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periods in the form of quiescent cells or by repeated antigenic restimulation. Bone marrow protects and optimizes immunological memory during dietary restriction. In cancer patients, cancer-reactive memory T cells can arise in bone marrow spontaneously or after specific vaccination. Bone marrow is a center of a variety of immune activities: i) hematopoiesis, ii) osteogenesis, iii) immune responses, iv) distinction between self and non-self antigens, v) central immune regulatory function, vi) storage of memory cells, vii) immune surveillance of the central nervous system, viii) adaptation to energy crisis, ix) provision of mesenchymal stem cells for tissue repair.
38:
364:
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849:(DCs). These have a capacity of antigen uptake, processing, and presentation. Cognate interactions between antigen-specific T cells and antigen-presenting DCs (APCs) in parenchyma lead to rapid T-APC cluster formation followed by T cell activation, T cell proliferation and T cell re-circulation to blood. These findings were corroborated and extended in 2013 by in situ two-photon dynamic imaging of mice skulls.
1265:
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1292:). If the donor and recipient are compatible, these infused cells will then travel to the bone marrow and initiate blood cell production. Transplantation from one person to another is conducted for the treatment of severe bone marrow diseases, such as congenital defects, autoimmune diseases or malignancies. The patient's own marrow is first killed off with drugs or
305:. While the precise mechanisms underlying marrow regulation are not understood, compositional changes occur according to stereotypical patterns. For example, a newborn baby's bones exclusively contain hematopoietically active "red" marrow, and there is a progressive conversion towards "yellow" marrow with age. In adults, red marrow is found mainly in the
1123:
imaging has somewhat better capacity for assessing the marrow cavity of bones, although with low sensitivity and specificity. For example, normal fatty "yellow" marrow in adult long bones is of low density (-30 to -100 Hounsfield units), between subcutaneous fat and soft tissue. Tissue with increased
1142:
When "yellow" fatty marrow becomes replaced by tissue with more cellular composition, this change is apparent as decreased brightness on T1-weighted sequences. Both normal "red" marrow and pathologic marrow lesions (such as cancer) are darker than "yellow" marrow on T1-weight sequences, although can
1130:
is more sensitive and specific for assessing bone composition. MRI enables assessment of the average molecular composition of soft tissues and thus provides information regarding the relative fat content of marrow. In adult humans, "yellow" fatty marrow is the dominant tissue in bones, particularly
1370:
Using quantitative
Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) and Next-generation Sequencing (NGS) a maximum of five DNA viruses per individual have been identified. Included were several herpesviruses, hepatitis B virus, Merkel cell polyomavirus, and human papillomavirus 31. Given the reactivation and/or
857:
Bone marrow is a nest for migratory memory T cells and a sanctuary for plasma cells. This has implications for adaptive immunity and vaccinology. Memory B and T cells persist in the parenchyma in dedicated survival niches organized by stromal cells. This memory can be maintained over long time
414:
At the cellular level, the main functional component of bone marrow includes the progenitor cells which are destined to mature into blood and lymphoid cells. Human marrow produces approximately 500 billion blood cells per day. Marrow contains
284:
The composition of marrow is dynamic, as the mixture of cellular and non-cellular components (connective tissue) shifts with age and in response to systemic factors. In humans, marrow is colloquially characterized as "red" or "yellow" marrow
844:
was first described in 2003. Mature circulating naïve T cells home to bone marrow sinuses after they have passed through arteries and arterioles. They transmigrate sinus endothelium and enter the parenchyma which contains
1143:
often be distinguished by comparison with the MR signal intensity of adjacent soft tissues. Normal "red" marrow is typically equivalent or brighter than skeletal muscle or intervertebral disc on T1-weighted sequences.
1349:
is inserted into the donor's arm, and the stem cells are then filtered out of the blood. This procedure is similar to that used in blood or platelet donation. In adults, bone marrow may also be taken from the
1139:, T1-weighted imaging sequences show "yellow" fatty marrow as bright (hyperintense). Furthermore, normal fatty marrow loses signal on fat-saturation sequences, in a similar pattern to subcutaneous fat.
2354:"Clinical and prognostic significance of bone marrow abnormalities in the appendicular skeleton detected by low-doe whole-body multidetector computed tomography in patients with multiple myeloma"
212:. Bone marrow comprises approximately 5% of total body mass in healthy adult humans, such that a man weighing 73 kg (161 lbs) will have around 3.7 kg (8 lbs) of bone marrow.
757:. Stromal cells may be indirectly involved in hematopoiesis, providing a microenvironment that influences the function and differentiation of hematopoietic cells. For instance, they generate
1223:), it is sometimes necessary to examine the source of the blood cells in the bone marrow to obtain more information on hematopoiesis; this is the role of bone marrow aspiration and biopsy.
2596:
2055:
Mahnke, Yolanda; Schwendemann, Jochen; Beckhove, Philipp; Schirrmacher, Volker (9 June 2005). "Maintenance of long-term tumour-specific T-cell memory by residual dormant tumour cells".
1973:
Milo, Idan; Sapoznikov, Anita; Kalchenko, Vyacheslav (2013). "Dynamic imaging reveals promiscuous crosspresentation of blood-borne antigens to naïve CD8+ T cells in the bone marrow".
2487:
Vande Berg, BC; Lecouvet, FE; Galant, C; Maldague, BE; Malghem, J (July 2005). "Normal variants and frequent marrow alterations that simulate bone marrow lesions at MR imaging".
