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1267:, president emeritus of Plan Bordeaux hoped to reduce production, improve quality, and sell more wine in the United States. However, two years after the beginning of the program, Mr Delpeuch resigned, "citing the failure of the French government to address properly the wine crisis in Bordeaux." Delpeuch told journalists assembled at the Bordeaux Press Club "I refuse to countenance this continual putting off of decisions which can only end in failure." "Delpeuch said he was shocked and disappointed by the failure of his efforts—and by the lack of co-operation from winemakers and
554:
750:. Dry white wines are made throughout the region, using the regional appellation Bordeaux Blanc, often from 100% Sauvignon blanc or a blend dominated by Sauvignon blanc and Sémillon. The Bordeaux Blanc AOC is used for wines made in appellations that only allow red wines. Dry whites from Graves are the most well-known and it is the only subregion with a classification for dry white wines. The better versions tend to have a significant oak influence. In 2007, 7.8% of the region's vineyard surface was used for wines in this family.
716:. Eight appellations are in the hilly outskirts of the region, and produce wines where the blend usually is dominated by Merlot. These wines tend to be intermediate between basic red Bordeaux and the more famous appellations of the left and right bank in both style and quality. However, since none of Bordeaux's stellar names are situated in Côtes de Bordeaux, prices tend to be moderate. There is no official classification in Côtes de Bordeaux. In 2007, 14.7% of the region's vineyard surface was used for wines in this family.
959:
607:; wine from different grape varieties is mixed together, depending on the vintage conditions, so as to produce a wine in the château's preferred style. In addition to mixing wine from different grape varieties, wine from different parts of the vineyard is often aged separately, and then blended into either the main or the second wine (or sold off wholesale) according to the judgment of the winemaker. The wine is then bottled and usually undergoes a further period of ageing before it is released for sale.
22:
710:. For the past 10 years, there has been strong, ongoing investment by the winemakers in both the vineyards and in the cellar, resulting in ever increasing quality. New reforms for the regional appellations were instituted in 2008 by the Bordeaux and Bordeaux Supérieur Winemakers' Association. In 2010, 55% of all Bordeaux wines sold in the world were from Bordeaux and Bordeaux Supérieur AOCs, with 67% sold in France and 33% exported (+9%), representing 14 bottles consumed per second.
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744:. North and south of the city of Bordeaux, which are the classic areas, produce wines dominated by Cabernet Sauvignon, but often with a significant portion of Merlot. These wines are concentrated, tannic, long-lived and most of them meant to be cellared before drinking. The five First Growths are situated here. There are official classifications for both Médoc and Graves. In 2007, 17.1% of the region's vineyard surface was used for wines in this family.
760:, which also has an official classification, and where some of the world's most famous sweet wines are produced. There are also appellations neighbouring Sauternes, on both sides of the Garonne river, where similar wines are made. These include Loupiac, Cadillac, and Sainte Croix du Mont. The regional appellation for sweet white wines is Bordeaux Supérieur Blanc. In 2007, 3.2% of the region's vineyard surface was used for wines in this family.
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702:. With the majority of châteaux located on the Right Bank in the Entre-Deux-Mers area, wines are typically Merlot-dominant, often blended with the other classic Bordeaux varieties. There are many small, family-run châteaux, as well as wines blended and sold by wine merchants under commercial brand names. The Bordeaux AOC wines tend to be fruity, with minimal influence of
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1621:) to wines of yellowish or light red color, as distinguished alike from 'red wine' and 'white wine'; the contrast with the former ceased about 1600, and it was then used for red wines generally . Now applied to the red wines imported from Bordeaux, generally mixed with Benicarlo or some full-bodied French wine.
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In 2004, exports to the U.S. plummeted 59% in value over the previous year. Sales in
Britain dropped 33% in value during the same period. The UK, a major market, now imports more wine from Australia than from France. Amongst the possible causes for this economic crisis are that many consumers tend to
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and transferred to barriques (in most cases) for a period of ageing (commonly a year). The traditional
Bordeaux barrique is a 225-litre oak barrel. At some point between pressing and bottling the wine is blended. This is an integral part of the Bordeaux wine making process, as scarcely any Bordeaux
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Classification, which began as an unofficial classification, but came to enjoy official status and was last updated in 2003. However, after various legal turns, the classification was annulled in 2007. As of 2007, plans exist to revive it as an unofficial classification. 78 producers took legal
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The red grapes in the
Bordeaux vineyard are Merlot (62% by area), Cabernet Sauvignon (25%), Cabernet Franc (12%) and a small amount of Petit Verdot, Malbec and Carménère (1% in total). The white grapes are Sémillon (54% by area), Sauvignon blanc (36%), Muscadelle (7%) and a small amount of Ugni
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In the late 1960s Sémillon was the most planted grape in
Bordeaux. Since then it has been in constant decline although it still is the most common of Bordeaux's white grapes. Sauvignon blanc's popularity on the other hand has been rising, overtaking Ugni blanc as the second most planted white
1466:
The Romans first intensively sponsored viticulture in Gaul in their province of
Narbonensis, and it is unlikely to have extended beyond this Mediterranean-Rhône region until the first-century CE. Vines were first recorded in Bordeaux in the first century
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Association to identify wines made in this way. Although most
Meritage wines come from California, there are members of the Meritage Association in 18 states and five other countries, including Argentina, Australia, Canada, Israel, and Mexico.
