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is incubated for 24days decomposed 59.1% and 67.6% of crude oil at 28 °C and 36 °C respectively. In the case of
Bacillus sp, it broke down each 71.4% and 77.8% of crude oil at 28 °C and 36 °C. The lowest amount of crude oil was degraded at 44 °C by Pseudomonas sp and at 20 °C by Bacillus sp. Exposure of both bacteria to the crude oil at 28 °C for 14days showed a different level of BLCO degradation depending on pH level. At pH 7.0, the largest degree of crude oil degradation was seen by Bacillus sp, while Pseudomonas sp decayed BLCO the most at pH 7.4. After its peak decomposition of crude oil, the level of degradation decreased drastically no matter how high pH was. The abilities of decomposition differ but it has proved that some bacteria in soil are capable of biodegradation of bonny light oil. Therefore, those bacteria can contribute to purifying soil that are polluted by crude oil.
309:
happened in
Nigeria and more than two million barrels of bonny light oil were released to the community during this period. Additionally, break of oil pipelines, erosion of flow and trunk lines, and hose failure are the causes of oil spills. Consequently, both the aquatic milieu and environment had detrimental impacts by them. These ecosystems are key element in agricultural productivity and main source for Nigerians, inhabiting in the oil-producing areas, to live. Therefore, some activists in Nigeria have spoiled pipelines, and key infrastructures which are related to crude oil and export flows are usually targeted. As a result, the issue related to oil effusion in Nigera has been exacerbated. In Nigeria, microbial seeding is being considered instead of mechanical ways by the main oil companies for the purpose of cleaning up oil spills.
442:
Obayori, Akashoro, and Okogie say that with incubation of pseudomonas isolates at 1g/L concentration for 21days, 90% of BLCO was broken down which means almost all of aliphatic fragments were vanished and aromatic fragments remarkably decreased. Although there are some microorganisms which are able to degrade crude oil, pseudomonas group shows up as it is the most adaptable. There are two main seasons which are dry and rainy in
Nigeria. In the dry season, the temperature of soil varies between 30 and 45 °C, while it changes from 20 to 30 °C during the dry season. The ability of bacteria in soil to break down crude oil is remarkably affected by the average temperatures, pH, and nutrients in the soil that are quite different by seasons. For the experiment that is conducted incubation of Pseudomonas sp and
400:(GSH). Adedara and Farombi say that "Elevated level of intracellular hepatic GSH concentration observed in the BLCO-treated rats indicates an adaptive response to reduce damage and promote better survival under the conditions of oxidative stress induced by BLCO treatment". The elicitation of GSH in testes and sperm is controlled by BLCO. In contrast to rats treated for 21 days, the activities of those enzymes in rats exposed to BLCO for 45 days were decreased. Furthermore, in terms of sperms, noticeable shrink in mobility, number, and life/dead ratio was shown and total abnormality was elevated. However, abnormalities in sperms occurred by bonny light oil were able to be relieved with the help of vitamin E or
421:(ALT) concentrations rose too. Fishes which are exposed to crude oil get to have PAHs in their tissue and according to Wegwu and Omeodu, they “are activated to highly reactive epoxides by cytochrome P450-containing enzyme systems”. DNA bases automatically respond with these epoxides and point mutations are occurred as a result of it. With regard to glucose levels, if they are extremely high, it means severe oxidation stress in fish. In addition to it, excessive total protein levels of fish specify water imbalance and damage of haemo-concentration. These are resulted by harmful components of crude oil and it would induce damage in cellular membrane, less fluidity in membrane and elimination of cell as well.
463:(WSF), Water insoluble fraction (WIF), and whole crude (WC). Although the exposure to these substances did not cause death, the weights of the tadpoles were affected. After being released for 2weeks, whole crude or its WSF aroused weight loss in the tadpoles. In the case of WIF, weight loss happened only when 30 ppm of it was exposed to the tadpoles. In contrast to it, when tadpoles were contacted with WC or its fractions for 4 weeks, all the tadpoles lost their weight. The weight loss of tadpoles suggests the harmful effect of chemicals and a high
363:
contamination are continuous and prevalent, putting severe health and environmental threats. The pollutants can gradually accumulate in food chains and interrupt biological actions of creatures. Petroleum contaminants are pernicious to nature and moreover, their hydrocarbon elements which are mutagenic and causing cancers, entail immunomodulatory impacts on humans and organisms as well. The symptoms of risks can appear immediately or emerge after some time passes.