1335:. The procedure is minimally invasive and does not require stitches afterwards. Depending on the donor's health and reaction to the procedure, the actual harvesting can be an
1475:
1307:
Bone marrow stem cells can be induced to become neural cells to treat neurological illnesses, and can also potentially be used for the treatment of other illnesses, such as
1545:
2014:
Salaming, Stephan A.; Nolte, Martijn A. "The bone marrow as sanctuary for plasma cells and memory T-cells: Implications for adaptive immunity and vaccinology".
2074:
Collins, Nicolas; Han, Seong-Ji; Enamorado, Michel (22 August 2019). "The bone marrow protects and optimizes immunological memory during dietary restriction".
1792:
Poulton, T B; Murphy, W D; Duerk, J L; Chapek, C C; Feiglin, D H (1 December 1993). "Bone marrow reconversion in adults who are smokers: MR Imaging findings".
137:
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1304:, some of the patient's hematopoietic stem cells are sometimes harvested and later infused back when the therapy is finished to restore the immune system.
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pass through soft tissues such as marrow and do not provide visualization, although any changes in the structure of the associated bone may be detected.
2409:
Poulton, TB; Murphy, WD; Duerk, JL; Chapek, CC; Feiglin, DH (December 1993). "Bone marrow reconversion in adults who are smokers: MR Imaging findings".
3016:
2093:
Schirrmacher, Volker (12 October 2015). "Cancer-reactive memory T cells from bone marrow: Spontaneous induction and therapeutic potential (Review)".
1600:
Hindorf, C.; Glatting, G.; Chiesa, C.; Lindén, O.; Flux, G. (2010). "EANM Dosimetry
Committee guidelines for bone marrow and whole-body dosimetry".
2698:
1939:
Feuerer, Markus; Beckhove, Philipp; Garbi, Natalio (10 August 2003). "Bone marrow as a priming site for T-cell responses to blood-borne antigen".
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infiltration when the water to fat ratio is not sufficiently altered, as may be seen with lower grade tumors or earlier in the disease process.
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416:
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and bone marrow aspiration. Bone marrow examination is used in the diagnosis of a number of conditions, including leukemia, multiple myeloma,
1902:
113:
2184:
Bonnet, D; Dick, JE (1997). "Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell".
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constitute the primary lymphoid tissues involved in the production and early selection of lymphocytes. Furthermore, bone marrow performs a
1342:
Another option is to administer certain drugs that stimulate the release of stem cells from the bone marrow into circulating blood. An
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cellular composition, such as normal "red" marrow or cancer cells within the medullary cavity will measure variably higher in density.
1064:, leading to a decrease in the production of blood cells and blood platelets. The bone marrow can also be affected by various forms of
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of the bone marrow constitute a barrier, inhibiting immature blood cells from leaving the marrow. Only mature blood cells contain the
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349:. In circumstances of chronic hypoxia, the body can convert yellow marrow back to red marrow to increase blood cell production.
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37:
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oncogenic potential of these viruses, their repercussion on hematopoietic and malignant disorders calls for further studies.
2444:
Shah, LM; Hanrahan, CJ (December 2011). "MRI of spinal bone marrow: part I, techniques and normal age-related appearances".
1749:
Chan, Brian Y.; Gill, Kara G.; Rebsamen, Susan L.; Nguyen, Jie C. (1 October 2016). "MR Imaging of
Pediatric Bone Marrow".
1154:. Diffuse marrow T1 hypointensity without contrast enhancement or cortical discontinuity suggests red marrow conversion or
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1465:
132:
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2648:
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2942:"CXCR4(+)CD45(-) BMMNC subpopulation is superior to unfractionated BMMNCs for protection after ischemic stroke in mice"
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is sometimes performed. This typically involves using a hollow needle to acquire a sample of red bone marrow from the
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1311:. In 2013, following a clinical trial, scientists proposed that bone marrow transplantation could be used to treat
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2834:"The humerus of Eusthenopteron: a puzzling organization presaging the establishment of tetrapod limb bone marrow"
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994:
is evident within the bone marrow, in that certain cell types tend to aggregate in specific areas. For instance,
660:
2036:
Chang, Hyun-Dong; Radbruch, Andreas (19 May 2021). "Maintenance of quiescent immune memory in the bone marrow".
3717:
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3002:
1238:, such as leukemia and anemia. The normal myeloid-to-erythroid ratio is around 3:1; this ratio may increase in
884:
761:, which have a significant effect on hematopoiesis. Cell types that constitute the bone marrow stroma include:
647:
96:
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McGuckin, C. P.; Forraz, N.; Baradez, M. -O.; Navran, S.; Zhao, J.; Urban, R.; Tilton, R.; Denner, L. (2005).
2352:
Nishida, Y; Matsue, Y; Suehara, Y; Fukumoto, K; Fujisawa, M; Takeuchi, M; Ouchi, E; Matsue, K (August 2015).
1954:
Mazo, I.B.; von Adrian, U.H. (1999). "Adhesion and homing of blood-borne cells in bone marrow microvessels".
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will kill many of the rapidly dividing cells of the bone marrow, and will therefore result in a depressed
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Di Rosa, Francesca; Pabst, Reinhard (2005). "The bone marrow: A nest for migratory memory T cells".