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The major reason for the success of winemaking in the
Bordeaux region is the excellent environment for growing vines. The geological foundation of the region is limestone, leading to a soil structure that is heavy in calcium. The
490:. Typical blends are 80% Sémillon and 20% Sauvignon blanc. As with the reds, white Bordeaux wines are usually blends, most commonly of Sémillon and a smaller proportion of Sauvignon blanc. Other permitted grape varieties are
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as are permitted in
Bordeaux. The French themselves do not use the term, except for export purposes. The meaning of "claret" has changed and now refers to a dry, dark-red Bordeaux. It has remained a term associated with the
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for that appellation to appear on the label. The appellation is a key indicator of the type of wine in the bottle. With the image example, Pauillac wines are always red, and usually
Cabernet Sauvignon is the dominant grape
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Classification was recognized by the
European Union in June 1994 and published on January 11, 2006. The classification is to be revised every 10 years. The initial list of 44 Cru Artisans was extended to 50 in 2012; see
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As the largest appellation producing fine wines, and the strong foundation of the pyramid of Bordeaux wines, Bordeaux AOC & Bordeaux Supérieur AOC today account for 55% of all Bordeaux wines consumed in the world.
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and consequently appears on bottles of generic red Bordeaux to raise their status in the market. In November 2011 the president of the Union des Maisons de Négoce de Bordeaux announced an intention to use the term
698:. Bordeaux winemakers may use the two regional appellations throughout the entire wine region; however, approximately half of the Bordeaux vineyard is specifically designated under Bordeaux and Bordeaux Supérieur
756:. In several locations and appellations throughout the region, sweet white wine is made from Sémillon, Sauvignon blanc and Muscadelle grapes affected by noble rot. The best-known of these appellations is
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action against the 2003 classification. In September 2010 a new list of Crus Bourgeois was unveiled as a recognition of quality, with a yearly reappraisal. It is no longer a recognized classification.
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association, designed to reduce France's wine production in order to improve profitability for the remaining producers. Part of the plan was to uproot 17,000 hectares of the 124,000 hectares of
706:, and are produced in a style meant to be drunk young. Bordeaux Superieur AOC wines are produced in the same area, but must follow stricter controls, such as lower yields, and are often aged in
87:
to some of the world's most expensive and prestigious wines. The vast majority of wine produced in Bordeaux is red (sometimes called "claret" in Britain), with sweet white wines (most notably
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for wines that are "light and fruity, easy to drink, in the same style as the original claret when it was prized by the English in former centuries". "Claret" is also sometimes used as a
444:. Typical top-quality Châteaux blends are 70% Cabernet Sauvignon, 15% Cabernet Franc and 15% Merlot. This is typically referred to as the "Bordeaux blend". Merlot tends to predominate in
177:
outbreak between France and England in 1337. By the end of the conflict in 1453 France had repossessed the province, thus taking control of wine production in the region. As part of the
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As a broad generalisation, Cabernet Sauvignon (Bordeaux's second-most planted grape variety) dominates the blend in red wines produced in the Médoc and the rest of the left bank of the
691:. The 60 Bordeaux appellations and the wine styles they represent are usually categorized into six main families, four red based on the subregions and two white based on sweetness:
25:
Map of the Bordeaux regions with most of its appellations shown. The rivers Garonne and Dordogne, and the Gironde estuary are important in defining the various parts of the region.
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Following harvest, the grapes are usually sorted and destemmed before crushing. Crushing was traditionally done by foot, but mechanical crushing is now almost universally used.
574:. In the past, this was counteracted by the widespread use of pesticides, although the use of natural methods has recently been gaining in popularity. The vines are generally
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and other economic problems have increased the salience of the winemakers' association, whose members are facing increasing costs and decreasing demand for their product.
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Market reports released in February 2009 showed that the market had increased in buying power by 128% while the prices had been lowered for the very best Bordeaux wines.
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1214:. Because of the combination of longevity, fairly large production, and an established reputation, Bordeaux wines tend to be the most common wines at wine auctions.
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and the other right bank appellations. These Right Bank blends from top -quality Châteaux are typically 70% Merlot, 15% Cabernet Franc and 15% Cabernet Sauvignon.
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themselves—to achieve anything concrete in terms of reforms to the Bordeaux wine industry over the last 24 months." The future of Plan Bordeaux is uncertain.
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Syndicate des Vins de Bordeaux et Bordeaux Supérieur is an organization representing the economic interests of 6,700 wine producers in Bordeaux, France. The
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Bordeaux, being one of the few to still retain Carménère vines. As of July 2019, Bordeaux wineries authorized the use of four new red grapes to combat
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in either single or double guyot. Hand-picking is preferred by most of the prestigious châteaux, but machine-harvesting is popular in other places.
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In the 13th century, Bordeaux became the main port for exporting wine to England, and its position has never faltered in the subsequent 800 years .
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stone, and clay. The region's best vineyards are located on the well-drained gravel soils that are frequently found near the Gironde river. An old
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ended the military alliance between France and Scotland. Even when the by then Protestant kingdoms of England and Scotland, both ruled by the same
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836:. This came to be known as the Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855, which ranked the wines into five categories according to price. The
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blanc, Colombard and Folle blanche (3% in total). Because of the generally humid Bordeaux climate, a variety of pests can cause a problem for the
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134:, probably in the mid-1st century CE, to provide wine for local consumption, and wine production has been continuous in the region since then.
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department, with a total vineyard area of 110,800 hectares, is the second largest wine-growing area in France behind the Languedoc-Rousillon .
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driven wines that reflect the place they are from, often from grapes collected from a single vineyard. The soil of Bordeaux is composed of
181:, the French granted Scottish merchants a privileged position in the trade of claret. This position continued largely unchanged after the
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in Bordeaux. The wine industry in Bordeaux has been experiencing economic problems in the face of strong international competition from
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311:, French for "between two seas", the area between the rivers Dordogne and Garonne, both of which are tidal, in the center of the region.
