Border states (American Civil War)

303:, where the demand was still high for field hands on cotton plantations. In contrast to the near-unanimity of voters in the seven cotton states in the lower South, which held the highest number of slaves, the border slave states of the upland South were bitterly divided about secession and were not eager to leave the Union. Border Unionists hoped that a compromise would be reached, and they assumed that Lincoln would not send troops to attack the South. Border secessionists paid less attention to the slavery issue in 1861, since their states' economies were based more on tobacco plantations, and trade with the North than on cotton. Their main concern in 1861 was federal coercion; some residents viewed Lincoln's call to arms as a repudiation of the American traditions of states' rights, democracy, liberty, and a republican form of government. Secessionists insisted that Washington had usurped illegitimate powers in defiance of the Constitution, and thereby had lost its legitimacy. After Lincoln issued a call for troops, Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina promptly seceded and joined the Confederacy. A secession movement began in western Virginia, where most farmers were 935: 96: 382:. It has been estimated that, of the state's 1860 population of 687,000, about 4,000 Marylanders traveled south to fight for the Confederacy. While the number of Marylanders in Confederate service is often reported as 20,000–25,000 based on an oral statement of General Cooper to General Trimble, other contemporary reports refute this number and offer more detailed estimates in the range of 3,500 (Livermore) to just under 4,700 (McKim). West Virginia was unique among the Union leaning states in that it did not give most of its soldiers to the Union, they were about equally divided, and it was the only state to contain many counties that had formally voted to secede from the Union. 80: 324: 5999: 5189: 5199: 976:, which granted permission for the formation of a new state on August 20, 1861. The new West Virginia state constitution was passed by the Unionist counties in the spring of 1862, and this was approved by the restored Virginia government in May 1862. The statehood bill for West Virginia was passed by the United States Congress in December and signed by President Lincoln on December 31, 1862. 5989: 673:, would not recognize the Kentucky Confederates or their attempts to establish a government in his state. He continued to declare Kentucky's official status in the war as a neutral state even though the legislature backed the Union. Fed up with the party divisions within the population and legislature, Magoffin announced a special session of the legislature and resigned his office in 1862. 366:

African Americans) fought in the Union Army and 86,000 in the Confederate Army. Approximately 35,000–40,000 Kentuckians served as Confederate soldiers, while an estimated 80,000–125,000 Kentuckians served as Union soldiers, including over 20,000 freed or runaway Kentucky slaves and soldiers subject to Union drafts. By the end of the war in 1865, nearly 110,000 Missourians had served in the

256:, as directed by Congress, did not apply to the border states because they never seceded. They did undergo their own process of readjustment and political realignment after passage of amendments abolishing slavery and granting citizenship and the right to vote to freedmen. After 1880 most of these jurisdictions were dominated by white Democrats, who passed laws to impose the 6009: 943: 36: 959:. A statewide convention first met on February 13; after the attack on Fort Sumter and Lincoln's call to arms, it voted for secession on April 17, 1861. The decision was dependent on ratification by a statewide referendum. Western leaders held mass rallies and prepared to separate, so that this area could remain in the Union. Unionists met at the 912:. The battle, which took place in the modern-day Westport neighborhood of Kansas City, is identified as the "Gettysburg of the West"; it marked a definitive end to organized Confederate incursions inside Missouri's borders. The Republicans made major gains in the fall 1864 elections on the basis of Union victories and Confederate ineptness. 311:

governments and bitterly divided area of warfare, falling under Union occupation after 1862. Union military forces were used to guarantee that these states remained in the Union. The western counties of Virginia rejected secession, set up a loyal government of Virginia (with representation in the U.S. Congress), and created the new state of

398:), but the two states were never fully or officially under Confederate control, though at various points Confederate armies did enter those states and both states' Confederate governments controlled certain parts of them, with the Confederacy controlling more than half of Kentucky and the southern portion of Missouri early in the war. 594:, in the summer of 1861. In response, the Kentucky legislature passed a resolution on September 7 that directed the governor to demand the evacuation of the Confederate forces from Kentucky soil. Magoffin vetoed the proclamation, but the legislature overrode his veto, and Magoffin issued the proclamation. 954:

areas were growing and were based on subsistence farms by yeomen; its residents held few slaves, as shown by the first map. The planters of the eastern section were wealthy slaveholders who dominated state government. By December 1860 secession was being publicly debated throughout Virginia. Leading

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on June 14, 1861, in the face of Lyon's rapid advance against the state government. In the absence of most of the now exiled state government, the Missouri Constitutional Convention reconvened in late July. On July 30, the convention declared the state offices vacant, and appointed a new provisional

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With these border southern states of the Upper South having geographic, social, political, and economic connections to both the North and South, the border states were critical to the outcome of the war. They are still considered to delineate the cultural border between the North and South, with the

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did not apply to the border states, because they were not in rebellion. Of the states that were exempted from the proclamation, Maryland (1864), Missouri and Tennessee (January 1865), and West Virginia (February 1865) abolished slavery before the war ended. However, Delaware and Kentucky, while they

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did not yet exist. There were various proposals, however, to create a new territory within the southern half of the New Mexico Territory prior to the war. The southern half of the territory was pro-Confederate while the northern half was pro-Union. The southern half was also a target of Confederate

1065:, while much of its claimed territory was still held by the Confederacy. It called a state constitutional convention to make reforms in the state's pre-war constitution. In 1864, it adopted a new state constitution abolishing slavery, which in 1865 came to cover the entire state as the war ended. 708:

was sent to the states for ratification in February 1865, Kentucky's governor in presenting it to the legislature admitted that the continuation of slavery in the state was hopeless. While notices of slave sales continued, prices fell dramatically. But the legislature refused to ratify, leaving the

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rejected secession overwhelmingly; the House of Representatives was unanimous. There was quiet sympathy for the Confederacy by some state leaders, but it was tempered by distance; Delaware was entirely bordered by Union territory. Historian John Munroe concluded that the average citizen of Delaware

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contributed white battalions to both the Union and Confederate armies (South Carolina Unionists fought in units from other Union states), the split was most severe in these border southern states. Sometimes men from the same family fought on opposite sides. About 170,000 border state men (including

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attempting to secede from the Confederacy and join the Union; however, the Confederate legislature of Tennessee rejected the convention and blocked its secession attempt. Jefferson Davis arrested over 3,000 men suspected of being loyal to the Union and held them without trial. Tennessee came under

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Bowling Green as the Confederate state capital of Kentucky, along with half of Kentucky itself, was controlled and administered by the Confederates until February 1862, when General Grant moved from Missouri through Kentucky along the Tennessee line. Confederate Governor Johnson fled Bowling Green

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rejected secession in the spring of 1861, though it refused to reopen rail links with the North. It requested that Union troops be removed from Maryland. The state legislature did not want to secede, but it also did not want to aid in killing southern neighbors in order to force them back into the

992:

West Virginia was required as part of its admission as a state in 1863 to have a gradual emancipation clause in the new state's constitution. Children were born free or as they came of age, and no new slaves could be brought into the state. About 6,000 would remain enslaved. West Virginia later

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with four hundred delegates from twenty-seven counties. The statewide vote in favor of secession was 132,201 to 37,451. An estimated vote on Virginia's ordinance of secession for the 50 counties that became West Virginia is 34,677 to 19,121 against secession, with 24 of the 50 counties favoring

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that Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus was unconstitutional, but the president ignored the ruling in order to meet a national emergency. On September 17, 1861, the day the legislature reconvened, federal troops arrested without charge 27 state legislators (one-third of the Maryland General

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on January 29, 1861. Most people gave strong support to the Union cause. However, guerrilla warfare and raids from pro-slavery forces, mainly spilling over from neighboring Missouri, occurred during the Civil War. Although only one battle of official forces occurred in Kansas, there were 29

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Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri of the Border South, which had many areas with much stronger cultural, geographic, and economic ties to the South than the North, were deeply divided; Kentucky tried to maintain neutrality, but eventually became split between a Unionist and Confederate state

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Kentucky and Missouri had both pro-Confederate and pro-Union governments. West Virginia was formed in 1862–63 after Virginia Unionists from the northwestern counties of the state, then occupied by the Union Army consisting of many newly formed West Virginia regiments, had set up a loyalist

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The ultimate decision about West Virginia was made by the armies in the field. The Confederates were defeated, the Union was triumphant, so West Virginia was born. In late spring 1861 Union troops from Ohio moved into western Virginia with the primary strategic goal of protecting the

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I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game. Kentucky gone, we cannot hold Missouri, nor Maryland. These all against us, and the job on our hands is too large for us. We would as well consent to separation at once, including the surrender of this capitol

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According to Glatthaar (2001), Union forces established "free-fire zones". Union cavalry units would identify and track down scattered Confederate remnants, who had no places to hide and no secret supply bases. To gain recruits, and to threaten St. Louis, Confederate General

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The James' brothers outlawry after the war has been seen as a continuation of guerrilla warfare. Stiles (2002) argues that Jesse James was an intensely political postwar neo-Confederate terrorist, rather than a social bandit or a plain bank robber with a hair-trigger temper.