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is often used when taking samples from infants. In newborns, stem cells may be retrieved from the
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of the bone marrow includes all tissue not directly involved in the marrow's primary function of
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268:, which can be isolated from the primary culture of bone marrow stroma, can give rise to bone,
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2899:"The origins of bone marrow as the seedbed of our blood: from antiquity to the time of Osler"
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Toppinen, Mari; Sajantila, Antti; Pratas, Diogo; Hedman, Klaus; Perdomo, Maria F. (2021).
2702:
1219:. While much information can be gleaned by testing the blood itself (drawn from a vein by
1195:
Bone marrow examination is the pathologic analysis of samples of bone marrow obtained via
1150:, can occur with normal aging, though it can also be seen with certain treatments such as
1136:
1107:
Bone marrow derived stem cells have a wide array of application in regenerative medicine.
1049:
980:
968:
451:
2893:) – specialist scientific journal with articles on bone marrow biology and clinical uses.
2729:"Production of stem cells with embryonic characteristics from human umbilical cord blood"
2303:
Ellmann, Stephan; Beck, Michael; Kuwert, Torsten; Uder, Michael; Bäuerle, Tobias (2015).
1319:
drugs; however, it was later found that HIV remained in the bodies of the test subjects.
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can be conducted to treat severe diseases of the bone marrow, including certain forms of
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People have used animal bone-marrow in cuisine worldwide for millennia, as in the famed
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cells is relevant to bone marrow function, and also to diseases of the bone marrow and
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1837:"Quantification and three-dimensional microanatomical organization of the bone marrow"
1516:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott William & Wilkins.
1284:, hematopoietic stem cells are removed from a person and infused into another person (
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Human marrow produces approximately 500 billion blood cells per day, which join the
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Medical imaging may provide a limited amount of information regarding bone marrow.
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which give rise to the three classes of blood cells that are found in circulation:
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2305:"Multimodal imaging of bone metastases: From preclinical to clinical applications"
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1429:, finding organised tubular structures akin to modern vertebrate bone marrow.
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may also cross the bone marrow barrier, and may thus be harvested from blood.
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Importance for storage and long-term survival of memory B and memory T cells
601:
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238:, are created in bone marrow; however, lymphoid cells must migrate to other
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The stem cells are typically harvested directly from the red marrow in the
1068:, which attacks its hematologic progenitor cells. Furthermore, exposure to
2430:
2205:
1821:
1762:
1495:
Schmidt, Richard F.; Lang, Florian; Heckmann, Manfred (30 November 2010).
1399:
The earliest fossilised evidence of bone marrow was discovered in 2014 in
1296:, and then the new stem cells are introduced. Before radiation therapy or
3606:
3115:
2254:"Stem cells application in regenerative medicine and disease threpeutics"
1434:
1410:
1391:
1208:
1207:. The bone marrow produces the cellular elements of the blood, including
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1163:
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1032:
888:
730:
330:
257:
201:
197:
2525:. Stedman's Medical Dictionary via MediLexicon.com. 2006. Archived from
2457:
2369:
3548:
3482:
2884:
2197:
2112:
Schirrmacher, Volker (2023). "Bone marrow: The central immune system".
1673:
1426:
904:
892:
841:
346:
205:
2940:
Wang J, Liu X, Lu H, Jiang C, Cui X, Yu L, Fu X, Li Q, Wang J (2015).
301:, respectively) depending on the prevalence of hematopoietic cells vs
150:
3569:
3477:
3297:
3237:
3225:
3169:
3092:
3061:
2170:
Fabricant, Florence. "Begging for Bones: A New
Craving for Marrow".
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1200:
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into a variety of cell types. MSCs have been shown to differentiate,
837:
310:
264:
in the bone marrow can give rise to hematopoietic lineage cells, and
253:
243:
209:
1501:. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care. pp. 3/7.
2675:"HIV Returns in Two Men Thought 'Cured' by Bone Marrow Transplants"
1048:
The normal bone marrow architecture can be damaged or displaced by
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342:
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876:(MSCs), which are also known as marrow stromal cells. These are
783:
322:
173:
3301:
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176:. In birds and mammals, bone marrow is the primary site of new
2778:"The Human Bone Marrow Is Host to the DNAs of Several Viruses"
1312:
2597:"Research Supports Promise of Cell Therapy for Bowel Disease"
1713:
Lindberg, Matthew R.; Lamps, Laura W. (2018). "Bone Marrow".
1894:
Rubin's
Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine
1413:
period approximately 370 million years ago. Scientists from
939:, that are required to attach to and pass the blood vessel
196:. In adult humans, bone marrow is primarily located in the
2571:"Antibody Transforms Stem Cells Directly into Brain Cells"
1390:, a species of prehistoric fish with close links to early
260:. Several types of stem cells are related to bone marrow.
435:
Cellular constitution of the red bone marrow parenchyma
2838:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
1648:
Birbrair, Alexander; Frenette, Paul S. (1 March 2016).
1339:, or can require 1–2 days of recovery in the hospital.
1158:. Falsely normal marrow on T1 can be seen with diffuse
1924:(9th edition). Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger (1993).
1084:
are due to damage sustained by the bone marrow cells.
2715:
Bone marrow donation: What to expect when you donate
3640:
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3033:
2832:Sanchez, S.; Tafforeau, P.; Ahlberg, P. E. (2014).
1476:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
1425:to study the fossilised interior of the skeleton's
230:. All types of hematopoietic cells, including both
131:
119:
107:
95:
83:
78:
58:
53:
30:
2132:"The Red Cell Membrane: structure and pathologies"
1643:
1641:
1639:
1561:"Haematology of amphibians and reptiles: a review"
1437:, which ultimately evolved into the land-dwelling
1087:To diagnose diseases involving the bone marrow, a
832:Central hematopoietic and antigen-responsive organ
1897:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 90.
