638:, initially four units of about 50 men each. They were to operate from within the Republic of Ireland and to attack military and infrastructural targets within Northern Ireland. Cronin believed that a strong campaign of attacks on RUC barracks, military installations and government buildings would force the withdrawal of security forces from townlands, villages and small towns, thereby making large parts of the north ungovernable. In addition, another twenty organisers were sent to various locations within Northern Ireland to train new units, gather intelligence and report back to the leadership in Dublin. An IRA document probably seized in Dublin in a raid on Cronin's flat, on 8 January 1957, stated that the aim of the campaign was to: "break down the enemy's administration in the occupied area until he is forced to withdraw his forces. Our method of doing this is guerrilla warfare within the occupied area and propaganda directed at its inhabitants. In time as we build up our forces, we hope to be in a position to liberate large areas and tie these in with other liberated areas – that is areas where the enemy's writ no longer runs".
884:
matériel have been dumped and all full-time active service volunteers have been withdrawn... Foremost among the factors motivating this course of action has been the attitude of the general public whose minds have been deliberately distracted from the supreme issue facing the Irish people – the unity and freedom of
Ireland. The Irish resistance movement renews its pledge of eternal hostility to the British Forces of Occupation in Ireland. It calls on the Irish people for increased support and looks forward with confidence – in co-operation with the other branches of the Republican Movement – to a period of consolidation, expansion and preparation for the final and victorious phase of the struggle for the full freedom of Ireland.
47:
351:
309:
297:
232:
341:
219:
359:
243:
205:
4151:
769:
330:
285:
274:
263:
192:
955:
645:, the capital and biggest city in Northern Ireland. It was excluded because Paddy Doyle, the Belfast operational commander and a member of the Army Council, was arrested and the unit was disorganised, although Hanley and Millar attribute the non-participation of the Belfast IRA to fears that informers had access to the IRA's plans. There was also a desire not to provoke reprisals by
126:
117:
108:
99:
90:
81:
72:
63:
54:
781:) withdrew its support for the government in protest over this policy. In the ensuing Irish general election, 1957, Sinn FĂ©in won four seats and polled 65,640 votes (c. 5% of those cast), while Clann na Poblachta's vote dropped sharply. However, Clann na Poblachta were very weak originally in the constituencies where Sinn FĂ©in fielded candidates.
1086:, wanted to maintain the movement's traditional refusal to engage in parliamentary politics. More immediately, the Provisional faction wanted to use armed force to defend the Catholic community in Belfast from loyalist attacks in the civil strife that had broken out in Northern Ireland (the start of "
784:
The new government, of Fianna Fáil, led by Éamon de Valera proved even more hostile to the IRA than its predecessor. In July 1957, after the killing of an RUC man, de Valera introduced wholesale internment without trial for IRA suspects. The use of internment on both sides of the Irish border made it
697:
The IRA issued a statement announcing the start of the campaign, "Spearheaded by
Ireland's freedom fighters, our people have carried the fight to the enemy...Out of this national liberation struggle a new Ireland will emerge, upright and free. In that new Ireland, we shall build a country fit for all
808:
By 1958, the campaign's initial impetus had largely dissipated. Certain IRA activities produced public hostility and by 1958, there were already many within the IRA in favour of calling the campaign off. The Cork IRA, for instance, had effectively withdrawn. By mid-1958, 500 republicans were in gaol
883:
The leadership of the
Resistance Movement has ordered the termination of the Campaign of Resistance to British occupation launched on 12 December 1956. Instructions issued to Volunteers of the Active Service Units and of local Units in the occupied area have now been carried out. All arms and other
1150:
Similarly, Sean Cronin, IRA Chief of Staff at various points during the campaign, titled his account of the 1956–57 period "Resistance – The story of the struggle in
British-Occupied Ireland,"Book reprinted in IRIS – The Republican magazine, issue number 20, summer 2007, ISSN 0790-7869, under the
776:
Shortly afterwards, the
Republic's government, led by John Costello of Fine Gael, feared that the IRA's action would drag it into a diplomatic confrontation with Britain. It used the Offences Against the State Act to arrest most of the IRA's leadership, including its Chief of Staff, Seán Cronin.
1055:
population of
Northern Ireland. Even before the campaign ended some within the organisation had begun to consider other avenues in pursuit of the organisation's goals. Many of those involved with the border campaign felt that their lack of support was due to a failure to address the social and
863:
By late 1961, the campaign was over. It had cost the lives of eight IRA men, four republican supporters and six RUC members. In addition, 32 RUC members were wounded. A total of 256 Republicans were interned in
Northern Ireland in this period and another 150 or so in the Republic. Of those in
1101:
maintained armed actions up until 1972, but characterised them as "defensive". Feuds between the two IRAs in the 1970s claimed about twenty lives. The
Provisional IRA launched what turned out to be a much more sustained and destructive campaign than the border campaign – the
448:
on both sides of the border, as well as internal feuding and disputes over future policy, all but destroyed the organisation. These campaigns were officially called off on 10 March 1945. By 1947, the IRA had only 200 activists, according to its own general staff.
817:
In the summer of 1958, two IRA men were killed in separate gun battles with the RUC on the border in County
Fermanagh, Aloysius Hand in July and James Crossan in August. On July 15-17, 1958 explosions were carried out along the length of the border from counties
764:
and
British soldiers. The funerals of South and O'Hanlon in the Republic produced a strong emotional reaction among the general public there. The two men are still considered martyrs in Irish Republican circles. Up to 50,000 people attended their funerals.
