244:
270:
256:
425:
169:
22:
361:, the shoreline in Senj froze and snow piled up after a 150 km/h bora plummeted the temperature to −14 °C, with 7 meter-high waves. The bora ripped the trees from the soil and destroyed roofs of houses. On the island of Pag, the Bora threw fish out of the sea. In many Croatian coastal cities, fresh water froze inside the pipes.
310:
Sailing during the bora can be challenging and it requires caution, regarding readiness of both the boat and its crew. Short, high waves with white crests are its characteristics, making the navigation difficult. The small drops formed by the wind create a so-called "sea smoke" that reduces the
388:
range, extreme bora winds often occur there. They have influenced the region's traditional lifestyle and architecture. Towns on the coast, where the bora frequently occurs, are built densely with narrow streets in part because of the wind. Buildings in several towns and villages in
405:, Italy, to facilitate pedestrian traffic – gusts in the city are usually above 120 km/h reaching to maxima of near 200 km/h. A strong bora will often be reported on Italian television news. Slovenian towns where the strongest bora occurs are
199:
It blows hardest when a polar high-pressure area sits over the snow-covered mountains of the interior plateau behind the
Dinaric coastal mountain range and a calm low-pressure area lies further south over the warmer
204:. As the air grows even colder and thus denser at night, the bora increases. Its initial temperature is so low that even with the warming occasioned by its descent it reaches the lowlands as a cold wind.
611:
Petra
Seibert, "Hann’s Thermodynamic Foehn In the Adriatic tradition, the bora comes from three mouths: Trieste, Rijeka and Senj. Theory and its Presentation in Meteorological Textbooks in the Course of
346:
near Sveti Rok Tunnel a reading measured the speed of 304 km/h, but this is not considered an official record because the instruments were not calibrated for such speed.
522:
Stefano
Zecchetto; Francesco De Biasio; Marco Bajo (2005). "Features of Scatterometer Wind Observations in the Adriatic Sea". In Fletcher, Caroline A.; Spencer, Tom (eds.).
311:
visibility significantly. Experienced seamen have a proverb: "When the bora sails, you don't!" Sailing can be extremely dangerous for an inexperienced navigator in the
196:, and the rest of the Adriatic east coast. It blows in gusts. The bora is most common during the winter. It affects coastal areas and it weakens into the open sea.
739:
614:
933:
342:) was measured at a record speed of 69 m/s or 248 km/h. Wind shields were installed on that part of the highway. During 22 to 25 December 2003 on
401:) have stones on their roofs to prevent the roof tiles from being blown off. Chains and ropes are occasionally stretched along the sidewalks in downtown
207:
The wind takes two different traditional names in areas of Italy and
Croatia depending on associated meteorological conditions: the "light bora" (
950:
573:
283:
546:
303:
of the interior, characterized by significant day/night temperature differences throughout the year, and the
Adriatic coast, with a
315:
because the wind can start suddenly on a clear and calm day and result in major problems, frequently also affecting road traffic.
1000:
753:
959:
349:
Incidents where the
Adriatic Sea becomes covered in ice during a bura storm have been recorded in 1956 in Senj and 1963 in
995:
990:
358:
263:
223:
clouds gathering on the hilltops and moving towards the seaside with rain or snow characterize the "dark bora" (Italian:
610:
278:
141:
836:
Radić, Jure; Šavor, Zlatko; Puž, Goran (23 March 2018). "Report: Extreme Wind and Salt
Influence on Adriatic Bridges".
417:. In Slovenia, the most affected section is usually the upper part of the Vipava Valley, stretching from Ajdovščina to
299:. This seaside mountain chain, spanning 145 km, represents a huge weather and climatic divide between the sharp
767:
970:
930:
307:. The bora occurs because these two divided weather systems meet and tend to equalize over the mountain range.
781:
1005:
335:
304:
334:
in
Croatia, it can reach speeds of up to 220 km/h. On 21 December 1998 the speed of a gust on the
595:(1876:238-40); the bora of the Karst was described by F. Seidel, "Bermerkungen über die Karstbora", ''
606:
185:
947:
394:
300:
448:, where they are known as nordost ("northeastern"). They can reach speeds of up to 220 km/h.
243:
853:
189:
670:
865:
Sesar, Petar; Krečak, Ana (1 January 2005). "Impact of wind on
Croatian highways and bridges".
895:
824:
569:
563:
542:
228:
874:
845:
410:
331:
269:
208:
181:
99:
406:
954:
937:
618:
477:
467:
457:
377:
353:. The maximum duration of constant intense bura winds has been measured at 67–68 hours in
312:
127:
44:. Similar nomenclature is used for north-eastern winds in other littoral areas of eastern
985:
644:
255:
89:
61:
37:
740:"Pogledajte kako je jučer bilo u Senju: Bura nosi sve pred sobom, diže čak i krovove!"