899:. These had been centers of local support for the guerrillas. Lincoln approved Ewing's plan beforehand. About 20,000 civilians (chiefly women, children, and old men) had to leave their homes. Many never returned, and the counties were economically devastated for years. 582:

by the governor. After the elections, the strongest supporters of neutrality were the Southern sympathizers. While both sides had already been openly enlisting troops from the state, after the elections the Union army established recruitment camps within Kentucky.

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to take Kentucky firmly from August to October 1862, the Kentucky Confederate government, as of 1863, existed only on paper. Its representation in the permanent Confederate Congress was minimal. It was dissolved when the Civil War ended in the spring of 1865.

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and remain in the Union. When Lincoln requested 1,000,000 men to serve in the Union army, however, Magoffin, who was a Southern sympathizer, countered, "Kentucky had no troops to furnish for the wicked purpose of subduing her sister Southern States." The

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Southern sympathizers were outraged at the legislature's decisions and stated that Polk's troops in Kentucky had been en route to counter Grant's forces. Later legislative resolutions passed by Unionists, such as inviting Union General

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In the border south states whose plantation economy was based around tobacco and hemp, slavery was already dying out in certain urban areas and the regions without cotton, especially in cities that were rapidly industrializing, such as

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destroyed Confederate defenses in western Virginia. Raids and recruitment by the Confederacy took place throughout the war. Current estimates of soldiers from West Virginia are 20,000-22,000 men each to the Union and the Confederacy.

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The Second Wheeling Convention opened on June 11 with more than 100 delegates from 32 western counties; they represented nearly one-third of Virginia's total voting population. It announced that state offices were vacant and chose

666:. On December 10, 1861, Kentucky became the 13th state admitted to the Confederacy. Kentucky, along with Missouri, was a state with representatives in both Congresses and had regiments in both the Union and the Confederate Armies. 789:

as governor. President Lincoln's administration immediately recognized the legitimacy of Gamble's government, which provided both pro-Union militia forces for service within the state, and volunteer regiments for the Union Army.

521:, and later released when Maryland was secured for the Union. Because a large part of the legislature was now imprisoned, the session was canceled and representatives did not consider any additional anti-war measures. The song " 1004:

applied to the soldiers of the 11 Confederate states and West Virginia only. Returning Confederate soldiers from the other border states were required to obtain special permits from the War Department. Similarly, the

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raided Missouri with 12,000 men in September/October 1864. Price coordinated his moves with the guerrillas, but was nearly trapped, escaping to Arkansas with only half his force after a decisive Union victory at the

844:

The exiled state government was forced to withdraw into Arkansas. For the rest of the war, it consisted of several wagonloads of civilian politicians attached to various Confederate armies. In 1865, it vanished.

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was almost fully integrated into the Northern economy. Slavery was rare, except in the southern districts of the state; less than two percent of the state's population was enslaved. Both houses of the state

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and numerous violent raids, feuds, and assassinations. Violence was especially severe in West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, and western Missouri. The single bloodiest episode of guerrilla warfare was the 1863

4847: 5166: 4993: 2708: 1918: 6038: 773:, which calmed tensions in the state for several weeks. After Harney was removed, and Lyon placed in charge, a meeting was held in St. Louis at the Planters' House among Lyon, his political ally 880:, and many personal feuds were played out in the violence. Small-unit tactics pioneered by the Missouri Partisan Rangers were used in occupied portions of the Confederacy during the Civil War. 296:, slaves comprised less than a fifth of the population in all five border states, specifically Kentucky (19.5%), Maryland (12.7%), Missouri (9.7%), West Virginia (4.9%), and Delaware (1.6%). 709:

last approximately 65,000 slaves out of a pre-war total 225,483 slaves to await freedom when the amendment became part of the U.S. Constitution in December 1865, without Kentucky's support.

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The unique conditions attendant to the creation of the state led the Federal government to sometimes regard West Virginia as differing from the other border states in the post-war and

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region of western Missouri), the secessionist forces retreated to southwestern Missouri, as they were under pressure from Union reinforcements. On October 30, 1861, in the town of

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made the enrollment and freeing of slaves Union Army policy, commanders extended freedom to the Army recruit's entire family and granted liberty passes to freed slaves. When the

654:, in the summer of 1861, the pro-Confederates in western and central Kentucky moved to establish a Confederate state government in that area. The Russellville Convention met in 5508: 5503: 5488: 5483: 5473: 5463: 4897: 4786: 4771: 2615: 4563: 4483: 3011: 1045:

control of Union forces in 1862 and was occupied to the end of the war. It abolished slavery in January 1865 before the war ended. For this reason, it was omitted from the

390:. Lincoln recognized this government and allowed them to divide the state. Kentucky and Missouri had adopted secession ordinances by their pro-Confederate governments (see 95: 2745: 525:" was written to attack Lincoln's action in blocking pro-Confederate elements. Maryland contributed troops to both the Union (60,000) and the Confederate (25,000) armies. 4591: 1335:

In 1861, "From February into the late spring, North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, and Arkansas were considered border states", says David Stephen Heidler et al., eds.

1258: 728: 5900: 5596: 3006: 777:, Price, and Jackson. The negotiations went nowhere. After a few fruitless hours, Lyon declared, "this means war!" Price and Jackson rapidly departed for the capital. 734:

Jackson, who was pro-Confederate, was disappointed with the outcome. He called up the state militia to their districts for annual training. Jackson had designs on the

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on 25 August 1863 in response to Quantrill's raid on Lawrence, Kansas. The order forced the total evacuation of four counties that fall within the area of modern-day

746:

struck first, encircling the camp and forcing the state militia to surrender. While his troops were marching the prisoners to the arsenal, a deadly riot erupted (the

605:, on the grounds that the Confederacy voided the original pledge by entering Kentucky first. The General Assembly soon ordered for the Union flag be raised over the 4781: 4756: 4558: 4466: 3016: 2750: 727:, called upon the legislature to authorize a state constitutional convention on secession. A special election approved of the convention, and delegates to it. This 265: 6043: 4608: 4251: 3640: 3519: 1137: 5135: 4493: 4246: 4241: 3667: 950:

The serious divisions between the western and eastern sections of Virginia had been simmering for decades, related to class and social differences. The western

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on August 21, 1863, killing 150 civilians, broke up in confusion. Quantrill and a handful of followers moved on to Kentucky, where he was ambushed and killed.

218:, in which at least 150 civilian men and boys were killed. It was launched in retaliation for an earlier, smaller raid into Missouri by Union men from Kansas. 3499: 2569: 1475: 6048: 5056: 4586: 3635: 3394: 5648: 5536: 5228: 5150: 5013: 4998: 3429: 3045: 1213: 1074: 856:

Regular Confederate troops staged several large-scale raids into Missouri, but most of the fighting in the state for the next three years consisted of

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Union. Maryland's wish for neutrality within the Union was a major obstacle given Lincoln's desire to force the South back into the Union militarily.

1858: 700:

By the end of the war more than 70% of the pre-war slaves in Kentucky had been freed by Union military measures or escape to Union lines. After the

174:, saw rival governments, though their territory mostly stayed in Union control after 1862. Four others did not declare for secession until after the 4917: 4852: 3554: 3529: 2765: 2740: 2690: 2670: 1952: 362: 183: 6033: 5638: 5292: 5120: 5095: 4811: 4508: 4404: 4256: 3589: 3469: 2680: 929: 686: 199: 140: 2527: 5061: 4806: 3549: 3544: 3219: 628:

and so Kentucky's neutral status evolved into backing the Union. Most of those who had originally sought neutrality turned to the Union cause.

53: 45: 1009:

was originally designed to apply only to the 11 Confederate states and West Virginia, though claims from other states were sometimes honored.

472:, where there were numerous slaveholders and slaves. Baltimore was strongly tied to the cotton trade and related businesses of the South. The 6012: 6002: 5221: 4633: 3625: 3620: 3484: 3384: 2635: 1953:"KENTUCKY.; SECESSION MESSAGE OF GOV. MAGOFFIN, TO THE LEGISLATURE IN SPECIAL SESSION. Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives" 1804: 1090:

However, some tribes and bands sided with the Union. A bloody civil war resulted in the territory, with severe hardships for all residents.

202:, which was formed from 50 counties of Virginia and became a new slave state in the Union in 1863 (with, initially, gradual abolition law). 5992: 5285: 5244: 4892: 4596: 4568: 3807: 3615: 3584: 3514: 3374: 2948: 2233: 1887: 1493: 4882: 4872: 4523: 4231: 3594: 3559: 3454: 3032: 1253: 1023: 344: Southern border states that permitted slavery, Kentucky and Missouri both had dual competing Confederate and Unionist governments 187: 2353: 1087:), most Indian tribes owned black slaves and sided with the Confederacy, which had promised them an Indian state after it won the war. 677:

with the Confederate state records, headed south, and joined Confederate forces in Tennessee. After Johnson was killed fighting in the

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to enroll volunteers to expel the Confederate forces, requesting the governor to call out the militia, and appointing Union General

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in contrast was strongly pro-Union and had mostly voted against secession. The state even went as far as sending delegates for the

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Fighting ensued between Union forces and a combined army of General Price's Missouri State Guard and Confederate troops from

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If Maryland joined the Confederacy, Washington would have been surrounded. There was popular support for the Confederacy in

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opposed secession and was "strongly Unionist" but hoped for a peaceful solution even if it meant Confederate independence.