830:
on the main Dundalk-Belfast road. The period after the summer of 1958 saw a steep drop in the intensity of the IRA campaign. That the IRA's campaign had run its course by 1960 is testified by the fact that the Republic of Ireland's government closed the
809:
or interned, North and South. The decline in activity meant that the Fianna Fáil government in the South felt confident enough to end internment in March 1959. Following their release, some of the interned leaders met Sean Cronin in a farmhouse in
796:, which exploded prematurely. The civilian owner of the house was also killed. It is believed they were going to attack an empty customs post and electricity pylons in Northern Ireland. They would later be referred to by republicans as the "
726:
to intern several hundred republican suspects without trial. Over 100 men were arrested on 12 January 1957. This, in time, severely limited the IRA's capacity to build up units within Northern Ireland. On the evening of December 30, the
698:
our people to live in. That then is our aim: an independent, united, democratic Irish Republic. For this we shall fight until the invader is driven from our soil and victory is ours". Despite formal condemnation of the IRA by the
525:
By the middle of this decade, moreover, the IRA had substantially re-armed. This was achieved by means of arms raids launched between 1951 and 1954, on British military bases in Northern Ireland and England. Arms were taken from
813:
and were persuaded to continue the campaign "to keep the flame alive". In 1960, the number of incidents fell to just 26. Moreover, many of these actions consisted of minor acts of sabotage, for example the cratering of roads.
513:. The IRA was officially "apolitical," existing only to overthrow the "British-imposed political institutions" in Ireland. However Magan believed that a degree of political mobilisation was necessary and the relationship with
1740:
558:
and 40 training rifles. On 25 July 1953, there was an IRA arms raid on the armoury of the Officer Training Corps at Felsted, a private school in Essex. In that raid, the IRA netted over 108 rifles, ten Bren and eight
1063:
population in Northern Ireland was further alienated from Irish republicanism by the campaign, and considered that its internment policy had worked. However, the policy was to fail when it was repeated in the 1970s.
731:
under Noel Kavanagh attacked the Derrylin RUC barracks again, killing RUC constable John Scally, the first fatality of the campaign. Others involved in that attack included two prominent IRA men, Charlie Murphy and
1355:
440:) to try to force British withdrawal from Northern Ireland. The final figures resulting from the S-Plan are cited as 300 explosions, ten deaths and 96 injuries. From 1942 to 1944 it also mounted an ineffective
751:
planned an attack on a joint RUC/B Specials barracks in Brookeborough, County Fermanagh, though they attacked the wrong building. During the attack a number of volunteers were injured including SĂ©an Garland.
597:
In November 1956, the IRA finally began its own border campaign. They were partly motivated by a desire to prevent any more splits in their organisation. They were also encouraged by the results of the
723:
1094:, as led by Goulding, also engaged as Belfast defenders. A key difference is that, ultimately, the Provisionals also wanted to re-build the IRA's military capacity to launch a new armed campaign.
471:
recognition of the state. Under the new policy, IRA volunteers who were caught with arms in the Republic of Ireland were ordered to dump or destroy them and not to take defensive action.
972:
4066:
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611:
517:
which had soured during the 30s was improved. At the 1949 IRA Convention, the IRA ordered its members to join Sinn FĂ©in, which would partially become the "civilian wing" of the IRA.
1082:
wings. The Officials, under Goulding wanted to transform the movement into a revolutionary party involved in both parliamentary and street politics, while the Provisionals under
46:
1736:
1591:
4071:
1351:
3082:
1895:
1417:
The document seized at Cronin's was titled, "General Directive for Guerrilla Campaign. Bell, The Secret Army, pp. 300–301; Bishop, Mallie, the Provisional IRA, page41
3928:
4190:
1935:
1056:
economic issues faced by ordinary people. The early seeds of addressing such issues are found in Sinn FĂ©in election materials in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
3148:
835:, which housed internees in the South, on 15 March 1959 (judging them to be no further threat). The Northern Irish government followed suit on 25 April 1961.
4100:
2274:
566:
By 1955, splits were occurring in the IRA, as several small groups, impatient for action, launched their own attacks in Northern Ireland. One such activist,
2603:
1696:
The United Irishman, March 1962, p. 1; see also Bishop, Mallie, page 45, M.E. Collins, Ireland 1968-1966, page 464, Richard English, Armed Struggle page 75.
891:
Implicit in the statement was a recognition that the IRA, after a promising start in 1957, had failed to mobilise much popular support behind its campaign.
3267:
2691:
2037:
4114:
1555:
Richard English Armed Struggle, 'two newly minted martyrs killed in the assault and subsequently celebrated in balladry and romantic imagination ' p.74
590:. One RUC man was badly injured and a Republican fighter was killed in the incident. In August of the following year, Kelly and another IRA dissident,
3035:
2969:
2913:
2022:
157:
4175:
3933:
2569:
1019:
719:
460:
in 1922. However, in 1948 a General Army Convention issued General Order No. 8, prohibiting "any armed action whatsoever" against the forces of the
747:
The most dramatic attack of the whole campaign took place on 1 January: 14 IRA volunteers, including SĂ©an Garland, Alan O Brien, Paddy O'Regan and
4105:
3129:
991:
607:
1103:
654:
3279:
3163:
2823:
2007:
1867:
1872:
1853:
405:
196:
4118:
4081:
3112:
1909:
1129:
998:
670:
On 12 December, the campaign was launched with simultaneous attacks by around 150 IRA members on targets on the Border in the early hours. A
474:
From then on, armed action was focused on Northern Ireland, which was still part of the United Kingdom and which was dominated by Protestant
428:
The border campaign was the first major military undertaking carried out by the IRA since the 1940s, when the harsh security measures of the
420:
activists. The campaign was a military failure, but for some of its members was justified as it kept the IRA engaged for another generation.