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gasoline fractions, and result and environment pollution". According to world standards, the content of sulfur in BLCO is low, so refinery infrastructure is less affected by corrosion and low impact on environment which his occurred by its byproducts. The sulfur content varies from 0.14% to 0.16%. If less than 1% of sulfur is included in crude oil, it is assorted into
446:
sp at the different temperature from 20 to 44 °C and for different time from 6 to 24days, both of bacteria showed the highest amount of degradation of bonny light oil at 36 °C. The amount of degradation of crude oil diversified according to the temperature. For example, Pseudomonas sp which
317:
People can be exposed to crude oil through various ways, such as skin contact, inhalation, and ingestion, and those can be happened simultaneously. Especially, residents of oil abundant areas are at the risk of exposure to water which has been contaminated by oil. They consume this polluted water by
308:
Nigeria has been generating most of its revenue from oil industry for the past 30 years. However, since petroleum industry has appeared, many pollution problems have risen in
Nigeria. The major problem was caused by oil spills, occurring during usual operations. From 1976 to 1988, 2000 oil spillages
125:
has an API of 32.9, classified as light oil. It is regarded as more valuable than the other oils with lower API as more high-value products are produced in the refinement. However, in
Nigeria, problems due to oil spillage caused by vandalism, affects both human and the ecosystem in detrimental ways.
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As BLCO contains materials like vanadium, nickel and PAH, those tend to be harmful and disturb possibility of antioxidant. Heavy metals are necessary in metabolic process of creatures; however, they are the causes of physiological stress at the same time. Pollution problems by oil spills like soils
294:
gravity, is a reverse method to decide “the weight of petroleum liquids in comparison to water”. If the API gravity exceeds 10, the liquid will float on the water and is classified to light oil. Therefore, the higher API means the lighter crude oil and it is regarded as more precious than crude oil
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The value of fuels and oils which are generated from the crude oil falls off due to its sulfur compounds. “They cause corrosion of equipment during treatment, reduce activity of antidetonation additives and antioxidizing stability of gasoline, raise the propensity to form hard residues in cracking
224:
At first, people attempted to use crude oil for lighting, considering its flammable trait. However, it was not appropriate as lamps because of stink and intense fumes while it was burning. There are various ways that indigenous people used crude oil. For the purpose of remedial treatment as poison
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so that its price is higher. Nigeria has become the eleventh largest country that produces crude oil in the world. The largest buyer of this oil is India, the biggest influence on oil demand growth In addition to India, USA, Spain, and
Netherlands are countries that import Bonny light crude oil.
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fractions of petroleum". The aliphatic fraction accounts for the most of crude oil and it is easily broken down by species of pseudomonas. Concentration of naphthene and aromatics components of crude oil noticeably decreased, implying the catabolic flexibleness of pseudomonas isolates. Salam,
150:
in the Niger delta region of
Nigeria in 1956. As oil exploration has been expanding, light and medium oil like bonny light oil are produced. Searching and exploitation of oil are done in that area which 90% of crude oil production is related to. Bonny light oil has many advantages over
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After 4weeks of exposure, the level of MDA remarkably increased in the proportion to the amount of crude oil, and liquid peroxidation was the highest in the tadpoles which are treated with WSF. Compared to 2weeks of exposure, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD and
326:, headache, and sore eyes and throat. Additionally, it causes various troubles with regard to brain, endocrine and DNA. There is a reported case that shows how fatal effects can occur to human due to crude oil. A child, exposed to BLCO to cure
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After the fishes were treated with BLCO for 30days, the blood glucose outstandingly elevated, dose dependent of crude oil. Similarly, the degree of total protein concentration and albumin levels increased in proportion to the amount of BLCO.
396:(GST) enzymes, in proportion to dose was seen in the rats, which were treated with BLCO for 21 days in a row. This phenomenon means induction of enzymes and especially in the case of GST, its increase may contribute to the availability of
929:
Eriyamremu, G; Osagie, V; Omoregie, S; Omofoma, C (2008). "Alterations in glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, and lipid peroxidation of tadpoles (Xenopus laevis) exposed to Bonny Light crude oil and its fractions".
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Angela, Mamudu; Omolegho, Imokhe; Emeka, Okoro; Sanmi, Olabode. "The comparative analysis of bonny crude oil using simple distillation and pre-flash model for maximum distillate cuts recovery (Crude oil topping refinery)".