158:

and fifteen were slave including the four border states; each of the latter held a comparatively low percentage of slaves.

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Map of Virginia dated June 13, 1861, featuring the percentage of slave population within each county at the 1860 census.

663: 639:, which was recognized by the Confederate States as a member state. Kentucky was represented by the central star on the 491: 2645: 1592:

In nine of the ten chief southern cities, the proportion of slaves steadily declined before the war. The exception was

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in command of Kentucky forces, incensed the Southerners. Magoffin vetoed the resolutions but was overridden each time.

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In elections on June 20 and August 5, 1861, Unionists won enough additional seats in the legislature to overcome any

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These events resulted in greater Confederate support within the state among some factions. The already pro-Southern

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Jackson, Price, and the pro-Confederate portions of the state legislature were forced to flee the state capital of

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Gary L. Cheatham, "'Desperate Characters': The Development and Impact of the Confederate Guerrillas In Kansas",

1456: 1128:" raids against pro-Confederate settlements in Missouri. His forces left more than 150 people dead in Lawrence. 841:. It was recognized by the Confederate Congress, and Missouri was admitted into the Confederacy on November 28. 5742: 5390: 5078: 4962: 4887: 4862: 4857: 4821: 4741: 4439: 4424: 4005: 3509: 3289: 3254: 3189: 3130: 3125: 2855: 1121: 818: 658:

on November 18, 1861. The 116 delegates from 68 counties elected to depose the current government and create a

312: 887:

The Union response was to suppress the guerrillas. It achieved that in western Missouri, as Brigadier General

87:

states, including those admitted during the war; light blue represents southern border states; red represents

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saw a substantial reduction in slavery, did not see the abolition of slavery until December 1865, when the

143:. To their north they bordered free states of the Union, and all but Delaware bordered slave states of the 5937: 5910: 5834: 5717: 5424: 5051: 4751: 4325: 3915: 3752: 3727: 3259: 3160: 3075: 2815: 2724: 1866: 1112: 913: 659: 655: 647: 606: 503: 4161: 837:, Jackson called the supporting parts of the exiled state legislature into session, where they enacted a 299:

Some slaveholders made a profit by selling surplus slaves to traders for transport to the markets of the

5875: 5870: 5732: 5574: 5549: 5429: 5373: 4967: 4867: 4330: 4283: 4193: 3868: 3858: 3304: 3294: 3279: 3229: 3184: 2840: 2825: 2718: 2372: 1980:"A Concise History of the Flags of the Confederate States of America and the Sovereign State of Georgia" 1420: 1273: 896: 830: 769:

of this reformed militia. Price, and Union district commander Harney, came to an agreement known as the

522: 407: 175: 155: 112: 4681: 1755:

Thomas Livermore, Numbers and Losses in the Civil War, Boston, 1900. See chart and explanation, p. 550

2524: 1476:"TENNESSEE STATE CONVENTION: Slavery Declared Forever Abolished; Emancipation Rejoicings in St. Louis" 5920: 5895: 5544: 5125: 4977: 4950: 4419: 4198: 4181: 3838: 3479: 3334: 3319: 3314: 3284: 3269: 3249: 2867: 2771: 2655: 2508: 2461: 1442: 1156: 1062: 774: 758: 731:

voted to remain within the Union, but rejected coercion of the Southern states by the United States.

724: 618: 568: 473: 261: 4263: 5712: 5667: 5662: 5110: 4902: 4791: 4665: 4310: 4010: 3970: 3955: 3848: 3697: 3399: 3369: 3329: 3204: 3165: 3135: 3090: 3050: 2650: 2640: 1218: 985: 969: 960: 877: 747: 670: 427: 5198: 2263: 955:

eastern spokesmen called for secession, while westerners warned they would not be legislated into

5947: 5809: 5752: 5672: 5614: 5584: 5355: 5340: 5315: 4956: 4826: 4352: 4337: 4218: 4176: 4148: 3985: 3950: 3797: 3757: 3274: 3244: 3234: 3110: 3105: 3085: 3080: 3060: 2810: 2713: 2630: 2578: 2323: 1727: 1593: 1263: 1164: 997: 909: 838: 591: 375: 253: 104: 3930: 2241: 1497: 5829: 5819: 5657: 5559: 5350: 5345: 5335: 4454: 4056: 3990: 3925: 3828: 3747: 3707: 3309: 3115: 3070: 2685: 2367:: 168–187. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023 – via Kansas Historical Society. 2208: 2066: 1833: 1827: 1687: 1683: 1654: 1644: 1576: 1532: 1403: 1382: 1358: 1353: 1278: 1184: 1116:

Confederate raids into the state during the war and numerous deaths caused by the guerrillas.

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being an important boundary between them. President Abraham Lincoln and Confederate President

211: 206: 742:

to obtain artillery for the militia in St. Louis. Aware of these developments, Union Captain

555:

Lincoln reportedly also declared, "I hope to have God on my side, but I must have Kentucky."

5692: 5677: 5330: 5270: 4066: 3935: 3905: 3900: 3833: 3772: 3767: 3722: 3389: 3224: 3214: 3120: 3100: 3095: 2845: 2835: 2795: 1192: 1176: 1152: 1117: 1111:" from 1854 to 1859, and was admitted into the Union as a free state under the anti-slavery 1080: 1033: 888: 834: 678: 625: 598: 457: 371: 2135:

A House Divided, A Study of Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia

1775:

A House Divided, A Study of Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia

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West Virginia counties which ratified the Virginia ordinance of Secession on May 23, 1861.

786: 739: 563: 559: 239: 264:

for blacks. However, in contrast to the Confederate States, where almost all blacks were

2438: 1159:, who attempted to establish control there. They had plans to attack the Union state of 689:

was adjourned on February 17, 1862, on the eve of inauguration of a permanent Congress.

17: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5824: 5682: 5579: 5378: 4208: 4156: 3995: 3960: 3920: 3812: 3792: 3787: 3742: 3021: 2862: 2850: 2450: 1791: 1676: 1573:

In the Wake of Slavery: Civil War, Civil Rights, and the Reconstruction of Southern Law

1543:

In 1866, Kentucky refused to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment. It did ratify it in 1976.

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did not vote on any bill to secede but passed two resolutions of neutrality, issuing a

166:

was largely prevented from seceding by local unionists and federal troops. Two others,

2454:

Apostles of Disunion: Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War

723:

After the secession of Southern states began, the newly elected governor of Missouri,

624:

In 1862, the legislature passed an act to disenfranchise citizens who enlisted in the

323: 99:

Historical military map of the border and southern states by Phelps & Watson, 1866

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The Rivers Ran Backward: The Civil War and the Remaking of the American Middle Border

2462:"Migration responses to conflict: evidence from the border of the American Civil war" 1298: 802: 682: 587: 482: 374:. Some 50,000 citizens of Maryland signed up for the military, with most joining the 2354:"'Slavery All the Time or Not At All': The Wyandotte Constitution Debate, 1859–1861" 5962: 5885: 5880: 5280: 4945: 4922: 4912: 4907: 4444: 4386: 4298: 4273: 4186: 4166: 3965: 3863: 2484: 1172: 518: 1167:(both of which also had Southern sympathizers) as well as the eastern side of the 242:

were both born in the border southern state of Kentucky, with Lincoln residing in

1598:"Rearing Wolves to Our Own Destruction": Slavery in Richmond, Virginia, 1782–1865 5957: 5412: 3717: 2755: 2735: 869: 865: 507: 247: 116: 5213: 5942: 5865: 5265: 5100: 3975: 3737: 2938: 2933: 2537: 2503:

A Union Indivisible: Secession and the Politics of Slavery in the Border South

1917:

Roy P. Basler; Marion Dolores Pratt; Lloyd A. Dunlap, assistant, eds. (2001).

1743: 1223: 1200: 1160: 1143: 951: 532:

that prohibited slavery, thus emancipating all remaining slaves in the state.

367: 300: 235: 195: 151: 1987: 685:

was soon named Confederate governor of Kentucky. Shortly afterwards, and the

27:

Slave states that did not secede from the Union during the American Civil War

5952: 5777: 4364: 2512:

A Savage Conflict: The Decisive Role of Guerrillas in the American Civil War

2196:

Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861–1865

2063:

Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri During the American Civil War

1379:

A Savage Conflict: The Decisive Role of Guerrillas in the American Civil War

1268: 1125: 972:

as governor of Virginia (not West Virginia) on June 20. Pierpont headed the

546:

Kentucky was critical to Union victory in the Civil War. Lincoln once said:

461: 282: 278: 266:

disenfranchised during the first half to two-thirds of the twentieth century

1199:

prevented these plans from fruition and Sibley's Confederates fled back to

1764:

Randolph McKim, Numerical Strength of the Confederate Army, New York, 1912

993:

completely abolished slavery in February 1865, before the end of the war.