3983:
3366:
3252:
3086:
619:
599:
4200:
3321:
3234:
3191:
2402:
2139:
1657:
788:
On 11 November: The IRA suffered its worst loss of life in the period when four of its members died preparing a bomb in a farm house at
2696:
2684:
2679:
2667:
1005:
4086:
3850:
3753:
3247:
3158:
2933:
2736:
2595:
2407:
2302:
2662:
2943:
2531:
1651:
1480:
1402:
1381:
1329:
1297:
1269:
1237:
1190:
1038:
718:
RUC barracks on the same day were beaten off. On 21 December: In response to the statement the government of Northern Ireland under
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2648:
1885:
987:
4109:
3133:
2765:
2494:
2123:
2075:
1583:
1714:
1051:
The border campaign was considered a disaster by some IRA members, not least because it enjoyed practically no support from the
760:
died of their wounds as they were making their escape. The remainder of the group were pursued back over the border by 400 RUC,
3746:
3373:
2819:
2477:
2155:
1905:
1844:
1070:, who became IRA Chief of Staff in 1962, tried to move the IRA away from pure militarism and towards left wing and ultimately
3378:
3274:
2948:
2928:
2883:
2581:
2536:
2179:
976:
937:
The 1 January 1957 attack on the joint RUC/B Specials barracks in Brookeborough, County Fermanagh is referenced in the song
3356:
3065:
2979:
2387:
2332:
2045:
571:
2838:
1766:
4013:
3331:
3257:
3107:
3040:
2964:
2795:
2562:
2392:
2187:
2099:
461:
1141:
As found in the IRA statement ending the campaign in February 1962, presented in J. Bowyer Bell, The Secret Army, 1979.
649:
against the Catholic/nationalist population there. This had happened on a large scale in 1920–22, during and after the
3351:
2724:
2456:
2211:
1925:
908:
614:
constituencies in Northern Ireland, with a total of 152,310 votes. This appeared to show that there was a substantial
246:
4056:
3695:
3361:
3055:
1012:
2372:
2337:
2241:
1163:
see Tim Pat Coogan, "Jail journal of a 'last hurrah' republican," The Sunday Business Post Online, 13 January 2008
1083:
965:
872:
733:
563:
guns, two mortars and dummy mortar bombs. The police seized the van carrying the stolen weapons some hours later.
289:
4185:
4180:
3763:
3619:
3339:
3153:
3075:
3060:
3045:
2893:
2828:
2790:
2780:
2770:
2630:
2292:
1920:
650:
579:
436:
governments had severely weakened it. In 1939-40 the IRA carried out a sabotage/bombing campaign in England (the
236:
748:
4008:
3138:
2752:
867:
Although it had faded away by the late 1950s, the campaign was officially called off on 26 February 1962. In a
702:
hierarchy, many units were given absolution before going out on operation. On 14 December: an IRA column under
452:
In principle, the IRA wished to overthrow both "partitionist" states in Ireland, both Northern Ireland and the
80:
2352:
785:
impossible for the IRA, most of whose leadership was imprisoned, to maintain the momentum of their campaign.
505:
set out to create "a new Army, untarnished by the dissent and scandals of the previous decade," according to
4195:
4076:
4025:
3741:
3493:
3242:
3102:
2908:
2853:
2843:
2810:
2643:
2555:
1940:
441:
53:
4096:
3973:
3599:
3119:
2974:
2863:
2814:
2461:
888:
The statement was released by the Irish Republican Publicity Bureau and signed "J. McGarrity, Secretary."
852:
827:
107:
567:
3758:
3729:
3262:
699:
89:
2485:
2195:
98:
482:
in the 1930s, gained currency within IRA circles as the 1950s went on. In 1954, after an arms raid at
125:
4128:
3895:
3666:
3643:
3428:
3314:
3168:
3143:
3012:
2833:
2805:
2505:
2500:
2490:
2002:
1981:
1976:
1877:
71:
62:
4003:
3905:
3830:
3801:
3689:
3534:
3224:
3214:
3124:
2800:
2657:
2638:
2592:
2521:
2397:
2327:
1837:
1060:
923:
843:
In November 1961, an RUC officer, William Hunter, was killed in a gun battle with the IRA in south
615:
479:
475:
464:
429:
379:
1737:"Irish News - Veteran Irish journalist and producer Paul Waters on his debut novel Blackwatertown"
591:
4030:
3963:
3958:
3885:
3868:
3786:
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3401:
3030:
2898:
2848:
2785:
2760:
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2674:
2618:
1891:
1762:
823:
797:
457:
3294:
2362:
789:
753:
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was blown up. A raid on Gough barracks in Armagh was beaten off after a brief exchange of fire.
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3991:
3711:
3573:
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3304:
3209:
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1398:
1377:
1325:
1293:
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1233:
1186:
1125:
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had decided not to take part in the election, its supporters had voted for Sinn FĂ©in instead.