279:, they are more costly than sour crudes. Gasoline is produced from processed crude oil and it is highly valued petroleum products. Therefore, to have maximized profit, refiners seek to boost gasoline yields.
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is a yellow to black colored liquid that exists by nature without artificial factors, observed in geological rock formations underneath the superficial parts of the earth. While the exploration of
229:, anti-convulsion and dermal inflammation, people swallowed crude oil directly. In traditional medicine, BLCO is used along with olive oil. They applied it on their burnt skin, rotten foot and
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disorders and fertility. As a way of complementing protein, most of people in the communities ate marine animals from coastal areas, which is a form of consuming crude oil indirectly.
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with lower API (heavier crude) as it generates more high-value products during refinery process. The API range of light crude is between 35 and 45, and BLCO has an API of 32.9.
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which enables total functions of body, emotions, and perception may be hindered by reduction of copper concentration. In addition to it, a rise in the activities of
804:
Ebokaiwe, A; Farombi, E (2015). "Influence of vitamin E and quercetin on
Nigerian Bonny Light crude oil-induced neuronal and testicular toxicity in Wistar rats".
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271:, according to its density. For gasoline blends, composites which are lighter hydrocarbons are used. Molecular weights of these hydrocarbons are lower than
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233:. Furthermore, it is used for wizardry attacks and poison cure. People utilized it to cure symptoms which are related to ingestion, such as
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level of rats that are exposed to crude oil noticeably shrank which indicates ejection of copper with lack of its absorption. Synthesis of
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Salam, L; Obayori, O; Akashoro, O; Okogie, G. "Biodegradation of bonny light crude oil by bacteria isolated from contaminated soil".
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615:"). Evaluation of Selected Biochemical Indices in Clarias gariepinus Exposed to Aqueous Extract of Nigerian Crude Oil (Bonny Light)"
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Raji, Y; Hart, VO (7 June 2012). "Influence of prolonged exposure to
Nigerian Bonny light crude oil on fertility indices in rats".
1060:"Lack of recovery from hepatic oxidative damage in rats treated with Nigerian bonny light crude oil. (Medical condition overview)"
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701:"Evaluation of Selected Biochemical Indices in Clarias gariepinus Exposed to Aqueous Extract of Nigerian Crude Oil (Bonny Light)"
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Azubike, P. E.; Isaac, A. A.; Owoeye, O.; Ebenezer, O. F. (2013). "Neurotoxicity of
Nigerian bonny light crude oil in rats".
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Azubike, P.E.; Isaac, A.A.; Owoeye, O; Ebenezer, O.F. (2013). "Neurotoxicity of Nigerian bonny light crude oil in rats".
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in 1956 for its commercial use. Due to its features of generating high profit, it is highly demanded by refiners. Bonny
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drinking, cooking and cleaning. The exhibition of crude oil to human can affect mentality and occur symptoms such as
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404:. They have functions that restore normal hormonal levels and sperm parameters as well as inhibit oxidation.
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275:. Since most of Nigerian crudes are either light or medium sweet, creating plentiful amount of
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Antai, S (1990). "Biodegradation of Bonny light crude oil by Bacillus sp and Pseudomonas sp".
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Some experiments on animals and soil are done to figure out those impacts on organisms.
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659:. International Series in Operations Research & Management Science. Vol. 286.
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784:"Here is what you need to know about Bonny Light & Brent Crude Oil"
578:"Here is what you need to know about Bonny Light & Brent Crude Oil"
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began in the late 1930s, the oil for commercial use was found at
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Isolates from coal power plant soil are being recognized as
2011:
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This article is about Bonny light oil. For other uses, see
172:
The components of crude oil have a wide range, containing
806:
Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology
705:
Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management
619:
Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management
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and trace metals. Hydrocarbon of crude oil consists of
758:"The crude oil spectrum: Platts periodic table of oil"
735:
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research
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216:, and poly-aromatic hydrocarbons are known as toxic.
2612:
International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
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467:(MDA) level indicates tissue damage of tadpoles.