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330:, the area downstream of the city Bordeaux, situated on a peninsula between Gironde and the Atlantic at the Left Bank of the Gironde.
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2009:
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950:, are often considered as being equivalent to the first growths of the 1855 classification, and often sell for even higher prices.
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738:. Saint-Émilion has an official classification. In 2007, 10.5% of the region's vineyard surface was used for wines in this family.
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for a period to refer to all red wine rather than to the claret style specifically. The export of Bordeaux was interrupted by the
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292:, for the region. Bordeaux lies at the center of the confluence of the Dordogne and Garonne Rivers, which flow into the Gironde.
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prefer wine labels that state the variety of grape used, and often find the required French AOC labels difficult to understand.
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Bordeaux grape in the late 1980s and now being grown in an area more than half the size of that of the lower yielding Sémillon.
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in Bordeaux is the best estates can "see the river" from their vineyards. The majority of land facing riverward is occupied by
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During the 12th century, the popularity of Bordeaux wines in England increased dramatically following the marriage in 1152 of
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Wineries all over the world aspire to making wines in a Bordeaux style. In 1988, a group of American vintners formed The
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1136:, describing a red Bordeaux wine, accepted after the British wine trade demonstrated over 300 years' usage of the term.
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lands included the Bordeaux region. Henry Plantagenet became King Henry II of England in 1154, and within his so-called
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red wines (four from Médoc and one, Château Haut-Brion, from Graves), are among the most expensive wines in the world.
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in Bordeaux, though only for those wines designated as Bordeaux or Bordeaux Supérior. These newly approved grapes are
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Many of the top Bordeaux wines are primarily sold by receiving the related payment in advance, the so-called selling
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to "claret" as a result of its widespread consumption in England during the period in the 12th–15th centuries that
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The vast majority of Bordeaux wine is red, with red wine production outnumbering white wine production six to one.
726:, 10 appellations produce wines dominated by Merlot with very little Cabernet Sauvignon, the two most famous being
208:
so it could be planted with vines, and this gradually surpassed Graves as the most prestigious region of Bordeaux.
299:"The right bank", situated on the right bank of Dordogne, in the northern parts of the region, around the city of
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At the same time, the sweet white wines of Sauternes and Barsac were classified into three categories, with only
223:; this classification remains widely used today. From 1875 to 1892 almost all Bordeaux vineyards were ruined by
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314:"The left bank", situated on the left bank of Garonne, in the west and south of the region, around the city of
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201:, but the French navy escorted them safely to the port of Bordeaux to protect them from Huguenot privateers.
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514:. Recently permitted by Bordeaux wineries, three new white grapes have been added. These grapes are
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Bordeaux established a monopoly in the production, sale and distribution of wine to Great Britain.
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Average vintages produce over 700 million bottles of wine, ranging from large quantities of daily
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Map of the French provinces (including Bordeaux) assimilated by the Plantagenet-Aquitaine union
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There are four different classifications of Bordeaux, covering different parts of the region:
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95:) collectively making up the remainder. Bordeaux wine is made by more than 5,660 producers or
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Bordeaux & Bordeaux Supérieur Press Kit, 2011, CIVB Economie et Etudes Nov 16, 2010.
790:, covering (with one exception) red wines of Médoc, and sweet wines of Sauternes-Barsac.
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Conseil interprofessional du vin de Bordeaux (CIVB), (French) Retrieved 4 March 2023.
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Bordeaux developed a long-lived export market for its wine in England. At this time,
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then takes place, usually in temperature controlled stainless steel vats. Next the
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was the dominant grape here, until the early 19th century, when it was replaced by
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In 1955, St. Émilion AOC were classified into three categories, the highest being
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Wine war: Savvy New World marketers are devastating the French wine industry
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Angevin Dynasties of Europe 900-1500: Lords of the Greater Part of the World
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893:, in the appellation Pauillac, promoted from second to first growth in 1973.
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Red Bordeaux is generally made from a blend of grapes. Permitted grapes are
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plays a pivotal role in wine production with the top estates aiming to make
232:
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Wine produced in the Bordeaux region of France best vinyage year of last 100
2053:
1184:. In Britain and Australia, "claret" has also been a slang term for blood.
988:
This can be in reference to the 1855 Bordeaux classification or one of the
734:. These wines often have great fruit concentration, softer tannins and are
243:
204:
In the seventeenth century, Dutch traders drained the swampy ground of the
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White Bordeaux is predominantly, and exclusively in the case of the sweet
113:
91:), dry whites, and (in much smaller quantities) rosé and sparkling wines (
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label for red wine in the style of the Bordeaux, ideally from the same
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1775:"New Grapes Approved for Bordeaux | Wine-Searcher News & Features"
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These rivers define the main geographical subdivisions of the region:
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557:
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406:
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347:
209:
53:
2004:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 175–177, 212–216.
615:
1447:. Oakland, California: University of California Press. p. 17.
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in England, though the anglicized term "claret" came to be used by
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2785:
2755:
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The 1855 classification system was made at the request of Emperor
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374:
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112:
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Phillips, Rod (7 April 2020) . "From the beginnings to 1000 CE".
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and continued to be controlled by Kings of England for some time
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laws dictate that all grapes must be harvested from a particular
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1721:(revised ed.). London: Mitchell Beazley. pp. 36–74.
