Bonifaciu Florescu - Knowledge (XXG)

1039: 1906: 2253:. Călinescu stresses that Florescu's opening lesson of 1873 was "a lamentable rigmarole that addressed the issue of historical objectivity". Later tracts were "wordy, without proper ranking of values". According to Bucur, Florescu was an "amateur", "textbook cultivated", "a cultural journalist enthusiastic about beauty and culture, taking pains not to fatigue a public that cannot sustain the effort." According to Iorga, his exposition was "always lively, not without fortunate characterizations"—such as when Florescu depicted 2136:. Luxița Florescu died in October of that year, aged 83, and Bonifaciu only two months later, on December 18. Demetriade unexpectedly dropped by on a visit just after his friend's death, recalling: "he had woken up more joyful than ever. Always one to enjoy a pun, he asked his wife, whose name was Rose, to hand him a rose that had been left in some glass. Just after Madam Florescu handed him that flower, the soul of this man, always a poet, went out with the perfume of the rose." A brief obituary in 557: 543: 574: 1319: 31: 1646:, who was schooled at Saint Sava, recalls that his teacher had an unusual, crooked, stride, which matched his handwriting. An unnamed Saint Sava alumnus recalled in 1926: "Just about every day, he would walk the streets reading from a newspaper or a book, and, since he was shortsighted, he kept very close to his eyes, and so he bumped into streetlights or street corners, after which he would present his excuses." 2333:, who noted it as controversial; the two men dueled over these allegations. According to Cantacuzino and his witnesses, he was first wounded, and then disgraced when he attempted an underhand stab at his adversary. Florescu Jr had two sons of his own. One of them, Mircea Ioan, was born in 1912. He died in July 1927, after engaging in reckless driving through 1702:, who studied in a parallel class, under Tănase Tănăsescu, recalled in 1930 that Florescu was dismissive toward his colleagues, but also that he had reason be proud: "haughty, daydreaming, with something missing upstairs, still one great scholar". The courses were published in several installments, from 1887 to 1893, followed by the book edition of 530:, but divorced him in 1836, alleging that he was hypersexual; he was probably also an alcoholic. She may have then met Bălcescu at the Florescu home in Șerban-Vodă, Bucharest, which functioned as a club for progressive intellectuals; however, Bonifaciu was most likely conceived while the couple reunited in Paris. Reportedly, Bălcescu, ill with 1127:, whom Florescu met in Bucharest and perhaps acquainted with the works of Bălcescu. Some controversy did occur locally when Florescu expressed his democratic beliefs in his university lectures, describing boyardom as a bane and congratulating his own family for giving up on privilege. His early work as a polemicist includes two volumes of 1993:, but nonetheless a political adversary. Bibesco then enlisted Florescu's services in clearing Prince Gheorghe of the allegations that he intended to concede all of Wallachia's mining industry to Russian venture capitalists. Florescu also worked with Theodor Assan and A. Dobrovici on a history of the United Principalities, published as 1686:

has it that he let all his students pass the final exams if they bought one of his books—Florescu himself handed them their copies, after rummaging through a coffer that also included "his and his wife's dirty linen", as well as "Swiss-cheese rind". According to Dr. Severeanu, he borrowed money from

1630:

By then, the historian lived a bohemian life, and was a regular at Fialcovsky Coffeehouse, where he appeared "jocular and always absentminded", or even: "the most absentminded man the world has ever known." According to the recollections of Mariu Theodorian-Carada, although "Boniface Florescu" and

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Demetriade made efforts to keep it alive, by 1886 "Fialkovsky was dwindling". Potra notes that Florescu was memorable as a Bucharest "type", "with his quite disheveled appearance, his paddling, slow and measured stride, and above all with his way of life". Reportedly, he always wore just one

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With material support from Chițulescu, Luxița and her son returned to Wallachia in 1850. Although she only formally adopted Bonifaciu in 1858, to solidify his claim to the Florescu estate, he grew up knowing that the exiled Bălcescu was his father. Prevented from returning home (with a brief

1116:, as well as the genesis of Wallachian boyardom. They were also indirectly supervised from Paris by professor Henri Pigeonneau, who sent Florescu a bibliography. Although Florescu expressed his frustration over lacking oratorical skills, the lectures made him very popular with Bucharesters. 785:(July–August 1873). On October 3, Florescu married Rose-Henriette Le Roho d'Alcobia (born 1849), the orphaned scion of an Anglo-French-Portuguese family. According to one account, they did not have any children of their own, but later adopted a boy named Ion. Contrarily, literary historian 633:, whom they eventually arrested. Unusually, Costache Florescu's daughter married Lăcusteanu's brother Iancu while the colonel was still in captivity. All three brothers were repressed during the foreign intervention: Iancu Florescu was arrested by the Russians and spent some eight years in 1938:; he died in Paris in May 1893. Around that time, Bonifaciu had begun writing a biography of his father, in French; unpublished, it was later preserved by the Bălcescu Memorial Museum. With Demetriade, he became a regular contributor to Săvescu's own literary magazine, launched in 1893 as 1687:

both friends and students, promising that they were for him to write a new book. Longinescu additionally claims that Florescu was "unusually cultured, but lacked common sense", and so the victim of "countless student pranks". Among the students who remained loyal to Florescu was the poet

