luftwaffe in the Civil War occurred because of shared

976: 935: 828: 808: 786: 755: 469: 52: 4790: 2458: 1509:

The 1st and 2nd Squadrons of the Condor Legion took off at about 16:30, with the 3rd Squadron taking off from

1383:

he would spare their lives and homes. On 31 March Mola's threat was put into action and the fighting began in

1020:

The attack gained controversy because it involved the bombing of civilians by a military air force. Seen as a

2517: 2098: 1844: 1775: 1414: 1374:. From there two new divisions were formed. General Emilio Mola would start the campaign against the north ( 1294: 1191: 1044: 882: 865: 731: 523: 437: 2813:[We Gernikarras have received from childhood what the bombing was like through oral transmission]. 2784: 2333:

Guernica quickly became a world-renowned symbol of civilian suffering resulting from conflict and inspired

765: 4946: 4694: 4582: 3045: 1410: 1052: 503: 454: 1913: 647: 2598: 1465: 930: 920: 860: 629: 449: 127: 4644: 1573:

states that there were 250 dead. The study by Joan Villarroya and Josep M. Solé i Sabaté in their book

1483:

Corrado Ricci. The fourth and fifth waves were carried out by German twin-engined planes. Vidal notes:

1160: 459: 2188:

One historian claimed the Germans bombed Guernica in a deliberate attempt to destroy the entire town.

4807: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2606: 2494: 2423: 2412: 1518: 1426: 1265: 1223: 1180: 1125: 1064: 1026: 1006: 925: 813: 635: 557: 490: 484: 443: 426: 170: 4664: 4325: 3714: 4843: 4129: 3984: 1367: 1366:

On 22 March 1937, Franco started to put his plan into action, starting with his air chief, General

1084: 914: 887: 855: 833: 688: 676: 533: 464: 4284: 2361:

in Paris reflected the effect on public consciousness. The painting, later adopted as a symbol of

4748: 4711: 4561: 3966: 3641: 3478:; Villarroya, Joan; M. Solé i Sabaté, Josep; Casanova, Julián; Moreno, Francisco (9 March 2004). 2682: 2585: 2536: 2362: 2339: 2328: 2320: 2128: 1858:, Guernica was also inaccurately described as an "open city" which contained no military targets. 1811: 1791:

The first English-language media reports of the destruction in Guernica appeared two days later.

1616: 1370:. The German army would first take the Guadalajara front. Italians then would be restructured at 1199: 1035: 940: 876: 845: 791: 744: 682: 659: 432: 4035: 3516: 2513: 1360: 1325: 697: 4917: 4687: 4626: 4598: 4569: 4550: 4500: 4465: 4447: 4417: 4395: 4230: 4201: 3958: 3917: 3803: 3795: 3774: 3745: 3592: 3543: 3487: 3455: 3427: 3420:

Historia de España en el siglo XX - 2: La crisis de los años treinta: República y Guerra Civil

3395: 3364: 3332: 3294: 3224: 3142: 3120: 3097: 3075: 3070: 3049: 2914: 2712: 2524: 2454: 2450: 2250: 2212: 2204: 2172: 1473: 1418: 1269: 1195: 980: 839: 737: 721: 571: 496: 474: 396: 331: 30: 3766: 3115: 3092: 4586: 4546: 4534: 4364: 4359: 4047: 3990: 3950: 3856:[Bilbao dedicates a street to George Steer who reported on the bombing of Gernika]. 3741: 2672: 2631: 2561: 2376: 2371: 2176: 1806: 1691: 1591: 1553: 1379: 1187: 1155: 1056: 984: 894: 802: 771: 726: 669: 641: 617: 578: 562: 165: 4350: 3709: 2850: 2623: 2549: 2169: 1872: 1514: 1384: 1273: 1138: 1076: 1072: 972: 818: 653: 539: 401: 146: 63: 3475: 3424:

History of Spain in the 20th century - 2: The crisis of the 1930s: Republic and Civil War

2811:"Los gernikarras hemos recibido desde niños por transmisión oral lo que fue el bombardeo" 2418: 1184: 1068: 4132:[Guernica remembers the 70th anniversary of the bombings in a spirit of peace]. 3003: 4612: 4409: 4157:"Reporter who told world of Guernica atrocity and inspired Picasso is hero of new film" 4036:"Analyzing Political Art to Get at Historical Fact: Guernica and the Spanish Civil War" 3282: 2482: 2208: 2161: 2149: 2111: 1480: 1395: 1334: 1261: 3884: 3262: 2879: 2605:

world we express our sympathy and solidarity with all those affected by the terror of

1451:, coming from the south, dropped approximately twelve 50 kg (110 lb) bombs. 4930: 4727: 4594: 4486:

Guernica 26 April 1937: Die Deutsche Intervention in Spanien und der "Fall Guernica."

3970: 3415: 3387: 2652: 2396: 2334: 1867: 1832: 1582: 1578: 1528: 1499: 1448: 1434: 1403: 1399: 1310: 1150: 1120: 1040: 999: 158: 4870: 4753: 4540: 4161: 3447: 3261:

Diary entries and outlining of the action as detailed by Richthofen's records here

2567: 2437: 2304: 2165: 1837: 1792: 1603: 1048: 992: 153: 3954: 2810: 2122:

airmen and the best planes in Spain, none of their bombs hit the presumed target.

4355:"Message from the Mayor of Hiroshima: 70th Anniversary of the Bombing of Gernika" 3738:

Telegram from Guernica: The Extraordinary Life of George Steer, War Correspondent

2842: 4838: 4510: 4182:

Order number 295 of the Jefatura del Aire, Estado Mayor, 3ª Sección. Sig. A1983.

3938: 2947: 2315: 2223: 2192: 2021: 1722: 1695: 1651: 1599: 1247: 1211: 1096: 1092: 4277:"Survivors of the Bombing of Guernica and Dresden Appeal against a War in Iraq" 4130:"Guernica recuerda el 70º aniversario de los bombardeos con un espíritu de paz" 1222:

it was thought that no air cover could be expected due to recent losses of the

4566:

Guernica! Guernica!: A Study of Journalism, Diplomacy, Propaganda, and History

4223:

La Guerra Civil en Córdoba: Los bombardeos aéreos sobre la capital (1936-1939)

4051: 2380: 2226:

cites an excerpt from a 1938 Condor Legion report on this use of this tactic:

1862: 1848: 1476: 1422: 1256: 3962: 3854:"Bilbao dedica una calle a George Steer que informó del bombardeo de Gernika" 3596: 2584:

On 13 February 2003, during the commemoration of the 58th anniversary of the

86: 73: 4833: 3329:

Guernica 26-4-1937: the German intervention in Spain and the "Guernica case"

2627: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2346:

Picasso began the painting on 11 May 1937, working on a piece of unbleached

2257: 2216: 2077: 1802: 1797: 1577:

states that there were 300 dead. These studies, cited by historians such as

1207: 1112: 1104: 1088: 1021: 995: 4679: 4440:

Gott oder ein Flugzeug – Leben und Sterben des Jagdfliegers Günther Lützow

4227:

The Civil War in Córdoba: The aerial bombings over the capital (1936-1939)

3325:

Guernica 26-4-1937: la intervención alemana en España y el "caso Guernica"

2357:

The display of Picasso's work at (Republican) Spain's Pavilion during the

1349:

place, a nationalist force of twenty five battalions. According to Payne:

3223:(illustrated ed.). University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 181–183. 2843:"INFLATED BY AIR: COMMON PERCEPTIONS OF CIVILIAN CASUALTIES FROM BOMBING" 2388: 1503: 1375: 1371: 964: 703: 3681:(in Spanish). Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. Archived from 2907:

Vozdushnaya voyna v Ispanii: khronika vozdushnykh srazheniy 1936-1939 gg

2132:

claimed that there had only been twelve deaths during the bombing raid.