510:
478:. The idea of a campaign launched from the Republic against Northern Ireland, first mooted by
397:
358:
242:
1641:
3920:
3900:
3721:
3676:
3050:
2731:
2713:
2600:
2107:
2091:
1997:
1971:
1915:
1881:
1152:
876:
778:
587:
456:, both of which it deemed to be illegitimate entities imposed by Britain at the time of the
453:
433:
417:
409:
375:
267:
1074:
politics. This process ended with the 1969/70 split in the republican movement between the
864:
Northern Ireland, 89 had signed a pledge to renounce violence in return for their freedom.
744:
The year 1957 was the most active year of the IRA's campaign, with 341 incidents recorded.
547:
4020:
3948:
3943:
3781:
3773:
3651:
3578:
3219:
2903:
2878:
2297:
2261:
2233:
1901:
1221:
1079:
1067:
848:
679:
646:
2115:
703:
498:
repeated that IRA policy was directed solely against British forces in Northern Ireland.
4155:
4051:
3890:
3878:
3656:
3468:
2984:
2719:
2703:
2653:
2433:
2225:
2171:
2147:
2012:
1830:
1543:
1285:
728:
631:
551:
506:
483:
413:
340:
314:
278:
210:
4169:
3706:
3539:
3413:
2888:
2873:
2367:
2357:
2347:
2342:
2322:
2282:
1945:
1930:
1706:
1261:
868:
844:
757:
635:
17:
1822:
875:
who consulted with several other persons including members of the Army Council, the
3860:
3796:
3791:
3701:
3684:
3509:
3448:
2938:
2923:
2451:
2287:
2163:
2131:
2053:
1955:
1817:
1098:
1091:
1087:
1075:
832:
810:
793:
606:(since 1949, largely dominated by IRA members) candidates were elected MPs for the
224:
2469:
2443:
768:
630:
The plan for the border campaign – codenamed "Operation Harvest" – was devised by
603:
546:. At the latter raid on Gough barracks in Armagh in June 1954, the IRA seized 250
514:
1352:"THE WAY WE WERE: No pomp or ceremony as keys for Gough Barracks are handed back"
3997:
3910:
3609:
3553:
3514:
2775:
2412:
2317:
2307:
2083:
2067:
1950:
954:
819:
691:
675:
302:
1813:
4091:
3735:
3614:
3524:
3488:
3478:
3284:
2526:
2382:
2377:
2203:
1771:
1253:
1176:. McFarland, Incorporated Publishers. Jefferson NC, p. 138. ISBN 9781476623726
927:
912:
761:
683:
575:
502:
495:
491:
445:
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3844:
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3458:
3433:
2858:
1229:
707:
539:
3809:
3529:
4035:
3968:
3633:
3519:
3463:
2868:
1450:
The Lost Revolution: The Story of the Official IRA and the Workers' Party
1437:
The Lost Revolution: The Story of the Official IRA and the Workers' Party
1322:
The Lost Revolution: The Story of the Official IRA and the Workers' Party
711:
555:
3953:
3938:
3837:
3624:
3604:
2578:
1776:
1071:
979: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
931:
772:
Commemorative plaque to the Edentubber Martyrs, killed in November 1957
642:
570:
blew himself up with his own bomb in the summer of that year. Another,
1097:
The Officials and Provisionals went their separate ways in 1969. The
3823:
3816:
3661:
3594:
3453:
2017:
847:. This was the final fatality of the conflict. Minister for Justice,
715:
583:
543:
487:
437:
826:
resulting in the destruction of the largest border customs post at
706:
detonated four bombs (one of which blew in the front wall) outside
3873:
3443:
767:
687:
674:
relay transmitter was bombed in Derry, a courthouse was burned in
535:
531:
527:
2547:
618:
support base within Northern Ireland. However, as the mainstream
412:, with the aim of overthrowing British rule there and creating a
918:
In 2020, the campaign formed the backdrop of the crime thriller
855:, which handed down long prison sentences to convicted IRA men.
560:
3399:
3189:
3010:
2616:
2551:
1826:
1804:, by Barry Flynn, published by The Collins Press, October 2009
1185:
Patrick Bishop, Eamonn Mallie, The Provisional IRA,Corgi 1988,
416:. It was also referred to as the "resistance campaign" by some
116:
3561:
1707:"Irish Film & TV Research Online - Trinity College Dublin"
948:
901:
710:
RUC station before raking it with gunfire. Further attacks on
671:
509:. One of its advisers was a retired British Major-General,
1584:"Memorial for IRA bombers splits opinion in Enniscorthy"
1376:
MLR Smith. "Fighting for Ireland?" Routledge 1995 p.67.
2990:
List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland
1530:
1528:
1802:
Soldiers of Folly – The IRA Border Campaign 1956–1962
1426:
Bell, The Secret Army, p. 285 and note 17, p. 287-88.
777:
Clann na Poblachta (led by former IRA Chief of Staff
2720:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
173:
IRA campaign fails, hundreds of republicans interned
4044:
3982:
3919:
3859:
3772:
3720:
3675:
3642:
3587:
3552:
3502:
3421:
3412:
3330:
3233:
3202:
3095:
3023:
2957:
2745:
2629:
2514:
2426:
2273:
2036:
1990:
1964:
1860:
1174:
The IRA Bombing Campaign Against Britain, 1939-1940
3083:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland
915:, in John Drake's attempt to uncover an IRA cell.