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Claret, English silver bottle ticket, by Sandylands Drinkwater
923:
In the 2012 classification, two more Châteaux became members:
3114:
197:, Scots trading vessels were not only permitted to enter the
2296:
288:
the land and provide an Atlantic Climate, also known as an
2075:
Sanderson, B (15 May 2007). "A Master Class in Cabernet".
2247:"President of Bordeaux Wine Board resigns in frustration"
2219:"Wine-makers destroy vines in lip service to glut crisis"
1075:
1718:
The Complete Bordeaux: The Wines The Châteaux The People
227:
infestations. The region's wine industry was rescued by
2351:
1898:"The 60 Appellations – Saint-Emilion, Pomerol, Fronsac"
1241:
Plan Bordeaux was an initiative introduced in 2005 by
797:, which is updated approximately once every ten years.
189:
king by this point, were trying to militarily aid the
1995:
1993:
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1488:(7th ed.). Mitchell Beazley. pp. 13, 81.
1063:
804:, initially classified in 1953 and revised in 1959.
1799:. United Kingdom: Time Warner Books. p. 129.
1600:
1484:Johnson, Hugh; Robinson, Jancis (8 October 2013).
1378:
1376:
1221:Syndicat des AOC de Bordeaux et Bordeaux Supérieur
1010:Whether or not the wine is bottled at the château
318:itself. The left bank is further subdivided into:
2188:"Lettre ouverte aux régions viticoles françaises"
1858:
1856:
1854:
193:rebels in their fight against Catholic France in
1795:Clarke, Oz; Rand, Margaret (30 September 2001).
2104:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 2014.
1479:
1477:
1475:
1158:is occasionally used in the United States as a
1112:, which was the most common wine exported from
938:There is no official classification applied to
130:was introduced into the Bordeaux region by the
2190:[Open letter to French wine regions].
2027:"Cru Bourgeois classification officially over"
1710:
1708:
1706:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
3529:
3416:
3130:
2367:
2309:– The official website of France (in English)
2253:. William Reed Publishing Ltd. Archived from
2090:
2088:
2086:
1039:"Claret" redirects here. For other uses, see
901:being classified as a superior first growth.
788:Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855
778:Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855
8:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1012:(Image example: Mis en Bouteille au Château)
2046:"Cru Bourgeois to rise again with new name"
795:1955 Official Classification of St.-Émilion
3536:
3522:
3514:
3423:
3409:
3401:
3137:
3123:
3115:
2620:
2374:
2360:
2352:
2333:
2240:
2238:
2236:
1569:. Ramsbury, Wiltshire: The Crowood Press.
1257:and declining wine consumption in France.
590:is permitted, and is fairly common-place.
231:native vines onto pest-resistant American
1873:"The 60 Appellations – Côtes de Bordeaux"
1664:. Workman Publishing. pp. 118, 120.
1360:"Wine Regions of FRANCE – Grape to Glass"
742:Red Graves and Médoc or "Left Bank" wines
324:, the area upstream of the city Bordeaux.
161:of Bordeaux, and the principal style was
2297:Vins de Bordeaux (CIVB) official website
2000:Robinson, Jancis, ed. (1 October 2006).
1923:"The 60 Appellations – Médoc and Graves"
423:effects of climate change on viticulture
20:
3315:Clarification and stabilization of wine
1973:"The 60 Appellations – Dry white wines"
1948:"The 60 Appellations – Dry white wines"
1797:Grapes and Wines:Encyclopedia of Grapes
1337:
696:Red Bordeaux and Red Bordeaux Supérieur
413:. Today Carménère is rarely used, with
219:In 1855, the châteaux of Bordeaux were
2323:Robert Parker's Bordeaux vintage chart
942:. However some Pomerol wines, notably
802:1959 Official Classification of Graves
2273:Noble Rot: A Bordeaux Wine Revolution
1738:
1736:
1617:A name originally given (like French
1116:until the 18th century. The name was
675:is divided into subregions including
272:dominates the regions along with its
72:forming the broad estuary called the
7:
2177:Ghatineh, Aarash, WineInvestment.org
1690:International Wine of the Month Club
1628:participating institution membership
1132:. It is a protected name within the
165:. This accounts for the ubiquity of
1549:from the original on 14 June 2017.
1180:to refer to the dark, purplish-red
720:Red Libourne, or "Right Bank" wines
2278:Teichgraeber, Tim (June 8, 2006).
1755:from the original on 7 August 2019
1745:"New Grapes Approved for Bordeaux"
1715:Brook, Stephen (7 November 2012).
1660:MacNeil, Karen (20 October 2001).
1563:Anderson, Jeffrey (28 June 2019).
1528:from the original on 14 June 2017.
980:(Image example: Château L'Angelus)
14:
2399:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
2149:"Definition of claret in English"
2127:"Bordeaux reclaims 'claret' name"
986:(Image example: Grand Cru Classé)
3378:
3086:
2302:Vins de Bordeaux Classifications
1295:
1281:
1059:
620:Château Pichon-Longueville-Baron
64:. To the north of the city, the
2328:Enobytes Bordeaux vintage chart
2125:Anson, Jane (3 November 2011).
1000:Appellation d'origine contrôlée
834:Exposition Universelle de Paris
251:on the "right bank" of Bordeaux
2245:Kevany, Sophie (30 May 2006).
1743:Gray, W. Blake (2 July 2019).
1094:) is a name primarily used in
997:(Image example: Saint-Émilion)
263:on the "left bank" of Bordeaux
1:
3341:Glossary of viticulture terms
878:, in the appellation Pauillac
3346:Glossary of winemaking terms
2153:Lexico (Oxford Dictionaries)
2044:Anson, Jane (27 July 2007).
2025:Anson, Jane (10 July 2007).