16:Semi-solid tissue in the spongy portions of bones
1835:Nombela-Arrieta, Cesar; G. Manz, Markus (2017).
1744:
1742:
1188:bone marrow aspirate smear from a patient with
1146:Fatty marrow change, the inverse of red marrow
2827:
2825:
2823:
3313:
3010:
2161:. Allonhealth.com. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
1891:Raphael Rubin & David S. Strayer (2007).
8:
2903:Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings
2649:"Stem-Cell Transplants Erase HIV in Two Men"
1544:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
955:The red bone marrow is a key element of the
822:, which are also present in the bone marrow.
1288:) or into the same person at a later time (
371:showing normal "trilineage hematopoiesis":
3408:
3320:
3306:
3298:
3088:
3039:
3017:
3003:
2995:
2717:. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 16 February 2013.
1654:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1014:gather at the borders of the bone marrow.
979:-like function to prevent the backflow of
36:
2965:
2922:
2857:
2803:
2793:
2752:
2696:National Marrow Donor Program Donor Guide
2385:
2328:
2279:
2269:
1860:
1689:
1498:What are the organs of the immune system?
1103:Application of stem cells in therapeutics
2705:. Marrow.org. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1650:"Niche heterogeneity in the bone marrow"
1514:Pathology of bone marrow and blood cells
433:
393:
19:For bone marrow as eaten by humans, see
2137:. Australian Centre for Blood Diseases/
1487:
1419:European Synchrotron Radiation Facility
1260:Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
836:That bone marrow is a priming site for
172:(also known as cancellous) portions of
2990:Bone marrow histology photomicrographs
2627:"Bone marrow 'frees men of HIV drugs'"
2446:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology
2411:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology
1715:Diagnostic Pathology: Normal Histology
1587:Official CPC Certification Study Guide
1559:Arikan, Hüseyin; Çiçek, Kerim (2014).
1537:
1384:Bone marrow may have first evolved in
148:
27:
2258:International Journal of Cell Biology
2225:
2223:
2031:
2029:
2009:
2007:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1276:The preferred sites for the procedure
333:, and variably found in the proximal
7:
2677:. RH Reality Check. 10 December 2013
1135:. Because fat molecules have a high
2489:Radiologic Clinics of North America
2231:"Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy"
246:) in order to complete maturation.
2886:Nature Bone Marrow Transplantation
2603:. 28 February 2013. Archived from
2601:Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center
2309:Journal of Orthopaedic Translation
1723:10.1016/B978-0-323-54803-8.50035-8
14:
2095:International Journal of Oncology
1794:American Journal of Roentgenology
1423:X-ray synchrotron microtomography
1268:A bone marrow harvest in progress
778:, which contribute especially to
2745:10.1111/j.1365-2184.2005.00346.x
1853:10.1182/bloodadvances.2016003194
1568:North-Western Journal of Zoology
1433:is closely related to the early
872:The bone marrow stroma contains
3138:Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths
1589:. American Medical Association.
992:Biological compartmentalization
398:Hematopoietic precursor cells:
42:A section of bone marrow tissue
2915:10.1080/08998280.2011.11928697
2782:Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol
2038:European Journal of Immunology
1922:Wintrobe's clinical hematology
1:
2549:"Bone marrow transplantation"
1466:National Marrow Donor Program
1956:Journal of Leukocyte Biology
1471:Gift of Life Marrow Registry
1254:Donation and transplantation
967:from immature hematopoietic
913:beta-pancreatic islets cells
782:production, as they deliver
770:reticular connective tissue
533:Eosinophilic metamyelocytes
520:Neutrophilic metamyelocytes
410:from a bone marrow aspirate
3739:
1602:Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging
1309:inflammatory bowel disease
1257:
1246:, and reverse in cases of
1173:
1080:. Many of the symptoms of
1021:
865:
759:colony stimulating factors
459:
387:erythroblast marked), and
356:
18:
3203:Waldeyer's tonsillar ring
2958:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.12.015
2795:10.3389/fcimb.2021.657245
2523:"Definition: 'M:E Ratio'"
2501:10.1016/j.rcl.2005.01.007
2423:10.2214/ajr.161.6.8249729
2321:10.1016/j.jot.2015.07.004
1806:10.2214/ajr.161.6.8249729
1614:10.1007/s00259-010-1422-4
1512:C., Farhi, Diane (2009).
983:in the lymphatic system.
840:responses to blood-borne
672:
661:Orthochromatic normoblast
648:Polychromatic normoblasts
613:
143:
35:
3231:High endothelial venules
2701:8 September 2008 at the
1585:Katherine, Abel (2013).