433:and show that they are able to “grow on both the
986:International Journal of Agriculture and Biology
334:, mechanical intestinal obstruction, extensive
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503:Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences
330:, had symptoms of “sequel of shock, acute
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204:. Almost all of these elements, such as
196:and aromatic material with at least one
2074:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
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1948:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
1707:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
932:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
459:were treated with 10,20, or 30 ppm of
7:
2079:China National Petroleum Corporation
263:There are three types of crude oil,
200:ring. Bonny light oil also includes
2139:National Iranian South Oil Company
1855:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
699:Wegwu, M.O.; Omeodu, S.I. (2010).
656:Models for Optimum Decision Making
613:Wegwu, M.O.; Omeodu, S.I. (2010).
25:
2607:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
2496:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
2149:Oil & Gas Development Company
901:Simanzhenkov, V; Idem, R (2005).
390:chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
2644:
2643:
1118:
1104:
1064:Cell Biochemistry & Function
255:which means low sulfur content.
202:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
27:High grade of Nigerian crude oil
2154:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
1058:Adedara, I; Farombi, E (2012).
2622:Society of Petroleum Engineers
2393:Port Harcourt Refining Company
2059:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
475:(GR), were reduced in week 4.
1:
1568:Production sharing agreements
117:in the Niger delta region of
2602:Canadian petroleum companies
2597:American Petroleum Institute
2134:National Iranian Oil Company
2119:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
1034:10.1016/0956-053X(90)90070-2
944:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.08.009
872:10.3109/01480545.2012.710619
860:Drug and Chemical Toxicology
542:10.3109/01480545.2012.710619
530:Drug and Chemical Toxicology
292:American Petroleum Institute
2617:International Energy Agency
1602:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
2691:
2204:PTT Public Company Limited
1805:East Midlands Oil Province
1790:List of natural gas fields
1390:Integrated asset modelling
36:
29:
2639:
2576:Weatherford International
2109:Iraq National Oil Company
1169:
718:10.4314/jasem.v14i1.56498
665:10.1007/978-3-030-40212-9
632:10.4314/jasem.v14i1.56498
394:glutathione S-transferase
58:
2627:World Petroleum Council
2501:China Oilfield Services
1558:Petroleum fiscal regime
1257:Western Canadian Select
1252:West Texas Intermediate
818:10.1515/jbcpp-2013-0043
2104:Indian Oil Corporation
1590:Submersible pump (ESP)
1535:Underbalanced drilling
1356:of gasoline and diesel
600:"what is API gravity?"
461:Water soluble fraction
415:aspartate transaminase
169:
2481:Cameron International
1923:Petrodollar recycling
1906:fossil fuel phase-out
1469:Differential sticking
1422:Reflection seismology
1395:Petroleum engineering
1237:OPEC Reference Basket
598:Petro industry news.
473:glutathione reductase
168:Azulene molecule ball
167:
2675:Petroleum in Nigeria
2670:Benchmark crude oils
2378:Occidental Petroleum
1692:1990 oil price shock
1518:Shale oil extraction
1491:Drilling engineering
1474:Directional drilling
1400:Reservoir simulation
419:alanine transaminase
386:superoxide dismutase
352:chemical pneumonitis
259:Good gasoline yields
160:Chemical composition
2526:Naftiran Intertrade
2471:Amec Foster Wheeler
2398:Reliance Industries
2287:Naftiran Intertrade
2099:Hindustan Petroleum
1697:2000s energy crisis
904:Crude oil chemistry
457:African clawed frog
2373:Marathon Petroleum
1795:List of oil fields
1405:Reservoir modeling
1163:Petroleum industry
328:febrile convulsion
170:
2657:
2656:
2635:
2634:
2521:Nabors Industries
2451:
2450:
1649:Well intervention
1624:Petroleum product
1523:Ljungström method
1427:Seismic inversion
1412:Petroleum geology
1366:
1365:
674:978-3-030-40211-2
653:Murty, K (2020).
176:and a mixture of
108:
107:
16:(Redirected from
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2348:Hess Corporation
2069:Bharat Petroleum
2000:
1985:
1672:1967 Oil Embargo
1508:Lost circulation
1346:Posted oil price
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1227:Isthmus-34 Light
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1022:Waste Management
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741:(18): 7372–7391.