634:. It envisaged the use of guerrilla units called
578:("Free Ulster") and in November 1955, attacked a
594:, burned down some customs posts on the border.
3929:Association football in the Republic of Ireland
881:
372:8 IRA men killed, 4 republican civilians killed
34:
1202:J. Bowyer Bell, The Secret Army, 1979, p. 266.
147:(5 years, 2 months and 2 weeks)
2563:
1838:
1312:J. Bowyer Bell, The Secret Army, 1979, p. 246
8:
1475:. New York: St. Martins Press. p. 305.
1341:J. Bowyer Bell, The Secret Army, pp. 247–48.
988:"Border campaign" Irish Republican Army
396:(12 December 1956 – 26 February 1962) was a
2692:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
907:The campaign was referenced in the episode
900:In 2007, the campaign was the subject of a
27:1956–62 conflict between the IRA and the UK
4115:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland
3418:
3409:
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3199:
3186:
3020:
3007:
2626:
2613:
2570:
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1845:
1831:
1823:
1397:. Dublin: The O'Brien Press. p. 137.
31:
1039:Learn how and when to remove this message
3934:Association football in Northern Ireland
1106:, which was to claim up to 1,800 lives.
3130:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland
1687:J.B. Bell, The Secret Army, pp. 325–26.
1522:Robert White, Ruairi O Bradaigh, p. 61.
1114:
1743:from the original on 22 September 2021
1660:from the original on 22 September 2021
1643:Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA
1226:Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA
1122:Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA
1640:English, Richard (4 September 2008).
1564:Bishop, Mallie, Provisional IRA, p.43
7:
1717:from the original on 7 November 2016
1594:from the original on 7 November 2016
977:adding citations to reliable sources
145:12 December 1956 – 26 February 1962
3159:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland
2934:Economy of the Republic of Ireland
2732:Irish Free State (1922–1937)
2408:Patrick McGrath (Irish republican)
1358:from the original on 23 April 2019
1104:Provisional IRA campaign 1969–1997
690:and a half-built Army barracks at
655:The Troubles in Ulster (1920–1922)
25:
4191:Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)
2944:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn
2532:Provisional Irish Republican Army
1873:Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)
1854:Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)
1324:, Brian Hanley and Scott Millar,
641:No actions were to take place in
374:Over 400 republicans interned in
4149:
3113:Tallest buildings and structures
2495:Communist Party of Great Britain
953:
678:by a unit led by an 18-year-old
357:
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4176:Irish Republican Army campaigns
1790:J. Bowyer Bell, The Secret Army
964:needs additional citations for
378:, ~150 republicans interned in
2949:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis
2537:Official Irish Republican Army
2008:Anti-Treaty Guerrilla Campaign
1292:. Fontana Books. p. 266.
1:
1936:Collaboration with the Abwehr
1646:. Pan Macmillan. p. 76.
1395:Joe Cahill: a life in the IRA
922:by Paul Waters, published by
4014:Northern Ireland flags issue
2965:List of conflicts in Ireland
2709:Southern Ireland (1921–1922)
2478:Cumann Poblachta na hÉireann
1956:Officials-Provisionals split
1573:English, Armed Struggle, p74
871:issued that day, drafted by
2985:Gaelic clothing and fashion
2457:National Graves Association
1926:Irish republican legitimism
1504:Hanley and Miller, pp.14–15
1258:A Secret History of the IRA
926:in paperback and ebook and
600:UK general election of 1955
247:Ulster Special Constabulary
4217:
4201:Anti-imperialism in Europe
1546:, The Secret Army, p. 299.
1393:Anderson, Brendan (2002).
612:Fermanagh and South Tyrone
574:founded a breakaway group
4145:
3408:
3395:
3198:
3185:
3019:
3006:
2625:
2612:
2588:
1772:"Sean South of Garryowen"
651:Irish War of Independence
580:Royal Ulster Constabulary
408:(IRA) against targets in
366:
321:
254:
237:Royal Ulster Constabulary
183:
137:
41:
384:6 RUC constables killed,
345:Several thousand troops
4106:Prostitution (Republic)
2447:(1922–26 & 1938–69)
1814:Article on the campaign
1612:Hanley, Millar, p.17-18
1513:Hanley and Millar, p.15
1495:Bishop, Mallie, page 41
1461:Hanley and Miller, p.14
939:Sean South of Garyowen.
2975:List of Irish kingdoms
2462:Comhairle na Poblachta
1921:Comhairle na dTeachtaĂ
1896:in relation to the IRA
886:
853:Special Criminal Court
828:Killean, County Armagh
773:
334:~Around 200 Volunteers
255:Commanders and leaders
4082:Mass media (Republic)
4026:National coat of arms
2914:IRA Northern Campaign
771:
626:Planning the campaign
444:in Northern Ireland.
406:Irish Republican Army
404:) carried out by the
367:Casualties and losses
197:Irish Republican Army
18:Border campaign (IRA)
4004:County coats of arms
3896:List of Irish people
2970:List of Irish tribes
2820:Cromwellian conquest
2806:Plantation of Ulster
2737:Ireland (since 1922)
2501:Wolfe Tone Societies
2491:Connolly Association
2003:Battle of Kilmallock
1982:IRA Southern Command
1977:IRA Northern Command
1678:Coogan (2002), p.327
1621:Hanley, Millar, p.18
1534:Hanley, Millar, p.17
1471:Coogan, Tim (2002).