1060:, or infections such as
945:Hematopoietic stem cells
417:hematopoietic stem cells
353:Hematopoietic components
262:Hematopoietic stem cells
3052:Hematopoietic stem cell
2891:Nature Publishing Group
1409:which lived during the
1176:Bone marrow examination
961:primary lymphoid organs
559:Eosinophilic band cells
546:Neutrophilic band cells
507:Eosinophilic myelocytes
494:Neutrophilic myelocytes
250:Bone marrow transplants
2850:10.1098/rspb.2014.0299
1396:
1282:bone marrow transplant
1277:
1269:
1192:
1089:bone marrow aspiration
1006:tend to gather around
971:. The bone marrow and
874:mesenchymal stem cells
862:Mesenchymal stem cells
820:endothelial stem cells
635:Basophilic normoblasts
411:
391:
298:
290:
266:mesenchymal stem cells
145:Anatomical terminology
3354:fibrocartilage callus
2233:. Lab Tests Online UK
1763:10.1148/rg.2016160056
1382:
1275:
1267:
1240:myelogenous leukemias
1183:
1133:appendicular skeleton
1039:Clinical significance
868:Mesenchymal stem cell
585:Segmented eosinophils
572:Segmented neutrophils
397:
366:
190:marrow adipose tissue
184:). It is composed of
3070:Hassall's corpuscles
2358:Blood Cancer Journal
2271:10.1155/2016/6940283
2174:. 16 September 1998.
2159:The Lymphatic System
1994:Trends in Immunology
1717:. pp. 130–137.
1445:of the present day.
1337:outpatient procedure
1315:in conjunction with
1131:in the (peripheral)
987:Compartmentalization
818:. These derive from
427:(erythrocytes), and
389:megakaryocytic cells
373:myelomonocytic cells
359:Hematopoietic system
299:medulla ossium flava
291:medulla ossium rubra
217:systemic circulation
65:Hematopoietic system
3153:Trabecular arteries
2458:10.2214/ajr.11.7005
2370:10.1038/bcj.2015.57
1666:2016NYASA1370...82B
1082:radiation poisoning
959:, being one of the
919:Bone marrow barrier
598:Segmented basophils
436:
402:in the center, two
379:myelocyte marked),
210:bones of the pelvis
186:hematopoietic cells
2946:Brain Behav. Immun
2897:Cooper, B (2011).
2844:(1782): 20140299.
2733:Cell Proliferation
2629:. BBC. 3 July 2013
2198:10.1038/nm0797-730
2172:The New York Times
1674:10.1111/nyas.13016
1415:Uppsala University
1397:
1366:Persistent viruses
1333:general anesthesia
1278:
1270:
1226:The ratio between
1193:
1093:crest of the ilium
1024:Bone marrow (food)
434:
412:
392:
21:Bone marrow (food)
3680:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3585:connective tissue
3580:Volkmann's canals
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3121:Cords of Billroth
3078:
3077:
2495:(4): 761–70, ix.
2252:Mahla RS (2016).
2139:Monash University
1904:978-0-7817-9516-6
1217:white blood cells
1152:radiation therapy
1117:Plain film x-rays
1095:under general or
929:membrane proteins
909:marrow adipocytes
814:, which form the
812:endothelial cells
802:(synthesize bone)
742:
741:
421:white blood cells
236:lymphoid lineages
192:, and supportive
168:found within the
159:
158:
154:
3730:
3713:Lymphatic system
3703:Endocrine system
3627:medullary cavity
3602:Sharpey's fibres
3575:Haversian canals
3530:epiphyseal plate
3520:subchondral bone
3409:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3299:
3221:Lymphatic vessel
3198:Tonsillar crypts
3158:Trabecular veins
3089:
3084:Secondary organs
3040:
3027:lymphatic system
3019:
3012:
3005:
2996:
2979:
2969:
2936:
2926:
2872:
2871:
2861:
2829:
2818:
2817:
2807:
2797:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2607:on 8 August 2017
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2332:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2283:
2273:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2181:
2175:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2136:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1936:
1925:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1888:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1800:(6): 1217–1221.
1789:
1783:
1782:
1757:(6): 1911–1930.
1746:
1737:
1736:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1645:
1634:
1633:
1608:(6): 1238–1250.
1597:
1591:
1590:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1565:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1535:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1492:
1407:lobe-finned fish
1236:peripheral blood
1186:Wright's-stained
1160:multiple myeloma
1097:local anesthesia
1058:multiple myeloma
969:progenitor cells
957:lymphatic system
437:
431:(thrombocytes).
307:central skeleton
228:medullary cavity
164:is a semi-solid
151:edit on Wikidata
73:lymphatic system
40:
28:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3718:Skeletal system
3683:
3682:
3681:
3672:
3636:
3558:
3534:epiphyseal line
3508:
3487:
3461:
3435:
3426:intramembranous
3398:
3335:
3326:
3296:
3287:
3283:Germinal center
3259:
3243:Germinal center
3207:
3164:
3143:Germinal center
3074:
3056:
3029:
3023:
2986:
2939:
2896:
2881:
2879:Further reading
2876:
2875:
2831:
2830:
2821:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2703:Wayback Machine
2694:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2656:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2577:. 22 April 2013
2569:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2452:(6): 1298–308.
2443:
2442:
2438:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2221:
2186:Nature Medicine
2183:
2182:
2178:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2141:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2082:(5): 1088–1101.
2073:
2072:
2068:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2013:
2012:
2005:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1943:(9): 1151–1157.
1941:Nature Medicine
1938:
1937:
1928:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1890:
1889:
1878:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1647:
1646:
1637:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1536:
1524:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1451:
1395:
1377:
1368:
1325:
1262:
1256:
1213:red blood cells
1178:
1172:
1113:
1105:
1050:aplastic anemia
1046:
1041:
1026:
1020:
989:
981:lymphatic fluid
953:
921:
870:
864:
855:
847:dendritic cells
834:
829:
747:
705:Reticular cells
674:
617:
463:
453:
447:
425:red blood cells
406:next to it and
381:erythroid cells
361:
355:
282:
240:lymphoid organs
180:production (or
155:
49:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3736:
3734:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3708:Lymphoid organ
3705:
3700:
3695:
3685:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3149:Blood vessels
3147:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3097:
3095:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3037:
3035:Primary organs
3031:
3030:
3025:Organs of the
3024:
3022:
3021:
3014:
3007:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2985:
2984:External links
2982:
2981:
2980:
2937:
2894:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2819:
2768:
2739:(4): 245–255.