692:

However, as Union occupation dominated the state after the failure of the

4369: 2014:

Harrison, Lowell H. (1983). "Slavery in Kentucky: A Civil War Casualty".

1921:. University of Michigan Digital Library Production Services. p. 533 1511: 1084: 794: 456:

Union troops had to go through Maryland to reach the national capital at

433: 378:. Approximately a tenth as many enlisted to "go South" and fight for the 257: 243: 205:

Besides combat between regular armies, the border region saw large-scale

2435:

Gray Ghosts of the Confederacy: Guerrilla Warfare in the West, 1861–1865

1731: 1400:

Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri in the American Civil War

83:

Map of the division of the states during the Civil War. Blue represents

2327: 1443:"Archives of Maryland Historical List: Constitutional Convention, 1864" 1147: 956: 942: 1859:"Teaching American History in Maryland – Documents for the Classroom: 1421:"The Lawrence Massacre by a Band of Missouri Ruffians Under Quantrell" 91:

states. Unshaded areas were not states before or during the Civil War.

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Reluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis

1354:

Reluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis

1188: 1180: 304: 215: 2299:"Constitutional Convention, Virginia (1864) – Encyclopedia Virginia" 1324:

Days of Defiance: Sumter, Secession, and the Coming of the Civil War

315:(although it included many counties which had voted for secession). 2159:

Curry "A Reappraisal of Statehood Politics in West Virginia" p. 407

1555:"Birthplaces of Lincoln, Davis illustrate divide in 1860s Kentucky" 738:, and had been in secret correspondence with Confederate President 5782: 2460:

Eli, Shari; Salisbury, Laura; Shertzer, Allison (September 2016).

941: 933: 798: 562:

proposed that slave states such as Kentucky should conform to the

414:. All but Delaware also share borders with states that joined the 322: 94: 78: 1057:

With the creation of West Virginia in 1863, the Union supporting

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List of films and television shows about the American Civil War

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At the time the Civil War broke out, the present-day states of

1957:

Digitized version of an article from The Times's print archive

1036:

had voted overwhelmingly in favor of joining the Confederacy,

860:. The guerrillas were primarily Southern partisans, including 289:

in Delaware were free, as were a high proportion in Maryland.

29: 2045:

Larry Wood, "The Other Anderson: Bloody Bill's Brother Jim",

1722:

Quisenberry, A. C. "Kentucky Union Troops in the Civil War".

307:

and not slaveholders, to break away and remain in the Union.

1000:. The terms of surrender granted to the Confederate army at 510:, acting only as a circuit judge, ruled on June 4, 1861, in 2404:

Albert Castel, "The Jayhawkers and Copperheads of Kansas",

1120:

came under attack on August 21, 1863, by guerrillas led by

848:

Missouri abolished slavery during the war in January 1865.

1631:

The Emergence of Lincoln: Prologue to Civil War, 1859–1861

1615:

The Emergence of Lincoln: Prologue to Civil War, 1859–1861

586:

Kentuckian neutrality was broken when Confederate General

575:

May 20, 1861, asking both sides to keep out of the state.

2286:

Confederate Bastille: Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties

1746:

You must click "Regimental Histories" to access the data.

662:

loyal to Kentucky's new unofficial Confederate governor,

609:

in Frankfort and declared its allegiance with the Union.

2034:

Turbulent Partnership: Missouri and the Union, 1861–1865

1678:

Lincoln's Loyalists: Union Soldiers from the Confederacy

1347: 1345: 57: 2096:

The American Civil War: The War in the West, 1863–1865

706:

Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

194:. They are called the Upper South, in contrast to the 1525:

Lowell Hayes Harrison & James C. Klotter (1997).

2318:

Annie Heloise Abel, "The Indians in the Civil War",

1853: 1851: 1849: 669:

Magoffin, still functioning as official governor in

486:

and imprisoned without charges or trials, including

6039:

Former regions and territories of the United States

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The War for the Union: The Improvised War 1861–1862

2479:

Lincoln and the Border States: Preserving the Union

2264:"General Orders No. 57, Brevet Major General Emory" 2234:"On This Day in West Virginia History – February 3" 1905:

Lincoln and the Border States: Preserving the Union

1888:"Fort McHenry, Lincoln Suspension of Habeas Corpus" 480:To protect the national capital, Lincoln suspended 406:Each of these five states shared a border with the 1675: 1724:Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society 757:passed the governor's military bill creating the 198:. A new border state was created during the war, 4853:Confederate States presidential election of 1861 1711:Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction 1373: 1371: 1299:"The Border States (U.S. National Park Service)" 332: States that seceded before April 15, 1861 2471:(w22591). National Bureau of Economic Research. 1865:. Maryland State Archives. 2005. Archived from 765:, who had been president of the convention, as 338: States that seceded after April 15, 1861 4677:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. 2209:"West Virginians Approve the Willey Amendment" 1919:"Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. Volume 4" 1138:New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War 1107:experienced a small-scale civil war known as " 5229: 2563: 2395:, September 1991, Vol. 14 Issue 3, pp 144-161 2185:, History Press, Charleston, SC (2011), p. 28 2137:, University of Pittsburgh, 1964, pp. 142-147 1744:American Civil War in Missouri Research Guide 1531:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 180. 8: 2408:, September 1959, Vol. 5 Issue 3, pp 283-293 2036:, p. 198. University of Missouri Press, 1963 1805:"Slavery, the Civil War, and Reconstruction" 1259:Missouri Constitutional Convention (1861–63) 1028:Though Tennessee had officially seceded and 528:During the war, Maryland narrowly adopted a 5743:Acquisition of the Northern Mariana Islands 2514:(University of North Carolina Press, 2008). 2505:(University of North Carolina Press, 2017). 2447:(University of North Carolina Press, 1989). 2417:Donald Gilmore, "Revenge in Kansas, 1863", 2009: 2007: 2005: 178:and were briefly considered border states: 111:or the Border South were four, later five, 5988: 5643: 5532: 5255: 5236: 5222: 5214: 4726: 4709: 4548: 4109: 4098: 3885: 3682: 3675: 3662: 3347: 2921: 2914: 2885: 2597: 2586: 2570: 2556: 2548: 2340:The American Civil War in Indian Territory 2057: 2055: 2049:, January 2003, Vol. 97 Issue 2, pp 93-108 1214:Constitutional Union Party (United States) 1075:Indian Territory in the American Civil War 2322:Vol. 15, No. 2 (Jan. 1910), pp. 281–296. 2120:Charles H. Ambler and Festus P. Summers, 1959:. New York Times. May 11, 1861. p. 9 1832:. U. of Delaware Press. pp. 132–34. 1777:, Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 1964, pg. 49 517:Assembly). They were held temporarily at 2766:Treatment of slaves in the United States 2083:Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War 1907:(University Press of Kansas, 2011) p. 71 1861:Arrest of the Maryland Legislature, 1861 1470: 1468: 1466: 597:The legislature decided to back General 4509:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War 2681:South Carolina Declaration of Secession 2421:, March 1993, Vol. 43 Issue 3, pp 47-53 1290: 930:West Virginia in the American Civil War 687:Provisional Confederate States Congress 631:During the war, a faction known as the 388:"restored" state government of Virginia 350: Union states that banned slavery 4494:Modern display of the Confederate flag 2525:Mr. Lincoln and Freedom: Border States 2370: 1337:Encyclopedia of the American Civil War 6044:Regions of the Southern United States 2691:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 2456:(University of Virginia Press, 2017). 1625: 1623: 1553:Stephens, Steve (February 15, 2015). 964:secession and 26 favoring the Union. 7: 6008: 1726:, vol. 18, no. 54, 1920, pp. 13–18. 58:move details into the article's body 5718:Acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam 4848:Committee on the Conduct of the War 4524:United Daughters of the Confederacy 2481:(University Press of Kansas, 2011). 1254:History of slavery in West Virginia 1024:Tennessee in the American Civil War 139:, and after 1863, the new state of 6049:Politics of the American Civil War 5733:Annexation of the Indian Territory 4918:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 4257:impeachment managers investigation 2636:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 1807:. Britannica.com. January 22, 2014 729:Missouri Constitutional Convention 719:Missouri in the American Civil War 637:Confederate government of Kentucky 601:and his Union troops stationed in 542:Kentucky in the American Civil War 452:Maryland in the American Civil War 396:Confederate government of Missouri 392:Confederate government of Kentucky 25: 5293:Tribal domestic dependent nations 4343:Reconstruction military districts 2791:Abolitionism in the United States 2746:Plantations in the American South 2661:Origins of the American Civil War 2352:L. Cheatham, Gary (Autumn 1998). 2122:West Virginia, the Mountain State 1195:. Ultimately their defeat at the 1179:, followed by an invasion of the 805:. After a string of victories in 285:. By 1860, more than half of the 6007: 5998: 5997: 5987: 5738:Treaty of the Danish West Indies 5197: 5188: 5187: 4326:Enforcement Act of February 1871 4299:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 2498:(Oxford University Press, 2016). 2198:, W.W. Norton, 2012, pgs. 296-97 1674:Current, Richard Nelson (1992). 1244:History of slavery in New Mexico 1100:Kansas in the American Civil War 361:Though every slave state except 260:system of legal segregation and 34: 5111:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 4973:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 4534:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 2183:West Virginia and the Civil War 1059:Restored Government of Virginia 974:Restored Government of Virginia 694:Confederate Heartland Offensive 6034:American Civil War by location 4214:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 1651:Johns Hopkins University Press 1646:Maryland, A Middle Temperament 1249:History of slavery in Oklahoma 1239:History of slavery in Missouri 1234:History of slavery in Maryland 1229:History of slavery in Kentucky 1132:New Mexico / Arizona Territory 916:, after raiding Kansas in the 530:new state constitution in 1864 162:never declared for secession. 1: 4629:Ladies' Memorial Associations 4331:Enforcement Act of April 1871 4227:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 825:and going up as far north as 761:. Governor Jackson appointed 250:on the eve of the Civil War. 119:that primarily supported the 5790:Slave states and free states 5245:Regions of the United States 4762:Confederate revolving cannon 4504:Sons of Confederate Veterans 4375:South Carolina riots of 1876 4353:Indian Council at Fort Smith 4304:South Carolina riots of 1876 4269:Knights of the White Camelia 2761:Slavery in the United States 2338:John Spencer and Adam Hook, 2148:The History of West Virginia 1986:. Golden Ink. Archived from 1602:University Press of Virginia 1457:"Missouri abolishes slavery" 488:one sitting U.S. congressman 327:Status of the states, 1861. 5901:International border states 5116:New York City riots of 1863 4941:Battle Hymn of the Republic 4692:United Confederate Veterans 4529:Children of the Confederacy 4519:United Confederate Veterans 4514:Southern Historical Society 3146:Price's Missouri Expedition 2616:Timeline leading to the War 2022:(1) (Fall ed.): 38–40. 1788:American Slavery: 1619–1877 1643:Brugger, J. Robert (1996). 982:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 370:and at least 30,000 in the 6065: 5928:Red states and blue states 5084:Confederate Secret Service 4672:Grand Army of the Republic 4564:Grand Army of the Republic 4382:Southern Claims Commission 2320:American Historical Review 2047:Missouri Historical Review 1494:"On this day: 1865-FEB-03" 1135: 1124:. He was retaliating for " 1097: 1072: 1021: 1007:Southern Claims Commission 927: 755:Missouri State Legislature 716: 539: 449: 425: 410:and were aligned with the 5983: 5183: 5072:Confederate States dollar 4883:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 4878:Emancipation Proclamation 4772:Medal of Honor recipients 4725: 4708: 4660:Confederate Memorial Hall 4462:Confederate Memorial Hall 4435:Confederate History Month 4415:Civil War Discovery Trail 4316:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 4122:Reconstruction Amendments 4108: 4097: 3674: 3661: 2913: 2884: 2731:Emancipation Proclamation 2596: 2585: 2536:Thomas, William G., III. 2469:NBER Working Paper Series 2377:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1528:A new history of Kentucky 1398:Fellman, Michael (1989). 1047:Emancipation Proclamation 1042:East Tennessee Convention 702:Emancipation Proclamation 646:When Confederate General 504:city council of Baltimore 294:1860 United States census 223:Emancipation Proclamation 5146:U.S. Sanitary Commission 5057:Battlefield preservation 4963:Marching Through Georgia 4888:Hampton Roads Conference 4863:Confiscation Act of 1862 4858:Confiscation Act of 1861 4634:U.S. national cemeteries 4440:Confederate Memorial Day 4425:Civil War Trails Program 4294:New Orleans riot of 1866 1940:Encyclopedia of Kentucky 1122:William Clarke Quantrill 262:second-class citizenship 18:Border state (Civil War) 5067:Confederate war finance 4687:Southern Cross of Honor 4655:1938 Gettysburg reunion 4650:1913 Gettysburg reunion 4348:Reconstruction Treaties 4321:Enforcement Act of 1870 4204:Freedman's Savings Bank 2821:Lane Debates on Slavery 2646:Lincoln–Douglas debates 2494:Phillips, Christopher. 1826:John A. Munroe (2006). 1197:Battle of Glorieta Pass 652:Bowling Green, Kentucky 641:Confederate battle flag 633:Russellville Convention 573:neutrality proclamation 154:in 1861, nineteen were 5126:Richmond riots of 1863 5052:Baltimore riot of 1861 4832:U.S. Military Railroad 4752:Confederate Home Guard 4484:Historiographic issues 4450:Historical reenactment 2949:Revenue Cutter Service 2816:William Lloyd Garrison 2725:Dred Scott v. Sandford 1698:except south carolina. 