1211:Bowyer Bell, p. 246.
1172:McKenna, J. (2016).
1124:by Richard English (
973:improve this article
400:campaign (codenamed
4119:in Northern Ireland
4110:in Northern Ireland
3851:Legendary creatures
3764:Traditional singing
3600:Saint Patrick's Day
3235:Republic of Ireland
3164:Tourist attractions
3149:ROI–UK border
3134:of Northern Ireland
3087:in Northern Ireland
2919:IRA Border Campaign
2894:War of Independence
2864:Second Great Famine
2849:Act of Union (1800)
2801:Flight of the Earls
2658:Lordship of Ireland
2593:Republic of Ireland
2522:Republican Congress
1951:Haughey arms crisis
1630:Mallie, Bishop, p45
1448:Hanley and Miller,
1435:Hanley and Miller,
859:End of the campaign
501:IRA Chief of Staff
490:, a speaker at the
465:Republic of Ireland
462:recently proclaimed
430:Republic of Ireland
380:Republic of Ireland
37:(Operation Harvest)
4156:Ireland portal
3474:Skirts and kidneys
2980:List of High Kings
2899:Anglo-Irish Treaty
2839:First Great Famine
2824:Settlement of 1652
2796:Tyrone's Rebellion
2786:Desmond Rebellions
2675:Kingdom of Ireland
2486:CĂłras na Poblachta
2353:Tomás Ó Dubhghaill
2255:Ruairà Ó Brádaigh
1892:Anglo-Irish Treaty
1739:. 19 August 2020.
1264:. pp. 49–50.
895:In popular culture
798:Edentubber Martyrs
774:
724:Special Powers Act
582:(RUC) barracks at
458:Anglo-Irish Treaty
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2373:Seán Mac StĂofáin
2338:MáirtĂn Ă“ Cadhain
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2196:Willie McGuinness
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2023:Northern Campaign
2018:Sabotage Campaign
1878:British Partition
1130:978-0-19-517753-4
1084:Ruairà Ó Brádaigh
1049:
1048:
1041:
1023:
873:Ruairà Ó Brádaigh
734:Ruairà Ó Brádaigh
620:Nationalist Party
511:Eric Dorman-Smith
494:commemoration at
467:, amounting to a
402:Operation Harvest
398:guerrilla warfare
390:
389:
290:Ruairà Ó Brádaigh
179:
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16:(Redirected from
4208:
4186:1960s in Ireland
4181:1950s in Ireland
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3831:Tuatha DĂ© Danann
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2884:Home Rule crisis
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2403:Éamonn O'Doherty
2398:Peadar O'Donnell
2328:Seamus O'Donovan
2293:Erskine Childers
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1998:Battle of Dublin
1972:IRA Army Council
1916:Munster Republic
1886:Southern Ireland
1882:Northern Ireland
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1780:. 19 March 2015.
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3944:Gaelic football
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2815:Confederate War
2766:Norman invasion
2753:Battles of Tara
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2303:Richard Barrett
2298:Michael Carolan
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2262:Cathal Goulding
2234:John Joe McGirl
2188:Patrick Fleming
2140:Seán Harrington
2038:Chiefs of Staff
2032:
2028:Border Campaign
1986:
1960:
1902:Irish Civil War
1856:
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1797:Further reading
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1767:Wayback Machine
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1068:Cathal Goulding
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1441:
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1385:
1369:
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1298:
1277:
1270:
1245:
1238:
1232:. p. 71.
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1108:
1047:
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920:Blackwatertown
916:
905:
896:
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837:
805:
802:
741:
738:
729:Teeling Column
700:Roman Catholic
667:
664:
662:
659:
636:flying columns
627:
624:
522:
519:
507:J. Bowyer Bell
484:Gough Barracks
425:
422:
414:united Ireland
388:
387:
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369:
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364:
363:
335:
324:
323:
319:
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315:Albert Kennedy
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211:United Kingdom
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4124:Public houses
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3380:
3379:Peace process
3377:
3375:
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3365:
3364:
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3360:
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3333:
3329:
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3320:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3309:(upper house)
3307:
3303:
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3299:(lower house)
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3218:
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3215:Republicanism
3213:
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3208:
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3201:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3184:
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2935:
2932:
2930:
2929:Peace process
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2909:The Emergency
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2889:Easter Rising
2887:
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2874:Fenian Rising
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2650:
2649:Early history
2647:
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2368:Manus Canning
2366:
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2349:
2348:Dominic Behan
2346:
2344:
2343:Brendan Behan
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
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2329:
2326:
2324:
2323:Paddy McLogan
2321:
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2283:Cathal Brugha
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2275:Personalities
2272:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2213:
2212:Richard Burke
2210:
2205:
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2197:
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2178:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2157:
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2141:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2124:Stephen Hayes
2122:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2092:Seán MacBride
2090:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2076:Andrew Cooney
2074:
2069:
2066:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1946:Plan Kathleen
1944:
1942:
1941:The Emergency
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1931:Abstentionism
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1907:
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1653:9780330475785
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1489:
1484:
1482:0-312-29416-6
1478:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1455:
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1445:
1442:
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1432:
1429:
1423:
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1414:
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1406:
1404:0-86278-674-6
1400:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1382:0-415-09161-6
1379:
1373:
1370:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1330:1-84488-120-2
1327:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1301:
1299:0-00-636943-X
1295:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1271:0-14-101041-X
1267:
1263:
1262:Penguin Books
1259:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1239:0-330-49388-4
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1191:0-552-13337-X
1188:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1153:Joe McGarrity
1147:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1107:
1105:
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1085:
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1065:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1043:
1040:
1032:
1029:December 2017
1021:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
997:
993:
990: –
989:
985:
984:Find sources:
978:
974:
968:
967:
962:This section
960:
956:
951:
950:
944:
940:
936:
934:in audiobook.