979:
857:
472:
369:
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274:
45:
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Flooding and
Environmental Challenges for Venice and Its Lagoon: State of Knowledge
445:
429:
343:
168:
131:
41:
26:
497:
424:
565:
The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World
414:
385:
216:
878:
849:
964:
437:
899:
828:
441:
49:
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peninsula. Because the region separates the lower Adriatic coast from the
887:
418:
390:
354:
350:
327:
201:
918:
812:
811:
Bajić, Alica; Peroš, Bernardin; Vučetić, Višnja; Žibrat, Zvonko (2001).
402:
296:
292:
248:
220:
193:
173:
21:
785:
815:[Wind load – a meteorological basis for Croatian standards].
462:
381:
942:
754:"Bura izbacuje ribu na obalu, u riječkoj bolnici selili pacijente"
423:
398:
339:
268:
254:
242:
167:
20:
140:. Historical linguists speculate that the name may derive from a
319:
259:
722:
720:
813:"Opterećenje vjetrom – meteorološka podloga za hrvatske norme"
291:
The area where some of the strongest bora winds occur is the
890:[Icing of the sea on the eastern Adriatic coast].
588:
F. von Wrangel, "Die Ursachen der Bora in Noworossisk",
526:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 53–58.
421:, where the speed of the wind can exceed 200 km/h.
960:
Il Libro della Bora (In Italian. Eng: The Book of Bora)
687:
134:(Βορέας), and the Modern Greek word for the north wind
966:
Extreme Hurricane Force Bora – Croatia – 5 March 2015
93:
376:in Italian), an area of limestone heights over the
364:The wind is also an integral feature of Slovenia's
917:(Robert DeCourcy Ward, tr.). New York: MacMillan.
894:. 48/49 (48/49). Hrvatsko meteorološko društvo.
541:(2 ed.). Ljubljana: Modrijan. p. 66.
180:The changeable bora can often be felt all over
726:
671:"Croatia Wind – Sailing tips – Sailing Europe"
699:
562:J. P. Mallory; D. Q. Adams (24 August 2006).
102:
79:
8:
823:(8). Hrvatski savez građevinskih inženjera.
638:
636:
711:
602:(1891:232-35), noted by Julius (von) Hann,
135:
119:), and the meaning 'bora' developed later.
65:
948:The famous winds of Croatia: bura and jugo
886:Volarić, Božena; Nikolić, Davor (2014).
651:. Pula, Croatia: Express Agencija d.o.o
489:
152:'mountain', which gave rise to Slavic
7:
838:Structural Engineering International
436:Strong bora winds also occur in the
888:"Zaleđivanje istočne obale Jadrana"
768:"Ekipe so v stalni pripravljenosti"
16:Wind in areas near the Adriatic Sea
643:Tumpić, Marino (17 January 2017).
284:The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola
251:, Croatia (sea with white stripes)
107:are not etymologically related to
14:
111:; they derive from Common Slavic
36:is a northerly to north-easterly
247:Bora seen from an aircraft near
892:Croatian Meteorological Journal
357:. In February 2012, during the
330:and the southern portal of the
215:) is a bora in the presence of
1:
568:. OUP Oxford. pp. 121–.
368:and, to a lesser extent, the
359:early 2012 European cold wave
590:Repertorium für Meteorologie
126:is found in the name of the
700:Radić, Šavor & Puž 2018
539:Slovenski etimološki slovar
172:The bora on Molo Audace in
25:Hurricane-strength bora in
1022:
879:10.2749/222137805796270469
850:10.2749/101686603777964487
727:Volarić & Nikolić 2014
953:28 September 2020 at the
936:22 September 2007 at the
931:Local Mediterranean winds
444:near the Russian port of
413:and, to a lesser extent,
136:
66:
428:After bora catastrophe,
1001:Geography of Montenegro
915:Handbook of Climatology
712:Sesar & Krečak 2005
617:26 October 2020 at the
604:Handbook of Climatology
380:stretching towards the
264:2012 European cold wave
115:'storm' (from the verb
84:. In English, the name
913:Hann, Julius. (1903).
867:IABSE Symposium Report
433:
288:
266:
252:
232:
224:
212:
177:
103:
94:
80:
29:
427:
305:Mediterranean climate
272:
258:
246:
219:clear skies, whereas
171:
24:
996:Geography of Trieste
991:Geography of Croatia
607:Robert DeCourcy Ward
537:Snoj, Marko (2003).
186:Montenegrin Littoral
788:on 11 December 2014
782:"A book about bora"
395:Province of Trieste
301:continental climate
160:, both 'mountain'.