1377:Daniel E. Sutherland, 1113:Wyandotte Constitution 947: 939: 660:provisional government 648:Albert Sidney Johnston 553: 402:The five border states 358: 246:and Davis residing in 100: 92: 5575:Appalachian Highlands 5550:Intermontane Plateaus 5286:Minor Outlying Island 5091:Great Revival of 1863 4968:Maryland, My Maryland 4757:Confederate railroads 4420:Civil War Roundtables 4289:Meridian riot of 1871 4284:Memphis riots of 1866 2841:George Luther Stearns 2826:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 2719:Crittenden Compromise 2509:Sutherland, Daniel E. 2501:Robinson, Michael D. 2433:Brownlee, Richard S. 2094:Joseph T. Glatthaar, 2032:Parrish, William E.; 1978:Irby, Richard E. Jr. 1559:The Columbus Dispatch 1512:"Slavery in Delaware" 1326:(Knopf, 1997), p. 22. 1303:National Park Service 1274:Slave and free states 1061:took up residence in 945: 937: 897:Kansas City, Missouri 831:Missouri River Valley 548: 523:Maryland, My Maryland 326: 176:Battle of Fort Sumter 98: 82: 5271:District of Columbia 4978:Daar kom die Alibama 4893:National Union Party 4569:memorials to Lincoln 4489:Lost Cause mythology 4194:Eufaula riot of 1874 4182:Confederate refugees 3395:District of Columbia 3022:Union naval blockade 2868:Underground Railroad 2656:Nullification crisis 1709:James M. McPherson, 1157:Henry Hopkins Sibley 1063:Alexandria, Virginia 893:General Order No. 11 775:Francis P. Blair Jr. 759:Missouri State Guard 725:Claiborne F. Jackson 619:Thomas L. Crittenden 569:Kentucky legislature 474:Maryland Legislature 228:Thirteenth Amendment 5713:Newlands Resolution 5668:Southwest Territory 5663:Northwest Territory 5136:Supreme Court cases 4903:Radical Republicans 4682:Old soldiers' homes 4666:Confederate Veteran 4592:artworks in Capitol 4311:Reconstruction acts 4172:Colfax riot of 1873 3136:Richmond-Petersburg 2741:Fugitive slave laws 2671:Popular sovereignty 2651:Missouri Compromise 2641:Kansas-Nebraska Act 2133:Curry, Richard O., 2109:History of Missouri 2016:The Kentucky Review 1990:on November 9, 2012 1984:About North Georgia 1903:William C. Harris, 1869:on January 11, 2008 1829:History of Delaware 1773:Curry, Richard O., 1617:(1950) pages 149–55 1500:on October 8, 2014. 1482:. January 14, 1865. 1459:. January 11, 1865. 1445:. November 1, 1864. 1219:Central Confederacy 1151:Texan forces under 986:George B. McClellan 970:Francis H. Pierpont 961:Wheeling Convention 914:Quantrill's Raiders 878:William T. Anderson 839:secession ordinance 748:Camp Jackson Affair 428:History of Delaware 5810:Atlantic Northeast 5723:Cession of Tutuila 5673:Louisiana Purchase 5570:Interior Highlands 5298:Maritime territory 4957:A Lincoln Portrait 4898:Politicians killed 4822:U.S. Balloon Corps 4817:Union corps badges 4597:memorials to Davis 4467:Disenfranchisement 4338:Reconstruction era 4219:Timber Culture Act 4177:Compromise of 1877 3141:Franklin–Nashville 2811:Frederick Douglass 2714:Cornerstone Speech 2631:Compromise of 1850 2579:American Civil War 2538:“The Border South” 2530:2010-07-02 at the 2476:Harris, William C. 2443:Crofts, Daniel W. 2244:on October 8, 2014 2168:Richard O. Curry, 1894:, 27 November 2001 1713:(1982), pp 156–62. 1633:(1950), pp. 119–47 1594:Richmond, Virginia 1571:Ranney, Joseph A. 1480:The New York Times 1351:Daniel W. Crofts, 1264:Missouri secession 1165:Colorado Territory 1013:Other border areas 998:Reconstruction Era 948: 940: 910:Battle of Westport 771:Price–Harney Truce 592:Columbus, Kentucky 558:Kentucky Governor 376:United States Army 359: 356: Territories 105:American Civil War 101: 93: 6021: 6020: 5830:Pacific Northwest 5820:Columbia District 5798: 5797: 5728:Cession of Manu'a 5688:Adams–Onís Treaty 5658:Thirteen Colonies 5633: 5632: 5560:Laurentian Upland 5522: 5521: 5211: 5210: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5009:Italian Americans 4994:African Americans 4951:John Brown's Body 4704: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4617: 4616: 4455:Robert E. Lee Day 4199:Freedmen's Bureau 4162:Brooks–Baxter War 4093: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4085: 4084: 3877: 3876: 3657: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3066:Northern Virginia 3012:Trans-Mississippi 2985: 2984: 2880: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2772:Uncle Tom's Cabin 2709:African Americans 2544:, April 16, 2004. 2491:(Scribner, 1959). 2406:Civil War History 2288:(1993), pp. 10–11 2061:Michael Fellman, 1596:. Midori Takagi, 1423:. J. S. Broughton 1279:Southern Unionist 1053:Restored Virginia 918:Lawrence Massacre 862:William Quantrill 858:guerrilla warfare 852:Guerrilla warfare 736:St. Louis Arsenal 664:George W. Johnson 603:Paducah, Kentucky 513:Ex parte Merryman 498:, and the entire 466:Southern Maryland 319:Divided loyalties 292:According to the 287:African Americans 212:Lawrence Massacre 207:guerrilla warfare 75: 74: 54:length guidelines 16:(Redirected from 6056: 6011: 6010: 6001: 6000: 5991: 5990: 5693:Texas annexation 5678:Gadsden Purchase 5644: 5545:Pacific Mountain 5533: 5256: 5238: 5231: 5224: 5215: 5201: 5191: 5190: 5014:Native Americans 4999:German Americans 4792:Partisan rangers 4787:Official Records 4727: 4710: 4602:memorials to Lee 4549: 4110: 4099: 3886: 3683: 3676: 3663: 3636:Washington, D.C. 3430:Indian Territory 3390:Dakota Territory 3348: 3265:Chancellorsville 3056:Jackson's Valley 3046:Blockade runners 2922: 2915: 2886: 2846:Thaddeus Stevens 2836:Lysander Spooner 2796:Susan B. Anthony 2598: 2587: 2572: 2565: 2558: 2549: 2472: 2466: 2422: 2415: 2409: 2402: 2396: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2376: 2368: 2358: 2349: 2343: 2336: 2330: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2295: 2289: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2240:. Archived from 2230: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2205: 2199: 2192: 2186: 2181:Snell, Mark A., 2179: 2173: 2166: 2160: 2157: 2151: 2144: 2138: 2131: 2125: 2124:(1958) ch. 16-21 2118: 2112: 2105: 2099: 2092: 2086: 2079: 2073: 2059: 2050: 2043: 2037: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2011: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1914: 1908: 1901: 1895: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1855: 1844: 1843: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1801: 1795: 1786:Kolchin, Peter. 1784: 1778: 1771: 1765: 1762: 1756: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1735: 1720: 1714: 1707: 1701: 1700: 1682:. 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Chief Justice 458:Washington, D.C. 439:General Assembly 372:Confederate Army 355: 349: 343: 337: 331: 147:to their south. 70: 67: 61: 52:Please read the 38: 37: 30: 21: 6064: 6063: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6017: 5979: 5906:Mariana Islands 5854: 5835:Prairie Pothole 5815:The Californias 5794: 5747: 5708:Alaska Purchase 5703:Mexican Cession 5651: 5629: 5591: 5565:Interior Plains 5555:Rocky Mountains 5518: 5457: 5454: 5446: 5418:Middle Atlantic 5360: 5326:Hawaii–Aleutian 5302: 5247: 5242: 5212: 5207: 5171: 5155: 5040: 5004:Irish Americans 4982: 4927: 4836: 4827:U.S. Home Guard 4767:Field artillery 4721: 4720: 4696: 4638: 4613: 4575: 4544: 4538: 4430:Civil War Trust 4397: 4391: 4279:Ethnic violence 4264:Kirk–Holden war 4143: 4104: 4081: 4015: 3873: 3817: 3670: 3645: 3599: 3352: 3339: 3170: 3151:Sherman's March 3131:Bermuda Hundred 3026: 2981: 2953: 2909: 2908: 2872: 2831:J. Sella Martin 2801:James G. Birney 2777: 2695: 2621:Bleeding Kansas 2609: 2592: 2581: 2576: 2542:Southern Spaces 2532:Wayback Machine 2521: 2464: 2459: 2451:Dew, Charles B. 2430: 2428:Further reading 2425: 2416: 2412: 2403: 2399: 2390: 2386: 2369: 2356: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2337: 2333: 2317: 2313: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2283: 2279: 2269: 2267: 2266:. Wvculture.org 2262: 2261: 2257: 2247: 2245: 2232: 2231: 2227: 2217: 2215: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2193: 2189: 2180: 2176: 2170:A House Divided 2167: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2145: 2141: 2132: 2128: 2119: 2115: 2106: 2102: 2098:(2001) p. 27–28 2093: 2089: 2080: 2076: 2060: 2053: 2044: 2040: 2031: 2027: 2013: 2012: 2003: 1993: 1991: 1977: 1976: 1972: 1962: 1960: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1938: 1934: 1924: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1902: 1898: 1886: 1882: 1872: 1870: 1857: 1856: 1847: 1840: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1810: 1808: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1792:Hill & Wang 1785: 1781: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1742: 1738: 1721: 1717: 1708: 1704: 1694: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1661: 1653:. p. 248. 1642: 1641: 1637: 1628: 1621: 1612: 1608: 1591: 1587: 1570: 1566: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1539: 1524: 1523: 1519: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1474: 1473: 1464: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1441: 1440: 1436: 1426: 1424: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1397: 1393: 1381:; pp. 251–276. 1376: 1369: 1350: 1343: 1339:(2002), p. 252. 