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455:The tadpoles of
283:High API gravity
235:gastrointestinal
88:Offshore/onshore
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1712:Nationalization
1682:1979 oil crisis
1677:1973 oil crisis
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1644:Water injection
1612:Steam injection
1607:Gas reinjection
1575:Artificial lift
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1486:Drill stem test
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111:Bonny Light oil
54:Bonny light oil
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39:Heavy crude oil
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32:Light crude oil
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22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2688:
2686:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2662:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2418:Surgutneftegas
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2338:Eneos Holdings
2335:
2330:
2328:ConocoPhillips
2325:
2320:
2318:Cenovus Energy
2315:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2259:Energy trading
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1945:
1943:Swing producer
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1815:Gulf of Mexico
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1702:2010s oil glut
1699:
1694:
1689:
1687:1980s oil glut
1684:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1599:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1554:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1496:Drilling fluid
1493:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1434:Seismic source
1431:
1430:
1429:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1274:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1232:Japan Cocktail
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1179:Primary energy
1176:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1115:
1112:Nigeria portal
1098:
1097:
1047:
1003:
992:(2): 245–250.
965:
910:
893:
839:
793:
767:
762:S&P Global
744:
724:
680:
673:
638:
605:
587:
563:
520:
483:
482:
480:
477:
452:
449:
426:
423:
409:
406:
373:
370:
368:
365:
359:
356:
340:conjunctivitis
314:
311:
305:
302:
300:
297:
284:
281:
260:
257:
247:
244:
242:
239:
227:detoxification
221:
220:Folkloric uses
218:
194:cycloparaffins
161:
158:
136:
133:
131:
128:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
56:
55:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2687:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2650:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2454:
2444:
2443:Valero Energy
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2408:Suncor Energy
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2044:
2038:
2037:TotalEnergies
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1986:
1983:
1981:organisations
1979:Companies and
1977:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:Petrocurrency
1916:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1891:Oil shale gas
1889:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1871:Abbreviations
1869:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1830:Permian Basin
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1767:United States
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1727:Seven Sisters
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1380:Core sampling
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1217:Indian Basket
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1127:
1126:Energy portal
1121:
1116:
1113:
1102:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
987:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
938:(1): 284–90.
937:
933:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
911:
906:
905:
897:
894:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
866:(2): 187–95.
865:
861:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
840:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
812:(3): 223–31.
811:
807:
800:
798:
794:
789:
785:
778:
776:
774:
772:
768:
763:
759:
753:
751:
749:
745:
740:
736:
728:
725:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
681:
676:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:
649:
647:
645:
643:
639:
633:
628:
624:
620:
616:
609:
606:
601:
594:
592:
588:
583:
579:
572:
570:
568:
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
536:(2): 187–95.
535:
531:
524:
521:
516:
512:
508:
504:
497:
495:
493:
491:
489:
485:
478:
476:
474:
468:
466:
462:
458:
450:
448:
445:
440:
436:
432:
424:
422:
420:
416:
407:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
382:catecholamine
379:
371:
366:
364:
357:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
336:epidermolysis
333:
332:renal failure
329:
325:
321:
312:
310:
303:
298:
296:
293:
289:
282:
280:
278:
274:
270:
267:, medium and
266:
258:
256:
254:
245:
240:
238:
236:
232:
228:
219:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
166:
159:
157:
154:
149:
145:
141:
134:
129:
127:
124:
120:
116:
113:was found at
112:
103:
99:
96:Field history
94:
90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
73:
70:
66:
62:
57:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2546:Schlumberger
2476:Baker Hughes
2368:Marathon Oil
2358:Imperial Oil
2353:Husky Energy
2343:Galp Energia
2333:Devon Energy
2219:Saudi Aramco
2199:Petrovietnam
2144:NNPC Limited
2048:National oil
1928:Petrofiction
1896:Orphan wells
1864:Other topics
1835:Persian Gulf
1762:Saudi Arabia
1732:Standard Oil
1540:Well logging
1417:Petrophysics
1201:
1070:(6): 480–6.
1067:
1063:
1028:(1): 61–64.
1025:
1021:
989:
985:
935:
931:
903:
896:
863:
859:
809:
805:
788:Nairametrics
787:
761:
738:
734:
727:
711:(1): 77–81.
708:
704:
655:
625:(1): 77–81.
622:
618:
608:
582:Nairametrics
581:
533:
529:
523:
509:(1): 55–63.
