31:
517:
453:
83:
528:); pairs undertake mating flights consisting of pairs chasing and calling at each other over the colony prior to laying. A single egg is laid by a pair each breeding season, if it is lost then no attempt is made to re-lay. Laying occurs in late January. Both parents incubate the egg, with incubation stints of eight days for the male and six days for the female. Hatching occurs after around 50 days, around mid-March. The chicks are semi-
58:
509:, which will evict and even kill Bonin petrel chicks in order to use the nesting burrows. Both parents participate in digging burrows, which are usually dug in sand or hard coral substrate, and are between 1 and 3 m long. Pairs are territorial, and will defend an area of around 2 m around the burrow entrance. They also display
612:
have devastated populations of Bonin petrels in the
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, primarily by taking eggs. Polynesian rats introduced to Kure Atoll were such a problem for Bonin petrels that for a five-year period in the 1960s not a single chick fledged (hatching success can be as high as 90% in
504:
south of Japan. Colonies are only visited by birds at night, with birds usually arriving soon after sunset. Nesting occurs in the winter in order to avoid competition for burrows with other nesting procellariids. In the
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands the nesting season sometimes overlaps with the
349:
The Bonin petrel is a small gadfly petrel, 30 cm long with a wingspan of around 67 cm. It has a white head with a black cap and face markings; overall the head often has a scaled appearance. Its pale grey upperparts have darker primaries and wing coverts creating an "M" mark across the
561:. Birds begin to disperse south and east again in August and begin to return to their breeding islands in September. During the breeding season birds feed in the waters surrounding breeding islands. The species has not been recorded in the east Pacific.
532:
at hatching, covered in light grey down, and are brooded by the adults for two days after hatching, after which both parents feed at sea and return at night to feed the chick. Chicks are fed stomach oil and small items of prey. Chicks
435:
which aids nocturnal vision. The Bonin petrel is usually solitary at sea, but is occasionally seen in large multi-species flocks. Like all procellariids the Bonin petrel has a modified area of the gut known as a
628:
projects are restoring native vegetation on Laysan and Midway, and rats and rabbits have been removed from all the
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. The species is currently classified as
513:, returning to the same burrow in consecutive years, redigging the burrow if it has collapsed. Burrows in harder coral substrate are less likely to collapse than those dug into sand.
617:) reduced the population of Bonin petrels from 500,000 birds to 32,000 by 1995. Rabbits introduced to Lisianski Island destroyed nesting habitat and undermined nesting burrows.
235:
that is found in the northwest
Pacific Ocean. Its secretive habits, remote breeding colonies and limited range have resulted in few studies and many aspects of the species'
613:
the absence of introduced predators). Similar devastation occurred on Midway, where black rats introduced in 1943 (the same black rats that caused the extinction of the
1182:
1221:
1353:
350:
back. The underwing is white with dark edging and a patch at the carpal joint and across underwing coverts. The tail is dark grey, and the rest of the
1156:
1195:
621:
limits breeding success on some islands, especially as it increases competition with more aggressive species like the wedge-tailed shearwater.
1247:
858:
850:
846:
461:
1378:
711:
1373:
1312:
1143:
1200:
624:
Conservation measures are in place to protect the Bonin petrel and other seabirds that share the species' breeding islands.
996:). In The Birds of North America, No. 385 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.
431:
that seize prey at the surface while resting on the sea or in flight. Bonin petrel eyes contain high levels of the pigment
367:
267:
597:
settlers, along with other seabirds. The species was extirpated from the main islands prior to the arrival of
Europeans.
1094:
82:
925:
807:
1226:
516:
30:
1368:
1046:
778:
281:
558:
506:
263:
1363:
1081:
1008:
1099:
1286:
1273:
485:
473:
307:
meaning "white". Despite the species having two remote and separate breeding localities the species is
177:
680:
1317:
1073:
1055:
783:"Espèces nouvelles d'oiseaux d'Asie et d'Amérique, et tableaux paralléliques des Pélagiens ou Gaviae"
452:
1358:
618:
323:
248:
47:
767:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 76.
1304:
975:
625:
601:
366:
Despite the species's name, 995,000 individuals, about 99% of the total population, breed on the
77:
1291:
1278:
1187:
427:
and migrate to the surface during the night to feed; thus it is assumed that Bonin petrels are
1260:
1213:
1117:
854:
525:
375:
134:
1060:
1265:
967:
887:
811:
703:
675:
570:
481:
428:
225:
1086:
1234:
497:
408:
379:
358:
petrels the black bill is short and hooked. The legs and feet are pink with dark patches.
308:
657:
891:
605:
546:
469:
437:
416:
319:
228:
144:
1330:
904:
Harrison, C. S., T. S. Hida, M. P. Seki. (1983). "Hawaiian seabird feeding ecology".
1347:
1208:
732:
666:
629:
501:
285:
271:
256:
252:
232:
194:
154:
67:
62:
762:
736:
1122:
782:
489:
457:
39:
1109:
1299:
1169:
1148:
1040:
614:
594:
590:
441:
404:
1031:
1325:
815:
758:
510:
493:
424:
312:
276:
609:
529:
432:
354:
is white, except for a dark half collar on the breast. Like the rest of the
94:
874:
Imber, M.J. (1985). "Origins, phylogeny and taxonomy of the gadfly petrels
550:
1239:
1025:
420:
335:
114:
370:, while 5,000 individuals (1% of the population) breed off the coast of
1161:
1068:
979:
586:
554:
351:
236:
221:
574:
534:
477:
395:
The Bonin petrel and the closely related mottled petrel are the only
104:
1174:
1002:
971:
1135:
924:
Grant, Gilbert; Warham, John; Pettit, Ted; Whittow, Causey (1983).
787:
Comptes Rendus
Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences
569:
Prior to the arrival of humans the Bonin petrel nested on the main
318:
The Bonin petrel is currently thought to be closely related to the
1130:
578:
451:
412:
371:
1252:
633:
582:
400:
338:
124:
1006:
651:
649:
557:
in Japan. The timing of the migration is partly influenced by
403:
dominated diet. Principal prey items are fish from the family
954:) Predation on the Reproductive Success of the Bonin Petrel (
926:"Reproductive Behavior and Vocalizations of the Bonin Petrel"
950:
Seto, Nanette; Conant, Sheila (1996). "The
Effects of Rat (
444:, an energy rich oil which is lighter to carry than prey.
334:
looking at morphology, calls, breeding biology, diet and
589:. These bones have been found in association with human
992:
Seto, N. W. H., and D. O’Daniel. 1999. Bonin Petrel (
593:, strongly implying that they were a food source for
524:
The species is thought to mate for life (like other
1015:
472:, on islands in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands;
266:as the "Krusenstern Islands" instead of one of the
681:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697967A132615616.en
295:meaning "racer" or "runner". The specific epithet
545:After the breeding season both chicks and adults
270:. The Bonin petrel is now placed with the other
537:around 80 days after hatching, in early June.
8:
919:
917:
843:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1003:
56:
29:
20:
679:
419:are also consumed. All of these prey are
280:that was introduced by French naturalist
515:
645:
600:The species is currently threatened by
330:, based on a review of the whole genus
737:"Critical notes on the Procellariidae"
456:A Bonin petrel trapped in the sand on
845:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
822:. International Ornithologists' Union
802:
800:
761:; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979).
284:in 1856. The genus name combines the
7:
440:which partly digests prey to create
1354:IUCN Red List least concern species
667:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
892:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1985.tb05055.x
462:2011 TĹŤhoku earthquake and tsunami
251:in 1888 by the English naturalist
14:
468:The Bonin petrel breeds in dense
820:IOC World Bird List Version 11.2
764:Check-List of Birds of the World
81:
714:from the original on 2021-05-12
656:BirdLife International (2018).
1:
368:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
268:Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
702:Gregg, Jason (12 May 2021).
1379:Taxa named by Osbert Salvin
577:remains have been found on
549:northwards to the seas off
362:Distribution and population
1395:
841:Jobling, James A. (2010).
299:is from the Ancient Greek
779:Bonaparte, Charles Lucien
674:: e.T22697967A132615616.
183:
176:
78:Scientific classification
76:
54:
45:
37:
28:
23:
565:Relationship with humans
559:sea surface temperatures
282:Charles Lucien Bonaparte
1374:Birds described in 1888
704:"Decolonizing Seabirds"
507:wedge-tailed shearwater
464:, before being rescued.
303:meaning "beneath" with
816:"Petrels, albatrosses"
521:
465:
1287:Paleobiology Database
1274:Paleobiology Database
604:, particularly rats.
519:
486:Pearl and Hermes Reef
474:French Frigate Shoals
455:
247:The Bonin petrel was
1331:Pterodroma-hypoleuca
1061:Pterodroma_hypoleuca
1047:Pterodroma hypoleuca
1017:Pterodroma hypoleuca
994:Pterodroma hypoleuca
958:) on Midway Atoll".
956:Pterodroma hypoleuca
814:, eds. (July 2021).
660:Pterodroma hypoleuca
291:meaning "wing" with
260:Oestrelata hypoleuca
217:Pterodroma hypoleuca
187:Pterodroma hypoleuca
960:Colonial Waterbirds
619:Habitat destruction
423:residents that use
407:(lantern fish) and
324:white-necked petrel
262:. He specified the
48:Conservation status
933:The Wilson Journal
810:; Donsker, David;
626:Island restoration
602:introduced species
522:
520:Bonin petrel chick
466:
249:formally described
239:are poorly known.
1341:
1340:
1261:Open Tree of Life
1009:Taxon identifiers
860:978-1-4081-2501-4
812:Rasmussen, Pamela
526:Procellariiformes
429:nocturnal feeders
202:
201:
169:P. hypoleuca
135:Procellariiformes
71:
1386:
1334:
1333:
1321:
1320:
1308:
1307:
1295:
1294:
1282:
1281:
1269:
1268:
1256:
1255:
1243:
1242:
1230:
1229:
1217:
1216:
1204:
1203:
1191:
1190:
1178:
1177:
1165:
1164:
1152:
1151:
1139:
1138:
1126:
1125:
1113:
1112:
1103:
1102:
1090:
1089:
1077:
1076:
1074:C69447E20ECD6C61
1064:
1063:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1004:
997:
990:
984:
983:
947:
941:
940:
930:
921:
912:
902:
896:
895:
871:
865:
864:
838:
832:
831:
829:
827:
804:
795:
794:
775:
769:
768:
755:
749:
748:
729:
723:
722:
720:
719:
699:
693:
692:
690:
688:
683:
653:
571:Hawaiian Islands
482:Lisianski Island
415:from the family
326:in the subgenus
315:are recognised.
231:. It is a small
189:
86:
85:
65:
60:
59:
33:
21:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1369:Birds of Hawaii
1344:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1329:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1290:
1285:
1277:
1272:
1264:
1259:
1251:
1246:
1238:
1235:Observation.org
1233:
1225:
1220:
1212:
1207:
1199:
1194:
1186:
1181:
1173:
1168:
1160:
1155:
1147:
1142:
1134:
1129:
1121:
1116:
1108:
1106:
1098:
1093:
1085:
1080:
1072:
1067:
1059:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1011:
1001:
1000:
991:
987:
972:10.2307/1521854
949:
948:
944:
928:
923:
922:
915:
903:
899:
873:
872:
868:
861:
840:
839:
835:
825:
823:
806:
805:
798:
777:
776:
772:
757:
756:
752:
731:
730:
726:
717:
715:
701:
700:
696:
686:
684:
655:
654:
647:
642:
606:Polynesian rats
567:
543:
498:Volcano Islands
450:
411:(hatchetfish).
409:Sternoptychidae
399:petrels with a
393:
388:
380:Volcano Islands
364:
347:
245:
198:
191:
185:
172:
80:
72:
61:
57:
50:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
1392:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1322:
1309:
1296:
1283:
1270:
1257:
1244:
1231:
1218:
1205:
1192:
1179:
1166:
1153:
1140:
1127:
1114:
1104:
1091:
1078:
1065:
1052:
1037:
1021:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1007:
999:
998:
985:
966:(2): 171–185.
942:
913:
906:Wildl. Monogr.
897:
886:(2): 197–229.
866:
859:
833:
796:
770:
750:
743:. 5th Series.
733:Salvin, Osbert
724:
708:Hakai Magazine
694:
644:
643:
641:
638:
566:
563:
542:
539:
449:
446:
438:proventriculus
417:Ommastrephidae
392:
389:
387:
384:
363:
360:
346:
343:
320:mottled petrel
272:gadfly petrels
255:and given the
244:
241:
229:Procellariidae
200:
199:
192:
181:
180:
174:
173:
166:
164:
160:
159:
152:
148:
147:
145:Procellariidae
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
74:
73:
55:
52:
51:
46:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1391:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1364:Bonin Islands
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
995:
989:
986:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
952:Rattus rattus
946:
943:
939:(4): 522–539.
938:
934:
927:
920:
918:
914:
910:
907:
901:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
870:
867:
862:
856:
852:
848:
844:
837:
834:
821:
817:
813:
809:
803:
801:
797:
792:
789:(in French).
788:
784:
780:
774:
771:
766:
765:
760:
754:
751:
746:
742:
738:
734:
728:
725:
713:
709:
705:
698:
695:
682:
677:
673:
669:
668:
663:
661:
652:
650:
646:
639:
637:
635:
631:
630:least concern
627:
622:
620:
616:
611:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
564:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
540:
538:
536:
531:
527:
518:
514:
512:
508:
503:
502:Bonin Islands
499:
496:; and on the
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
463:
459:
454:
447:
445:
443:
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
390:
385:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
361:
359:
357:
353:
344:
342:
340:
337:
333:
329:
328:Proaestrelata
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
287:
286:Ancient Greek
283:
279:
278:
274:in the genus
273:
269:
265:
264:type location
261:
258:
257:binomial name
254:
253:Osbert Salvin
250:
242:
240:
238:
234:
233:gadfly petrel
230:
227:
223:
219:
218:
213:
212:
207:
196:
190:
188:
182:
179:
178:Binomial name
175:
171:
170:
165:
162:
161:
158:
157:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
84:
79:
75:
69:
64:
63:Least Concern
53:
49:
44:
41:
36:
32:
27:
24:Bonin petrel
22:
19:
1016:
993:
988:
963:
959:
955:
951:
945:
936:
932:
908:
905:
900:
883:
879:
875:
869:
842:
836:
824:. Retrieved
819:
790:
786:
773:
763:
753:
744:
740:
727:
716:. Retrieved
707:
697:
685:. Retrieved
671:
665:
659:
623:
599:
568:
544:
523:
490:Midway Atoll
467:
458:Midway Atoll
396:
394:
365:
355:
348:
331:
327:
317:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
275:
259:
246:
216:
215:
210:
209:
206:Bonin petrel
205:
203:
186:
184:
168:
167:
155:
40:Midway Atoll
18:
1300:SeaLifeBase
1170:iNaturalist
1041:Wikispecies
878:spp.".
808:Gill, Frank
793:: 764–776 .
759:Mayr, Ernst
747:: 351–360 .
687:12 November
615:Laysan rail
591:archaeology
442:stomach oil
425:photophores
405:Myctophidae
345:Description
1359:Pterodroma
1348:Categories
1326:Xeno-canto
876:Pterodroma
718:2021-05-14
640:References
610:black rats
595:Polynesian
511:philopatry
494:Kure Atoll
397:Pterodroma
356:Pterodroma
332:Pterodroma
313:subspecies
277:Pterodroma
156:Pterodroma
826:4 January
541:Migration
530:altricial
433:rhodopsin
386:Behaviour
376:Ogasawara
336:parasitic
309:monotypic
297:hypoleuca
163:Species:
101:Kingdom:
95:Eukaryota
1214:22697967
1188:10766647
1087:22697967
1082:BirdLife
1032:Q1259682
1026:Wikidata
781:(1856).
735:(1888).
712:Archived
470:colonies
448:Breeding
421:midwater
243:Taxonomy
141:Family:
115:Chordata
111:Phylum:
105:Animalia
91:Domain:
68:IUCN 3.1
1162:2481470
1069:Avibase
980:1521854
632:by the
587:Molokai
555:Sanriku
547:migrate
505:larger
460:by the
374:on the
352:plumage
311:and no
293:dromos
237:biology
224:in the
222:seabird
220:) is a
197:, 1888)
151:Genus:
131:Order:
121:Class:
66: (
1318:343976
1292:186226
1279:368287
1266:797520
1253:343976
1201:174579
1144:EURING
1136:bonpet
1110:bonpet
1100:112675
978:
911:: 171.
857:
575:fossil
551:Honshū
535:fledge
478:Laysan
305:leukos
289:pteron
226:family
211:nunulu
195:Salvin
1313:WoRMS
1305:73769
1240:73592
1227:79640
1183:IRMNG
1131:eBird
1123:4PWKM
1107:BOW:
976:JSTOR
929:(PDF)
579:Kauai
413:Squid
372:Japan
1248:OBIS
1222:NCBI
1209:IUCN
1196:ITIS
1175:4044
1157:GBIF
1095:BOLD
880:Ibis
855:ISBN
828:2022
741:Ibis
689:2021
672:2018
634:IUCN
608:and
585:and
583:Oahu
553:and
500:and
492:and
401:fish
391:Diet
378:and
339:lice
322:and
301:hupi
204:The
125:Aves
1149:300
1118:CoL
1056:ADW
968:doi
888:doi
884:127
851:322
847:199
676:doi
488:,
38:On
1350::
1328::
1315::
1302::
1289::
1276::
1263::
1250::
1237::
1224::
1211::
1198::
1185::
1172::
1159::
1146::
1133::
1120::
1097::
1084::
1071::
1058::
1043::
1028::
974:.
964:19
962:.
937:95
935:.
931:.
916:^
909:85
882:.
853:.
849:,
818:.
799:^
791:42
785:.
739:.
710:.
706:.
670:.
664:.
648:^
636:.
581:,
573:,
484:,
480:,
476:,
382:.
341:.
208:or
982:.
970::
894:.
890::
863:.
830:.
745:6
721:.
691:.
678::
662:"
658:"
214:(
193:(
70:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