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
914:
910:
909:The Sanctuary
906:
903:
899:
898:
894:
892:
889:
885:
880:
878:
874:
870:
869:press release
865:
858:
856:
854:
850:
846:
845:County Armagh
838:
836:
834:
829:
825:
821:
815:
812:
803:
801:
799:
795:
791:
786:
782:
780:
779:Seán MacBride
770:
766:
763:
759:
755:
750:
745:
739:
737:
735:
730:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
695:
693:
689:
685:
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673:
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127:
109:
100:
91:
82:
73:
64:
55:
48:
40:
33:
30:
19:
4147:
4117: /
4108: /
4099: /
4077:Homelessness
3996:
3964:Road bowling
3959:Martial arts
3906:Ulster Scots
3843:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3787:Mythological
3734:
3694:
3667:Ulster Scots
3627: /
3566:
3494:Three-in-One
3305:
3296:Dáil Éireann
3295:
3285:
3243:Constitution
3132: /
3103:Architecture
3085: /
2958:Other topics
2939:Celtic Tiger
2924:The Troubles
2918:
2822: /
2813: /
2759: /
2755: /
2656: /
2644:Protohistory
2452:Clan na Gael
2288:Liam Mellows
2249:Seán Cronin
2164:Hugh McAteer
2156:Eoin McNamee
2132:Pearse Kelly
2116:Seán Russell
2054:Joe McKelvey
2027:
1965:Organisation
1818:An Phoblacht
1801:
1800:
1786:
1775:
1763:Ghostarchive
1761:Archived at
1757:
1747:16 September
1745:. Retrieved
1731:
1719:. Retrieved
1710:
1701:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1664:21 September
1662:. Retrieved
1642:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1596:. Retrieved
1587:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1539:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1472:
1466:
1457:
1449:
1444:
1436:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1394:
1388:
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1346:
1337:
1321:
1317:
1308:
1289:
1280:
1257:
1248:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1198:
1181:
1173:
1168:
1159:
1146:
1137:
1121:
1117:
1099:Official IRA
1096:
1092:Official IRA
1090:"), but the
1088:The Troubles
1076:Official IRA
1066:
1058:
1050:
1035:
1026:
1016:
1009:
1002:
995:
983:
971:Please help
966:verification
963:
938:
919:
904:documentary.
890:
887:
882:
866:
862:
842:
833:Curragh Camp
816:
811:County Laois
807:
794:County Louth
787:
783:
775:
746:
743:
720:Basil Brooke
704:Seán Garland
696:
669:
661:The campaign
640:
629:
596:
592:Joe Christle
565:
524:
500:
473:
468:
451:
427:
401:
393:
391:
347:
337:
225:British Army
201:
184:Belligerents
168:
158:Irish border
29:
4097:Place names
3974:Rugby union
3869:Anglo-Irish
3754:Instruments
3610:The Twelfth
3574:Set dancing
3374:LGBT rights
3280:LGBT rights
3210:Nationalism
2776:Black Death
2515:Derivatives
2413:Billy McKee
2318:Tom Maguire
2308:Hugh Corvin
2226:Seán Cronin
2219:Tony Magan
2180:Harry White
2148:Seán McCool
2084:Moss Twomey
2068:Frank Aiken
2061:Liam Lynch
1254:Moloney, Ed
1059:The larger
1053:nationalist
824:Londonderry
804:1958 – 1960
692:Enniskillen
682:, as was a
676:Magherafelt
632:Seán Cronin
550:rifles, 37
548:Lee–Enfield
317:(from 1961)
303:Richard Pim
279:Seán Cronin
4170:Categories
3998:Cláirseach
3901:Travellers
3759:Rock music
3742:Folk music
3677:Literature
3479:Soda bread
3362:Government
3289:parliament
3286:Oireachtas
3263:Government
3203:Ideologies
2834:Penal Laws
2725:since 1922
2639:Prehistory
2527:Saor Uladh
2427:Associates
2388:Liam Kelly
2383:Joe McCann
2378:Joe Cahill
2358:Seán South
2333:Frank Ryan
2204:Tony Magan
2046:Liam Lynch
1910:Executions
1711:www.tcd.ie
1132:), page 73
1110:References
999:newspapers
928:W.F. Howes
913:Danger Man
790:Edentubber
762:B Specials
758:Seán South
686:post near
684:B-Specials
608:Mid-Ulster
576:Saor Uladh
572:Liam Kelly
503:Tony Magan