2002:The Oxford Companion to Wine
1384:"Synopsis of Bordeaux wines"
1129:
984:The estate's classification
2217:Bell, Susan (6 June 2006).
2194:(in French). Archived from
1163:
336:In Bordeaux the concept of
4038:
3266:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
1038:
906:Premier Grand Cru Classé A
771:
546:
538:Viticulture and winemaking
120:
3438:
3374:
3356:History of the wine press
3246:Sparkling wine production
3080:
2349:
2280:"Bordeaux for less dough"
1608:Oxford English Dictionary
891:Château Mouton Rothschild
858:Château Lafite Rothschild
3351:Wine tasting descriptors
3072:Wine tasting descriptors
3001:Phenolic content in wine
2893:Alternative wine closure
2477:Great French Wine Blight
2098:Oxford Companion to Wine
1321:Judgment of Paris (wine)
1102:derives from the French
123:History of Bordeaux wine
3241:Malolactic fermentation
2284:San Francisco Chronicle
1977:Vins de Bordeaux (CIVB)
1952:Vins de Bordeaux (CIVB)
1927:Vins de Bordeaux (CIVB)
1902:Vins de Bordeaux (CIVB)
1877:Vins de Bordeaux (CIVB)
1838:Vins de Bordeaux (CIVB)
1613:Oxford University Press
1540:"Vins de Bordeaux (US)"
1519:"Vins de Bordeaux (US)"
1486:The World Atlas of Wine
1391:Vins de Bordeaux (CIVB)
1182:colour of Bordeaux wine
1098:for red Bordeaux wine.
1041:Claret (disambiguation)
978:The name of the estate
853:The first growths are:
560:grapes being sorted at
4015:Wine regions of France
3736:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1984:(read on May 28, 2010)
1959:(read on May 28, 2010)
1934:(read on May 28, 2010)
1909:(read on May 28, 2010)
1884:(read on May 28, 2010)
1845:(read on May 28, 2010)
1444:French Wine: A History
1393:. 2009. Archived from
1205:
1197:
1152:
1051:
967:
850:
668:
654:
640:
626:
564:
549:Winemaking in Bordeaux
471:
386:
264:
252:
118:
45:
37:
26:
3042:Wine and food pairing
2307:The wines of Bordeaux
1834:"The 60 Appellations"
1686:"French Wine Regions"
1412:"Bordeaux In Figures"
1326:Claret cup (beverage)
1203:
1195:
1147:"California Claret",
1142:
1049:
1023:(Image example: 1978)
961:
884:, in the appellation
869:, in the appellation
860:, in the appellation
846:
774:Bordeaux wine regions
722:. Around the city of
714:Red Côtes de Bordeaux
660:
646:
632:
618:
556:
463:
378:
284:rivers, and together
258:
246:
239:Climate and geography
116:
56:, around the city of
48:) is produced in the
24:
3478:Languedoc-Roussillon
2693:Muscat of Alexandria
1149:Delacroix, Louisiana
1029:(not shown on image)
918:Château Cheval Blanc
648:Château Cheval Blanc
143:Eleanor of Aquitaine
3271:Yeast in winemaking
3223:Carbonic maceration
2313:Bordeaux Wine Guide
2275:. NY: Norton, 2004.
2271:Echikson, William.
1644:. 9 September 2014.
1611:(Online ed.).
1169:English upper class
974:generally include:
768:Wine classification
415:Château Clerc Milon
183:Treaty of Edinburgh
93:Crémant de Bordeaux
3261:Traditional method
3062:Wine personalities
2766:Cabernet Sauvignon
1265:Christian Delpeuch
1206:
1204:Bordeaux dry white
1198:
1188:Commercial aspects
1174:claret de Bordeaux
1153:
1143:One gallon jug of
1130:after the Angevins
1108:, now a rare dark
1052:
1014:or assembled by a
968:
908:with two members:
882:Château Haut-Brion
851:
669:
655:
641:
627:
565:
472:
391:Cabernet Sauvignon
387:
380:Cabernet Sauvignon
360:classified estates
265:
253:
214:Cabernet Sauvignon
175:Hundred Years' War
157:was the principal
119:
105:of Bordeaux wine.
27:
3997:
3996:
3511:
3510:
3503:South West France
3398:
3397:
3392:
3391:
3162:Late harvest wine
3112:
3111:
2849:
2848:
2746:Alicante Bouschet
2494:Judgment of Paris
2251:Wine & Spirit
1986:on 30 April 2009.
1961:on 30 April 2009.
1936:on 30 April 2009.
1911:on 30 April 2009.
1886:on 30 April 2009.
1847:on 30 April 2009.
1626:(Subscription or
1196:Bordeaux red wine
964:Château l'Angélus
754:Sweet white wines
522:, and Liliorila.
437:, and Arinarnoa.
139:Henry Plantagenet
4027:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3515:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3402:
3383:
3382:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3116:
3091:
3090:
3006:Proteins in wine
2673:Grüner Veltliner
2621:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2353:
2334:
2259:
2258:
2257:on 18 June 2006.
2242:
2231:
2230:
2225:. Archived from
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2198:on 26 March 2006
2184:
2178:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2155:. Archived from
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2103:
2092:
2081:
2080:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2052:. Archived from
2041:
2035:
2034:
2022:
2016:
2015:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1979:. Archived from
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1954:. Archived from
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1929:. Archived from
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1904:. Archived from
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1879:. Archived from
1869:
1863:
1860:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1840:. Archived from
1830:
1811:
1810:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1712:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1657:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1623:
1604:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1544:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1523:
1515:
1500:
1499:
1481:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1422:on 18 April 2012
1418:. Archived from
1408:
1402:
1401:
1400:on 24 July 2011.