1967:. Sturdza argued that Florescu's goal of annexing Transylvania to the Romanian kingdom was unrealistic; he also declared that such radicalism was only serving Romania's enemies, with Florescu and his colleagues "either sold out or very incompetent and stupid." Joining the nonpartisan 2229:, who found Recaredo to be the perfect human, and his racial ideology a symbol of Romania's own discords with her various neighbors. As Florescu informed his readers, these were "pages written at a time when only literature was my comfort"—words expressing, again, his enmity for 2030:("Watercolors and Prose Poems"), with contributions by Demetriade and a C. Drăgulinescu, and with samples from Murger. His work for 1894 additionally included the first volume of a French–Romanian dictionary (comprising 6 volumes in all), followed in 1895 by an overview of 1979:, polishing his letters of protest against Austria-Hungary, written in French. As Ionescu recalled decades later: "Bonifaciu was a veritable savant, but had endured the unrepentant bohemian. He only worked when we pressed him to, with us looking over his shoulder." 1989:(whom his father and uncles had deposed in 1848). He translated Bibesco's defensive biography of his father, which ran at over 1200 pages in the printed edition of 1893–1894. As he noted in a dedication to Bibesco, he considered him a friend through their shared 1296:, which became focused on regaining power. For three weeks in April 1876, Florescu's cousin was the conservative Prime Minister of a mainly soldiers' cabinet. Outmaneuvered by the opposition, it fell and was replaced with a National Liberal government, headed by 2014:." Reflecting back on the period in 1939, Iorga himself noted: "Shame that in this literary world of ours, guided by groups and interests, that poor man never heard a good word for that consuming labor of his and for his true talent, inherited from his father." 697:

with unusual consistency for his day, and they unwittingly recorded his own difficulties in pronouncing Romanian words. This trait was ridiculed by philologist Hanes Suchianu as the very "apex of phoneticism". He would also confuse working-class Romanians by

2075:; beset by financial troubles, he would then sell his letters by the pound, asking: "'Would anyone like to buy the letter A or the letter P?' They all laughed at him." He eventually resigned from Saint Sava, but continued to teach history and French at 2312:

Florescu was survived by both his wife and his son. In 1900, Henriette-Rose took a small pension from the state, awarded to her by a review committee which included Costache Bălcescu. She lived for 28 more years, to January 1928. Ion, a general in the

1350:, who sympathized with him in his conflict with Maiorescu. Macedonski wrote a poem denouncing Maiorescu's "scholarly tribe" and Florescu's 1874 sacking. Between March and June, Florescu published his own newspaper, the republican and anti-conservative 2198:; the rest were "tendentious, abstract", and "dependent" on Macedonski's verdicts. Received with sarcasm by other critics, they include fragments about blind and insane children, or about children sleeping in each other's arms, and, as comparatist 2300:. Some reviewers attribute Macedonski's affection for Florescu to the latter's "attachment to French culture" or, more precisely, to Macedonski's snobbery: "A writer turned proletarian and with relations all across the world, who descended from 2171:

is "very dull, in pointless verses which tell us nothing about the value of our great painter." As seen by comparatist Marin Bucur, Florescu's work in verse was already culturally irrelevant by 1875. As a literary innovator directly inspired by

1678:, who visited his home, records that both Florescu slept on a pile of hay, and that Bonifaciu looked like "he never washed his face more than thrice a year." Florescu was a heavy drinker and smoker, and, according to another one-time student, 1069:

Călinescu finds the poem to be a "vigorous satire", its reference to "B. Florescu's 'oakum' brain describing quite well a fibrous arrhythmic state". By 1880, the "homunculus" imagery was rehashed for the early draft of an ample poem,

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had a row with the National Liberal Party, causing Florescu to side with the former. The core issue was again nationalism: Prime Minister Brătianu gave in to Austro-Hungarian demands, and expelled a group of Transylvanians, including