496:Bodenstown
492:Wolfe Tone
446:Internment
424:Background
386:32 wounded
4129:Squatting
3845:Fomorians
3774:Mythology
3644:Languages
3629:Halloween
3605:Bealtaine
3588:Festivals
3579:Stepdance
3484:Spice Bag
3469:Irish fry
3459:Colcannon
3434:Barmbrack
3357:Education
3315:President
3253:Education
3169:Transport
3144:Provinces
3066:Mountains
3041:Coastline
3013:Geography
2904:Civil War
2859:Tithe War
2481:(1936–37)
2470:Saor Éire
2465:(1929–31)
2444:Sinn FĂ©in
2393:Tom Hales
2265:(1962–69)
2257:(1960–62)
2251:(1959–60)
2245:(1958–59)
2229:(1957–58)
2207:(1948–57)
2199:(1947–48)
2191:(1945–47)
2183:(1944–45)
2175:(1942–44)
2143:(1941–42)
2127:(1940–41)
2119:(1938–40)
2111:(1937–38)
2103:(1936–37)
2100:Tom Barry
2087:(1926–36)
2079:(1925–26)
2071:(1923–25)
2063:(1922–23)
1868:Genealogy
1230:Pan Books
1151:pen-name
945:Aftermath
722:used the
708:Lisnaskea
647:loyalists
604:Sinn FĂ©in
556:Bren guns
540:Berkshire
521:Re-arming
515:Sinn FĂ©in
480:Tom Barry
476:unionists
4087:Monastic
4052:Calendar
4036:Shamrock
4031:Red Hand
3969:Rounders
3634:Wren Day
3568:Sean-nĂłs
3520:Guinness
3464:Drisheen
3340:Assembly
3322:Taxation
3225:Unionism
3192:Politics
3125:Counties
2869:Land War
2761:Clontarf
2757:Glenmama
2631:Timeline
1906:Timeline
1765:and the
1741:Archived
1721:26 March
1715:Archived
1658:Archived
1598:26 March
1592:Archived
1362:26 March
1356:Archived
1288:(1987).
1256:(2002).
1224:(2003).
1061:unionist
879:stated:
712:Derrylin
469:de facto
442:campaign
322:Strength
152:Location
4057:Castles
3984:Symbols
3954:Hurling
3939:Camogie
3838:Firbolg
3824:Immrama
3817:Echtrai
3747:session
3730:Ballads
3707:Theatre
3696:Gaeilge
3690:Fiction
3625:Samhain
3540:Whiskey
3414:Cuisine
3402:Culture
3352:Economy
3248:Economy
3056:Islands
3031:Climate
3024:Natural
2619:History
2579:Ireland
1991:Attacks
1861:General
1777:YouTube
1473:The IRA
1332:, pp. 3
1290:The IRA
1072:Marxist
1013:scholar
932:RBMedia
924:Unbound
643:Belfast
602:, when
554:, nine
362:12,500+
156:Mainly
4062:Cinema
3861:People
3810:Aos SĂ
3797:Ulster
3792:Fenian
3782:Cycles
3712:Triads
3702:Poetry
3685:Annals
3662:Shelta
3615:LĂşnasa
3595:Imbolc
3530:PoitĂn
3510:Coffee
3503:Drinks
3454:Coddle
3120:Cities
3071:Rivers
3061:Loughs
2746:Events
2604:topics
2596:topics
2582:topics
2473:(1931)
2237:(1958)
2221:(1957)
2215:(1957)
2167:(1942)
2159:(1942)
2151:(1942)
2135:(1941)
2095:(1936)
2057:(1922)
2049:(1922)
1908:&
1884:&
1650:
1479:
1452:, p.14
1439:, p.15
1401:
1380:
1328:
1296:
1268:
1236:
1193:p. 37.
1189:
1128:
1015:
1008:
1001:
994:
986:
716:Roslea
653:.(see
584:Roslea
544:Armagh
488:Armagh
438:S-Plan
355:2,800
222:
208:
165:Result
4092:Names
4045:Other
4009:Flags
3921:Sport
3874:Gaels
3802:Kings
3736:CĂ©ilĂ
3722:Music
3657:Irish
3554:Dance
3515:Cream
3449:Champ
3444:Boxty
3367:local
3268:local
3154:Towns
3139:Ports
3096:Human
3051:Fauna
1816:from
1020:JSTOR
1006:books
688:Newry
536:Essex
532:Omagh
528:Derry
3911:Yola
3525:Mist
3489:Stew
3422:Food
3076:list
1749:2020
1723:2018
1666:2020
1648:ISBN
1600:2018
1477:ISBN
1399:ISBN
1378:ISBN
1364:2018
1326:ISBN
1294:ISBN
1266:ISBN
1234:ISBN
1187:ISBN
1126:ISBN
1078:and
992:news
930:now
839:1961
820:Down
756:and
740:1957
714:and
666:1956
610:and
561:Sten
542:and
432:and
392:The
142:Date
3562:Jig
3535:Tea
3275:Law
975:by
911:of
902:TG4
822:to
800:".
672:BBC
586:in
486:in
4172::
1774:.
1769::
1713:.
1709:.
1656:.
1590:.
1586:.
1527:^
1354:.
1260:.
1228:.
792:,
736:.
657:)
538:,
534:,
530:,
2571:e
2564:t
2557:v
2497:)
2493:(
1912:)
1904:(
1898:)
1894:(
1888:)
1880:(
1846:e
1839:t
1832:v
1751:.
1725:.
1668:.
1602:.
1485:.
1407:.
1366:.
1302:.
1274:.
1242:.
1042:)
1036:(
1031:)
1027:(
1017:·
1010:·
1003:·
996:·
969:.
20:)
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