2719:
2707:
2688:
2666:
2640:
2618:
2588:
2562:
2551:. UpToDate.com
2540:
2529:on 10 May 2013
2514:
2479:
2436:
2417:(6): 1217–21.
2401:
2344:
2315:(4): 166–177.
2295:
2244:
2219:
2192:(7): 730–737.
2176:
2163:
2151:
2123:
2104:
2085:
2066:
2047:
2025:
2003:
1984:
1965:
1946:
1926:
1910:
1903:
1876:
1847:(6): 407–416.
1841:Blood Advances
1827:
1784:
1738:
1731:
1705:
1635:
1592:
1577:
1551:
1522:
1504:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1450:
1447:
1431:Eusthenopteron
1402:Eusthenopteron
1387:Eusthenopteron
1383:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1360:umbilical cord
1331:, often under
1324:
1321:
1317:antiretroviral
1258:Main article:
1255:
1252:
1242:, decrease in
1228:myeloid series
1174:Main article:
1171:
1168:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1019:
1016:
988:
985:
963:that generate
952:
951:Lymphatic role
949:
920:
917:
866:Main article:
863:
860:
854:
851:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
823:
809:
803:
797:
791:
780:red blood cell
773:
746:
743:
740:
739:
736:
733:
727:
726:
723:
720:
714:
713:
710:
707:
701:
700:
697:
694:
688:
687:
684:
681:
679:Megakaryocytes
676:
670:
669:
666:
663:
657:
656:
653:
650:
644:
643:
640:
637:
631:
630:
627:
624:
622:Pronormoblasts
619:
615:Erythropoietic
611:
610:
607:
604:
594:
593:
590:
587:
581:
580:
577:
574:
568:
567:
564:
561:
555:
554:
551:
548:
542:
541:
538:
535:
529:
528:
525:
522:
516:
515:
512:
509:
503:
502:
499:
496:
490:
489:
486:
483:
477:
476:
473:
470:
465:
457:
456:
449:
444:
441:
423:(leukocytes),
404:metamyelocytes
385:orthochromatic
354:
351:
309:, such as the
281:
278:
219:via permeable
182:haematopoiesis
157:
156:
147:
141:
140:
135:
129:
128:
123:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
99:
93:
92:
90:medulla ossium
87:
81:
80:
76:
75:
62:
56:
55:
51:
50:
41:
33:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3735:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3698:Hematopoiesis
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3349:perichondrium
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3311:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3278:Peyer's patch
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3254:
3253:Marginal zone
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3126:Marginal zone
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3008:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2692:
2689:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2655:. 3 July 2013
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2576:
2575:Science Daily
2572:
2566:
2563:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2245:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2152:
2140:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2120:(3): 289–329.
2119:
2115:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2067:
2063:(3): 325–336.
2062:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:(7): 360–366.
1999:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1981:(2): 193–208.
1980:
1976:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1918:Appendix A:IV
1914:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1751:RadioGraphics
1745:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1732:9780323548038
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1523:9780781770934
1519:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1488:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1461:Myelonecrosis
1459:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1375:Fossil record
1374:
1372:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1274:
1266:
1261:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1244:polycythemias
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:myelofibrosis
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1137:T1-relaxivity
1134:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1078:immune system
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1008:blood vessels
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
950:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
925:blood vessels
918:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
885:differentiate
882:
879:
875:
869:
861:
859:
852:
850:
848:
843:
839:
831:
826:
821:
817:
813:
810:
808:(resorb bone)
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
785:
781:
777:
774:
771:
767:
764:
763:
762:
760:
756:
755:hematopoiesis
752:
744:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
711:
708:
706:
703:
702:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
685:
682:
680:
677:
671:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
654:
651:
649:
646:
645:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
628:
625:
623:
620:
616:
612:
608:
605:
603:
599:
596:
595:
591:
588:
586:
583:
582:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
526:
523:
521:
518:
517:
513:
510:
508:
505:
504:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
487:
484:
482:
481:Promyelocytes
479:
478:
474:
471:
469:
466:
462:
458:
455:
450:
445:
442:
439:
438:
432:
430:
426:
422:
418:
409:
405:
401:
396:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
360:
352:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
279:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:stromal cells
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
152:
146:
142:
139:
136:
134:
130:
127:
124:
122:
118:
115:
112:
110:
106:
103:
100:
98:
94:
91:
88:
86:
82:
77:
74:
70:
69:immune system
66:
63:
61:
57:
52:
47:
46:Prussian blue
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
3631:
3584:
3473:bone mineral
3431:endochondral
3421:primary bone
3413:Ossification
3367:chondroblast
3043:
2949:
2945:
2909:(2): 115–8.
2906:
2902:
2885:
2841:
2837:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2710:
2691:
2679:. Retrieved
2669:
2657:. Retrieved
2652:
2643:
2631:. Retrieved
2621:
2609:. Retrieved
2605:the original
2591:
2579:. Retrieved
2574:
2565:
2553:. Retrieved
2543:
2531:. Retrieved
2527:the original
2517:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2235:. Retrieved
2189:
2185:
2179:
2171:
2166:
2154:
2142:. Retrieved
2126:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2101:: 2005–2016.