2368:, who noted that "Florescu" was actually a certain N. F. Melediu. As argued in the 1980s by Potra, the real Florescu had been causally forgotten, despite being both Bălcescu's heir and, on his own, "a distinguished scholar, a true 629:; the third Bălcescu brother, Barbu, was taken to Istanbul as a hostage. Three of Luxița's brothers—Iancu, Dumitrache, and Costache Florescu—participated in the events, and played a part in the shootout with the loyalist Colonel 428:, was perceived as refined in its context, but later enlisted objections for its pedantry and amateurism. He was a prolific translator passionate about exotic topics, authoring some of the first Romanian versions of stories by 1292:. Despite his attested incompetence in public speaking, this event attracted a crowd comprising, in some reports, as many as 6,000 nationalists. Shortly after the Suhr Circus incident, Romanian liberal groups formed the 453:: the Bălcescus recognized him as a family member; the Florescus, however, refused to accept that Nicolae Bălcescu was the father. His father's family, of lesser rank and prestige, had been founded by Father Necula, a 1491:

notes that, while Macedonski's program was "constructive, evolved and receptive of the most fecund modern orientations", its main adherents, Florescu included, were "insignificant obscure". A Macedonskian disciple,

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in 1766. Unusually rich for his social position, he bought for his sons small boyar offices. Despite taking the same name, Nicolae and his two brothers descended from the clan through their mother Zinca; she married

1515:("The Romanian Portfolio"), appeared between March 1881 and June 1882, hosting poetry by Demetriade and Florescu's "watercolors", as well as his various historical essays—much praised by the Romanophile Frenchman 5199: 365:, as the latter moved to the center, and fell back on independent journalism, founding several periodicals of his own. He had a long but interrupted collaboration with another dissident liberal and poet, 2348:, when left-wing ideologies turned Bălcescu into their hero. At the time, Potra notes, the Florescus came to accept Bonifaciu's paternity, published secret notes and rare photographs, and even helped 2144:, next to his mother, with a funeral ceremony attended by the Bucharest aristocracy and the Saint Sava students. The grave has since been lost during extensive repair work on the monastery grounds. 1434:. Florescu tried but failed to obtain a professorship in psychology and aesthetics at Bucharest University, and narrowly lost the race for the Romance chair. From January 1880, with Macedonski and 1391:, Florescu, "erstwhile a communist, yesterday a liberal", taught his pupils extravagant and inaccurate lessons in history. It also alleged that he skipped classes in order to promote the magazine 3939: 1038: 932:", although Florescu had "his indisputable merits." Perpessicius also proposes that it formed part of a press campaign "in bad taste", "as vociferous as it was impotent", seeking to undermine 297:, returning home at age 25 to become a successful lecturer, polemicist, and historian of culture. Influenced by his father's politics, he was for a while a prominent figure on the far-left of 947:

a letter in which he expressed solidarity with Eminescu, and asked to be struck out from Florescu's list of "good poets", suggesting that Florescu had no qualification to compile such lists.

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respects all the criteria that he wanted to impose on Eminescu; nonetheless, critics argue, it is not ungraceful, nor devoid of sentiment. However, according to Potra, his 1883 epitaph for

1724:, adding his own "Romanian Sanguines", and returned to the University of Bucharest with another "free" course, this time on French literature. By then, he had joined several members of the 717:

Familiarized with Bălcescu's works by age 17, Bonifaciu declared his father to have been a "genius", "Romania's only prose writer". He followed Nicolae's radical orientation, declaring the

5174: 1926:, briefly served as Prime Minister. Reportedly, Bonifaciu had hopes that Ion Emanuel would reestablish the Bucharest French-language chair and assign him to it, but the relevant minister, 2010:

in 1895. According to historian Lucian Nastasă, his "permanent failure" to obtain academic credentials had an explanation "as plain as they get: his attitude was openly and actively anti-

685:, and possibly obtaining a scholarship from the Romanian government. He grew up speaking French at home, and only later perfected his Romanian, which he always spoke with an accent and a 1374:, both Florescu and Macedonski had political ambitions and were very popular in liberal circles, but they were also "transient heroes, the sort that go down with their ephemeral wave." 1063: 809: 2140:

credited him as someone "illustrious but unhappy", who "stood up to the intellectual degeneracy into which our country was continuously pushed." He was buried in the family crypt at

1076:, part of which is specifically dedicated to ridiculing Eminescu's detractors. As noted by Perpessicius, Florescu, unlike Rosetti, was never mentioned in the more definitive satire, 5184: 939:

s steady rise, with Florescu "in so very many ways, from the pestering to the inept, ready to censor Eminescu's budding oeuvre." Florescu's review was immediately challenged by

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Overall, Potra notes, Florescu was largely unemployed, and pushed to make his living by giving private lessons in French—his students included the two daughters of physician

1682:, only seemed at ease in coffeehouses and bars; he despised Saint Sava and, with time, only showed up for that work because it paid a salary. A rumor later recorded by poet 4520:, "Cutia cu scrisori. Duelul ce l'am avut cu d. general I. Bonifaciu Florescu. N'am pus ca titlu obișnuitul: 'O afacere de onoare', pentru că este una de dezonoare", in 5229: 5194: 1460:

soon became noted for its prolonged polemic with Eminescu, which was carried by both Macedonski and Florescu. The latter also censured Macedonski's estranged friend,