142:Proto-Indo-European
609:, tr. (1903): see
434:
318:Near the towns of
295:mountain range in
289:
267:
253:
190:Slovenian Littoral
178:
128:Greek mythological
40:in areas near the
30:
688:Bajić et al. 2001
575:978-0-19-928791-8
122:The same root as
78:) and Italian as
1013:
967:
903:
882:
861:
832:
798:
797:
795:
793:
784:. Archived from
778:
772:
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336:Maslenica Bridge
332:Sveti Rok Tunnel
273:The bora on the
182:Adriatic Croatia
139:
138:
106:
97:
83:
69:
68:
1021:
1020:
1016:
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955:Wayback Machine
938:Wayback Machine
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908:Further reading
885:
864:
835:
819:(in Croatian).
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531:
521:
520:
516:
506:
504:
502:Merriam-Webster
496:
495:
491:
486:
478:Volkswagen Bora
468:Santa Ana winds
458:Dzungarian Gate
454:
378:Gulf of Trieste
313:Velebit Channel
241:
176:, February 2011
166:
149:
60:It is known in
58:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1019:
1017:
1009:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
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978:
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926:
925:External links
923:
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844:(4): 242–245.
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287:, 17th century
277:, depicted in
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239:Areas affected
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90:Serbo-Croatian
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54:
38:katabatic wind
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943:Name of Winds
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920:
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911:
907:
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897:
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873:(11): 23–29.
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729:, p. 93.
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696:
693:
689:
684:
681:
676:
675:SailingEurope
672:
666:
663:
650:
646:
639:
637:
633:
630:v. Hann 1903.
627:
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473:Maserati Bora
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370:Karst Plateau
367:
366:Vipava Valley
362:
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345:
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337:
333:
329:
325:
324:Stara Novalja
321:
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275:Karst Plateau
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156:and Sanskrit
155:
151:
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133:
129:
125:
120:
118:
114:
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96:
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88:is used. The
87:
82:
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74:, pronounced
73:
63:
55:
53:
51:
47:
46:Mediterranean
43:
39:
35:
28:
23:
19:
1006:Adriatic Sea
919:OCLC 3592809
914:
891:
870:
866:
841:
837:
820:
816:
790:. Retrieved
786:the original
776:
762:
748:
734:
707:
695:
683:
674:
665:
653:. Retrieved
648:
645:"Škura bura"
626:
603:
599:
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592:
589:
584:
564:
557:
538:
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523:
517:
505:. Retrieved
501:
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446:Novorossiysk
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430:Novorossiysk
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42:Adriatic Sea
33:
31:
27:Nin, Croatia
18:
655:29 December
507:19 November
415:Nova Gorica
386:Julian Alps
262:during the
217:anticyclone
213:bora chiara
980:Categories
817:Građevinar
792:6 December
484:References
438:Tsemes Bay
407:Ajdovščina
372:(known as
344:A1 highway
338:(north of
233:škura bura
225:bora scura
130:figure of
900:1849-0700
858:107402023
829:1333-9095
442:Black Sea
50:Black Sea
951:Archived
934:Archived
615:Archived
452:See also
419:Podnanos
393:and the
391:Slovenia
355:Dalmatia
351:Makarska
328:Karlobag
279:Valvasor
229:Croatian
202:Adriatic
164:Features
52:basins.
971:YouTube
805:Sources
440:of the
403:Trieste
382:Istrian
297:Croatia
293:Velebit
249:Novalja
221:cyclone
209:Italian
194:Trieste
174:Trieste
117:*burĭti
100:Slovene
898:
856:
827:
572:
545:
498:"Bora"
463:Oroshi
411:Vipava
188:, the
144:root *
132:Boreas
986:Winds
854:S2CID
612:Time"
399:Italy
374:Carso
340:Zadar
158:giri-
137:βοράς
113:burja
104:burja
92:name
72:mpóra
67:μπόρα
62:Greek
896:ISSN
825:ISSN
794:2014
657:2022
597:M.Z.
570:ISBN
543:ISBN
509:2017
432:1997
320:Senj
260:Senj
154:gora
146:gorh
124:bora
109:bora
98:and
95:bura
86:bora
81:bora
76:bora
56:Name
48:and
34:bora
32:The
969:on
875:doi
846:doi
281:'s
235:).
64:as
982::
871:90
869:.
852:.
842:13
840:.
821:53
719:^
673:.
647:.
635:^
593:40
500:.
409:,
326:,
322:,
231::
227:,
211::
192:,
184:,
902:.
881:.
877::
860:.
848::
831:.
796:.
770:.
756:.
742:.
714:.
702:.
677:.
659:.
621:.
600:8
578:.
551:.
511:.
397:(
150:-
148:x
70:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