2098:
2094:
2088:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2044:: 1592–1601.
2041:
2037:
2019:
2015:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1940:
1921:
1913:
1893:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1754:
1750:
1714:
1708:
1660:(1): 82–96.
1657:
1653:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1586:
1580:
1571:
1567:
1554:
1513:
1507:
1497:
1490:
1455:LOC100272216
1430:
1400:
1398:
1385:
1369:
1354:, while the
1341:
1326:
1306:
1300:in cases of
1298:chemotherapy
1279:
1225:
1205:pancytopenia
1194:
1145:
1141:
1126:
1114:
1106:
1086:
1074:chemotherapy
1062:tuberculosis
1054:malignancies
1047:
1027:
1012:granulocytes
1002:, and their
996:erythrocytes
990:
954:
922:
901:chondrocytes
871:
856:
835:
748:
692:Plasma cells
461:Myelopoietic
413:
400:promyelocyte
367:Bone marrow
341:such as the
283:
248:
214:
161:
160:
114:A13.1.01.001
89:
25:
3693:Bone marrow
3632:bone marrow
3372:chondrocyte
3248:Mantle zone
3213:Lymph nodes
3044:Bone marrow
2681:10 December
2533:20 December
2364:(7): e329.
2264:(7): 1–24.
2237:16 February
1962:(1): 25–32.
1344:intravenous
1329:iliac crest
1248:thalassemia
1148:hyperplasia
1000:macrophages
965:lymphocytes
941:endothelium
937:glycophorin
897:osteoblasts
878:multipotent
806:osteoclasts
800:osteoblasts
796:(fat cells)
790:production.
776:macrophages
766:fibroblasts
718:Lymphocytes
673:Other cell
468:Myeloblasts
226:within the
221:vasculature
162:Bone marrow
79:Identifiers
31:Bone marrow
3723:Stem cells
3687:Categories
3622:trabeculae
3617:canaliculi
3595:periosteum
3554:epicondyle
3539:metaphysis
3499:cancellous
3457:osteoclast
3447:osteoblast
3359:metaphysis
3188:Pharyngeal
3133:White pulp
3109:Trabeculae
2952:: 98–108.
2788:: 657245.
2144:24 January
2057:Immunology
2022:(6): 1508.
1574:: 190–209.
1482:References
1323:Harvesting
1290:autologous
1221:phlebotomy
1022:See also:
1004:precursors
931:, such as
881:stem cells
794:adipocytes
788:hemoglobin
725:11.1-23.2
655:17.9–29.2
602:mast cells
408:band cells
377:eosinophil
357:See also:
339:long bones
335:epiphyseal
178:blood cell
3663:irregular
3590:endosteum
3563:Structure
3544:diaphysis
3525:epiphysis
3452:osteocyte
3341:Cartilage
3333:cartilage
2378:2044-5385
2214:205381050
1814:0361-803X
1771:0271-5333
1682:1749-6632
1540:cite book
1532:191807944
1435:tetrapods
1392:tetrapods
1294:radiation
1286:allogenic
1232:erythroid
1209:platelets
1170:Histology
1070:radiation
933:aquaporin
883:that can
816:sinusoids
731:Monocytes
683:< 0.1%
579:6.0–12.0
553:9.5–15.3
527:9.6–24.6
501:8.2–15.7
452:Reference
443:Cell type
429:platelets
327:vertebrae
303:fat cells
280:Structure
274:cartilage
224:sinusoids
202:vertebrae
48:-stained)
3668:sesamoid
3607:enthesis
3504:cortical
3178:Palatine
3116:Red pulp
2976:25526817
2933:21566758
2868:24648231
2814:33968803
2763:16098183
2699:Archived
2581:24 April
2555:12 April
2509:15893536
2474:20115888
2466:22109283
2396:26230953
2339:30035055
2290:27516776
1871:29296956
1779:27726743
1700:27015419
1622:20411259
1449:See also
1417:and the
1411:Devonian
1347:catheter
1190:leukemia
1164:leukemic
1066:leukemia
1056:such as
1033:Ossobuco
1030:Milanese
1010:, while
905:myocytes
889:in vitro
842:antigens
827:Function
738:0.0-0.8
712:0.0-0.9
699:0.4-3.9
686:0.0-0.4
668:0.4–4.6
642:0.5–2.4
629:0.2–1.3
609:0.0–0.2
592:0.0–1.3
566:0.2–2.4
540:0.4–2.2
514:0.2–1.3
488:2.1–4.1
475:0.2–1.5
448:fraction
369:aspirate
337:ends of
331:scapulae
276:tissue.