1399:
1388:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1356:
1350:
1342:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1124:was part of the
1090:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1027:Alcohol content
995:The appellation
431:Touriga Nacional
171:English-speakers
4037:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3947:
3926:
3900:
3826:North Macedonia
3709:
3598:
3547:
3545:Wine by country
3542:
3512:
3507:
3434:
3429:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3385:Wine portal
3377:
3370:
3361:History of wine
3319:
3303:
3275:
3227:
3209:
3190:Deacidification
3176:
3148:
3143:
3113:
3108:
3093:Wine portal
3085:
3076:
3015:
2977:
2882:
2872:
2845:
2732:
2713:Sauvignon blanc
2648:Cayetana blanca
2616:
2614:grape varieties
2607:
2500:
2428:
2385:
2380:
2345:
2293:
2268:
2266:Further reading
2263:
2262:
2244:
2243:
2234:
2229:on 27 May 2006.
2216:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2159:on 28 July 2019
2147:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2101:
2094:
2093:
2084:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2056:on 11 June 2008
2043:
2042:
2038:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2012:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1983:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1852:
1844:
1832:
1831:
1814:
1807:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1714:
1713:
1704:
1694:
1692:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1659:
1658:
1649:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1543:(Official site)
1542:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1522:(Official site)
1521:
1517:
1516:
1503:
1496:
1483:
1482:
1473:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1397:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1255:New World wines
1239:
1223:
1190:
1096:British English
1088:
1062:
1058:
1044:
1037:
956:
928:Château Angélus
899:Château d'Yquem
867:Château Margaux
848:Château Margaux
780:
772:Main articles:
770:
748:Dry white wines
634:Château d'Yquem
613:
584:
551:
545:
540:
484:Sauvignon blanc
458:
442:Gironde estuary
373:
368:
308:Entre-Deux-Mers
290:oceanic climate
270:Gironde estuary
241:
125:
111:
101:. There are 65
50:Bordeaux region
46:vin de Bordeaux
17:
12:
11:
5:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4002:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3896:United Kingdom
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3756:Czech Republic
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3518:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3405:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3389:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3251:Sugars in wine
3248:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3219:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3200:Chaptalization
3197:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3158:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3119:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3027:Classification
3023:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3011:Sugars in wine
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2983:Wine chemistry
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2958:Wine dispenser
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2761:Cabernet Franc
2758:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2728:Welschriesling
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2683:Müller-Thurgau
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2450:Ancient Greece
2447:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2299:
2292:
2291:External links
2289:
2288:
2287:
2276:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2232:
2209:
2179:
2170:
2140:
2117:
2110:
2082:
2077:Wine Spectator
2067:
2036:
2017:
2010:
1989:
1964:
1939:
1914:
1889:
1864:
1850:
1812:
1806:978-0316857260
1805:
1787:
1766:
1732:
1702:
1677:
1671:978-0761185727
1670:
1662:The Wine Bible
1647:
1633:
1592:
1575:
1555:
1531:
1501:
1495:978-1845336899
1494:
1471:
1453:
1433:
1403:
1372:
1351:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1292:
1276:
1273:
1238:
1235:
1222:
1219:
1189:
1186:
1134:European Union
1126:Angevin Empire
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1008:
993:
982:
962:Saint-Émilion
955:
952:
948:Château Le Pin
944:Château Pétrus
936:
935:
930:
921:
920:
915:
913:Château Ausone
895:
894:
888:
886:Péssac-Leognan
879:
876:Château Latour
873:
864:
826:
825:
813:
805:
798:
791:
769:
766:
762:
761:
751:
745:
739:
717:
711:
662:Château Pétrus
612:
609:
588:Chaptalization
583:
580:
562:Château Kirwan
547:Main article:
544:
541:
539:
536:
492:Sauvignon gris
457:
454:
395:Cabernet Franc
372:
369:
367:
364:
334:
333:
332:
331:
325:
312:
304:
240:
237:
151:Angevin Empire
121:Main article:
110:
107:
66:Dordogne River
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4033:
4032:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4010:Bordeaux wine
4008:
4007:
4005:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3952:South America
3950:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3922:United States
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:North America
3903:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3801:Liechtenstein
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3539:
3534:
3532:
3527:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3421:
3419:
3414:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3128:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2996:Acids in wine
2994:
2992:
2991:Aroma of wine
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2855:Major regions
2852:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:Montepulciano
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2111:9780198609902
2107:
2100:
2099:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2079:. p. 62.