1334: 1330: 1321: 1317: 1307: 1305: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1209: 1169:Rocky Mountains 1140: 1134: 1109:Bleeding Kansas 1102: 1096: 1077: 1071: 1055: 1026: 1020: 1015: 932: 926: 854: 787:Hamilton Gamble 740:Jefferson Davis 721: 715: 615:Robert Anderson 564:US Constitution 560:Beriah Magoffin 544: 538: 500:Board of Police 454: 448: 430: 424: 404: 357: 353: 351: 347: 345: 341: 339: 335: 333: 329: 321: 274: 240:Jefferson Davis 221:Lincoln's 1863 107:(1861–65), the 71: 65: 62: 51: 48:may be too long 43:This article's 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6062: 6060: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6026: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6005: 5995: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5966: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5850:Virgin Islands 5847: 5845:Sonoran Desert 5842: 5840:Samoan Islands 5837: 5832: 5827: 5825:Oregon Country 5822: 5817: 5812: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5757: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5683:Treaty of 1818 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5654: 5652: 5647: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5601: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5580:Atlantic Plain 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5541: 5539: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5460: 5458: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5405: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5381: 5370: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5312: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5283: 5273: 5268: 5262: 5260: 5253: 5252:Administrative 5249: 5248: 5243: 5241: 5240: 5233: 5226: 5218: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5195: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5151:Women soldiers 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5106:Naming the war 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4937: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4844: 4842: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4742:Campaign Medal 4739: 4733: 4731: 4723: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4717:Related topics 4714: 4713: 4706: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4636: 4631: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4555: 4553: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4480: 4479: 4474: 4464: 4459: 4458: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4445:Decoration Day 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4401: 4399: 4398:Reconstruction 4393: 4392: 4390: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4356: 4355: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4260: 4259: 4254: 4252:second inquiry 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4224: 4223: 4222: 4216: 4209:Homestead Acts 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4157:Alabama Claims 4153: 4151: 4149:Reconstruction 4145: 4144: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4137:15th Amendment 4134: 4132:14th Amendment 4129: 4127:13th Amendment 4118: 4116: 4106: 4105: 4102: 4095: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3892: 3890: 3883: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3758:J. E. Johnston 3755: 3753:A. S. Johnston 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3693:R. H. Anderson 3689: 3687: 3680: 3672: 3671: 3666: 3659: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3555:South Carolina 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3530:North Carolina 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3356: 3354: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3255:Fredericksburg 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3195:Wilson's Creek 3192: 3187: 3181: 3179: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3037: 3035: 3028: 3027: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3007:Lower Seaboard 3004: 2999: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2963: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2930: 2928: 2919: 2911: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2889: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2863:Harriet Tubman 2860: 2859: 2858: 2851:Charles Sumner 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2787: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2775: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2705: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2693: 2688: 2686:States' rights 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2607: 2601: 2594: 2593: 2590: 2583: 2582: 2577: 2575: 2574: 2567: 2560: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2534: 2520: 2519:External links 2517: 2516: 2515: 2506: 2499: 2492: 2482: 2473: 2457: 2448: 2441: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2423: 2410: 2397: 2393:Kansas History 2384: 2361:Kansas History 2344: 2331: 2311: 2290: 2277: 2255: 2225: 2200: 2187: 2174: 2161: 2152: 2139: 2126: 2113: 2100: 2087: 2081:T. J. Stiles, 2074: 2051: 2038: 2025: 2001: 1970: 1944: 1932: 1909: 1896: 1880: 1845: 1838: 1818: 1796: 1779: 1766: 1757: 1748: 1736: 1715: 1702: 1692: 1666: 1659: 1635: 1629:Allan Nevins, 1619: 1613:Allan Nevins, 1606: 1585: 1564: 1545: 1537: 1517: 1503: 1485: 1462: 1448: 1434: 1412: 1391: 1367: 1357:, pp. 101–101 1341: 1328: 1315: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1136:Main article: 1133: 1130: 1098:Main article: 1095: 1092: 1073:Main article: 1070: 1067: 1054: 1051: 1038:East Tennessee 1030:West Tennessee 1022:Main article: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 928:Main article: 925: 922: 905:Sterling Price 853: 850: 819:Dry Wood Creek 815:Wilson's Creek 782:Jefferson City 763:Sterling Price 744:Nathaniel Lyon 717:Main article: 714: 711: 540:Main article: 537: 534: 464:as well as in 450:Main article: 447: 444: 426:Main article: 423: 420: 403: 400: 363:South Carolina 352: 346: 340: 334: 328: 320: 317: 273: 270: 254:Reconstruction 230:was ratified. 184:North Carolina 73: 72: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6061: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6014: 6006: 6004: 5996: 5994: 5986: 5985: 5982: 5976: 5975:Upper Midwest 5973: 5971: 5968: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5896:Intermountain 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5857: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5791: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5771: 5767: 5766:Border states 5764: 5763: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5698:Oregon Treaty 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5537:Physiographic 5534: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5449: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5239: 5234: 5232: 5227: 5225: 5220: 5219: 5216: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5194: 5186: 5185: 5182: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5121:Photographers 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5096:Gender issues 5094: 5092: 5089: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5043: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4958: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4930: 4924: 4923:War Democrats 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4913:Union Leagues 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4812:Turning point 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4782:Naval battles 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4667: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4620: 4610: 4607: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4578: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4545:and memorials 4541: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4406: 4405:Commemoration 4403: 4402: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4376: 4373: 4372: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4247:first inquiry 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4228: 4225: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4167:Carpetbaggers 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4146: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4096: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3884: 3880: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3590:West Virginia 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3510:New Hampshire 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3470:Massachusetts 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3210:Hampton Roads 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3200:Fort Donelson 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3173: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3096:Morgan's Raid 3094: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3041:Anaconda Plan 3039: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3029: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3017:Pacific Coast 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2751:Positive good 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2666:Panic of 1857 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2626:Border states 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2561: 2559: 2554: 2553: 2550: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2485:Nevins, Allan 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2470: 2463: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2420: 2419:History Today 2414: 2411: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2394: 2388: 2385: 2380: 2374: 2366: 2362: 2355: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2312: 2300: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2281: 2278: 2265: 2259: 2256: 2243: 2239: 2238:wvculture.org 2235: 2229: 2226: 2214: 2213:wvculture.org 2210: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2194:James Oakes, 2191: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2165: 2162: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2117: 2114: 2110: 2104: 2101: 2097: 2091: 2088: 2084: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1974: 1971: 1958: 1954: 1948: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1933: 1920: 1913: 1910: 1906: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1892:Baltimore Sun 1889: 1884: 1881: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1839:9780874139471 1835: 1831: 1830: 1822: 1819: 1806: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1770: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1719: 1716: 1712: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1693:9781555531249 1689: 1685: 1680: 1679: 1670: 1667: 1662: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1610: 1607: 1604:, 1999) p 78. 