258:leukemia
256:such as
3612:lacunae
3549:condyle
3513:Regions
3483:osteoid
3392:fibrous
3387:elastic
3382:hyaline
3238:B cells
3226:T cells
3183:Lingual
3170:Tonsils
2967:4342301
2924:3069519
2859:3973280
2805:8100435
2754:6496335
2611:5 March
2431:8249729
2387:4526783
2330:5986987
2281:4969512
2206:9212098
1862:5738992
1822:8249729
1691:4938003
1662:Bibcode
1630:9755621
1457:protein
1443:lizards
1439:mammals
1427:humerus
1352:sternum
1111:Imaging
1044:Disease
1018:As food
895:, into
893:in vivo
446:Average
347:humerus
319:cranium
315:sternum
270:adipose
232:myeloid
206:sternum
102:D001853
54:Details
3641:Shapes
3570:osteon
3478:ossein
3466:Matrix
3378:Types
3363:Cells
3100:Parts
3093:Spleen
3062:Thymus
2974:
2964:
2931:
2921:
2866:
2856:
2812:
2802:
2761:
2751:
2659:3 July
2653:PopSci
2633:3 July
2507:
2472:
2464:
2429:
2394:
2384:
2376:
2337:
2327:
2288:
2278:
2212:
2204:
2114:Immuno
1901:
1869:
1859:
1820:
1812:
1777:
1769:
1729:
1698:
1688:
1680:
1628:
1620:
1530:
1520:
1302:cancer
1203:, and
1201:anemia
1197:biopsy
973:thymus
838:T-cell
751:stroma
745:Stroma
311:pelvis
272:, and
254:cancer
244:thymus
242:(e.g.
208:, and
170:spongy
166:tissue
60:System
3653:short
3492:Types
3440:Cells
3193:Tubal
3104:Hilum
2470:S2CID
2210:S2CID
2135:(PDF)
2016:Cells
1975:Blood
1626:S2CID
1564:(PDF)
1421:used
1356:tibia
1280:In a
977:valve
722:16.2%
675:types
652:21.6%
618:cells
550:12.4%
524:15.9%
498:12.7%
464:cells
454:range
440:Group
343:femur
295:Latin
287:Latin
174:bones
149:[
85:Latin
3658:flat
3648:long
3404:Bone
3331:and
3329:Bone
3273:GALT
3265:MALT
2972:PMID
2929:PMID
2864:PMID
2810:PMID
2759:PMID
2683:2013
2661:2013
2635:2013
2613:2013
2583:2013
2557:2014
2535:2012
2505:PMID
2462:PMID
2427:PMID
2392:PMID
2374:ISSN
2335:PMID
2286:PMID
2262:2016
2239:2013
2202:PMID
2146:2015
2076:Cell
1899:ISBN
1867:PMID
1818:PMID
1810:ISSN
1775:PMID
1767:ISSN
1727:ISBN
1696:PMID
1678:ISSN
1658:1370
1618:PMID
1546:link
1528:OCLC
1518:ISBN
1441:and
1405:, a
1230:and
1215:and
935:and
923:The
911:and
786:for
784:iron
749:The
735:0.3%
709:0.3%
696:1.3%
665:2.0%
639:1.4%
626:0.6%
606:0.1%
600:and
589:0.5%
576:7.4%
563:0.9%
537:1.2%
511:0.8%
485:3.3%
383:(an
375:(an
345:and
329:and
323:ribs
234:and
198:ribs
138:9608
109:TA98
97:MeSH
2962:PMC
2954:doi
2919:PMC
2911:doi
2854:PMC
2846:doi
2842:281
2800:PMC
2790:doi
2749:PMC
2741:doi
2497:doi
2454:doi
2450:197
2419:doi
2415:161
2382:PMC
2366:doi
2325:PMC
2317:doi
2276:PMC
2266:doi
2194:doi
2080:178
2061:115
1979:122
1920:in
1857:PMC
1849:doi
1802:doi
1798:161
1759:doi
1719:doi
1686:PMC
1670:doi
1610:doi
1313:HIV
1162:or
1128:MRI
1072:or
891:or
472:0.9
133:FMA
126:388
121:TA2
3689::
2970:.
2960:.
2950:45
2948:.
2944:.
2927:.
2917:.
2907:24
2905:.
2901:.
2862:.
2852:.
2840:.
2836:.
2822:^
2808:.
2798:.
2786:11
2784:.
2780:.
2757:.
2747:.
2737:38
2735:.
2731:.
2651:.
2599:.
2573:.
2503:.
2493:43
2491:.
2468:.
2460:.
2448:.
2425:.
2413:.
2390:.
2380:.
2372:.
2360:.
2356:.
2333:.
2323:.
2311:.
2307:.
2284:.
2274:.
2260:.
2256:.
2222:^
2208:.
2200:.
2188:.
2116:.
2099:47
2097:.
2078:.
2059:.
2042:51
2040:.
2028:^
2020:10
2018:.
2006:^
1998:26
1996:.
1977:.
1960:66
1958:.
1929:^
1879:^
1865:.
1855:.
1843:.
1839:.
1816:.
1808:.
1796:.
1773:.
1765:.
1755:36
1753:.
1741:^
1725:.
1694:.
1684:.
1676:.
1668:.
1656:.
1652:.
1638:^
1624:.
1616:.
1606:37
1604:.
1572:10
1570:.
1566:.
1542:}}
1538:{{
1526:.
1362:.
1250:.
1211:,
1184:A
1121:CT
1099:.
1052:,
1035:.
998:,
943:.
915:.
907:,
903:,
899:,
325:,
321:,
317:,
313:,
297::
293:,
289::
204:,
200:,
188:,
71:,
67:,
3532:/
3321:e
3314:t
3307:v
3018:e
3011:t
3004:v
2978:.
2956::
2935:.
2913::
2889:(
2870:.
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2792::
2765:.
2743::
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2511:.
2499::
2476:.
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2433:.
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2319::
2313:3
2292:.
2268::
2241:.
2216:.
2196::
2190:3
2148:.
2118:3
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1851::
1845:1
1824:.
1804::
1781:.
1761::
1735:.
1721::
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1672::
1664::
1632:.
1612::
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1534:.
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44:(
23:.
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