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Damian Hurezeanu, Constantin N. Velichi, "Date noi privind pătrunderea ideilor Internaționalei I in România și în rîndurile emigrației bulgare din țara noastră", in

2237:. Florescu also earned some attention as a literary essayist, popularizer, and critic—much inspired by four scholars, whom he deemed the elite of French literature: 1430:

chair by government order, then assigned to Gian Luigi Frollo—the enduring perception was that Brătianu was clamping down on French influence, for fear of upsetting

2006:

Also in 1894, Florescu was an unsuccessful candidate for the vacated chair of medieval and modern history at Bucharest University—a position ultimately taken up by

885:, who "could not stand him." In his official report, Maiorescu noted that, although Florescu was an erudite, his peculiar teaching style was driving students away. 1098:. "Turned proletarian", he and Rose-Henriette lived in rented rooms at Pasajul Roman. Maiorescu only allowed Florescu to teach an optional "free" course at the 2280:, which revolved around a cult for Baudelaire; however, he believed that Florescu's particular contribution was reviving another cult, that of romantic poets: 1950:. Tocilescu, his cousin thrice removed, allowed him to publish his notes on Bălcescu's complex mediation between the Hungarians and Romanians of Transylvania. 625:

intervened militarily, and the revolutionaries were pushed into exile or imprisoned. Brothers Nicolae and Costache Bălcescu escaped to Paris, passing through

5219: 2304:, from N. Bălcescu, and from some of the leading princely families, with relatives in Portugal, England and India—that catered to Macedonski's preferences." 2258: 1210:("Studies in Literature") where he carried on with critiques of prosody. Another contribution was as a translator, where he made local literary history with 1923: 1411:

and getting them battle-ready. Bonifaciu also contributed as a writer and humanitarian. In August 1877, he covered the troops' inspection for the newspaper

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on five pages: "The bigger the country, the shorter its philosophy." Additionally, Florescu announced that he was working on a fragmentary treatise on the

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Faculty of Letters. The lessons were a corpus of "critical modern history" (published as a textbook in 1875), discussing such topics as progressivism, the

877:—described by critics as authoritarian in his handling of political opposition. Bonifaciu himself was dismissed immediately by the new Education Minister, 5154: 753:

Florescu was described by teachers and relatives as a charming but inattentive student, and was once moved to a remedial class, ultimately obtaining his

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removed Wallachia from the Russian sphere of influence; Costache and Dumitrache were taken into Ottoman custody, returning after nine years of exile in

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Although marginally supportive of Symbolism, Florescu was noticeably unimpressed by its herald Baudelaire, and, Bucur writes, "understood nothing from

1893:, he moved house closer to Saint Sava in 1891, at a new address on Soarelui Street, which also became the editorial offices of his new gazette. Called 617:

By July, Bălcescu had been appointed foreign minister of revolutionary Wallachia, but then a reshuffle pushed him into the background. Eventually, the

5224: 4954: 1905: 1588:("World History Memento or, History in Scenes"); his translation of Musset's play "Never Swear That You Be Not Forsworn"; and his critical edition of 5104: 5099: 1615:

protested and was raided by police, Florescu showed up to express solidarity, one of several National Liberals to do so—the others were Grădișteanu,

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While his picturesque demeanor was laughed at, Florescu's erudition was acclaimed, in particular concerning his passionate Saint Sava lessons about

2117:). By then, Florescu had published over 200 books, comprising his own works alongside translations, and had had his own verse anthologized by poet 2049: 5249: 5164: 5114: 1544:, which remarked that literature "owes so much to Mr. Grădișteanu". The same magazine derided Florescu's attempt to summarize philosophically the 5254: 2101:, aimed at the community of actors and theater aficionados. Livescu saw him as one of the great critics in the field, equal to Ionescu-Gion and 1407:(1880). Although independence occurred under a National Liberal mandate, Bonifaciu's cousin is widely credited with having helped modernize the 4896:

Take Ionescu. Omul, ideile și faptele sale. Viața sa intimă și publică. Oratorul, ziaristul, avocatul, diplomatul. Opera sa pentru România Mare

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during late 1883, when they were both assaulted by some of Eminescu's followers. Florescu was pummeled by the intruders (and also sprayed with

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Meanwhile, Florescu saw himself as fit to occupy the vacated French-language chair at Bucharest University. However, this was converted into a