1819:. There was coverage in other national and international editions also: 1359:

conjunction with Nationalist troop movements against Republicans around

4319:"Press Release : Survivors of the Bombing of Guernica and Dresden" 2589: 2474: 2145: 1747: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2478: 2347: 2081: 1620:

claimed, on 30 January 1970, that there had only been twelve deaths.

1510: 1429:

raids in the area. The order was noted on 26 April by Richthofen as:

1215: 1203: 1146: 1142: 1014: 4529:

El Apoyo Militar Alemán a Franco:La Legión Cóndor En La Guerra Civil

3794:

Chambliss, William J.; Michalowski, Raymond; Kramer, Ronald (2013).

3771:

The Holocaust's Ghost: Writings on Art, Politics, Law, and Education

2207:

were first developed by the Luftwaffe with the first exhibition of "

1970:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 299: 4444:

God or an Airplane – Life and Death of Fighter Pilot Günther Lützow

1276:

in 1940, it was commonly assumed that terror bombing was a part of

4446:] (in German). Moosburg, Germany: NeunundzwanzigSechs Verlag. 3363:] (in Spanish). Translated by C. Vales, José. Madrid: Espasa. 2314: 1774: 1455: 1324: 4392:

We Saw Spain Die: Foreign Correspondents in the Spanish Civil War

3824:"Honour for Times man who broke news of Guernica firebomb attack" 2575:

References made during commemorations marking other mass bombings

1063:. The bombing shocked and inspired many other artists, including 4100:"Exhibit recalls German destruction of Spanish town of Guernica" 2244:

Vidal outlines some other commonly voiced theories on the raid:

2115: 1595:, provide the currently recognized death toll in those numbers. 4683: 2403:

room. It was placed there as a reminder of the horrors of war.

303: 4305: 4009: 3914:

From Guernica to Human Rights: Essays on the Spanish Civil War

3291:

The destruction of Guernica: a balance sheet sixty years later

2253:

and it had been issued by Mola, then Supreme Commander of the

2164:

and to form a proving ground for troops employed later during

2072:

The Republican statement counted 1645 deaths and 889 wounded.

1997: 1935: 1890: 1716: 1627: 1586: 1569:

registered in Bilbao's hospital. Raúl Arias Ramos in his book

4876: 2503:

Comparison to other related bombings in the Spanish Civil War

2449:

On the 70th anniversary of the bombing, the president of the

1851:

having been dropped on Guernica. This did not actually occur.

1517:

by a squadron of Fiat fighters and Messerschmitt Bf 109Bs of

2097:

On 27 April, the day after the bombing, Nationalist general

3287:

La destrucción de Guernica: un balance sesenta años después

2395:

is displayed on the wall of the United Nations building in

4462:

The Luftwaffe: Creating the Operational Air War, 1918–1940

4194:

La Guerra Civil en Jaén: historia de un horror inolvidable

3513:

Sociedad Benéfica de Historiadores Aficionados y Creadores

2911:

The air war in Spain: a chronicle of air battles 1936-1939

1827:

ran the story every day for over a week after the attack.

1047:. It was also depicted in a woodcut by the German artist 3621:] (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Madrid: Espasa-Calpe. 3486:] (in Spanish). Barcelona: Ediciones Martínez Roca. 1317:

main operations, destruction of the enemy armed forces.

16:

Attack by military aircraft during the Spanish Civil War

3219:

G. Payne, Stanley; Palacios, Jesús (24 November 2014).

2025: 1959: 1655: 1198:, an autonomous regional administrative body formed by 4198:

The Civil War in Jaén: a story of unforgettable horror

1865:, an Australian correspondent in Spain for the London 1149:, has long been a centre of great significance to the 1141:; officially Gernika-Lumo), in the Basque province of 4854: 4266:, London-Philadelphia 2024, ISBN 9781399063951, p. 45 4200:] (in Spanish). Jaén: L.M. Sánchez. p. 200. 2520:, and is preserved in the Spanish National Archives. 1447:

The first wave arrived over Guernica around 16:30. A

4414:

Wolfram Von Richthofen: Master of the German Air War

4029: 4027: 3141:(illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2938:[Heinz Kiwitz: fought · expelled · missing] 1175:

1937 advance of Nationalist troops in Northern Spain

1033:

The bombing is the subject of the anti-war painting

4826: 4799: 4778: 4762: 4736: 4720: 3116:

Guernica: The Biography of a Twentieth-Century Icon

2936:"Heinz Kiwitz: gekämpft · vertrieben · verschollen" 1071:, one of the first electroacoustic music pieces by 186: 178: 134: 110: 102: 58: 48: 23: 4539:Telegram From Guernica: The Extraordinary Life of 3394:(illustrated ed.). London: Orbis Publishing. 2634:compared the experience of Guernica to Hiroshima: 2597:As our television sets show bombers preparing for 4770:Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid 3589:Eye-Witness, the Journal of a World Correspondent 2523:On 1 April 1937, at noon, the Andalusian city of 2168:. This view is supported by the comments of then 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 1459:50 kg (110 lb) light explosive bombs. 1329:A Luftwaffe 1 kg incendiary bomb dated 1936 2738:John Corum, "The Persistent Myth of Guernica", 2066: 1575:España en Llamas: la Guerra Civil desde el Aire 1351: 1286: 1190:had eaten into the territory controlled by the 4476:Italian Intervention in the Spanish Civil War. 3985:Ibarretxe reclama 'para siempre' el 'Guernica' 2417:Immediately after the bombing French sculptor 2337:to adapt one of his existing commissions into 1875:says Reds dynamited Guernica during retreat." 1817:generating widespread shock, outrage, and fear 1809:as evidence. Steer's report was syndicated to 4695: 3382: 3380: 3350: 3348: 3244: 3242: 3240: 1910:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies 1513:a few minutes later. They were escorted from 315: 8: 3860:(in Spanish). 8 October 2010. Archived from 3591:. London: Frederick Muller. pp. 79–84. 3293:]. Translated by Miller, Peter. Espasa. 2976:[Welcome to the millionaires club]. 2804: 2802: 2379:that incorporated mercury from the mines of 1454:The three Italian SM.79s had taken off from 2783:(in Spanish). 27 April 2011. Archived from 1119:). There is also a short film from 1950 by 4702: 4688: 4680: 3765:DeCoste, F. C.; Schwartz, Bernard (2000). 3221:Franco: A Personal and Political Biography 3074:. University of California Press. p. 354. 3004:"Le Drapeau noir [The Black Flag]" 2836: 2834: 2832: 2771: 2769: 2236:instrument in the Nationalist war effort. 1920:this issue before removing this message. 322: 308: 300: 20: 4253:, Madrid 2003, ISBN 9788484603023, p. 232 4251:España en llamas. La guerra civil el aire 3679:Centro Documental de la Memoria Histórica 2385:Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía 2048:Learn how and when to remove this message 1986:Learn how and when to remove this message 1763:Learn how and when to remove this message 1678:Learn how and when to remove this message 1280:doctrine. During the interwar period the 1260:operations was that it had a doctrine of 2020:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1650:Relevant discussion may be found on the 1598:After Nationalist forces led by General 1340:, from the Spanish Nationalist Command. 1170: 514:Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza 4987:Airstrikes during the Spanish Civil War 4889: 4861: 3661: 3511:[The destruction of Guernica]. 3357:¿Por qué la República perdió la guerra? 2728: 2695: 1250:states that a prevalent view about the 1051:, who was later killed fighting in the 4967:Strategic bombing conducted by Germany 4591:Guernica: The Crucible of World War II 3796:"From Guernica to Hiroshima to Bagdad" 3767:"From Guernica to Hiroshima to Bagdad" 3542:. London: Fontana Press. p. 245. 3137:Casanova, Julián (20 September 2010). 2032:to additional sources at this section. 1662:to additional sources at this section. 983:. It was carried out at the behest of 4192:Miguel Sánchez Tostado, Luis (2006). 3773:. University of Alberta. p. 98. 3608: 3606: 3574: 3561: 3559: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3160: 3158: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 2760: 1469:("Republican Left") political party. 1301:in 1935. In this document, which the 7: 4997:Strategic bombing conducted by Italy 3705:"Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 9" 3426:] (in Spanish). Madrid: Taurus. 3331:] (in Spanish). Madrid: Sedmay. 2734: 2732: 2064:published the following press note: 1745:adding citations to reliable sources 4972:War crimes of the Spanish Civil War 4786:1937 Paris International Exposition 4488:Freiburg im Breisgau: Rombach, 1975 4155:Thorpe, Vanessa (8 November 2015). 4080:from the original on 18 August 2022 3736:Rankin, Nicholas (1 January 2003). 2974:"Willkommen im Club der Millionäre" 2913:] (in Russian). Moscow: Yauza. 1914:create a more balanced presentation 1571:La Legión Cóndor en la Guerra Civil 1017:and his victory in northern Spain. 4568:. University of California Press. 3883:Steer, George (18 February 2020). 3834:from the original on 28 April 2023 3677:[The bombing of Gernika]. 3361:Why did the Republic lose the war? 3139:The Spanish Republic and Civil War 2013:relies largely or entirely upon a 1704:goes on to say that for Guernica: 1643:relies largely or entirely upon a 1109:Nag van die Fascistiese Bomwerpers 286:Location of Guernica within Europe 182:~150–1,654 (estimates vary) killed 14: 4464:. Kansas University Press. 1997. 4324:. Dresden-1945.de. Archived from 4283:. 8 February 2003. Archived from 2114:strategy in the past (notably in 2093:Denial by Franco's military board 1145:, and 30 kilometres east of 253:Location of Guernica within Spain 4957:Battles of the Spanish Civil War 4909: 4892: 4864: 4517:, La Esfera de los Libros, 2003. 4264:The End of the Spanish Civil War 4221:Hidalgo Luque, Patricio (2013). 3565:Arriba. 30 January 1970 edition. 3281:Vidal Manzanares, César (1997). 2779:[Truths about Gernika]. 2102:airforces" and the bad weather. 2002: 1940: 1895: 1721: 1632: 1043:, which was commissioned by the 273: 272: 265: 240: 239: 232: 217:Location of Guernica within the 204: 203: 196: 164: 152: 139: 37: 4531:, La Esfera de los Libros, 2003 4522:Guernica: la historia y el mito 4281:International Network for Peace 4106:. 25 April 2000. Archived from 3916:. Kent State University Press. 2711:Richthofen supposedly did have 2663:Bombing of Chongqing, 1938-1943 2375:, an overtly political work by 2367:Spanish transition to democracy 1732:needs additional citations for 1585:, as well as media such as the 1338:Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen 1111:, English translation from the 4416:. University Press of Kansas. 4229:] (in Spanish). Almuzara. 4034:Ray, Beverly (7 August 2010). 3937:Hodgson, Jack (3 April 2021). 3008:National Galleries of Scotland 2972:Becker, Thomas (1 June 2013). 2219:involving fire and gas bombs. 2092: 1548:along with the Assembly House 1394:To meet these objectives, two 223:Show map of the Basque Country 1: 4070:"GUERNICA: IMMEDIATE HISTORY" 3955:10.1080/13642529.2021.1928393 3800:State Crime in the Global Age 3113:van Hensbergen, Gijs (2013). 3096:. University of Wales Press. 2944:Stiftung Brennender Dornbusch 2841:Corum, James (1 April 1998). 2751:Corum 1997, pp. 198–199. 