506:
502:
469:
454:
428:
411:
375:
361:
348:oesophagitis
316:
307:
286:
262:
249:
223:
174:hydrocarbons
171:
138:
110:
109:
2516:Halliburton
2388:Phillips 66
2209:QatarEnergy
2179:Petrobangla
2114:KazMunayGas
2004:Supermajors
1953:heavy crude
1840:Prudhoe Bay
1820:Niger Delta
1800:Caspian Sea
1563:Concessions
1513:Measurement
1479:Geosteering
1462:Squeeze job
1372:Exploration
1321:Consumption
1280:Consumption
1273:Natural gas
1202:Bonny Light
431:pseudomonas
398:glutathione
392:(CAT), and
288:API gravity
214:asphaltenes
153:sour crudes
135:Origination
43:Sweet crude
18:Bonny Light
2664:Categories
2566:Transocean
2433:Tullow Oil
2423:TechnipFMC
2189:PetroChina
2027:ExxonMobil
1933:Shale band
1810:East Texas
1783:and fields
1597:Downstream
1550:Production
1457:Completion
1385:Geophysics
1326:Production
1285:Production
1222:Indonesian
1197:Argus Sour
1189:Benchmarks
479:References
417:(AST) and
367:Experiment
324:depression
246:Low sulfur
231:leg ulcers
130:Background
47:Sour crude
37:See also:
2561:TC Energy
2462:companies
2292:Trafigura
2239:Sonatrach
2184:Petrobras
2174:Pertamina
2084:Ecopetrol
2050:companies
1994:companies
1992:petroleum
1968:tight oil
1963:oil shale
1958:oil sands
1938:Shale gas
1879:sweet oil
1850:Venezuela
1825:North Sea
1781:Provinces
1772:Venezuela
1619:Midstream
1314:Petroleum
1174:Petroleum
1042:0956-053X
998:1560-8530
952:0147-6513
834:207458217
435:aliphatic
402:quercetin
344:mucositis
144:petroleum
140:Crude oil
123:light oil
101:Discovery
2649:Category
2556:Subsea 7
2536:Petrofac
2531:NOV Inc.
2511:GE Power
2506:Enbridge
2460:services
2282:Mercuria
2272:Glencore
2234:Sonangol
2194:Petronas
2129:Naftogaz
1901:Peak oil
1884:sour oil
1639:Upstream
1634:Refining
1629:Pipeline
1585:Pumpjack
1580:Gas lift
1501:invasion
1444:Drilling
1331:Reserves
1290:Reserves
1092:23815096
1084:22460940
960:17942154
888:20957331
880:23020769
826:25046308
558:20957331
550:23020769
515:23235309
444:Bacillus
439:aromatic
241:Features
206:vanadium
190:paraffin
186:nitrogen
148:Oloibiri
115:Oloibiri
91:Offshore
82:Oloibiri
2224:Sinopec
2214:Rosneft
2094:Gazprom
2089:Equinor
2017:Chevron
1664:History
1530:Tracers
1452:Blowout
1341:Exports
1336:Imports
1300:Exports
1295:Imports
451:Tadpole
388:(SOD),
320:anxiety
304:Society
299:Effects
273:heptane
198:benzene
119:Nigeria
104:in 1956
72:Nigeria
68:Country
2590:Others
2541:Saipem
2438:TĂĽpraĹź
2428:TNK-BP
2413:Sunoco
2403:Repsol
2363:Lukoil
2306:Others
2277:Gunvor
1911:timing
1845:Russia
1757:Norway
1742:France
1737:Canada
1090:
1082:
1040:
996:
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378:copper
277:diesel
210:nickel
182:sulfur
178:oxygen
78:Region
45:, and
2457:Major
2323:Cepsa
2297:Vitol
2267:Enron
2229:SOCAR
2169:Pemex
2164:PDVSA
2159:Orlen
2124:Lotos
2064:ANCAP
2032:Shell
1989:Major
1747:India
1351:Price
1305:Price
1247:Urals
1242:Tapis
1212:Dubai
1207:Brent
1088:S2CID
884:S2CID
830:S2CID
554:S2CID
313:Human
269:heavy
265:light
253:sweet
2551:Snam
2491:CH2M
2244:TPAO
1752:Iraq
1722:OPEC
1717:GECF
1266:Data
1080:PMID
1038:ISSN
994:ISSN
956:PMID
948:ISSN
876:PMID
822:PMID
669:ISBN
546:PMID
511:PMID
437:and
425:Soil
408:Fish
376:The
372:Rats
350:and
2486:CGG
2383:OMV
2249:YPF
2022:Eni
1072:doi
1030:doi
940:doi
868:doi
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661:doi
627:doi
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