1293: 874: 362: 4974: 4815: 4802: 4728: 4674: 3238: 598:; his date of birth is variously given as May 14, May 17, or May 27. In July, he was baptized into Orthodoxy at a Pest chapel shared by the 5259: 5139: 5084: 5014: 1219: 298: 5149: 5134: 5124: 454: 1635:, or sometimes one of his wife's boots, and his suits were covered in ink blots. Obedenaru describes him as the Romanian answer to an " 591: 52: 5264: 5204: 5144: 5119: 5054: 4979: 4517: 3271: 2353: 2330: 1284:. The Catargiu government forbade it and threatened him with arrest, though he eventually found an open venue at Suhr Circus, between 1109: 5069: 5049: 4984: 4889: 4862: 4455:, "Viața literară. Iarăș despre decadenții noștri.—Pe cine prețuesc ei.—Pe cine prețuim noi?—Un decadent simpatic.—Cei mărunți", in 2662: 1968: 1487:—all three "faint and subdued figures"—, remained the last Macedonski loyalists as the latter fell into disgrace. Similarly, critic 513: 1475:

Florescu himself eventually withdrew from the enterprise after a mysterious quarrel with Macedonski, who then accused him, also in

1238: 1370:, declaring himself exhausted by the elections and by his regular work, the "five hours of daily tutoring". As noted by memoirist 1245:, accused the Austrians of double-dealing and fraud perpetrated against Moldavia and the Ottomans. Such ideas endeared him to the 5179: 5169: 5089: 5064: 5044: 5009: 2364:, the Russian revolutionist, providing him with his own passport. The claim was reviewed with skepticism by the Romanian scholar 1153: 450: 1897:("The Sunday"), and published to February 1891, it was co-edited by Demetriade and Săvescu, and possibly managed by the latter. 1400: 5159: 5034: 1822: 1572:

In 1884, the Florescus moved out of Pasajul Roman and to a small house on Calea Victoriei, with Bonifaciu founding a literary

5239: 5209: 5189: 5079: 4999: 4383: 1935: 1890: 1695: 805: 797: 413: 319: 2289: 1581: 1253:, which was also under Austro-Hungarian rule. In that region, Florescu's work was displayed as an important contribution in 796:, Florescu had obtained a "provisional" professorate at the department of world literature within the literature faculty of 458: 1358:; however, Macedonski soon quit the enterprise. As a "Red", Florescu tried but failed to present himself as a candidate in 5074: 5024: 4989: 4964: 4881: 4535:

Cuțana, "Un groaznic accident de automobil în centrul Capitalei. Trei victime. Moartea fiului d-lui general Florescu", in

3539: 2242: 2195: 1769:("Rhythms and Rhymes"). Its theoretical notes on prosody relaunched the attack on Eminescu, depicting him and the younger 1713: 1453: 587: 421: 412:. He was important to the Macedonskian Symbolists for his familiarity with French culture, but was primarily an expert in 376: 2334: 2234: 5129: 5029: 5019: 4959: 1959:

incident of 1892, alienated him further from both dominant parties. By November 1893, he was editing a newspaper called

1396: 908:(and implicitly Eminescu's work) as a "torrent of little poets"—although, in the same text, he praised Eminescu's lover 808:. Researcher George Porta suggests that Florescu never actually took hold of his chair, being snubbed by two successive 626: 594:, without informing Nicolae of her whereabouts or her pregnancy, until after she delivered. Bonifaciu was thus born in 5039: 2071:

According to Arghezi, Florescu was mainly focused on setting up his own printing press, and bought himself samples of

1983: 1642:", who looked like he had never seen a barber, and whose "black frock was always stuffed with books and manuscripts." 1382: 1297: 658: 611: 405: 2106: 1826: 1675: 4379: 2199: 2105:. In 1896, his and Demetriade's informal literary circle at Fialcovsky was joined by the anarchist and art promoter 1556:, seen by him as a single cultural and racial space. His other contributions included a rhyming obituary to painter 1301: 721:

as the "triumph of justice, liberty and equality, and a great step toward fraternity"; he also took up the cause of

5214: 4854: 2238: 1148: 1124: 497: 417: 2085: 1607: 866: 527: 312: 4837: 3944: 2337:. The general's other child was judge Ion "Nelu" Florescu, who emigrated to Brazil and was still alive in 1941. 2261:". Overall, however, Iorga referred to Florescu as a "bizarre" or "weird" author. Similarly, the anti-Symbolist 738:. In his view, Cuza, albeit ruling with an "authoritarian hand", was preferable to the foreign-born replacement 4741: 3958: 2818: 1955: 1914: 1878: 1280:

In April 1875, with help from liberal agitators, Florescu seized the opportunity to lecture on Bukovina at the

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and absorbed by his conspiratorial work, informed Luxița that they could never be married, which she accepted.