1603: 1599: 1595: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1568: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1549: 1546: 1540: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1521: 1518: 1513: 1507: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1489: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1452: 1449: 1444: 1438: 1435: 1422: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1408:0-19-506471-2 1405: 1401: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1322:Maury Klein, 1319: 1316: 1304: 1300: 1294: 1291: 1285: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1139: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1101: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083:(present-day 1082: 1076: 1068: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1025: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1003: 999: 994: 990: 987: 983: 977: 975: 971: 965: 962: 958: 953: 944: 936: 931: 924:West Virginia 923: 921: 919: 915: 911: 906: 900: 898: 894: 890: 885: 881: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 851: 849: 846: 842: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 803:Ben McCulloch 800: 796: 791: 788: 783: 778: 776: 772: 768: 767:major general 764: 760: 756: 751: 749: 745: 741: 737: 732: 730: 726: 720: 712: 710: 707: 703: 698: 695: 690: 688: 684: 683:Richard Hawes 680: 674: 672: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 644: 642: 638: 634: 629: 627: 622: 620: 616: 610: 608: 607:state capitol 604: 600: 595: 593: 589: 588:Leonidas Polk 584: 581: 576: 574: 570: 565: 561: 556: 552: 547: 543: 535: 533: 531: 526: 524: 520: 515: 514: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 490:, as well as 489: 485: 484: 483:habeas corpus 478: 475: 471: 470:Eastern Shore 467: 463: 459: 453: 445: 443: 440: 435: 429: 421: 419: 417: 413: 409: 401: 399: 397: 393: 389: 383: 381: 377: 373: 369: 364: 325: 318: 316: 314: 313:West Virginia 308: 306: 302: 297: 295: 290: 288: 284: 280: 271: 269: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 249: 245: 241: 237: 231: 229: 224: 219: 217: 213: 208: 203: 201: 200:West Virginia 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 148: 146: 142: 141:West Virginia 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 109:border states 106: 97: 90: 86: 81: 77: 69: 59: 55: 49: 47: 41: 32: 31: 19: 5970:Southwestern 5933:Southeastern 5916:Northwestern 5886:Great Plains 5881:Four Corners 5765: 5649:Acquisitions 5281:Insular area 5062:Bibliography 5045:Other topics 4987:By ethnicity 4955: 4908:Trent Affair 4807:Signal Corps 4664: 4387:White League 4274:Ku Klux Klan 4187:Confederados 4114:Constitution 3986:D. D. Porter 3839:Breckinridge 3550:Rhode Island 3545:Pennsylvania 3300:Spotsylvania 3260:Stones River 3240:2nd Bull Run 3190:1st Bull Run 3076:Stones River 2977:Marine Corps 2944:Marine Corps 2783:Abolitionism 2770: 2723: 2625: 2541: 2511: 2502: 2495: 2488: 2478: 2468: 2453: 2444: 2434: 2418: 2413: 2405: 2400: 2392: 2387: 2373:cite journal 2364: 2360: 2347: 2339: 2334: 2319: 2314: 2302:. Retrieved 2293: 2285: 2284:Mark Neely, 2280: 2268:. Retrieved 2258: 2246:. Retrieved 2242:the original 2237: 2228: 2216:. Retrieved 2212: 2203: 2195: 2190: 2182: 2177: 2169: 2164: 2155: 2147: 2142: 2134: 2129: 2121: 2116: 2111:, pp. 111–15 2108: 2103: 2095: 2090: 2082: 2077: 2062: 2046: 2041: 2033: 2028: 2019: 2015: 1994:November 29, 1992:. Retrieved 1988:the original 1983: 1973: 1961:. Retrieved 1956: 1947: 1939: 1935: 1923:. Retrieved 1912: 1904: 1899: 1891: 1883: 1871:. Retrieved 1867:the original 1860: 1828: 1821: 1809:. Retrieved 1799: 1787: 1782: 1774: 1769: 1760: 1751: 1739: 1723: 1718: 1710: 1705: 1697: 1677: 1669: 1645: 1638: 1630: 1614: 1609: 1597: 1588: 1572: 1567: 1558: 1548: 1527: 1520: 1506: 1498:the original 1488: 1479: 1451: 1437: 1427:February 19, 1425:. Retrieved 1415: 1399: 1394: 1378: 1352: 1336: 1331: 1323: 1318: 1306:. Retrieved 1302: 1293: 1173:Fort Laramie 1141: 1103: 1089: 1078: 1056: 1027: 995: 991: 978: 966: 949: 901: 889:Thomas Ewing 886: 882: 855: 847: 843: 792: 779: 752: 733: 722: 699: 691: 675: 668: 656:Logan County 645: 630: 623: 611: 596: 585: 577: 557: 554: 549: 545: 527: 519:Fort McHenry 511: 496:police chief 481: 479: 455: 431: 405: 384: 360: 309: 298: 291: 275: 252: 232: 220: 204: 149: 123:. They were 113:slave states 108: 102: 76: 63: 46:lead section 44: 5891:High Plains 5773:Confederacy 5615:Great Lakes 5440:W S Central 5435:E S Central 5413:New England 5401:W N Central 5396:E N Central 4868:Copperheads 4580:Confederate 4472:Black Codes 3798:E. K. Smith 3679:Confederate 3626:New Orleans 3621:Chattanooga 3485:Mississippi 3385:Connecticut 3353:territories 3344:Involvement 3305:Cold Harbor 3295:Fort Pillow 3285:Chattanooga 3280:Chickamauga 3230:Seven Pines 3220:New Orleans 3185:Fort Sumter 3126:Valley 1864 2959:Confederacy 2756:Slave Power 2736:Fire-Eaters 2248:December 7, 2218:December 7, 1873:February 6, 952:Appalachian 870:Jesse James 508:Roger Taney 416:Confederacy 408:free states 380:Confederacy 248:Mississippi 156:free states 152:U.S. states 145:Confederacy 117:Upper South 89:Confederate 6028:Categories 5866:Appalachia 5639:Historical 5430:S Atlantic 5308:Time zones 5266:U.S. state 5101:Juneteenth 4622:Cemeteries 4499:Red Shirts 4410:Centennial 4360:Red Shirts 3768:Longstreet 3698:Beauregard 3641:Winchester 3616:Charleston 3585:Washington 3520:New Mexico 3515:New Jersey 3375:California 3351:States and 3335:Five Forks 3320:Mobile Bay 3290:Wilderness 3270:Gettysburg 3250:Perryville 3235:Seven Days 3166:Appomattox 3091:Gettysburg 3051:New Mexico 2918:Combatants 2893:Combatants 2806:John Brown 2071:0195064712 1660:0801854652 1581:0275989720 1575:. p. 141. 1538:0813126215 1387:1469606887 1363:1469617013 1286:References 1224:Deep South 1201:East Texas 1183:states of 1161:California 1144:New Mexico 1002:Appomattox 984:. General 368:Union Army 301:Deep South 272:Background 236:Ohio River 196:Deep South 150:Of the 34 5778:Old South 5753:Civil War 5585:Tidewater 5453:Courts of 5408:Northeast 5276:Territory 5079:Espionage 4873:Diplomacy 4841:Political 4797:POW camps 4543:Monuments 4370:Scalawags 4365:Redeemers 4103:Aftermath 4052:Pinkerton 3991:Rosecrans 3956:McClellan 3859:Memminger 3595:Wisconsin 3560:Tennessee 3480:Minnesota 3455:Louisiana 3330:Nashville 3275:Vicksburg 3205:Pea Ridge 3156:Carolinas 3111:Red River 3106:Knoxville 3086:Tullahoma 3081:Vicksburg 3061:Peninsula 3033:campaigns 2899:Campaigns 2676:Secession 2304:August 6, 2270:March 31, 2107:Parrish, 1963:August 4, 1811:March 31, 1269:Old South 1185:Chihuahua 1126:Jayhawker 1018:Tennessee 827:Lexington 807:Cole Camp 671:Frankfort 650:occupied 635:formed a 590:occupied 492:the mayor 462:Baltimore 432:By 1860, 283:St. Louis 279:Baltimore 188:Tennessee 66:July 2024 56:and help 6003:Category 5938:Southern 5921:Cascadia 5911:Northern 5528:Physical 5384:Mountain 5356:Atlantic 5341:Mountain 5316:Chamorro 5193:Category 5034:Seminole 5024:Cherokee 4777:Medicine 4730:Military 4643:Veterans 4477:Jim Crow 4242:timeline 4037:Ericsson 4020:Civilian 4001:Sheridan 3961:McDowell 3921:Farragut 3906:Burnside 3896:Anderson 3889:Military 3869:Stephens 3829:Benjamin 3822:Civilian 3708:Buchanan 3686:Military 3631:Richmond 3580:Virginia 3525:New York 3500:Nebraska 3490:Missouri 3475:Michigan 3465:Maryland 3450:Kentucky 3425:Illinois 3400:Delaware 3380:Colorado 3365:Arkansas 3325:Franklin 3245:Antietam 3116:Overland 3071:Maryland 2990:Theaters 2896:Theaters 2528:Archived 2150:, p. 318 2146:Ambler, 2065:, p. 83 1732:23369562 1410:. p. 25. 1207:See also 1163:and the 1118:Lawrence 1085:Oklahoma 811:Carthage 795:Arkansas 713:Missouri 536:Kentucky 468:and the 446:Maryland 434:Delaware 422:Delaware 258:Jim Crow 244:Illinois 192:Virginia 180:Arkansas 172:Missouri 168:Kentucky 164:Maryland 160:Delaware 137:Missouri 133:Kentucky 129:Maryland 125:Delaware 6013:Commons 5876:Eastern 5871:Central 5803:Divided 5597:Coastal 5455:appeals 5391:Midwest 5379:Pacific 5351:Eastern 5346:Central 5336:Pacific 5160:Related 5029:Choctaw 5019:Catawba 4802:Rations 4747:Cavalry 4609:Removal 4237:efforts 4221:of 1873 4067:Stevens 4062:Stanton 4047:Lincoln 4006:Sherman 3941:Halleck 3931:Frémont 3916:Du Pont 3854:Mallory 3813:Wheeler 3748:Jackson 3728:Forrest 3668:Leaders 3611:Atlanta 3575:Vermont 3495:Montana 3435:Indiana 3410:Georgia 3405:Florida 3370:Arizona 3360:Alabama 3310:Atlanta 3225:Corinth 3177:battles 3121:Atlanta 3101:Bristoe 3002:Western 2997:Eastern 2902:Battles 2701:Slavery 2605:Origins 2591:Origins 2437:(1958) 2328:1838335 1942:, p.43. 1925:May 28, 1794:. 1993. 1308:July 8, 1181:Mexican 1148:Arizona 1079:In the 957:treason 891:issued 823:Liberty 115:in the 103:In the 5963:Upland 5605:Arctic 5366:Census 5331:Alaska 5203:Portal 5141:Tokens 4077:Welles 4057:Seward 4042:Hamlin 4011:Thomas 3946:Hooker 3911:Butler 3864:Seddon 3849:Hunter 3834:Bocock 3808:Taylor 3803:Stuart 3793:Semmes 3773:Morgan 3733:Gorgas 3713:Cooper 3604:Cities 3540:Oregon 3505:Nevada 3445:Kansas 3415:Hawaii 3315:Crater 3215:Shiloh 3175:Major 3161:Mobile 3031:Major 2905:States 2856:Caning 2439:online 2342:(2006) 2326: 2172:(1964) 2085:(2002) 2069: 1836: 1730: 1690: 1657: 1579: 1535: 1406: 1385: 1361: 1191:, and 1189:Sonora 1175:, and 1105:Kansas 1094:Kansas 876:, and 872:, the 835:Neosho 354: 348: 342: 336: 330: 305:yeomen 216:Kansas 190:, and 135:, and 5958:Solid 5859:Other 5783:Dixie 5761:Union 5425:South 5321:Samoa 5259:Units 4946:Dixie 4933:Music 4552:Union 4396:Post- 4232:trial 4032:Chase 4027:Adams 3996:Scott 3971:Meigs 3966:Meade 3936:Grant 3926:Foote 3901:Buell 3882:Union 3844:Davis 3788:Price 3778:Mosby 3723:Ewell 3718:Early 3703:Bragg 3565:Texas 3460:Maine 3420:Idaho 2926:Union 2465:(PDF) 2357:(PDF) 2324:JSTOR 1728:JSTOR 866:Frank 799:Texas 412:Union 121:Union 85:Union 5993:List 5943:Deep 5625:East 5620:Gulf 5610:West 5514:11th 5509:10th 5374:West 5131:Salt 4737:Arms 4587:List 4559:List 4072:Wade 3981:Pope 3951:Hunt 3783:Polk 3743:Hood 3738:Hill 3570:Utah 3535:Ohio 3440:Iowa 2972:Navy 2967:Army 2939:Navy 2934:Army 2379:link 2306:2021 2272:2014 2250:2015 2220:2015 2067:ISBN 1996:2006 1965:2020 1927:2011 1875:2008 1834:ISBN 1813:2014 1688:ISBN 1655:ISBN 1577:ISBN 1533:ISBN 1429:2015 1404:ISBN 1383:ISBN 1359:ISBN 1310:2020 1155:and 1146:and 1032:and 868:and 797:and 580:veto 502:and 394:and 281:and 170:and 5953:New 5948:Mid 5504:9th 5499:8th 5494:7th 5489:6th 5484:5th 5479:4th 5474:3rd 5469:2nd 5464:1st 3976:Ord 3763:Lee 750:). 214:in 6030:: 2540:. 2487:. 2467:. 2375:}} 2371:{{ 2365:21 2363:. 2359:. 2236:. 2211:. 2054:^ 2018:. 2004:^ 1982:. 1955:. 1890:, 1848:^ 1790:. 1696:. 1686:. 1649:. 1622:^ 1557:. 1478:. 1465:^ 1402:. 1370:^ 1344:^ 1301:. 1203:. 1187:, 1171:, 864:, 821:, 817:, 813:, 809:, 681:, 643:. 494:, 418:. 186:, 182:, 131:, 127:, 5237:e 5230:t 5223:v 2571:e 2564:t 2557:v 2381:) 2308:. 2274:. 2252:. 2222:. 2020:5 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Knowledge

Border states (American Civil War)

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