2266:According to Nicholas Rankin: 1299:The Conduct of the Aerial War 1297:compiled a doctrine known as 1243:Luftwaffe doctrine, 1933–1942 4515:Los Mitos de la Guerra Civil 4005:"Guernica: Testimony of War" 3515:(in Spanish). Archived from 3509:"La destrucción de Guernica" 3164:"El Bombardeo de Guernica", 2678:Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016) 2508:Bombings of Jaén and Córdoba 1117:Night of the Fascist Bombers 4977:Spanish Civil War massacres 4562:Herbert Rutledge Southworth 4306:http://www.dresden-1945.de/ 4249:Josep María Solé i Sabaté, 4136:(in Spanish). 27 April 2007 4056:Taylor & Francis Online 3480:Víctimas de la Guerra Civil 3248:Zentner, Joe. (June 1997). 2980:(in German). Archived from 2946:(in German). Archived from 2609:and the war in Afghanistan. 2319:Mural in Guernica based on 2144:The attack has entered the 1966:the claims made and adding 1433:Starting at once: A/88 and 219:Basque Autonomous Community 5015: 4663:. eitb.com. Archived from 4615:La Destrucción de Guernica 4479:Princeton University Press 3802:. Routledge. p. 119. 3355:G. Payne, Stanley (2010). 3313:Braatz 2005, pp. 151, 155. 3168:, volume 12 (October 2005) 2740:Military History Quarterly 2559: 2410: 2326: 1887:Republican media reporting 1075:, musical compositions by 4661:"El bombardeo de Gernika" 4052:10.3200/TSSS.97.4.168-171 3885:"THE TRAGEDY OF GUERNICA" 3675:"El bombardeo de Gernika" 3283:"9: GUERNICA, DEMOLISHED" 2399:, at the entrance to the 1779:George Steer's report in 1502:and up the course of the 341: 190: 36: 28: 4520:Ramírez, Juan Antonio – 4497:Harvard University Press 3615:España: los años vitales 3484:Victims of the Civil War 3323:A. Maier, Klaus (1976). 3186:Corum 1997, pp. 143–144. 3177:James Corum 1997, p. 240 3119:. A&C Black. p. 36. 2905:Abrosov, Sergei (2008). 2880:"The legacy of Guernica" 2809:Sillero Alfaro, Maider. 2777:"Verdades sobre Gernika" 2310: 2211:" in the September 1937 2148:of war as an example of 1443:First five waves of raid 43:Ruins of Guernica (1937) 4952:Battles involving Italy 4495:(London: Profile; USA, 3912:Carroll, Peter (2015). 3046:Eyre & Spottiswoode 2518:Gonzalo Queipo de Llano 2099:Gonzalo Queipo de Llano 1845:US Congressional Record 1624:Bombs to casualty ratio 1415:Corpo Truppe Volontarie 66:, Basque Country, Spain 4625:(Bloomsbury, US, 2008 4609:César Vidal Manzanares 4524:, Electa, Madrid, 1999 4493:Guernica and Total War 4390:Preston, Paul (2009). 3619:Spain: the vital years 3538:Preston, Paul (1995). 3068:Vilar, Pierre (1977). 2934:Gnichwitz, Siegfried. 2644: 2615: 2607:11 September in the US 2453:met with politicians, 2383:. Today it resides in 2324: 2233: 2186: 2070: 1854:During debates in the 1836:ran a cartoon showing 1787:English-language media 1783: 1710: 1490: 1440: 1411:Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 1356: 1330: 1291: 1176: 1053:International Brigades 1009:, under the code name 959:On 26 April 1937, the 900:Sant Vicenç de Calders 116:; 87 years ago 106:National Defense Junta 4881:at Knowledge (XXG)'s 4791:Casón del Buen Retiro 4474:Coverdale, John F. – 4438:Braatz, Kurt (2005). 3392:The Spanish Civil War 3090:Davies, Hywel (2011) 3042:The Spanish Civil War 2636: 2594: 2459:Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 2369:, was displayed near 2318: 2228: 2181: 1807:German Imperial Eagle 1778: 1706: 1485: 1466:Izquierda Republicana 1431: 1328: 1192:Republican Government 1174: 1137:Guernica (Gernika in 450:Convoy de la Victoria 392:Cuartel de la Montaña 126:16:30 – 19:30 ( 4351:Akiba, Dr. Tadatoshi 4262:Jonathan Whitehead, 3638:University Libraries 3613:Bolín, Luis (1967). 3587:Monks, Noel (1957). 3450:(27 December 2001). 3195:Corum 1997, pp. 146. 2984:on 26 September 2023 2742:22, no. 4 (2010): 16 2658:Aviazione Legionaria 2618:Bombing of Hiroshima 2461:, and deputies from 2413:Guernica (sculpture) 2321:the Picasso painting 2062:José Antonio Aguirre 2026:improve this article 1815:and then worldwide, 1741:improve this article 1656:improve this article 1546:Talleres de Guernica 1427:Messerschmitt Bf 109 1409:, and three Italian 1239:been a market day." 1224:Republican Air Force 1027:USAF Air War College 1007:Aviazione Legionaria 546:Ciudad Universitaria 87:43.31389°N 2.67833°W 4937:Bombing of Guernica 4879:Bombing of Guernica 4744:Bombing of Guernica 4647:. timesonline.co.uk 4543:, War Correspondent 4527:Arias Ramos, Raúl; 4110:on 10 February 2007 3717:on 31 December 2006 3540:Franco: A Biography 3519:on 7 September 2006 3418:(17 January 2007). 2953:on 20 November 2012 2624:Dr. Tadatoshi Akiba 2566:On 7 November 1938 2156:Military intentions 2140:Views on the attack 1606:, correspondent of 1210:with its own light 1202:, sought to defend 1200:Basque nationalists 1101:Victory of Guernica 991:by its allies, the 989:Nationalist faction 421:German intervention 171:Legionary Air Force 83: / 4942:Explosions in 1937 4800:In popular culture 4667:on 25 October 2012 4564:(1 January 1977). 4484:Maier, Klaus A. – 4074:Roubaix La Piscine 4040:The Social Studies 3943:Rethinking History 3830:. 2 October 2010. 3664:, p. 195-197. 3642:University of Reno 3454:. London: Oxford. 2622:On 26 April 2007, 2586:Bombing of Dresden 2580:Bombing of Dresden 2550:bombings of Madrid 2544:Bombings of Madrid 2537:bombing of Durango 2531:Bombing of Durango 2391:copy of Picasso's 2363:Basque nationalism 2329:Guernica (Picasso) 2325: 2311:Picasso's painting 2060:After the attack, 1951:possibly contains 1856:British Parliament 1812:The New York Times 1784: 1542:Unceta and Company 1527:(2nd Squadron) of 1331: 1177: 1167:Military situation 1161:Astra-Unceta y Cía 362:July 1936 uprising 289:Show map of Europe 114:26 April 1937 92:43.31389; -2.67833 4992:April 1937 events 4982:Conflicts in 1937 4852: 4851: 4631:978-0-330-46066-8 4623:Guernica: A Novel 4547:Faber & Faber 4505:978-1-86197-764-9 4491:Patterson, Ian – 4470:978-0-7006-0836-2 4453:978-3-9807935-6-8 4353:(26 April 2007). 3923:978-1-60635-238-0 3742:Faber & Faber 3071:Guernica Guernica 2920:978-5-699-25288-6 2668:Bombing of Wieluń 2630:and president of 2588:, inhabitants of 2455:Nobel Peace Prize 2451:Basque Parliament 2359:1937 World's Fair 2213:Asturias campaign 2205:strategic bombing 2058: 2057: 2050: 1996: 1995: 1988: 1953:original research 1934: 1933: 1912:. Please help to 1904:This section may 1795:, a reporter for 1773: 1772: 1765: 1688: 1687: 1680: 1474:Regia Aeronautica 1196:Basque Government 981:Spanish Civil War 956: 955: 407:Cuartel de Loyola 333:Spanish Civil War 298: 297: 256:Show map of Spain 147:Nationalist Spain 31:Spanish Civil War 5004: 4922: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4905: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4885: 4869: 4868: 4867: 4860: 4844:Josep Lluís Sert 4819:(2018 TV series) 4704: 4697: 4690: 4681: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4587:Max Morgan Witts 4579: 4535:Rankin, Nicholas 4457: 4427: 4405: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4363:. Archived from 4360:Mayors for Peace 4347: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4331:on 19 March 2003 4330: 4323: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4273: 4267: 4260: 4254: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4076:. 26 July 2022. 4066: 4060: 4059: 4031: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4001: 3995: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3897: 3895: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3713:. Archived from 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3610: 3601: 3600: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3563: 3554: 3553: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3452:Spain: A History 3444: 3438: 3437: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3384: 3375: 3374: 3352: 3343: 3342: 3320: 3314: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3278: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3250:Military History 3246: 3235: 3234: 3216: 3205: 3202: 3196: 3193: 3187: 3184: 3178: 3175: 3169: 3162: 3153: 3152: 3134: 3128: 3111: 3105: 3088: 3082: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3034: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2952: 2941: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2876: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2847: 2838: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2806: 2797: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2773: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2743: 2736: 2716: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2673:Bombing of Tokyo 2632:Mayors for Peace 2599:war against Iraq 2562:Bombing of Cabra 2556:Bombing of Cabra 2445:70th anniversary 2401:Security Council 2377:Alexander Calder 2372:Mercury Fountain 2177:Nuremberg Trials 2053: 2046: 2042: 2039: 2033: 2006: 2005: 1998: 1991: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1971: 1968:inline citations 1944: 1943: 1936: 1929: 1926: 1899: 1898: 1891: 1818: 1768: 1761: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1725: 1717: 1701:Dresden air raid 1692:Second World War 1683: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1663: 1636: 1635: 1628: 1554:Gernikako Arbola 1504:Urdaibai estuary 1493:Subsequent raids 1479:fighters led by 1368:Alfredo Kindelán 1344:Mission planning 1188:Francisco Franco 1156:Gernikako Arbola 1095:), and poems by 1085:René-Louis Baron 1059:in the painting 1045:Spanish Republic 985:Francisco Franco 642:War in the North 600:3rd Corunna Road 586:2nd Corunna Road 553:1st Corunna Road 480:Sierra Guadalupe 336: 334: 324: 317: 310: 301: 290: 276: 275: 269: 257: 243: 242: 236: 224: 207: 206: 200: 169: 168: 157: 156: 145: 143: 142: 135:Executed by 124: 122: 117: 98: 97: 95: 94: 93: 88: 84: 81: 80: 79: 76: 41: 21: 5014: 5013: 5007: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4962:Francoist Spain 4927: 4926: 4925: 4915: 4910: 4908: 4898: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4884:sister projects 4883: 4875: 4865: 4863: 4855: 4853: 4848: 4822: 4795: 4774: 4758: 4732: 4716: 4715:(1937 painting) 4708: 4670: 4668: 4659: 4650: 4648: 4643: 4640: 4576: 4560: 4454: 4437: 4434: 4432:Further reading 4424: 4410:Corum, James S. 4408: 4402: 4389: 4386: 4381: 4380: 4370: 4368: 4367:on 23 July 2008 4349: 4348: 4344: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4304: 4300: 4290: 4288: 4287:on 25 June 2009 4275: 4274: 4270: 4261: 4257: 4248: 4244: 4237: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4167: 4165: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4083: 4081: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4033: 4032: 4025: 4015: 4013: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3994:, 29 June 2007. 3982: 3978: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3893: 3891: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3864:on 28 July 2012 3852: 3851: 3847: 3837: 3835: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3810: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3752: 3744:. p. 121. 3735: 3734: 3730: 3720: 3718: 3710:Yale Law School 3703: 3702: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3632:Irujo, Xabier. 3631: 3630: 3626: 3612: 3611: 3604: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3557: 3550: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3522: 3520: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3434: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3402: 3386: 3385: 3378: 3371: 3354: 3353: 3346: 3339: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3301: 3280: 3279: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3247: 3238: 3231: 3218: 3217: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3163: 3156: 3149: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3112: 3108: 3089: 3085: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3036: 3035: 3022: 3012: 3010: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2987: 2985: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2921: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2886:. 26 April 2007 2878: 2877: 2866: 2856: 2854: 2851:Air War College 2845: 2840: 2839: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2808: 2807: 2800: 2790: 2788: 2787:on 23 July 2012 2775: 2774: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2737: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2719: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2649: 2640: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2603: 2602: 2582: 2577: 2564: 2558: 2546: 2533: 2510: 2505: 2491: 2447: 2433: 2415: 2409: 2331: 2313: 2292: 2251:civilian deaths 2242: 2201: 2170:Reichsmarschall 2158: 2142: 2095: 2054: 2043: 2037: 2034: 2028:by introducing 2019: 2007: 2003: 1992: 1981: 1975: 1972: 1957: 1945: 1941: 1930: 1924: 1921: 1900: 1896: 1889: 1873:Queipo de Llano 1816: 1789: 1769: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1738: 1726: 1715: 1713:Media reporting 1684: 1673: 1667: 1664: 1658:by introducing 1649: 1637: 1633: 1626: 1562: 1537: 1515:Vitoria-Gasteiz 1495: 1445: 1396:Heinkel He 111s 1346: 1323: 1245: 1232: 1169: 1135: 1077:Octavio Vazquez 1073:Patrick Ascione 1061:Le Drapeau Noir 1011:Operation Rügen 1004:Fascist Italian 977:aerially bombed 957: 952: 947:Final offensive 624:Cape Machichaco 354:List of battles 337: 332: 330: 328: 294: 293: 292: 291: 288: 287: 284: 283: 282: 281: 277: 260: 259: 258: 255: 254: 251: 250: 249: 248: 244: 227: 226: 225: 222: 221: 215: 214: 213: 212: 208: 163: 151: 140: 138: 125: 120: 118: 115: 103:Planned by 91: 89: 85: 82: 77: 74: 72: 70: 69: 68: 67: 44: 24:Operation Rügen 17: 12: 11: 5: 5012: 5011: 5008: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4929: 4928: 4924: 4923: 4921:from Wikiquote 4906: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4820: 4812: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4782: 4780: 4779:Past locations 4776: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4730: 4724: 4722: 4718: 4717: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4699: 4692: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4657: 4639: 4638:External links 4636: 4635: 4634: 4621:Boling, Dave. 4619: 4606: 4580: 4574: 4558: 4532: 4525: 4518: 4508: 4489: 4482: 4472: 4460:Corum, James. 4458: 4452: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4422: 4406: 4401:978-1845299460 4400: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4342: 4310: 4298: 4268: 4255: 4242: 4235: 4213: 4206: 4184: 4175: 4147: 4121: 4091: 4061: 4046:(4): 168–171. 4023: 3996: 3976: 3949:(2): 145–165. 3929: 3922: 3904: 3875: 3845: 3815: 3808: 3786: 3779: 3757: 3750: 3728: 3696: 3685:on 23 May 2017 3666: 3654: 3624: 3602: 3579: 3577:, p. 136. 3567: 3555: 3548: 3530: 3507:Brey, Gérard. 3499: 3493:978-8484603337 3492: 3467: 3460: 3439: 3433:978-8430606306 3432: 3416:Tusell, Javier 3407: 3400: 3388:Beevor, Antony 3376: 3370:978-8467032987 3369: 3344: 3337: 3315: 3306: 3299: 3266: 3254: 3236: 3229: 3206: 3197: 3188: 3179: 3170: 3154: 3148:978-0521737807 3147: 3129: 3106: 3083: 3061: 3054: 3020: 2995: 2964: 2926: 2919: 2897: 2864: 2828: 2798: 2765: 2763:, p. 134. 2753: 2744: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2704: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2686: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2648: 2645: 2619: 2616: 2595: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2560:Main article: 2557: 2554: 2545: 2542: 2532: 2529: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2493:The 2016 film 2490: 2487: 2446: 2443: 2432: 2431:German apology 2429: 2411:Main article: 2408: 2405: 2327:Main article: 2312: 2309: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2283: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2275: 2268: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2241: 2240:Other theories 2238: 2209:carpet bombing 2200: 2199:Carpet bombing 2197: 2173:Hermann Göring 2162:anti-communism 2157: 2154: 2150:terror bombing 2141: 2138: 2112:scorched earth 2094: 2091: 2056: 2055: 2024:. Please help 2010: 2008: 2001: 1994: 1993: 1948: 1946: 1939: 1932: 1931: 1916:. Discuss and 1903: 1901: 1894: 1888: 1885: 1860: 1859: 1852: 1841: 1828: 1788: 1785: 1771: 1770: 1729: 1727: 1720: 1714: 1711: 1686: 1685: 1654:. Please help 1640: 1638: 1631: 1625: 1622: 1561: 1558: 1550:Casa de Juntas 1536: 1533: 1519:Günther Lützow 1494: 1491: 1444: 1441: 1345: 1342: 1335:Oberstleutnant 1322: 1319: 1262:terror bombing 1244: 1241: 1231: 1228: 1183:troops led by 1168: 1165: 1134: 1131: 1091:(performed by 954: 953: 951: 950: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 910: 909: 903: 902: 897: 892: 885: 880: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 799: 794: 789: 783: 782: 776: 775: 768: 763: 758: 756:Cape Cherchell 753: 748: 741: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 707: 700: 695: 694: 693: 692: 691: 679: 674: 673: 672: 667: 662: 650: 648:Cantabrian Sea 638: 633: 626: 621: 614: 613: 612: 602: 596: 595: 589: 588: 583: 582: 581: 567: 560: 555: 550: 549: 548: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 500: 499: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 440: 435: 430: 423: 417: 416: 410: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 382: 377: 369: 368: 358: 357: 350: 342: 339: 338: 329: 327: 326: 319: 312: 304: 296: 295: 285: 279: 278: 271: 270: 264: 263: 262: 261: 252: 246: 245: 238: 237: 231: 230: 229: 228: 216: 210: 209: 202: 201: 195: 194: 193: 192: 191: 188: 187: 184: 183: 180: 176: 175: 174: 173: 161: 136: 132: 131: 112: 108: 107: 104: 100: 99: 62: 60: 56: 55: 53:Aerial bombing 50: 46: 45: 42: 34: 33: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5010: 5009: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4947:1937 in Spain 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4920: 4919: 4907: 4903: 4902: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4872: 4862: 4858: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4728:Pablo Picasso 4726: 4725: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4713: 4705: 4700: 4698: 4693: 4691: 4686: 4685: 4682: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4613:Chapter 9 of 4610: 4607: 4604: 4603:0-8128-1839-3 4600: 4596: 4595:Stein and Day 4592: 4588: 4584: 4583:Gordon Thomas 4581: 4577: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4556: 4555:0-571-20563-1 4552: 4548: 4544: 4542: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4423:9780700615988 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4394:. Constable. 4393: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4366: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4343: 4327: 4320: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4299: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4243: 4238: 4236:9788415828242 4232: 4228: 4224: 4217: 4214: 4209: 4207:9788461133260 4203: 4199: 4195: 4188: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4164: 4163: 4158: 4151: 4148: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4122: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4095: 4092: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4012: 4011: 4006: 4000: 3997: 3993: 3992: 3987: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3930: 3925: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3876: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3816: 3811: 3809:9781134025558 3805: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3787: 3782: 3780:9780888643377 3776: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3758: 3753: 3751:9780571205639 3747: 3743: 3739: 3732: 3729: 3716: 3712: 3711: 3706: 3700: 3697: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3658: 3655: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3568: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3549:9780006862109 3545: 3541: 3534: 3531: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3503: 3500: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3476:Juliá, Santos 3471: 3468: 3463: 3461:9780192802361 3457: 3453: 3449: 3448:Carr, Raymond 3443: 3440: 3435: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3408: 3403: 3401:9780856133053 3397: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3338:9788473801317 3334: 3330: 3326: 3319: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3302: 3300:9788423977468 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3230:9780299302108 3226: 3222: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3192: 3189: 3183: 3180: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3144: 3140: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3065: 3062: 3057: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3009: 3005: 2999: 2996: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2968: 2965: 2949: 2945: 2937: 2930: 2927: 2922: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2898: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2853: 2852: 2844: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2816: 2812: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2754: 2748: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2722: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2699: 2696: 2689: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2653:Condor Legion 2651: 2650: 2646: 2643: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2600: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2563: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2507: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2497: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2425: 2420: 2414: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2397:New York City 2394: 2390: 2387:in Madrid. A 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2335:Pablo Picasso 2330: 2322: 2317: 2308: 2306: 2300: 2296: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2239: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2191:According to 2189: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2131: 2130: 2123: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2103: 2100: 2090: 2087: 2086:Saint-Exupéry 2083: 2079: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2063: 2052: 2049: 2041: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2015:single source 2011:This section 2009: 2000: 1999: 1990: 1987: 1979: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1949:This section 1947: 1938: 1937: 1928: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1909: 1902: 1893: 1892: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1868:Daily Express 1864: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1834: 1833:New York Post 1829: 1826: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1799: 1794: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1767: 1764: 1756: 1746: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1730:This section 1728: 1724: 1719: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1682: 1679: 1671: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1645:single source 1641:This section 1639: 1630: 1629: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1618: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1583:Antony Beevor 1580: 1579:Stanley Payne 1576: 1572: 1566: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1529:Jagdgruppe 88 1526: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1500:Bay of Biscay 1492: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1449:Dornier Do 17 1442: 1439: 1436: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1406:Behelfsbomber 1401: 1400:Dornier Do 17 1397: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1355: 1350: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1327: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1311:Giulio Douhet 1308: 1305:adopted, the 1304: 1300: 1296: 1295:Walther Wever 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1272:in 1939, and 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1206:and parts of 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1182: 1173: 1166: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1151:Basque people 1148: 1144: 1140: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1121:Alain Resnais 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1083:Piano Trio), 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1057:René Magritte 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1041:Pablo Picasso 1038: 1037: 1031: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1005: 1001: 1000:Condor Legion 997: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 949: 948: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 916: 912: 911: 908: 905: 904: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 890: 886: 884: 881: 879: 878: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 841: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 814:3rd Barcelona 812: 810: 807: 805: 804: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 784: 781: 778: 777: 774: 773: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 746: 742: 740: 739: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 712: 708: 706: 705: 704:2nd Barcelona 701: 699: 696: 690: 687: 686: 685: 684: 680: 678: 675: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 657: 656: 655: 651: 649: 646: 645: 644: 643: 639: 637: 634: 632: 631: 627: 625: 622: 620: 619: 615: 611: 610:Road massacre 608: 607: 606: 603: 601: 598: 597: 594: 591: 590: 587: 584: 580: 577: 576: 575: 574: 573: 568: 566: 565: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 547: 544: 543: 542: 541: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 524:Cerro Muriano 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 498: 495: 494: 493: 492: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 445: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 428: 424: 422: 419: 418: 415: 412: 411: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 387: 386:1st Barcelona 383: 381: 378: 376: 375: 371: 370: 367: 363: 360: 359: 356: 355: 351: 349: 348: 344: 343: 340: 335: 325: 320: 318: 313: 311: 306: 305: 302: 268: 235: 220: 199: 189: 185: 181: 177: 172: 167: 162: 160: 159:Condor Legion 155: 150: 149: 148: 137: 133: 129: 113: 109: 105: 101: 96: 65: 61: 57: 54: 51: 47: 40: 35: 32: 27: 22: 19: 4916: 4904:from Commons 4899: 4878: 4814: 4806: 4754:George Steer 4743: 4710: 4669:. Retrieved 4665:the original 4649:. Retrieved 4622: 4614: 4590: 4565: 4541:George Steer 4538: 4528: 4521: 4514: 4492: 4485: 4475: 4461: 4443: 4439: 4413: 4391: 4369:. Retrieved 4365:the original 4358: 4345: 4335:21 September 4333:. Retrieved 4326:the original 4313: 4308:Dresden 1945 4301: 4289:. Retrieved 4285:the original 4280: 4271: 4263: 4258: 4250: 4245: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4178: 4166:. Retrieved 4162:The Guardian 4160: 4150: 4138:. Retrieved 4133: 4124: 4112:. Retrieved 4108:the original 4103: 4094: 4082:. Retrieved 4073: 4064: 4054:– via 4043: 4039: 4014:. Retrieved 4008: 3999: 3989: 3983: 3979: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3913: 3907: 3899: 3892:. Retrieved 3888: 3878: 3866:. Retrieved 3862:the original 3857: 3848: 3836:. Retrieved 3827: 3818: 3799: 3789: 3770: 3760: 3737: 3731: 3719:. Retrieved 3715:the original 3708: 3699: 3687:. Retrieved 3683:the original 3678: 3669: 3662:Preston 2009 3657: 3645:. Retrieved 3637: 3627: 3618: 3614: 3588: 3582: 3570: 3539: 3533: 3523:14 September 3521:. Retrieved 3517:the original 3512: 3502: 3483: 3479: 3470: 3451: 3442: 3423: 3419: 3410: 3391: 3360: 3356: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3309: 3290: 3286: 3257: 3249: 3220: 3200: 3191: 3182: 3173: 3165: 3138: 3132: 3114: 3109: 3091: 3086: 3069: 3064: 3041: 3038:Thomas, Hugh 3011:. Retrieved 3007: 2998: 2986:. Retrieved 2982:the original 2977: 2967: 2955:. Retrieved 2948:the original 2943: 2929: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2890:17 September 2888:. Retrieved 2883: 2855:. Retrieved 2849: 2821:17 September 2819:. Retrieved 2817:(in Spanish) 2814: 2791:17 September 2789:. Retrieved 2785:the original 2780: 2756: 2747: 2739: 2707: 2698: 2637: 2621: 2596: 2583: 2565: 2547: 2534: 2522: 2511: 2495: 2492: 2448: 2438:Roman Herzog 2434: 2422: 2416: 2392: 2370: 2356: 2351: 2345: 2338: 2332: 2305:human rights 2301: 2297: 2293: 2243: 2234: 2229: 2221: 2202: 2190: 2187: 2182: 2166:World War II 2159: 2143: 2134: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2107: 2104: 2096: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2059: 2044: 2035: 2012: 1982: 1973: 1950: 1922: 1908:undue weight 1905: 1881: 1877: 1866: 1861: 1847:referred to 1838:Adolf Hitler 1831: 1824: 1810: 1796: 1793:George Steer 1790: 1780: 1759: 1750: 1739:Please help 1734:verification 1731: 1707: 1689: 1674: 1665: 1642: 1615: 1612: 1607: 1604:George Steer 1597: 1590: 1574: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1522: 1508: 1496: 1486: 1471: 1464: 1453: 1446: 1432: 1419:incendiaries 1405: 1393: 1389: 1365: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1332: 1314: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1292: 1287: 1281: 1277: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1237: 1233: 1220: 1185:Generalísimo 1179:Advances by 1178: 1154: 1136: 1124: 1116: 1108: 1100: 1080: 1060: 1049:Heinz Kiwitz 1034: 1032: 1019: 1010: 968: 958: 945: 913: 888: 875: 851:Los Blázquez 838: 809:2nd Belchite 801: 770: 751:1st Belchite 743: 736: 710: 702: 681: 664: 652: 640: 628: 616: 570: 569: 563: 538: 529:Cape Spartel 504:Monte Pelado 489: 455:Almendralejo 442: 425: 384: 372: 352: 345: 29:Part of the 18: 4839:John Ferren 4811:(1950 film) 4749:Juan Larrea 4737:Inspiration 4671:11 February 4651:11 February 2957:10 February 2626:, mayor of 2365:during the 2224:James Corum 2193:James Corum 1696:James Corum 1600:Emilio Mola 1461:César Vidal 1402:, eighteen 1315:Luftwaffe's 1248:James Corum 1212:Basque Army 1181:Nationalist 1097:Paul Eluard 1093:Katie Melua 1065:a sculpture 993:Nazi German 979:during the 921:Valsequillo 883:2nd Gandesa 829:1st Gandesa 711:Deutschland 630:Guadalajara 444:Extremadura 90: / 4931:Categories 4918:Quotations 4575:0520028309 4549:, London, 4016:2 December 3889:HistoryNet 3740:. London: 3575:Corum 2008 3125:1408841487 3102:1783162856 3080:0520028309 3055:0060142782 3044:. London: 2978:Der Westen 2761:Corum 2008 2723:References 2685:(painting) 2514:was bombed 2108:The Times, 2038:April 2024 1976:April 2024 1960:improve it 1863:Noel Monks 1849:poison gas 1753:April 2017 1668:April 2024 1560:Casualties 1477:Fiat CR.32 1257:Blitzkrieg 1230:Market day 1133:Background 931:La Garriga 871:2nd Mérida 861:Granollers 824:2nd Lérida 797:Cape Palos 787:Valladolid 766:1st Lérida 761:Sabiñánigo 732:Albarracín 636:Pozoblanco 558:Villarreal 465:1st Mérida 427:Guadarrama 366:Revolution 347:Background 179:Casualties 121:1937-04-26 75:43°18′50″N 4834:Dora Maar 3971:235465621 3963:1364-2529 3828:The Times 3634:"The lie" 3597:602603338 2815:Euskonews 2628:Hiroshima 2489:2016 film 2471:Pforzheim 2467:Volgograd 2463:Hiroshima 2419:René Iché 2407:René Iché 2258:Salamanca 2255:Air Force 2249:minimize 2217:Barcelona 2078:Hemingway 2030:citations 2022:talk page 1964:verifying 1803:reportage 1798:The Times 1781:The Times 1660:citations 1652:talk page 1608:The Times 1380:Santander 1309:rejected 1307:Luftwaffe 1303:Luftwaffe 1282:Luftwaffe 1278:Luftwaffe 1274:Rotterdam 1252:Luftwaffe 1208:Guipuzcoa 1113:Afrikaans 1105:Uys Krige 1089:Mike Batt 1069:René Iché 1055:, and by 1022:war crime 996:Luftwaffe 987:'s rebel 941:Cartagena 915:Catalonia 889:Cantabria 689:El Mazuco 677:Santander 433:Andalusia 78:2°40′42″W 4808:Guernica 4763:Location 4712:Guernica 4597:, 1975, 4511:Moa, Pío 4499:, 2007. 4412:(2008). 4134:El Mundo 4078:Archived 3991:El Mundo 3832:Archived 3689:29 April 3390:(1982). 3166:El Mundo 3040:(1961). 2713:Ju 87 A1 2683:Guernica 2647:See also 2496:Guernica 2483:Oswiecim 2424:Guernica 2421:created 2393:Guernica 2389:tapestry 2352:Guernica 2340:Guernica 2231:bombing. 2184:respect. 1925:May 2024 1592:El Mundo 1552:and the 1481:Capitano 1423:ordnance 1376:Asturias 1372:Palencia 1361:Marquina 1321:The raid 1293:General 1254:and its 1126:Guernica 1036:Guernica 1002:and the 965:Guernica 963:town of 856:Alicante 846:Balaguer 792:Alfambra 745:Zaragoza 683:Asturias 665:Guernica 572:Aceituna 509:Talavera 491:Gipuzkoa 460:Sigüenza 280:Guernica 247:Guernica 211:Guernica 64:Guernica 59:Location 4827:Related 4645:"Login" 4384:Sources 4371:5 April 4291:5 April 4168:9 April 4140:3 April 4114:5 April 4084:5 April 3894:5 April 3868:5 April 3838:5 April 3721:5 April 3647:3 April 3013:3 April 2988:3 April 2857:5 April 2590:Dresden 2525:Córdoba 2475:Dresden 2457:winner 2381:Almadén 2274:bombs". 2175:at the 2146:lexicon 1958:Please 1918:resolve 1535:Outcome 1524:Staffel 1413:of the 1385:Durango 1123:titled 1103:), and 1081:Gernika 969:Gernika 936:Minorca 840:Levante 738:Brunete 722:Segovia 717:Almería 660:Durango 485:Córdoba 475:Majorca 470:Badajoz 438:Alcázar 380:Seville 374:Melilla 119: ( 4857:Portal 4816:Genius 4721:Artist 4629: 4601: 4572: 4553: 4503: 4481:, 1975 4468: 4450: 4420: 4398: 4233: 4204: 3969: 3961: 3920: 3806: 3777: 3748: 3595: 3546: 3490: 3458: 3430: 3398: 3367: 3335: 3297: 3227: 3145: 3123: 3100: 3078: 3052: 2917: 2481:, and 2479:Warsaw 2348:muslin 2290:Legacy 2129:Arriba 2082:Orwell 1617:Arriba 1521:'s 2. 1511:Burgos 1421:. The 1404:Ju 52 1398:, one 1270:Warsaw 1266:Wieluń 1216:Bilbao 1204:Biscay 1194:. The 1153:. Its 1147:Bilbao 1143:Biscay 1139:Basque 1015:Bilbao 975:) was 973:Basque 961:Basque 926:Xàtiva 866:Bielsa 803:Aragon 772:Teruel 727:Huesca 670:Bilbao 654:Biscay 618:Jarama 605:Málaga 579:Lopera 564:Ursula 540:Madrid 534:Seseña 519:Guinea 402:Oviedo 144: 4901:Media 4871:Spain 4442:[ 4329:(PDF) 4322:(PDF) 4225:[ 4196:[ 3967:S2CID 3617:[ 3482:[ 3422:[ 3359:[ 3327:[ 3289:[ 2951:(PDF) 2940:(PDF) 2909:[ 2846:(PDF) 2690:Notes 2642:war. 2568:Cabra 1906:lend 1825:Times 1456:Soria 895:Cabra 834:Segre 819:Caspe 397:Gijón 4673:2014 4653:2014 4627:ISBN 4599:ISBN 4585:and 4570:ISBN 4551:ISBN 4501:ISBN 4466:ISBN 4448:ISBN 4418:ISBN 4396:ISBN 4373:2024 4337:2013 4293:2024 4231:ISBN 4202:ISBN 4170:2017 4142:2024 4116:2024 4086:2024 4018:2008 3959:ISSN 3918:ISBN 3896:2024 3870:2024 3858:Deia 3840:2024 3804:ISBN 3775:ISBN 3746:ISBN 3723:2024 3691:2017 3649:2024 3593:OCLC 3544:ISBN 3525:2006 3488:ISBN 3456:ISBN 3428:ISBN 3396:ISBN 3365:ISBN 3333:ISBN 3295:ISBN 3225:ISBN 3143:ISBN 3121:ISBN 3098:ISBN 3076:ISBN 3050:ISBN 3015:2024 2990:2024 2959:2012 2915:ISBN 2892:2013 2859:2024 2823:2013 2793:2013 2781:Deia 2535:The 2116:Irun 2084:and 1843:The 1830:The 1823:The 1589:and 1581:and 1544:and 1435:J/88 1268:and 1087:and 907:1939 877:Ebro 780:1938 698:Jaén 593:1937 497:Irún 414:1936 111:Date 49:Type 4104:CNN 4048:doi 4010:PBS 3951:doi 2884:BBC 1962:by 1743:by 1587:BBC 1067:by 1039:by 998:'s 971:in 128:CET 4933:: 4611:, 4593:, 4589:, 4537:– 4513:– 4357:. 4279:. 4159:. 4102:. 4072:. 4044:97 4042:. 4038:. 4026:^ 4007:. 3988:, 3965:. 3957:. 3947:25 3945:. 3941:. 3898:. 3887:. 3826:. 3798:. 3769:. 3707:. 3640:. 3636:. 3605:^ 3558:^ 3379:^ 3347:^ 3285:. 3269:^ 3239:^ 3209:^ 3157:^ 3048:. 3023:^ 3006:. 2942:. 2882:. 2867:^ 2848:. 2831:^ 2801:^ 2768:^ 2731:^ 2477:, 2473:, 2469:, 2465:, 2307:. 2179:: 2080:, 1506:. 1387:. 1378:, 1226:. 1129:. 1115:: 364:/ 4887:: 4859:: 4703:e 4696:t 4689:v 4675:. 4655:. 4633:) 4605:. 4578:. 4557:) 4545:( 4507:) 4456:. 4426:. 4404:. 4375:. 4339:. 4295:. 4239:. 4210:. 4172:. 4144:. 4118:. 4088:. 4058:. 4050:: 4020:. 3973:. 3953:: 3926:. 3872:. 3842:. 3812:. 3783:. 3754:. 3725:. 3693:. 3651:. 3599:. 3552:. 3527:. 3496:. 3464:. 3436:. 3404:. 3373:. 3341:. 3303:. 3264:. 3233:. 3151:. 3127:. 3104:. 3058:. 3017:. 2992:. 2961:. 2923:. 2894:. 2861:. 2825:. 2795:. 2260:. 2051:) 2045:( 2040:) 2036:( 2018:. 1989:) 1983:( 1978:) 1974:( 1956:. 1927:) 1923:( 1766:) 1760:( 1755:) 1751:( 1737:. 1681:) 1675:( 1670:) 1666:( 1648:. 1107:( 1099:( 1079:( 967:( 323:e 316:t 309:v 130:) 123:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index