2281: 1866: 4747: 1971:, Florescu was a direct contributor to its irredentist propaganda, working alongside the Italian sympathizer 1643: 1381:

ruled Florescu's 1873 appointment valid, but only assigned him to a history-and-French teacher's position at

30: 4072: 3230: 3226: 2269: 2156: 2129: 1997:("The Romanian Unification"), and translated Bibesco's tract on the history of Wallachia and Moldavia under 1909: 1862: 1770: 1679: 1639: 1266: 1099: 678: 323: 290: 1930:, vetoed any such move. The premier was eventually sidelined from within the party by Catargiu, and lost a 607: 4592: 2341: 2040:] centuries". In his final years, Florescu made one more attempt at founding a review—the 1894 weekly 1982:

During this stage of his life, Florescu became close friends with Georges Bibesco, French-speaking son of

1786: 1688: 1371: 384: 4388: 4187: 3781: 3276: 3221:

Liviu Cotrău, "Edgar Allan Poe in Romanian Translation", in Emron Esplin, Margarida Vale de Gato (eds.),

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churches. The baptismal record omits mention of his father's family name, but indicates his godfather as

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Opere, Vol. II. Poezii tipărite în timpul vieții; Note și variante: Dela Povestea codrului la Luceafărul

4712: 2285: 1931: 1858: 1782: 1497: 1203: 674: 630: 3479: 1829:. His work of the period also covered selections from other classics and moderns of French literature: 1773:

as "enemies of rhythm and rhyme"; of the latter two, he favored rhythm, and translated a fragment from

1524: 940: 729:, as in America." Reading up on the events at home, Florescu was indignant about the 1866 coup against 4055: 2114: 1818: 1435: 1336: 711: 4949: 4944: 4765: 4268: 4214: 3561: 3417: 3334: 2314: 2133: 2102: 1999: 1806: 1755: 1751: 1480: 1408: 1347: 1246: 1199: 1174: 870: 825: 760: 694: 690: 518: 505: 493: 366: 315: 302: 294: 1602: 1095: 1078: 556: 542: 4794: 4757: 4655: 3966: 3632: 3601: 2218: 2181: 2152: 2110: 1874: 1838: 1733: 1667: 1573: 1540: 1493: 1488: 1445: 1363: 1270: 1215: 1072: 971: 921: 786: 743: 735: 726: 562: 480: 274: 2405: 2203: 1972: 1242: 464: 404:

A committed bohemian, whose lifestyle interfered with his literary output and his teaching job at

5244: 5004: 4733: 4309: 4047: 2186: 2094: 1927: 1810: 1790: 1649: 1545: 1516: 1440: 1404: 1323: 1113: 1091: 768: 739: 371: 270: 222: 72: 4703: 2370: 862: 645:. While Iancu took up law practice, Dumitrache is best known for setting to music the poetry of 590:, which occurred some weeks after Bonifaciu's birth. Luxița was shielded by her brothers in the 4791:"Suveranii" universităților românești. Mecanisme de selecție și promovare a elitei intelectuale 4522: 2673:

Călinescu, p. 530. "May 27" also in Potra, pp. 133–134, while Crutzescu has "April 27" (p. 490)

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Intimitatea amfiteatrelor. Ipostaze din viața privată a universitarilor "literari" (1864–1948)

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argues, were "experiments pushed into oblivion" by the more mature Symbolist prose poetry of

2173: 1943: 1794: 1743: 1717: 1620: 1484: 1468:. When he later alleged that this was for material gain, Zamfirescu simply dismissed him as a 1461: 1387: 1378: 1281: 1230: 1044: 837: 833: 772: 718: 654: 646: 501: 483: 409: 398: 380: 354: 285:, he was taken by his aristocratic mother in France, growing up as an erudite Francophone and 227: 2233:. The novel, Ionescu believed, had a mission to "instill Romanianism", and also to cultivate 1168:, of behaving "like Maiorescu". Despite this, in 1877 Florescu was theater chronicler at the 763:. From mid 1873, he returned with his mother to Bucharest, where she became the curator of a 3654: 2326: 2210: 2057: 1986: 1964: 1802: 1798: 1501: 1104: 1082:. This, he suggests, may be a sign of his relative insignificance among Eminescu's enemies. 599: 185: 4007:

Bacalbașa (1928), pp. 126–133, 138–142, 154. See also Theodorian-Carada, pp. 11–12, 118–119

789:

suggests that Ion was the couple's natural son, "a direct descendant of Nicolae Bălcescu".