2078:
2071:
2068:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2011:0-19-860990-6
2007:
2003:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1754:
1750:
1749:Wine-Searcher
1746:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1622:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1578:
1576:9780719829260
1572:
1568:
1567:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1456:
1454:9780520355439
1450:
1446:
1445:
1437:
1434:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1346:press release
1341:
1338:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1311:Burgundy wine
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:France portal
1293:
1290:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1245:, the French
1244:
1237:Plan Bordeaux
1236:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1202:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1083:
1056:
1048:
1042:
1035:"Claret" term
1034:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:
994:
991:
990:Cru Bourgeois
987:
983:
981:
977:
976:
975:
973:
965:
960:
953:
951:
949:
945:
941:
934:
933:Château Pavie
931:
929:
926:
925:
924:
919:
916:
914:
911:
910:
909:
907:
902:
900:
892:
889:
887:
883:
880:
877:
874:
872:
868:
865:
863:
859:
856:
855:
854:
849:
845:
841:
839:
835:
831:
823:
818:
814:
810:
809:Cru Bourgeois
806:
803:
799:
796:
792:
789:
785:
784:
783:
779:
775:
767:
765:
759:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
733:
729:
728:Saint-Émilion
725:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
705:
701:
697:
694:
693:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:Saint-Émilion
674:
671:The Bordeaux
667:
663:
659:
653:
652:Saint-Émilion
649:
645:
639:
635:
631:
625:
621:
617:
610:
608:
606:
601:
597:
593:
589:
581:
579:
577:
573:
572:
563:
559:
555:
550:
542:
537:
535:
532:
527:
523:
521:
520:Petit Manseng
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
470:
466:
462:
455:
453:
451:
447:
446:Saint-Émilion
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
385:
381:
377:
370:
365:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:
329:
326:
323:
320:
319:
317:
313:
310:
309:
305:
302:
298:
297:
296:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
262:
259:Vineyards of
257:
250:
247:Vineyards of
245:
238:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
179:Auld Alliance
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
129:
124:
115:
108:
106:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
86:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
62:Garonne River
59:
55:
52:of southwest
51:
47:
43:
39:
38:vin de Bordèu
35:
31:
30:Bordeaux wine
23:
19:
3584:South Africa
3483:Loire Valley
3452:
3376:
3233:Fermentation
3084:
3067:Wine tasting
2688:Muscat blanc
2658:Chenin blanc
2455:Ancient Rome
2283:
2272:
2255:the original
2250:
2227:the original
2223:The Scotsman
2222:
2212:
2200:. Retrieved
2196:the original
2191:
2182:
2173:
2161:. Retrieved
2157:the original
2152:
2143:
2131:. Retrieved
2120:
2097:
2076:
2070:
2058:. Retrieved
2054:the original
2049:
2039:
2030:
2020:
2001:
1981:the original
1976:
1967:
1956:the original
1951:
1942:
1931:the original
1926:
1917:
1906:the original
1901:
1892:
1881:the original
1876:
1867:
1842:the original
1837:
1796:
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1769:
1757:. Retrieved
1748:
1717:
1693:. Retrieved
1689:
1680:
1661:
1636:
1618:
1616:
1606:
1595:
1587:
1580:. Retrieved
1565:
1558:
1550:
1534:
1485:
1465:
1458:. Retrieved
1443:
1436:
1424:. Retrieved
1420:the original
1416:New Bordeaux
1415:
1406:
1395:the original
1390:
1363:. Retrieved
1354:
1344:
1340:
1263:
1259:
1240:
1231:
1224:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1173:
1160:semi-generic
1155:
1154:
1103:
1099:
1054:
1053:
1028:
1022:
1021:The vintage
1011:
996:
985:
979:
969:
937:
922:
905:
903:
896:
852:
838:first growth
830:Napoleon III
827:
781:
763:
753:
747:
741:
719:
713:
695:
670:
592:Fermentation
585:
569:
566:
528:
524:
504:Merlot blanc
478:, made from
473:
439:
419:fifth growth
403:Petit Verdot
388:
343:
337:
335:
306:
294:
266:
218:
203:
166:
136:
126:
103:appellations
96:
82:
29:
28:
18:
3943:New Zealand
3886:Switzerland
3831:Netherlands
3680:Philippines
3432:French wine
3336:Wine bottle
3308:Other steps
3299:Wine cellar
3256:Süssreserve
2948:Wine cellar
2938:Wine bottle
2879:accessories
2877:Packaging,
2836:Tempranillo
2465:Noah's wine
2445:Phoenicians
2391:Viticulture
2095:"Clairet".
1619:vin clairet
1289:Wine portal
1178:colour name
1004:appellation
972:wine labels
822:Cru artisan
817:Cru artisan
673:wine region
611:Wine styles
543:Viticulture
274:tributaries
195:La Rochelle
159:wine region
128:Viticulture
4004:Categories
3856:San Marino
3821:Montenegro
3806:Luxembourg
3660:Kazakhstan
3620:Azerbaijan
3448:Beaujolais
3215:Maceration
3205:Wine press
3195:Destemming
3146:Winemaking
3052:Wine fraud
3047:Wine fault
3032:Oenophilia
2968:Wine label
2963:Wine glass
2928:Port tongs
2826:Sangiovese
2821:Pinot noir
2781:Douce noir
2708:Rkatsiteli
2653:Chardonnay
2643:Catarratto
2617:by acreage
2591:Biodynamic
2554:Aromatized
2343:winemaking
2192:Vitisphere
2133:23 October
2129:. Decanter
1727:B00E8V3G76
1630:required.)
1582:3 November
1460:21 October
1332:References
1316:Garagistes
1269:négociants
1211:en primeur
1118:anglicised
954:Wine label
736:long-lived
603:wines are
582:Winemaking
496:Ugni blanc
488:Muscadelle
467:grapes in
382:grapes in
225:phylloxera
221:classified
85:table wine
68:joins the
3959:Argentina
3938:Australia
3675:Palestine
3463:Champagne
3167:Noble rot
3057:Winemaker
3037:Sommelier
2973:Wine rack
2953:Wine cork
2943:Wine cave
2933:Screw cap
2903:Corkscrew
2868:New World
2863:Old World
2841:Zinfandel
2816:Mourvèdre
2723:Trebbiano
2663:Colombard
2564:Noble rot
2544:Fortified
2522:Sparkling
2489:New World
2102:(Clairet)
2060:4 January
1251:vineyards
1227:wine lake
1122:Aquitaine
1016:Négociant
970:Bordeaux
758:Sauternes
638:Sauternes
605:varietals
516:Alvarinho
500:Colombard
476:Sauternes
411:Carménère
233:rootstock
147:Aquitaine
89:Sauternes
60:, on the
4020:Bordeaux
3979:Paraguay
3871:Slovenia
3866:Slovakia
3841:Portugal
3741:Bulgaria
3695:Thailand
3610:Abkhazia
3589:Tanzania
3569:Ethiopia
3488:Provence
3458:Burgundy
3453:Bordeaux
3182:Pressing
3104:Glossary
3020:Industry
2913:Jug wine
2908:Decanter
2898:Box wine
2796:Isabella
2791:Grenache
2771:Carignan
2718:Sémillon
2703:Riesling
2698:Palomino
2441:Ancient
2424:Vineyard
2419:Veraison
2404:Oenology
2202:26 March
2050:Decanter
2031:Decanter
1753:Archived
1602:"claret"
1547:Archived
1545:. 2016.
1526:Archived
1524:. 2016.
1275:See also
1247:vintners
1114:Bordeaux
1007:variety.
862:Pauillac
832:for the
724:Libourne
624:Pauillac
571:vigneron
531:Meritage
480:Sémillon
465:Sémillon
427:Marselan
316:Bordeaux
301:Libourne
286:irrigate
282:Dordogne
280:and the
261:Pauillac
229:grafting
191:Huguenot
145:, whose
98:châteaux
58:Bordeaux
3989:Uruguay
3964:Bolivia
3931:Oceania
3891:Ukraine
3846:Romania
3816:Moldova
3791:Ireland
3786:Hungary
3776:Germany
3771:Georgia
3761:Denmark
3746:Croatia
3731:Belgium
3726:Austria
3721:Albania
3705:Vietnam
3665:Lebanon
3615:Armenia
3594:Tunisia
3579:Namibia
3574:Morocco
3559:Algeria
3468:Corsica
3366:Terroir
3324:Related
3172:Vintage
3154:Harvest
3099:Outline
2923:Muselet
2885:storage
2776:Cinsaut
2751:Barbera
2678:Macabeo
2638:Aligoté
2596:Organic
2586:Natural
2539:Dessert
2484:Georgia
2434:History
2414:Terroir
2409:Species
2163:28 July
1780:23 June
1759:20 July
1695:28 June
1426:20 July
1365:10 June
1243:ONIVINS
1105:clairet
940:Pomerol
871:Margaux
732:Pomerol
681:Pomerol
666:Pomerol
600:pressed
576:trained
450:Pomerol
435:Castets
344:terroir
339:terroir
278:Garonne
199:Gironde
163:clairet
109:History
78:Gironde
74:Gironde
70:Garonne
34:Occitan
3969:Brazil
3917:Mexico
3912:Canada
3881:Sweden
3861:Serbia
3851:Russia
3836:Poland
3781:Greece
3766:France
3751:Cyprus
3714:Europe
3700:Turkey
3690:Taiwan
3655:Jordan
3645:Israel
3625:Bhutan
3552:Africa
3443:Alsace
3331:Winery
3294:Solera
2918:Kvevri
2806:Merlot
2801:Malbec
2601:Kosher
2577:Other
2532:Orange
2505:Styles
2472:France
2108:
2008:
1803:
1725:
1668:
1573:
1492:
1451:
1164:grapes
1156:Claret
1151:, 1941
1100:Claret
1055:Claret
689:Graves
687:, and
558:Merlot
512:Mauzac
508:Ondenc
469:Barsac
456:Whites
407:Malbec
399:Merlot
366:Grapes
348:gravel
322:Graves
276:, the
210:Malbec
187:Stuart
167:claret
155:Graves
132:Romans
76:; the
54:France
42:French
3974:Chile
3876:Spain
3811:Malta
3796:Italy
3685:Syria
3670:Nepal
3650:Japan
3635:India
3630:China
3564:Egypt
3498:Savoy
3493:Rhône
3281:Aging
2831:Syrah
2786:Gamay
2756:Bobal
2668:Glera
2633:Airén
2625:White
2581:Table
2569:Straw
2559:Fruit
2517:White
2460:China
2339:Wines
1642:"BBC"
1624:
1398:(PDF)
1387:(PDF)
1145:Gallo
1089:KLARR
685:Médoc
384:Médoc
356:adage
352:sandy
328:Médoc
249:Blaye
206:Médoc
3984:Peru
3640:Iran
3603:Asia
3473:Jura
2883:and
2612:Top
2527:Rosé
2383:Wine
2341:and
2204:2006
2165:2019
2135:2012
2106:ISBN
2062:2008
2006:ISBN
1801:ISBN
1782:2021
1761:2019
1723:ASIN
1697:2018
1666:ISBN
1584:2022
1571:ISBN
1490:ISBN
1462:2022
1449:ISBN
1428:2012
1367:2024
1110:rosé
966:1978
946:and
815:The
807:The
800:The
793:The
786:The
776:and
730:and
700:AOCs
596:must
510:and
486:and
417:, a
409:and
371:Reds
141:and
3289:Oak
2738:Red
2549:Ice
2512:Red
1467:CE.
1091:-it
708:oak
704:oak
664:in
650:in
636:in
622:in
598:is
4006::
2282:.
2249:.
2235:^
2221:.
2151:.
2085:^
2048:.
2029:.
1992:^
1975:.
1950:.
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1900:.
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1836:.
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1751:.
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1615:.
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1464:.
1414:.
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1375:^
1073:ær
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448:,
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429:,
405:,
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397:,
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362:.
350:,
235:.
216:.
44::
40:;
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3537:e
3530:t
3523:v
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3138:e
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1076:ɪ
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