4769: 4642: 4566:(Clopotul) editată la Londra de revoluționarul democrat rus A. I. Herzen (1860–1870)", in 4218: 3565: 3421: 3338: 2361: 2317:, married in February 1910 Elena Kalinderu, a relative of agriculturist and art collector 2250: 2246: 2118: 1842: 1658: 1653: 1636: 1616: 1427: 1318: 1285: 1234: 1226: 1211: 929: 897: 817: 801: 764: 722: 476:. Barbu's financial troubles and quick death contributed to the family's marginalization. 429: 425: 331: 2292:, whom Florescu rated "above Eminescu". In 1878, he also described a non-Symbolist poet, 2079:, at the military high school, and at the Saint Nephon seminary. His late experiments in 1346:

During this episode of liberal triumph an intrigue, Florescu befriended the liberal poet

1305: 755: 669:

Luxița and Bonifaciu were also largely absent from Wallachia as the country merged with

4912:

Tamara Teodorescu, Rodica Fochi, Florența Sădeanu, Liana Miclescu, Lucreția Angheluță,

4829: 4773: 4222: 3872: 3569: 3425: 3342: 2646: 2349: 2318: 2297: 2254: 2164: 1699: 1049: 951: 909: 882: 813: 699: 622: 618: 523: 469: 389: 339: 335: 1656:, allegedly kept informed about Florescu's lifestyle, and called him out as Romania's 4938: 4679: 4559: 4452: 4260: 3759:, "Răvașe Intime. Un salon literar în 1883. — Veronica Micle și Mihail Eminescu", in 3474: 2365: 2293: 2273: 2262: 2168: 2080: 2031: 2007: 1882: 1683: 1557: 1549: 1479:, of having squandered public money with his teaching. However, according to scholar 1431: 1355: 1165: 782: 595: 282: 213: 175: 48: 2486:

La poésie lyrique française du X-ème au XX-ème siècle. I: Du X-ème au XIX-ème siècle

771:. Her son debuted in the Romanian press with an overview of history as reflected in 4822: 2226: 2222: 2177: 2160: 2128:

Before August 1899, Florescu's work was hampered by an illness, later diagnosed as

2072: 1990: 1976: 1963:("The Romanian Irredenta"), his contribution there derided by the National Liberal 1870: 1854: 1846: 1814: 1449: 1359: 1332: 1328: 1258: 1250: 1120: 925: 892:. Florescu spent much of his time in polemics with the minister, and also with the 531: 509: 394: 358: 170: 975:("The Romanian Infant"). The "letter", written in tones of "rising anger", reads: 888:

This dispute doubled as a cultural conflict between liberals such as Florescu and

3940:"I. L. Caragiale... Patru clase primare (și gimnaziale), sau studii superioare?!" 1531:

had spared Florescu from his creditors. This news was reviewed with amusement in

759:

in August 1868. In October 1872, he graduated from the literature faculty of the

710:(French for "where I live"), only to discover that he was being taken instead to 4696:

Istoria literaturii românești contemporane. II: În căutarea fondului (1890–1934)

4689: 4537: 3756: 3606: 3330: 1850: 1778: 1774: 1732:, put out by Hasdeu and featuring authors disliked by Macedonski. Interested in 1663: 1528: 1505: 1340: 638: 350: 286: 217: 3009:

Bacalbașa (1928), pp. 84–85; (1935), pp. 163, 192; Theodorian-Carada, pp. 56–57

2132:; he was living with his family in a small house on Speranței Street, north of 2357: 1830: 1759: 1496:, reports that the two senior writers were still sitting at the same table in 958: 777: 686: 479:

The poet's mother, Alexandrina "Luxița" Florescu, claimed direct descent from

343: 180: 2163:"decent" but "convoluted and timid, overwhelmed by ideas of classicism". His 1415:, announcing that their bravery "defied death itself". His poetry collection 4602: 3877: 2340:

Bonifaciu Florescu's work and family history gained more exposure after the

913: 900:. The latter scandal began in January 1876 with Florescu's derisive note in 488: 473: 446: 278: 200: 143: 68: 3875:, "Din Duminică în Duminică. Galeria dascălilor mei: Tănase Tănăsescu", in 1738: 1584:. The year also witnessed a release of his collected historical essays, as 1225:

Also in 1875, Florescu involved himself in the dispute between Romania and

4921: 4907: 4845: 4650: 4632: 2894:

Călinescu, p. 530; Potra, p. 140. See also Nastasă (2010), pp. 51, 83, 237

1953:

His own hard-line stance on the Transylvanian issue, expressed during the

1670:

in the 1880s, recalls that they "never once opened a window", and notes: "

4686:

Istoria literaturii românești contemporane. I: Crearea formei (1867–1890)

4470:

Biseric'a si Scol'a. Fóia Bisericésca, Scolastica, Literaria si Economica

1834: 1781:, to prove his point. The book also featured his renditions of poems by: 1289: 1136: 731: 703: 670: 375:

editing team during the 1880s. A precursor, but not an affiliate, of the

195: 1580:("The Library of Tasteful Men"), where he issued the collected poems of 820:. However, his introductory lesson was published in Hasdeu's newspaper, 4720: 4717:

Amintirile colonelului Lăcusteanu. Text integral, editat după manuscris

4349:

Călinescu, pp. 530–531; Perpessicius (1943), pp. 244–245; Potra, p. 141

1886: 1553: 1054: 912:

for her own "beautiful" verse. Declaring himself dissatisfied with the

858: 853: 829: 634: 307: 267: 148: 3401:

Rococo, "Douĕ celebritățĭ necelebrate de celebritățile academice", in

3163:

Călinescu, p. 1003; Perpessicius (1943), pp. 239–241, 244; Teodorescu

2180:"from life", the so-called "watercolors" or "sanguines". According to 2109:. That year, Săvescu and Florescu began translating from a history of 1178:. His journalism was by then prolific, with articles also taken up in 4639:

Istoriografia literară românească. De la origini până la G. Călinescu

2352:

write his romanticized biography of the revolutionary. In the 1950s,

1671: 1632: 1623:. In 1886, his essay on the 1848 revolution was taken up by the same 1022:

Planning nonetheless to teach us words of beauty, art that's plastic;

3537:, "Scrisorile trimise de Duiliu Zamfirescu lui Titu Maiorescu", in 702:

between Romanian and French. In one instance, he asked a Bucharest

4322:

Potra, pp. 135, 145. See also Călinescu, p. 530; Crutzescu, p. 490

2984:, "Îndreptări și întregiri la biografia lui Gr. Alexandrescu", in 2045: 1273:: with his school friend Damé, he translated into French Hasdeu's 642: 190: 1706:. In April 1888, Macedonski and Florescu took over management of 1666:, who shared a home with Bonifaciu, Henriette-Rose, and sculptor 1020:

His mind fuzzy, filled with oakum, his style laden and bombastic,

4627:. Bălcești pe Topolog: Nicolae Bălcescu Memorial Museum, 1971. 3329:

Perpessicius (1943), pp. 239, 243–244; Potra, pp. 141, 142–143;

3093:

Perpessicius (1943), pp. 232–233; (2001), p. 146; Pop, pp. 59–60

1030:

He expects that decent people will take note, like he's obeyed.

379:, Florescu had steadier friendships with the younger Symbolists 361:. Ultimately, however, he failed in his bid to rise through the 4052:

Cestiunea română în Transilvania și Ungaria. Un memoriŭ politic

4623:

Cornelia Bodea, Paul Cernovodeanu, Horia Nestorescu-Bălcești,

2321:. In early 1927, he was serving as a general secretary in the 2036: 1698:, which was regarded as his main field of expertise. Novelist 977: 792:

On October 5, following an examination performed by historian

1691:, who, in 1886, also became a member of Macedonski's circle. 1160:

He kept a grudge against Maiorescu, and, in 1875 letters for

548:

Luxița Florescu, Bonifaciu Florescu's mother (author unknown)

3370: 3368: 2996: 2994: 2704:, pp. 25–26; Călinescu, pp. 184, 185–188; Potra, pp. 120–121 1922:

A while after, Florescu's cousin, a prominent figure in the

1716:; it survived until 1889. Also in 1889, Florescu translated 3604:, "Amintiri. Bătălia din cafeneaua literară dela 1883", in 2184:, these were among the more adequate and modern samples of 1869:; more exotically, he also rendered into Romanian works by 1008:

Just today, as we were handed that one sheet they call the

824:, which also hosted Florescu's homage to the retiring poet 4916:. Bucharest: Editura științifică și enciclopedică, 1986. 3416:

Bacalbașa (1928), pp. 100, 154; (1935), pp. 134–136, 173;

3293:

Bacalbașa (1935), pp. 153–155; Perpessicius (1943), p. 241

1765:

In 1892, he produced a volume of his collected poetry, as

1058:(November 1875). The barrel ridden by Maiorescu is marked 742:. Passionate about literature, Florescu and his colleague 4914:

Bibliografia românească modernă (1831–1918). Vol. II: D–K

4869:

Augustin Z. N. Pop, "Scrisoarea II-a a lui Eminescu", in

4440:

Iorga (1934 I), pp. 117, 252; Perpessicius (1943), p. 239

3708:, p. 331. See also Bucur, p. 89; Călinescu, pp. 530, 1003 3084:

Călinescu, p. 530. Earlier versions in Pop, pp. 58–59, 62

1395:, on which he also worked as a writer. In 1877–1878, the 1119:

Florescu's radicalism also brought him into contact with

4660:

Istoria literaturii române de la origini pînă în prezent

1308:, supported by the party's radical, or "Red", majority. 1198:. Some were encyclopedic overviews, with topics such as 4401:

Perpessicius (1943), pp. 223, 239; Seișanu, pp. 183–184

3657:, "Difuzarea ideilor 'Luminării' în țările române", in 2093:("The Literary Country"), he was also a contributor to 1131:("Even against All"), published alongside the brochure 999:Întinzând pe-a noastre versuri groasa minții sale labă, 4778: