Border states (American Civil War)

292:, where the demand was still high for field hands on cotton plantations. In contrast to the near-unanimity of voters in the seven cotton states in the lower South, which held the highest number of slaves, the border slave states of the upland South were bitterly divided about secession and were not eager to leave the Union. Border Unionists hoped that a compromise would be reached, and they assumed that Lincoln would not send troops to attack the South. Border secessionists paid less attention to the slavery issue in 1861, since their states' economies were based more on tobacco plantations, and trade with the North than on cotton. Their main concern in 1861 was federal coercion; some residents viewed Lincoln's call to arms as a repudiation of the American traditions of states' rights, democracy, liberty, and a republican form of government. Secessionists insisted that Washington had usurped illegitimate powers in defiance of the Constitution, and thereby had lost its legitimacy. After Lincoln issued a call for troops, Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina promptly seceded and joined the Confederacy. A secession movement began in western Virginia, where most farmers were 924: 85: 371:. It has been estimated that, of the state's 1860 population of 687,000, about 4,000 Marylanders traveled south to fight for the Confederacy. While the number of Marylanders in Confederate service is often reported as 20,000–25,000 based on an oral statement of General Cooper to General Trimble, other contemporary reports refute this number and offer more detailed estimates in the range of 3,500 (Livermore) to just under 4,700 (McKim). West Virginia was unique among the Union leaning states in that it did not give most of its soldiers to the Union, they were about equally divided, and it was the only state to contain many counties that had formally voted to secede from the Union. 69: 313: 5988: 5178: 5188: 965:, which granted permission for the formation of a new state on August 20, 1861. The new West Virginia state constitution was passed by the Unionist counties in the spring of 1862, and this was approved by the restored Virginia government in May 1862. The statehood bill for West Virginia was passed by the United States Congress in December and signed by President Lincoln on December 31, 1862. 5978: 662:, would not recognize the Kentucky Confederates or their attempts to establish a government in his state. He continued to declare Kentucky's official status in the war as a neutral state even though the legislature backed the Union. Fed up with the party divisions within the population and legislature, Magoffin announced a special session of the legislature and resigned his office in 1862. 355:

African Americans) fought in the Union Army and 86,000 in the Confederate Army. Approximately 35,000–40,000 Kentuckians served as Confederate soldiers, while an estimated 80,000–125,000 Kentuckians served as Union soldiers, including over 20,000 freed or runaway Kentucky slaves and soldiers subject to Union drafts. By the end of the war in 1865, nearly 110,000 Missourians had served in the

245:, as directed by Congress, did not apply to the border states because they never seceded. They did undergo their own process of readjustment and political realignment after passage of amendments abolishing slavery and granting citizenship and the right to vote to freedmen. After 1880 most of these jurisdictions were dominated by white Democrats, who passed laws to impose the 5998: 932: 25: 948:. A statewide convention first met on February 13; after the attack on Fort Sumter and Lincoln's call to arms, it voted for secession on April 17, 1861. The decision was dependent on ratification by a statewide referendum. Western leaders held mass rallies and prepared to separate, so that this area could remain in the Union. Unionists met at the 901:. The battle, which took place in the modern-day Westport neighborhood of Kansas City, is identified as the "Gettysburg of the West"; it marked a definitive end to organized Confederate incursions inside Missouri's borders. The Republicans made major gains in the fall 1864 elections on the basis of Union victories and Confederate ineptness. 300:

governments and bitterly divided area of warfare, falling under Union occupation after 1862. Union military forces were used to guarantee that these states remained in the Union. The western counties of Virginia rejected secession, set up a loyal government of Virginia (with representation in the U.S. Congress), and created the new state of

387:), but the two states were never fully or officially under Confederate control, though at various points Confederate armies did enter those states and both states' Confederate governments controlled certain parts of them, with the Confederacy controlling more than half of Kentucky and the southern portion of Missouri early in the war. 583:, in the summer of 1861. In response, the Kentucky legislature passed a resolution on September 7 that directed the governor to demand the evacuation of the Confederate forces from Kentucky soil. Magoffin vetoed the proclamation, but the legislature overrode his veto, and Magoffin issued the proclamation. 943:

areas were growing and were based on subsistence farms by yeomen; its residents held few slaves, as shown by the first map. The planters of the eastern section were wealthy slaveholders who dominated state government. By December 1860 secession was being publicly debated throughout Virginia. Leading

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on June 14, 1861, in the face of Lyon's rapid advance against the state government. In the absence of most of the now exiled state government, the Missouri Constitutional Convention reconvened in late July. On July 30, the convention declared the state offices vacant, and appointed a new provisional

214:

did not apply to the border states, because they were not in rebellion. Of the states that were exempted from the proclamation, Maryland (1864), Missouri and Tennessee (January 1865), and West Virginia (February 1865) abolished slavery before the war ended. However, Delaware and Kentucky, while they

1139:

did not yet exist. There were various proposals, however, to create a new territory within the southern half of the New Mexico Territory prior to the war. The southern half of the territory was pro-Confederate while the northern half was pro-Union. The southern half was also a target of Confederate

1054:, while much of its claimed territory was still held by the Confederacy. It called a state constitutional convention to make reforms in the state's pre-war constitution. In 1864, it adopted a new state constitution abolishing slavery, which in 1865 came to cover the entire state as the war ended. 697:

was sent to the states for ratification in February 1865, Kentucky's governor in presenting it to the legislature admitted that the continuation of slavery in the state was hopeless. While notices of slave sales continued, prices fell dramatically. But the legislature refused to ratify, leaving the

430:

rejected secession overwhelmingly; the House of Representatives was unanimous. There was quiet sympathy for the Confederacy by some state leaders, but it was tempered by distance; Delaware was entirely bordered by Union territory. Historian John Munroe concluded that the average citizen of Delaware

354:

contributed white battalions to both the Union and Confederate armies (South Carolina Unionists fought in units from other Union states), the split was most severe in these border southern states. Sometimes men from the same family fought on opposite sides. About 170,000 border state men (including

222:

With these border southern states of the Upper South having geographic, social, political, and economic connections to both the North and South, the border states were critical to the outcome of the war. They are still considered to delineate the cultural border between the North and South with the

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attempting to secede from the Confederacy and join the Union; however, the Confederate legislature of Tennessee rejected the convention and blocked its secession attempt. Jefferson Davis arrested over 3,000 men suspected of being loyal to the Union and held them without trial. Tennessee came under

665:

Bowling Green as the Confederate state capital of Kentucky, along with half of Kentucky itself, was controlled and administered by the Confederates until February 1862, when General Grant moved from Missouri through Kentucky along the Tennessee line. Confederate Governor Johnson fled Bowling Green

465:

rejected secession in the spring of 1861, though it refused to reopen rail links with the North. It requested that Union troops be removed from Maryland. The state legislature did not want to secede, but it also did not want to aid in killing southern neighbors in order to force them back into the

981:

West Virginia was required as part of its admission as a state in 1863 to have a gradual emancipation clause in the new state's constitution. Children were born free or as they came of age, and no new slaves could be brought into the state. About 6,000 would remain enslaved. West Virginia later

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with four hundred delegates from twenty-seven counties. The statewide vote in favor of secession was 132,201 to 37,451. An estimated vote on Virginia's ordinance of secession for the 50 counties that became West Virginia is 34,677 to 19,121 against secession, with 24 of the 50 counties favoring

505:

that Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus was unconstitutional, but the president ignored the ruling in order to meet a national emergency. On September 17, 1861, the day the legislature reconvened, federal troops arrested without charge 27 state legislators (one-third of the Maryland General

1104:

on January 29, 1861. Most people gave strong support to the Union cause. However, guerrilla warfare and raids from pro-slavery forces, mainly spilling over from neighboring Missouri, occurred during the Civil War. Although only one battle of official forces occurred in Kansas, there were 29

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Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri of the Border South, which had many areas with much stronger cultural, geographic, and economic ties to the South than the North, were deeply divided; Kentucky tried to maintain neutrality, but eventually became split between a Unionist and Confederate state

374:

Kentucky and Missouri had both pro-Confederate and pro-Union governments. West Virginia was formed in 1862–63 after Virginia Unionists from the northwestern counties of the state, then occupied by the Union Army consisting of many newly formed West Virginia regiments, had set up a loyalist

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The ultimate decision about West Virginia was made by the armies in the field. The Confederates were defeated, the Union was triumphant, so West Virginia was born. In late spring 1861 Union troops from Ohio moved into western Virginia with the primary strategic goal of protecting the

923: 539:

I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game. Kentucky gone, we cannot hold Missouri, nor Maryland. These all against us, and the job on our hands is too large for us. We would as well consent to separation at once, including the surrender of this capitol

891:

According to Glatthaar (2001), Union forces established "free-fire zones". Union cavalry units would identify and track down scattered Confederate remnants, who had no places to hide and no secret supply bases. To gain recruits, and to threaten St. Louis, Confederate General

872:

The James' brothers outlawry after the war has been seen as a continuation of guerrilla warfare. Stiles (2002) argues that Jesse James was an intensely political postwar neo-Confederate terrorist, rather than a social bandit or a plain bank robber with a hair-trigger temper.

888:. These had been centers of local support for the guerrillas. Lincoln approved Ewing's plan beforehand. About 20,000 civilians (chiefly women, children, and old men) had to leave their homes. Many never returned, and the counties were economically devastated for years. 571:

by the governor. After the elections, the strongest supporters of neutrality were the Southern sympathizers. While both sides had already been openly enlisting troops from the state, after the elections the Union army established recruitment camps within Kentucky.

685:

to take Kentucky firmly from August to October 1862, the Kentucky Confederate government, as of 1863, existed only on paper. Its representation in the permanent Confederate Congress was minimal. It was dissolved when the Civil War ended in the spring of 1865.

555:

and remain in the Union. When Lincoln requested 1,000,000 men to serve in the Union army, however, Magoffin, who was a Southern sympathizer, countered, "Kentucky had no troops to furnish for the wicked purpose of subduing her sister Southern States." The

601:

Southern sympathizers were outraged at the legislature's decisions and stated that Polk's troops in Kentucky had been en route to counter Grant's forces. Later legislative resolutions passed by Unionists, such as inviting Union General

265:

In the border south states whose plantation economy was based around tobacco and hemp, slavery was already dying out in certain urban areas and the regions without cotton, especially in cities that were rapidly industrializing, such as

977:

destroyed Confederate defenses in western Virginia. Raids and recruitment by the Confederacy took place throughout the war. Current estimates of soldiers from West Virginia are 20,000-22,000 men each to the Union and the Confederacy.

956:

The Second Wheeling Convention opened on June 11 with more than 100 delegates from 32 western counties; they represented nearly one-third of Virginia's total voting population. It announced that state offices were vacant and chose

655:. On December 10, 1861, Kentucky became the 13th state admitted to the Confederacy. Kentucky, along with Missouri, was a state with representatives in both Congresses and had regiments in both the Union and the Confederate Armies. 778:

as governor. President Lincoln's administration immediately recognized the legitimacy of Gamble's government, which provided both pro-Union militia forces for service within the state, and volunteer regiments for the Union Army.

510:, and later released when Maryland was secured for the Union. Because a large part of the legislature was now imprisoned, the session was canceled and representatives did not consider any additional anti-war measures. The song " 993:

applied to the soldiers of the 11 Confederate states and West Virginia only. Returning Confederate soldiers from the other border states were required to obtain special permits from the War Department. Similarly, the

896:

raided Missouri with 12,000 men in September/October 1864. Price coordinated his moves with the guerrillas, but was nearly trapped, escaping to Arkansas with only half his force after a decisive Union victory at the

833:

The exiled state government was forced to withdraw into Arkansas. For the rest of the war, it consisted of several wagonloads of civilian politicians attached to various Confederate armies. In 1865, it vanished.

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was almost fully integrated into the Northern economy. Slavery was rare, except in the southern districts of the state; less than two percent of the state's population was enslaved. Both houses of the state

198:

and numerous violent raids, feuds, and assassinations. Violence was especially severe in West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, and western Missouri. The single bloodiest episode of guerrilla warfare was the 1863

4836: 5155: 4982: 2697: 1907: 6027: 762:, which calmed tensions in the state for several weeks. After Harney was removed, and Lyon placed in charge, a meeting was held in St. Louis at the Planters' House among Lyon, his political ally 869:, and many personal feuds were played out in the violence. Small-unit tactics pioneered by the Missouri Partisan Rangers were used in occupied portions of the Confederacy during the Civil War. 285:, slaves comprised less than a fifth of the population in all five border states, specifically Kentucky (19.5%), Maryland (12.7%), Missouri (9.7%), West Virginia (4.9%), and Delaware (1.6%). 698:

last approximately 65,000 slaves out of a pre-war total 225,483 slaves to await freedom when the amendment became part of the U.S. Constitution in December 1865, without Kentucky's support.

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The unique conditions attendant to the creation of the state led the Federal government to sometimes regard West Virginia as differing from the other border states in the post-war and

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region of western Missouri), the secessionist forces retreated to southwestern Missouri, as they were under pressure from Union reinforcements. On October 30, 1861, in the town of

5487: 5467: 5457: 4125: 693:

made the enrollment and freeing of slaves Union Army policy, commanders extended freedom to the Army recruit's entire family and granted liberty passes to freed slaves. When the

643:, in the summer of 1861, the pro-Confederates in western and central Kentucky moved to establish a Confederate state government in that area. The Russellville Convention met in 5497: 5492: 5477: 5472: 5462: 5452: 4886: 4775: 4760: 2604: 4552: 4472: 3000: 1034:

control of Union forces in 1862 and was occupied to the end of the war. It abolished slavery in January 1865 before the war ended. For this reason, it was omitted from the

379:. Lincoln recognized this government and allowed them to divide the state. Kentucky and Missouri had adopted secession ordinances by their pro-Confederate governments (see 84: 2734: 514:" was written to attack Lincoln's action in blocking pro-Confederate elements. Maryland contributed troops to both the Union (60,000) and the Confederate (25,000) armies. 4580: 1324:

In 1861, "From February into the late spring, North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, and Arkansas were considered border states", says David Stephen Heidler et al., eds.

1247: 717: 5889: 5585: 2995: 766:, Price, and Jackson. The negotiations went nowhere. After a few fruitless hours, Lyon declared, "this means war!" Price and Jackson rapidly departed for the capital. 723:

Jackson, who was pro-Confederate, was disappointed with the outcome. He called up the state militia to their districts for annual training. Jackson had designs on the

884:

on 25 August 1863 in response to Quantrill's raid on Lawrence, Kansas. The order forced the total evacuation of four counties that fall within the area of modern-day

735:

struck first, encircling the camp and forcing the state militia to surrender. While his troops were marching the prisoners to the arsenal, a deadly riot erupted (the

594:, on the grounds that the Confederacy voided the original pledge by entering Kentucky first. The General Assembly soon ordered for the Union flag be raised over the 4770: 4745: 4547: 4455: 3005: 2739: 716:, called upon the legislature to authorize a state constitutional convention on secession. A special election approved of the convention, and delegates to it. This 254: 6032: 4597: 4240: 3629: 3508: 1126: 5124: 4482: 4235: 4230: 3656: 939:

The serious divisions between the western and eastern sections of Virginia had been simmering for decades, related to class and social differences. The western

909:

on August 21, 1863, killing 150 civilians, broke up in confusion. Quantrill and a handful of followers moved on to Kentucky, where he was ambushed and killed.

207:, in which at least 150 civilian men and boys were killed. It was launched in retaliation for an earlier, smaller raid into Missouri by Union men from Kansas. 3488: 2558: 1464: 6037: 5045: 4575: 3624: 3383: 5637: 5525: 5217: 5139: 5002: 4987: 3418: 3034: 1202: 1063: 845:

Regular Confederate troops staged several large-scale raids into Missouri, but most of the fighting in the state for the next three years consisted of

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Union. Maryland's wish for neutrality within the Union was a major obstacle given Lincoln's desire to force the South back into the Union militarily.

1847: 689:

By the end of the war more than 70% of the pre-war slaves in Kentucky had been freed by Union military measures or escape to Union lines. After the

163:, saw rival governments, though their territory mostly stayed in Union control after 1862. Four others did not declare for secession until after the 42: 34: 4906: 4841: 3543: 3518: 2754: 2729: 2679: 2659: 1941: 351: 172: 6022: 5627: 5281: 5109: 5084: 4800: 4497: 4393: 4245: 3578: 3458: 2669: 918: 675: 188: 129: 2516: 5050: 4795: 3538: 3533: 3208: 617:

and so Kentucky's neutral status evolved into backing the Union. Most of those who had originally sought neutrality turned to the Union cause.

998:

was originally designed to apply only to the 11 Confederate states and West Virginia, though claims from other states were sometimes honored.

461:, where there were numerous slaveholders and slaves. Baltimore was strongly tied to the cotton trade and related businesses of the South. The 6001: 5991: 5210: 4622: 3614: 3609: 3473: 3373: 2624: 1942:"KENTUCKY.; SECESSION MESSAGE OF GOV. MAGOFFIN, TO THE LEGISLATURE IN SPECIAL SESSION. Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives" 1793: 1079:

However, some tribes and bands sided with the Union. A bloody civil war resulted in the territory, with severe hardships for all residents.

191:, which was formed from 50 counties of Virginia and became a new slave state in the Union in 1863 (with, initially, gradual abolition law). 5981: 5274: 5233: 4881: 4585: 4557: 3796: 3604: 3573: 3503: 3363: 2937: 2222: 1876: 1482: 4871: 4861: 4512: 4220: 3583: 3548: 3443: 3021: 1242: 1012: 333: Southern border states that permitted slavery, Kentucky and Missouri both had dual competing Confederate and Unionist governments 176: 2342: 1076:), most Indian tribes owned black slaves and sided with the Confederacy, which had promised them an Indian state after it won the war. 666:

with the Confederate state records, headed south, and joined Confederate forces in Tennessee. After Johnson was killed fighting in the

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to enroll volunteers to expel the Confederate forces, requesting the governor to call out the militia, and appointing Union General

1029:

in contrast was strongly pro-Union and had mostly voted against secession. The state even went as far as sending delegates for the

5726: 5264: 3528: 3493: 3433: 2551: 1232: 1088: 990: 257:, for varying reasons blacks remained enfranchised in the border states despite movements for disfranchisement during the 1900s. 3129: 5613: 5608: 5598: 5441: 5094: 5079: 4961: 4921: 4820: 4805: 4790: 4785: 4617: 4522: 3553: 3448: 3408: 2965: 1515: 1047: 962: 682: 476: 376: 5516: 5119: 4438: 4202: 3558: 3523: 3428: 2664: 2059: 1647: 1639: 1569: 1525: 1375: 1351: 1237: 1227: 1222: 1217: 782:

Fighting ensued between Union forces and a combined army of General Price's Missouri State Guard and Confederate troops from

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If Maryland joined the Confederacy, Washington would have been surrounded. There was popular support for the Confederacy in

431:

opposed secession and was "strongly Unionist" but hoped for a peaceful solution even if it meant Confederate independence.

147:

and fifteen were slave including the four border states; each of the latter held a comparatively low percentage of slaves.

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Map of Virginia dated June 13, 1861, featuring the percentage of slave population within each county at the 1860 census.

652: 628:, which was recognized by the Confederate States as a member state. Kentucky was represented by the central star on the 480: 2634: 1581:

In nine of the ten chief southern cities, the proportion of slaves steadily declined before the war. The exception was

610:

in command of Kentucky forces, incensed the Southerners. Magoffin vetoed the resolutions but was overridden each time.

5879: 5354: 5181: 4929: 4680: 4517: 4507: 4502: 4460: 3884: 2544: 1038:. After the war, Tennessee was the first Confederate state to have its elected members readmitted to the US Congress. 970: 881: 603: 3183: 803: 567:

In elections on June 20 and August 5, 1861, Unionists won enough additional seats in the legislature to overcome any

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These events resulted in greater Confederate support within the state among some factions. The already pro-Southern

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Jackson, Price, and the pro-Confederate portions of the state legislature were forced to flee the state capital of

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Gary L. Cheatham, "'Desperate Characters': The Development and Impact of the Confederate Guerrillas In Kansas",

1445: 1117:" raids against pro-Confederate settlements in Missouri. His forces left more than 150 people dead in Lawrence. 830:. It was recognized by the Confederate Congress, and Missouri was admitted into the Confederacy on November 28. 5731: 5379: 5067: 4951: 4876: 4851: 4846: 4810: 4730: 4428: 4413: 3994: 3498: 3278: 3243: 3178: 3119: 3114: 2844: 1110: 807: 647:

on November 18, 1861. The 116 delegates from 68 counties elected to depose the current government and create a

301: 876:

The Union response was to suppress the guerrillas. It achieved that in western Missouri, as Brigadier General

76:

states, including those admitted during the war; light blue represents southern border states; red represents

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saw a substantial reduction in slavery, did not see the abolition of slavery until December 1865, when the

132:. To their north they bordered free states of the Union, and all but Delaware bordered slave states of the 5926: 5899: 5823: 5706: 5413: 5040: 4740: 4314: 3904: 3741: 3716: 3248: 3149: 3064: 2804: 2713: 1855: 1101: 902: 648: 644: 636: 595: 492: 4150: 826:, Jackson called the supporting parts of the exiled state legislature into session, where they enacted a 288:

Some slaveholders made a profit by selling surplus slaves to traders for transport to the markets of the

5864: 5859: 5721: 5563: 5538: 5418: 5362: 4956: 4856: 4319: 4272: 4182: 3857: 3847: 3293: 3283: 3268: 3218: 3173: 2829: 2814: 2707: 2361: 1969:"A Concise History of the Flags of the Confederate States of America and the Sovereign State of Georgia" 1409: 1262: 885: 819: 758:

of this reformed militia. Price, and Union district commander Harney, came to an agreement known as the

511: 396: 164: 144: 101: 4670: 1744:

Thomas Livermore, Numbers and Losses in the Civil War, Boston, 1900. See chart and explanation, p. 550

2513: 1465:"TENNESSEE STATE CONVENTION: Slavery Declared Forever Abolished; Emancipation Rejoicings in St. Louis" 5909: 5884: 5533: 5114: 4966: 4939: 4408: 4187: 4170: 3827: 3468: 3323: 3308: 3303: 3273: 3258: 3238: 2856: 2760: 2644: 2497: 2450: 1431: 1145: 1051: 763: 747: 720:

voted to remain within the Union, but rejected coercion of the Southern states by the United States.

713: 607: 557: 462: 250: 4252: 5701: 5656: 5651: 5099: 4891: 4780: 4654: 4299: 3999: 3959: 3944: 3837: 3686: 3388: 3358: 3318: 3193: 3154: 3124: 3079: 3039: 2639: 2629: 1207: 974: 958: 949: 866: 736: 659: 416: 5187: 2252: 944:

eastern spokesmen called for secession, while westerners warned they would not be legislated into

5936: 5798: 5741: 5661: 5603: 5573: 5344: 5329: 5304: 4945: 4815: 4341: 4326: 4207: 4165: 4137: 3974: 3939: 3786: 3746: 3263: 3233: 3223: 3099: 3094: 3074: 3069: 3049: 2799: 2702: 2619: 2567: 2312: 1716: 1582: 1252: 1153: 986: 898: 827: 580: 364: 242: 227:

being widely regarded as that official line. President Abraham Lincoln and Confederate President

93: 3919: 2230: 1486: 5818: 5808: 5646: 5548: 5339: 5334: 5324: 4443: 4045: 3979: 3914: 3817: 3736: 3696: 3298: 3104: 3059: 2674: 2356:: 168–187. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023 – via Kansas Historical Society. 2197: 2055: 1822: 1816: 1676: 1672: 1643: 1633: 1565: 1521: 1392: 1371: 1347: 1342: 1267: 1173: 1105:

Confederate raids into the state during the war and numerous deaths caused by the guerrillas.

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to obtain artillery for the militia in St. Louis. Aware of these developments, Union Captain

544:

Lincoln reportedly also declared, "I hope to have God on my side, but I must have Kentucky."

5681: 5666: 5319: 5259: 4055: 3924: 3894: 3889: 3822: 3761: 3756: 3711: 3378: 3213: 3203: 3109: 3089: 3084: 2834: 2824: 2784: 1181: 1165: 1141: 1106: 1100:" from 1854 to 1859, and was admitted into the Union as a free state under the anti-slavery 1069: 1022: 877: 823: 667: 614: 587: 446: 360: 2124:

A House Divided, A Study of Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia

1764:

A House Divided, A Study of Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia

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West Virginia counties which ratified the Virginia ordinance of Secession on May 23, 1861.

775: 728: 552: 548: 228: 253:

for blacks. However, in contrast to the Confederate States, where almost all blacks were

2427: 1148:, who attempted to establish control there. They had plans to attack the Union state of 678:

was adjourned on February 17, 1862, on the eve of inauguration of a permanent Congress.

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In the Wake of Slavery: Civil War, Civil Rights, and the Reconstruction of Southern Law

1532:

In 1866, Kentucky refused to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment. It did ratify it in 1976.

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did not vote on any bill to secede but passed two resolutions of neutrality, issuing a

155:

was largely prevented from seceding by local unionists and federal troops. Two others,

2443:

Apostles of Disunion: Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War

712:

After the secession of Southern states began, the newly elected governor of Missouri,

613:

In 1862, the legislature passed an act to disenfranchise citizens who enlisted in the

312: 88:

Historical military map of the border and southern states by Phelps & Watson, 1866

6016: 5963: 5686: 4465: 4065: 4060: 4050: 4025: 3934: 3929: 3771: 3766: 3751: 3721: 3691: 3029: 2654: 2485:

The Rivers Ran Backward: The Civil War and the Remaking of the American Middle Border

2451:"Migration responses to conflict: evidence from the border of the American Civil war" 1287: 791: 671: 576: 471: 363:. Some 50,000 citizens of Maryland signed up for the military, with most joining the 2343:"'Slavery All the Time or Not At All': The Wyandotte Constitution Debate, 1859–1861" 5951: 5874: 5869: 5269: 4934: 4911: 4901: 4896: 4433: 4375: 4287: 4262: 4175: 4155: 3954: 3852: 2473: 1161: 507: 1156:(both of which also had Southern sympathizers) as well as the eastern side of the 231:

were both born in the border southern state of Kentucky, with Lincoln residing in

1587:"Rearing Wolves to Our Own Destruction": Slavery in Richmond, Virginia, 1782–1865 5946: 5401: 3706: 2744: 2724: 858: 854: 496: 236: 105: 5202: 5931: 5854: 5254: 5089: 3964: 3726: 2927: 2922: 2526: 2492:

A Union Indivisible: Secession and the Politics of Slavery in the Border South

1906:

Roy P. Basler; Marion Dolores Pratt; Lloyd A. Dunlap, assistant, eds. (2001).

1732: 1212: 1189: 1149: 1132: 940: 521:

that prohibited slavery, thus emancipating all remaining slaves in the state.

356: 289: 224: 184: 140: 1976: 674:

was soon named Confederate governor of Kentucky. Shortly afterwards, and the

16:

Slave states that did not secede from the Union during the American Civil War

5941: 5766: 4353: 2501:

A Savage Conflict: The Decisive Role of Guerrillas in the American Civil War

2185:

Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861–1865

2052:

Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri During the American Civil War

1368:

A Savage Conflict: The Decisive Role of Guerrillas in the American Civil War

1257: 1114: 961:

as governor of Virginia (not West Virginia) on June 20. Pierpont headed the

535:

Kentucky was critical to Union victory in the Civil War. Lincoln once said:

450: 271: 267: 255:

disenfranchised during the first half to two-thirds of the twentieth century

1188:

prevented these plans from fruition and Sibley's Confederates fled back to

1753:

Randolph McKim, Numerical Strength of the Confederate Army, New York, 1912

982:

completely abolished slavery in February 1865, before the end of the war.

681:

However, as Union occupation dominated the state after the failure of the

4358: 2003:

Harrison, Lowell H. (1983). "Slavery in Kentucky: A Civil War Casualty".

1910:. University of Michigan Digital Library Production Services. p. 533 1500: 1073: 783: 445:

Union troops had to go through Maryland to reach the national capital at

422: 367:. Approximately a tenth as many enlisted to "go South" and fight for the 246: 232: 194:

Besides combat between regular armies, the border region saw large-scale

2424:

Gray Ghosts of the Confederacy: Guerrilla Warfare in the West, 1861–1865

1720: 1389:

Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri in the American Civil War

72:

Map of the division of the states during the Civil War. Blue represents

2316: 1432:"Archives of Maryland Historical List: Constitutional Convention, 1864" 1136: 945: 931: 1848:"Teaching American History in Maryland – Documents for the Classroom: 1410:"The Lawrence Massacre by a Band of Missouri Ruffians Under Quantrell" 80:

states. Unshaded areas were not states before or during the Civil War.

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Reluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis

1343:

Reluctant Confederates: Upper South Unionists in the Secession Crisis

1177: 1169: 293: 204: 2288:"Constitutional Convention, Virginia (1864) – Encyclopedia Virginia" 1313:

Days of Defiance: Sumter, Secession, and the Coming of the Civil War

304:(although it included many counties which had voted for secession). 2148:

Curry "A Reappraisal of Statehood Politics in West Virginia" p. 407

1544:"Birthplaces of Lincoln, Davis illustrate divide in 1860s Kentucky" 727:, and had been in secret correspondence with Confederate President 5771: 2449:

Eli, Shari; Salisbury, Laura; Shertzer, Allison (September 2016).

930: 922: 787: 551:

proposed that slave states such as Kentucky should conform to the

403:. All but Delaware also share borders with states that joined the 311: 83: 67: 1046:

With the creation of West Virginia in 1863, the Union supporting

568: 5206: 5156:

List of films and television shows about the American Civil War

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At the time the Civil War broke out, the present-day states of

1946:

Digitized version of an article from The Times's print archive

1025:

had voted overwhelmingly in favor of joining the Confederacy,

849:. The guerrillas were primarily Southern partisans, including 278:

in Delaware were free, as were a high proportion in Maryland.

18: 2034:

Larry Wood, "The Other Anderson: Bloody Bill's Brother Jim",

1711:

Quisenberry, A. C. "Kentucky Union Troops in the Civil War".

296:

and not slaveholders, to break away and remain in the Union.

989:. The terms of surrender granted to the Confederate army at 499:, acting only as a circuit judge, ruled on June 4, 1861, in 2393:

Albert Castel, "The Jayhawkers and Copperheads of Kansas",

1109:

came under attack on August 21, 1863, by guerrillas led by

837:

Missouri abolished slavery during the war in January 1865.

1620:

The Emergence of Lincoln: Prologue to Civil War, 1859–1861

1604:

The Emergence of Lincoln: Prologue to Civil War, 1859–1861

575:

Kentuckian neutrality was broken when Confederate General

564:

May 20, 1861, asking both sides to keep out of the state.

2275:

Confederate Bastille: Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties

1735:

You must click "Regimental Histories" to access the data.

651:

loyal to Kentucky's new unofficial Confederate governor,

598:

in Frankfort and declared its allegiance with the Union.

2023:

Turbulent Partnership: Missouri and the Union, 1861–1865

1667:

Lincoln's Loyalists: Union Soldiers from the Confederacy

1336: 1334: 46: 2085:

The American Civil War: The War in the West, 1863–1865

695:

Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

183:. They are called the Upper South, in contrast to the 1514:

Lowell Hayes Harrison & James C. Klotter (1997).

2307:

Annie Heloise Abel, "The Indians in the Civil War",

1842: 1840: 1838: 658:

Magoffin, still functioning as official governor in

475:

and imprisoned without charges or trials, including

6028:

Former regions and territories of the United States

5847: 5791: 5740: 5635: 5626: 5584: 5524: 5515: 5439: 5353: 5295: 5247: 5240: 5148: 5033: 4975: 4920: 4829: 4718: 4631: 4610: 4568: 4540: 4531: 4384: 4136: 4101: 4008: 3877: 3870: 3810: 3674: 3667: 3592: 3339: 3332: 3163: 3019: 2978: 2946: 2913: 2906: 2770: 2688: 2589: 2478:

The War for the Union: The Improvised War 1861–1862

2468:

Lincoln and the Border States: Preserving the Union

2253:"General Orders No. 57, Brevet Major General Emory" 2223:"On This Day in West Virginia History – February 3" 1894:

Lincoln and the Border States: Preserving the Union

1877:"Fort McHenry, Lincoln Suspension of Habeas Corpus" 469:To protect the national capital, Lincoln suspended 395:Each of these five states shared a border with the 1664: 1713:Register of the Kentucky State Historical Society 746:passed the governor's military bill creating the 187:. A new border state was created during the war, 4842:Confederate States presidential election of 1861 1700:Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction 1362: 1360: 1288:"The Border States (U.S. National Park Service)" 321: States that seceded before April 15, 1861 2460:(w22591). National Bureau of Economic Research. 1854:. Maryland State Archives. 2005. Archived from 754:, who had been president of the convention, as 327: States that seceded after April 15, 1861 4666:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. 2198:"West Virginians Approve the Willey Amendment" 1908:"Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. Volume 4" 1127:New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War 1096:experienced a small-scale civil war known as " 5218: 2552: 2384:, September 1991, Vol. 14 Issue 3, pp 144-161 2174:, History Press, Charleston, SC (2011), p. 28 2126:, University of Pittsburgh, 1964, pp. 142-147 1733:American Civil War in Missouri Research Guide 1520:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 180. 8: 2397:, September 1959, Vol. 5 Issue 3, pp 283-293 2025:, p. 198. University of Missouri Press, 1963 1794:"Slavery, the Civil War, and Reconstruction" 1248:Missouri Constitutional Convention (1861–63) 1017:Though Tennessee had officially seceded and 517:During the war, Maryland narrowly adopted a 5732:Acquisition of the Northern Mariana Islands 2503:(University of North Carolina Press, 2008). 2494:(University of North Carolina Press, 2017). 2436:(University of North Carolina Press, 1989). 2406:Donald Gilmore, "Revenge in Kansas, 1863", 1998: 1996: 1994: 167:and were briefly considered border states: 100:or the Border South were four, later five, 5977: 5632: 5521: 5244: 5225: 5211: 5203: 4715: 4698: 4537: 4098: 4087: 3874: 3671: 3664: 3651: 3336: 2910: 2903: 2874: 2586: 2575: 2559: 2545: 2537: 2329:The American Civil War in Indian Territory 2046: 2044: 2038:, January 2003, Vol. 97 Issue 2, pp 93-108 1203:Constitutional Union Party (United States) 1064:Indian Territory in the American Civil War 2311:Vol. 15, No. 2 (Jan. 1910), pp. 281–296. 2109:Charles H. Ambler and Festus P. Summers, 1948:. New York Times. May 11, 1861. p. 9 1821:. U. of Delaware Press. pp. 132–34. 1766:, Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 1964, pg. 49 506:Assembly). They were held temporarily at 2755:Treatment of slaves in the United States 2072:Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War 1896:(University Press of Kansas, 2011) p. 71 1850:Arrest of the Maryland Legislature, 1861 1459: 1457: 1455: 586:The legislature decided to back General 4498:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War 2670:South Carolina Declaration of Secession 2410:, March 1993, Vol. 43 Issue 3, pp 47-53 1279: 919:West Virginia in the American Civil War 676:Provisional Confederate States Congress 620:During the war, a faction known as the 377:"restored" state government of Virginia 339: Union states that banned slavery 4483:Modern display of the Confederate flag 2514:Mr. Lincoln and Freedom: Border States 2359: 1326:Encyclopedia of the American Civil War 6033:Regions of the Southern United States 2680:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 2445:(University of Virginia Press, 2017). 1614: 1612: 1542:Stephens, Steve (February 15, 2015). 953:secession and 26 favoring the Union. 7: 5997: 1715:, vol. 18, no. 54, 1920, pp. 13–18. 47:move details into the article's body 5707:Acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam 4837:Committee on the Conduct of the War 4513:United Daughters of the Confederacy 2470:(University Press of Kansas, 2011). 1243:History of slavery in West Virginia 1013:Tennessee in the American Civil War 128:, and after 1863, the new state of 6038:Politics of the American Civil War 5722:Annexation of the Indian Territory 4907:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 4246:impeachment managers investigation 2625:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 1796:. Britannica.com. January 22, 2014 718:Missouri Constitutional Convention 708:Missouri in the American Civil War 626:Confederate government of Kentucky 590:and his Union troops stationed in 531:Kentucky in the American Civil War 441:Maryland in the American Civil War 385:Confederate government of Missouri 381:Confederate government of Kentucky 14: 5282:Tribal domestic dependent nations 4332:Reconstruction military districts 2780:Abolitionism in the United States 2735:Plantations in the American South 2650:Origins of the American Civil War 2341:L. Cheatham, Gary (Autumn 1998). 2111:West Virginia, the Mountain State 1184:. Ultimately their defeat at the 1168:, followed by an invasion of the 794:. After a string of victories in 274:. By 1860, more than half of the 5996: 5987: 5986: 5976: 5727:Treaty of the Danish West Indies 5186: 5177: 5176: 4315:Enforcement Act of February 1871 4288:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 2487:(Oxford University Press, 2016). 2187:, W.W. Norton, 2012, pgs. 296-97 1663:Current, Richard Nelson (1992). 1233:History of slavery in New Mexico 1089:Kansas in the American Civil War 350:Though every slave state except 249:system of legal segregation and 23: 5100:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 4962:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 4523:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 2172:West Virginia and the Civil War 1048:Restored Government of Virginia 963:Restored Government of Virginia 683:Confederate Heartland Offensive 6023:American Civil War by location 4203:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 1640:Johns Hopkins University Press 1635:Maryland, A Middle Temperament 1238:History of slavery in Oklahoma 1228:History of slavery in Missouri 1223:History of slavery in Maryland 1218:History of slavery in Kentucky 1121:New Mexico / Arizona Territory 905:, after raiding Kansas in the 519:new state constitution in 1864 151:never declared for secession. 1: 4618:Ladies' Memorial Associations 4320:Enforcement Act of April 1871 4216:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 814:and going up as far north as 750:. Governor Jackson appointed 239:on the eve of the Civil War. 108:that primarily supported the 5779:Slave states and free states 5234:Regions of the United States 4751:Confederate revolving cannon 4493:Sons of Confederate Veterans 4364:South Carolina riots of 1876 4342:Indian Council at Fort Smith 4293:South Carolina riots of 1876 4258:Knights of the White Camelia 2750:Slavery in the United States 2327:John Spencer and Adam Hook, 2137:The History of West Virginia 1975:. Golden Ink. Archived from 1591:University Press of Virginia 1446:"Missouri abolishes slavery" 477:one sitting U.S. congressman 316:Status of the states, 1861. 5890:International border states 5105:New York City riots of 1863 4930:Battle Hymn of the Republic 4681:United Confederate Veterans 4518:Children of the Confederacy 4508:United Confederate Veterans 4503:Southern Historical Society 3135:Price's Missouri Expedition 2605:Timeline leading to the War 2011:(1) (Fall ed.): 38–40. 1777:American Slavery: 1619–1877 1632:Brugger, J. Robert (1996). 971:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 359:and at least 30,000 in the 6054: 5917:Red states and blue states 5073:Confederate Secret Service 4661:Grand Army of the Republic 4553:Grand Army of the Republic 4371:Southern Claims Commission 2309:American Historical Review 2036:Missouri Historical Review 1483:"On this day: 1865-FEB-03" 1124: 1113:. He was retaliating for " 1086: 1061: 1010: 996:Southern Claims Commission 916: 744:Missouri State Legislature 705: 528: 438: 414: 399:and were aligned with the 5972: 5172: 5061:Confederate States dollar 4872:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 4867:Emancipation Proclamation 4761:Medal of Honor recipients 4714: 4697: 4649:Confederate Memorial Hall 4451:Confederate Memorial Hall 4424:Confederate History Month 4404:Civil War Discovery Trail 4305:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 4111:Reconstruction Amendments 4097: 4086: 3663: 3650: 2902: 2873: 2720:Emancipation Proclamation 2585: 2574: 2525:Thomas, William G., III. 2458:NBER Working Paper Series 2366:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1517:A new history of Kentucky 1387:Fellman, Michael (1989). 1036:Emancipation Proclamation 1031:East Tennessee Convention 691:Emancipation Proclamation 635:When Confederate General 493:city council of Baltimore 283:1860 United States census 212:Emancipation Proclamation 5135:U.S. Sanitary Commission 5046:Battlefield preservation 4952:Marching Through Georgia 4877:Hampton Roads Conference 4852:Confiscation Act of 1862 4847:Confiscation Act of 1861 4623:U.S. national cemeteries 4429:Confederate Memorial Day 4414:Civil War Trails Program 4283:New Orleans riot of 1866 1929:Encyclopedia of Kentucky 1111:William Clarke Quantrill 251:second-class citizenship 5056:Confederate war finance 4676:Southern Cross of Honor 4644:1938 Gettysburg reunion 4639:1913 Gettysburg reunion 4337:Reconstruction Treaties 4310:Enforcement Act of 1870 4193:Freedman's Savings Bank 2810:Lane Debates on Slavery 2635:Lincoln–Douglas debates 2483:Phillips, Christopher. 1815:John A. Munroe (2006). 1186:Battle of Glorieta Pass 641:Bowling Green, Kentucky 630:Confederate battle flag 622:Russellville Convention 562:neutrality proclamation 143:in 1861, nineteen were 5115:Richmond riots of 1863 5041:Baltimore riot of 1861 4821:U.S. Military Railroad 4741:Confederate Home Guard 4473:Historiographic issues 4439:Historical reenactment 2938:Revenue Cutter Service 2805:William Lloyd Garrison 2714:Dred Scott v. Sandford 1687:except south carolina. 1366:Daniel E. Sutherland, 1102:Wyandotte Constitution 936: 928: 649:provisional government 637:Albert Sidney Johnston 542: 391:The five border states 347: 235:and Davis residing in 89: 81: 5564:Appalachian Highlands 5539:Intermontane Plateaus 5275:Minor Outlying Island 5080:Great Revival of 1863 4957:Maryland, My Maryland 4746:Confederate railroads 4409:Civil War Roundtables 4278:Meridian riot of 1871 4273:Memphis riots of 1866 2830:George Luther Stearns 2815:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 2708:Crittenden Compromise 2498:Sutherland, Daniel E. 2490:Robinson, Michael D. 2422:Brownlee, Richard S. 2083:Joseph T. Glatthaar, 2021:Parrish, William E.; 1967:Irby, Richard E. Jr. 1548:The Columbus Dispatch 1501:"Slavery in Delaware" 1315:(Knopf, 1997), p. 22. 1292:National Park Service 1263:Slave and free states 1050:took up residence in 934: 926: 886:Kansas City, Missouri 820:Missouri River Valley 537: 512:Maryland, My Maryland 315: 165:Battle of Fort Sumter 87: 71: 5260:District of Columbia 4967:Daar kom die Alibama 4882:National Union Party 4558:memorials to Lincoln 4478:Lost Cause mythology 4183:Eufaula riot of 1874 4171:Confederate refugees 3384:District of Columbia 3011:Union naval blockade 2857:Underground Railroad 2645:Nullification crisis 1698:James M. McPherson, 1146:Henry Hopkins Sibley 1052:Alexandria, Virginia 882:General Order No. 11 764:Francis P. Blair Jr. 748:Missouri State Guard 714:Claiborne F. Jackson 608:Thomas L. Crittenden 558:Kentucky legislature 463:Maryland Legislature 217:Thirteenth Amendment 5702:Newlands Resolution 5657:Southwest Territory 5652:Northwest Territory 5125:Supreme Court cases 4892:Radical Republicans 4671:Old soldiers' homes 4655:Confederate Veteran 4581:artworks in Capitol 4300:Reconstruction acts 4161:Colfax riot of 1873 3125:Richmond-Petersburg 2730:Fugitive slave laws 2660:Popular sovereignty 2640:Missouri Compromise 2630:Kansas-Nebraska Act 2122:Curry, Richard O., 2098:History of Missouri 2005:The Kentucky Review 1979:on November 9, 2012 1973:About North Georgia 1892:William C. Harris, 1858:on January 11, 2008 1818:History of Delaware 1762:Curry, Richard O., 1606:(1950) pages 149–55 1489:on October 8, 2014. 1471:. January 14, 1865. 1448:. January 11, 1865. 1434:. November 1, 1864. 1208:Central Confederacy 1140:Texan forces under 975:George B. McClellan 959:Francis H. Pierpont 950:Wheeling Convention 903:Quantrill's Raiders 867:William T. Anderson 828:secession ordinance 737:Camp Jackson Affair 417:History of Delaware 5799:Atlantic Northeast 5712:Cession of Tutuila 5662:Louisiana Purchase 5559:Interior Highlands 5287:Maritime territory 4946:A Lincoln Portrait 4887:Politicians killed 4811:U.S. Balloon Corps 4806:Union corps badges 4586:memorials to Davis 4456:Disenfranchisement 4327:Reconstruction era 4208:Timber Culture Act 4166:Compromise of 1877 3130:Franklin–Nashville 2800:Frederick Douglass 2703:Cornerstone Speech 2620:Compromise of 1850 2568:American Civil War 2527:“The Border South” 2519:2010-07-02 at the 2465:Harris, William C. 2432:Crofts, Daniel W. 2233:on October 8, 2014 2157:Richard O. Curry, 1883:, 27 November 2001 1702:(1982), pp 156–62. 1622:(1950), pp. 119–47 1583:Richmond, Virginia 1560:Ranney, Joseph A. 1469:The New York Times 1340:Daniel W. Crofts, 1253:Missouri secession 1154:Colorado Territory 1002:Other border areas 987:Reconstruction Era 937: 929: 899:Battle of Westport 760:Price–Harney Truce 581:Columbus, Kentucky 547:Kentucky Governor 365:United States Army 348: 345: Territories 94:American Civil War 90: 82: 6010: 6009: 5819:Pacific Northwest 5809:Columbia District 5787: 5786: 5717:Cession of Manu'a 5677:Adams–Onís Treaty 5647:Thirteen Colonies 5622: 5621: 5549:Laurentian Upland 5511: 5510: 5200: 5199: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5163: 4998:Italian Americans 4983:African Americans 4940:John Brown's Body 4693: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4606: 4605: 4444:Robert E. Lee Day 4188:Freedmen's Bureau 4151:Brooks–Baxter War 4082: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4074: 4073: 3866: 3865: 3646: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3055:Northern Virginia 3001:Trans-Mississippi 2974: 2973: 2869: 2868: 2865: 2864: 2761:Uncle Tom's Cabin 2698:African Americans 2533:, April 16, 2004. 2480:(Scribner, 1959). 2395:Civil War History 2277:(1993), pp. 10–11 2050:Michael Fellman, 1585:. Midori Takagi, 1412:. J. S. Broughton 1268:Southern Unionist 1042:Restored Virginia 907:Lawrence Massacre 851:William Quantrill 847:guerrilla warfare 841:Guerrilla warfare 725:St. Louis Arsenal 653:George W. Johnson 592:Paducah, Kentucky 502:Ex parte Merryman 487:, and the entire 455:Southern Maryland 308:Divided loyalties 281:According to the 276:African Americans 201:Lawrence Massacre 196:guerrilla warfare 64: 63: 43:length guidelines 6045: 6000: 5999: 5990: 5989: 5980: 5979: 5682:Texas annexation 5667:Gadsden Purchase 5633: 5534:Pacific Mountain 5522: 5245: 5227: 5220: 5213: 5204: 5190: 5180: 5179: 5003:Native Americans 4988:German Americans 4781:Partisan rangers 4776:Official Records 4716: 4699: 4591:memorials to Lee 4538: 4099: 4088: 3875: 3672: 3665: 3652: 3625:Washington, D.C. 3419:Indian Territory 3379:Dakota Territory 3337: 3254:Chancellorsville 3045:Jackson's Valley 3035:Blockade runners 2911: 2904: 2875: 2835:Thaddeus Stevens 2825:Lysander Spooner 2785:Susan B. Anthony 2587: 2576: 2561: 2554: 2547: 2538: 2461: 2455: 2411: 2404: 2398: 2391: 2385: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2365: 2357: 2347: 2338: 2332: 2325: 2319: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2284: 2278: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2229:. Archived from 2219: 2213: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2194: 2188: 2181: 2175: 2170:Snell, Mark A., 2168: 2162: 2155: 2149: 2146: 2140: 2133: 2127: 2120: 2114: 2113:(1958) ch. 16-21 2107: 2101: 2094: 2088: 2081: 2075: 2068: 2062: 2048: 2039: 2032: 2026: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2000: 1989: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1903: 1897: 1890: 1884: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1844: 1833: 1832: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1790: 1784: 1775:Kolchin, Peter. 1773: 1767: 1760: 1754: 1751: 1745: 1742: 1736: 1730: 1724: 1709: 1703: 1696: 1690: 1689: 1671:. 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Chief Justice 447:Washington, D.C. 428:General Assembly 361:Confederate Army 344: 338: 332: 326: 320: 136:to their south. 59: 56: 50: 41:Please read the 27: 26: 19: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6013: 6012: 6011: 6006: 5968: 5895:Mariana Islands 5843: 5824:Prairie Pothole 5804:The Californias 5783: 5736: 5697:Alaska Purchase 5692:Mexican Cession 5640: 5618: 5580: 5554:Interior Plains 5544:Rocky Mountains 5507: 5446: 5443: 5435: 5407:Middle Atlantic 5349: 5315:Hawaii–Aleutian 5291: 5236: 5231: 5201: 5196: 5160: 5144: 5029: 4993:Irish Americans 4971: 4916: 4825: 4816:U.S. Home Guard 4756:Field artillery 4710: 4709: 4685: 4627: 4602: 4564: 4533: 4527: 4419:Civil War Trust 4386: 4380: 4268:Ethnic violence 4253:Kirk–Holden war 4132: 4093: 4070: 4004: 3862: 3806: 3659: 3634: 3588: 3341: 3328: 3159: 3140:Sherman's March 3120:Bermuda Hundred 3015: 2970: 2942: 2898: 2897: 2861: 2820:J. Sella Martin 2790:James G. Birney 2766: 2684: 2610:Bleeding Kansas 2598: 2581: 2570: 2565: 2531:Southern Spaces 2521:Wayback Machine 2510: 2453: 2448: 2440:Dew, Charles B. 2419: 2417:Further reading 2414: 2405: 2401: 2392: 2388: 2379: 2375: 2358: 2345: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2326: 2322: 2306: 2302: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2272: 2268: 2258: 2256: 2255:. Wvculture.org 2251: 2250: 2246: 2236: 2234: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2206: 2204: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2182: 2178: 2169: 2165: 2159:A House Divided 2156: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2134: 2130: 2121: 2117: 2108: 2104: 2095: 2091: 2087:(2001) p. 27–28 2082: 2078: 2069: 2065: 2049: 2042: 2033: 2029: 2020: 2016: 2002: 2001: 1992: 1982: 1980: 1966: 1965: 1961: 1951: 1949: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1927: 1923: 1913: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1891: 1887: 1875: 1871: 1861: 1859: 1846: 1845: 1836: 1829: 1814: 1813: 1809: 1799: 1797: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1781:Hill & Wang 1774: 1770: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1731: 1727: 1710: 1706: 1697: 1693: 1683: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1650: 1642:. p. 248. 1631: 1630: 1626: 1617: 1610: 1601: 1597: 1580: 1576: 1559: 1555: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1528: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1463: 1462: 1453: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1415: 1413: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1386: 1382: 1370:; pp. 251–276. 1365: 1358: 1339: 1332: 1328:(2002), p. 252. 1323: 1319: 1310: 1306: 1296: 1294: 1286: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1198: 1158:Rocky Mountains 1129: 1123: 1098:Bleeding Kansas 1091: 1085: 1066: 1060: 1044: 1015: 1009: 1004: 921: 915: 843: 776:Hamilton Gamble 729:Jefferson Davis 710: 704: 604:Robert Anderson 553:US Constitution 549:Beriah Magoffin 533: 527: 489:Board of Police 443: 437: 419: 413: 393: 346: 342: 340: 336: 334: 330: 328: 324: 322: 318: 310: 263: 229:Jefferson Davis 210:Lincoln's 1863 96:(1861–65), the 60: 54: 51: 40: 37:may be too long 32:This article's 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6051: 6049: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6015: 6014: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6004: 5994: 5984: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5839:Virgin Islands 5836: 5834:Sonoran Desert 5831: 5829:Samoan Islands 5826: 5821: 5816: 5814:Oregon Country 5811: 5806: 5801: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5746: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5672:Treaty of 1818 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5643: 5641: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5590: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5569:Atlantic Plain 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5530: 5528: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5449: 5447: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5394: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5377: 5376: 5375: 5370: 5359: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5301: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5272: 5262: 5257: 5251: 5249: 5242: 5241:Administrative 5238: 5237: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5222: 5215: 5207: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5184: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5158: 5152: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5140:Women soldiers 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5095:Naming the war 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5065: 5064: 5063: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4979: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4926: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4731:Campaign Medal 4728: 4722: 4720: 4712: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4706:Related topics 4703: 4702: 4695: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4625: 4620: 4614: 4612: 4608: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4600: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4544: 4542: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4453: 4448: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4434:Decoration Day 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4390: 4388: 4387:Reconstruction 4382: 4381: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4367: 4366: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4345: 4344: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4297: 4296: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4241:second inquiry 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4213: 4212: 4211: 4205: 4198:Homestead Acts 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4146:Alabama Claims 4142: 4140: 4138:Reconstruction 4134: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4129: 4128: 4126:15th Amendment 4123: 4121:14th Amendment 4118: 4116:13th Amendment 4107: 4105: 4095: 4094: 4091: 4084: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4005: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3881: 3879: 3872: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3747:J. E. Johnston 3744: 3742:A. S. Johnston 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3682:R. H. Anderson 3678: 3676: 3669: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3648: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3544:South Carolina 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3519:North Carolina 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3345: 3343: 3334: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3244:Fredericksburg 3241: 3236: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3184:Wilson's Creek 3181: 3176: 3170: 3168: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3026: 3024: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2996:Lower Seaboard 2993: 2988: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2952: 2950: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2919: 2917: 2908: 2900: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2879: 2878: 2871: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2852:Harriet Tubman 2849: 2848: 2847: 2840:Charles Sumner 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2776: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2764: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2694: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2682: 2677: 2675:States' rights 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2596: 2590: 2583: 2582: 2579: 2572: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2563: 2556: 2549: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2523: 2509: 2508:External links 2506: 2505: 2504: 2495: 2488: 2481: 2471: 2462: 2446: 2437: 2430: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2412: 2399: 2386: 2382:Kansas History 2373: 2350:Kansas History 2333: 2320: 2300: 2279: 2266: 2244: 2214: 2189: 2176: 2163: 2150: 2141: 2128: 2115: 2102: 2089: 2076: 2070:T. J. Stiles, 2063: 2040: 2027: 2014: 1990: 1959: 1933: 1921: 1898: 1885: 1869: 1834: 1827: 1807: 1785: 1768: 1755: 1746: 1737: 1725: 1704: 1691: 1681: 1655: 1648: 1624: 1618:Allan Nevins, 1608: 1602:Allan Nevins, 1595: 1574: 1553: 1534: 1526: 1506: 1492: 1474: 1451: 1437: 1423: 1401: 1380: 1356: 1346:, pp. 101–101 1330: 1317: 1304: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1125:Main article: 1122: 1119: 1087:Main article: 1084: 1081: 1062:Main article: 1059: 1056: 1043: 1040: 1027:East Tennessee 1019:West Tennessee 1011:Main article: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 917:Main article: 914: 911: 894:Sterling Price 842: 839: 808:Dry Wood Creek 804:Wilson's Creek 771:Jefferson City 752:Sterling Price 733:Nathaniel Lyon 706:Main article: 703: 700: 529:Main article: 526: 523: 453:as well as in 439:Main article: 436: 433: 415:Main article: 412: 409: 392: 389: 352:South Carolina 341: 335: 329: 323: 317: 309: 306: 262: 259: 243:Reconstruction 219:was ratified. 173:North Carolina 62: 61: 31: 29: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6050: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6003: 5995: 5993: 5985: 5983: 5975: 5974: 5971: 5965: 5964:Upper Midwest 5962: 5960: 5957: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5885:Intermountain 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5780: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5755:Border states 5753: 5752: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5687:Oregon Treaty 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5526:Physiographic 5523: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5438: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5395: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5228: 5223: 5221: 5216: 5214: 5209: 5208: 5205: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5183: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5110:Photographers 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5085:Gender issues 5083: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5032: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4912:War Democrats 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4902:Union Leagues 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4801:Turning point 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4771:Naval battles 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4536: 4534:and memorials 4530: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4394:Commemoration 4392: 4391: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4236:first inquiry 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4217: 4214: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4156:Carpetbaggers 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4089: 4085: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3649: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3579:West Virginia 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3499:New Hampshire 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3459:Massachusetts 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3199:Hampton Roads 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3189:Fort Donelson 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3085:Morgan's Raid 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3030:Anaconda Plan 3028: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3018: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3006:Pacific Coast 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2843: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2740:Positive good 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2655:Panic of 1857 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2615:Border states 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2588: 2584: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2562: 2557: 2555: 2550: 2548: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2475: 2474:Nevins, Allan 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2452: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2416: 2409: 2408:History Today 2403: 2400: 2396: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2377: 2374: 2369: 2363: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2301: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2267: 2254: 2248: 2245: 2232: 2228: 2227:wvculture.org 2224: 2218: 2215: 2203: 2202:wvculture.org 2199: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2183:James Oakes, 2180: 2177: 2173: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2151: 2145: 2142: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2031: 2028: 2024: 2018: 2015: 2010: 2006: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1963: 1960: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1922: 1909: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1889: 1886: 1882: 1881:Baltimore Sun 1878: 1873: 1870: 1857: 1853: 1851: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1828:9780874139471 1824: 1820: 1819: 1811: 1808: 1795: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1759: 1756: 1750: 1747: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1708: 1705: 1701: 1695: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1682:9781555531249 1678: 1674: 1669: 1668: 1659: 1656: 1651: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1599: 1596: 1593:, 1999) p 78. 1592: 1588: 1584: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1557: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1538: 1535: 1529: 1523: 1519: 1518: 1510: 1507: 1502: 1496: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1478: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1433: 1427: 1424: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1397:0-19-506471-2 1394: 1390: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1321: 1318: 1314: 1311:Maury Klein, 1308: 1305: 1293: 1289: 1283: 1280: 1274: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1128: 1120: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072:(present-day 1071: 1065: 1057: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1014: 1006: 1001: 999: 997: 992: 988: 983: 979: 976: 972: 966: 964: 960: 954: 951: 947: 942: 933: 925: 920: 913:West Virginia 912: 910: 908: 904: 900: 895: 889: 887: 883: 879: 874: 870: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 840: 838: 835: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 792:Ben McCulloch 789: 785: 780: 777: 772: 767: 765: 761: 757: 756:major general 753: 749: 745: 740: 738: 734: 730: 726: 721: 719: 715: 709: 701: 699: 696: 692: 687: 684: 679: 677: 673: 672:Richard Hawes 669: 663: 661: 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 633: 631: 627: 623: 618: 616: 611: 609: 605: 599: 597: 596:state capitol 593: 589: 584: 582: 578: 577:Leonidas Polk 573: 570: 565: 563: 559: 554: 550: 545: 541: 536: 532: 524: 522: 520: 515: 513: 509: 504: 503: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 479:, as well as 478: 474: 473: 472:habeas corpus 467: 464: 460: 459:Eastern Shore 456: 452: 448: 442: 434: 432: 429: 424: 418: 410: 408: 406: 402: 398: 390: 388: 386: 382: 378: 372: 370: 366: 362: 358: 353: 314: 307: 305: 303: 302:West Virginia 297: 295: 291: 286: 284: 279: 277: 273: 269: 260: 258: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 238: 234: 230: 226: 220: 218: 213: 208: 206: 202: 197: 192: 190: 189:West Virginia 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 137: 135: 131: 130:West Virginia 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 98:border states 95: 86: 79: 75: 70: 66: 58: 48: 44: 38: 36: 30: 21: 20: 5959:Southwestern 5922:Southeastern 5905:Northwestern 5875:Great Plains 5870:Four Corners 5754: 5638:Acquisitions 5270:Insular area 5051:Bibliography 5034:Other topics 4976:By ethnicity 4944: 4897:Trent Affair 4796:Signal Corps 4653: 4376:White League 4263:Ku Klux Klan 4176:Confederados 4103:Constitution 3975:D. D. Porter 3828:Breckinridge 3539:Rhode Island 3534:Pennsylvania 3289:Spotsylvania 3249:Stones River 3229:2nd Bull Run 3179:1st Bull Run 3065:Stones River 2966:Marine Corps 2933:Marine Corps 2772:Abolitionism 2759: 2712: 2614: 2530: 2500: 2491: 2484: 2477: 2467: 2457: 2442: 2433: 2423: 2407: 2402: 2394: 2389: 2381: 2376: 2362:cite journal 2353: 2349: 2336: 2328: 2323: 2308: 2303: 2291:. Retrieved 2282: 2274: 2273:Mark Neely, 2269: 2257:. Retrieved 2247: 2235:. Retrieved 2231:the original 2226: 2217: 2205:. Retrieved 2201: 2192: 2184: 2179: 2171: 2166: 2158: 2153: 2144: 2136: 2131: 2123: 2118: 2110: 2105: 2100:, pp. 111–15 2097: 2092: 2084: 2079: 2071: 2066: 2051: 2035: 2030: 2022: 2017: 2008: 2004: 1983:November 29, 1981:. Retrieved 1977:the original 1972: 1962: 1950:. Retrieved 1945: 1936: 1928: 1924: 1912:. Retrieved 1901: 1893: 1888: 1880: 1872: 1860:. Retrieved 1856:the original 1849: 1817: 1810: 1798:. Retrieved 1788: 1776: 1771: 1763: 1758: 1749: 1740: 1728: 1712: 1707: 1699: 1694: 1686: 1666: 1658: 1634: 1627: 1619: 1603: 1598: 1586: 1577: 1561: 1556: 1547: 1537: 1516: 1509: 1495: 1487:the original 1477: 1468: 1440: 1426: 1416:February 19, 1414:. Retrieved 1404: 1388: 1383: 1367: 1341: 1325: 1320: 1312: 1307: 1295:. Retrieved 1291: 1282: 1162:Fort Laramie 1130: 1092: 1078: 1067: 1045: 1016: 984: 980: 967: 955: 938: 890: 878:Thomas Ewing 875: 871: 844: 836: 832: 781: 768: 741: 722: 711: 688: 680: 664: 657: 645:Logan County 634: 619: 612: 600: 585: 574: 566: 546: 543: 538: 534: 516: 508:Fort McHenry 500: 485:police chief 470: 468: 444: 420: 394: 373: 349: 298: 287: 280: 264: 241: 221: 209: 193: 138: 112:. They were 102:slave states 97: 91: 65: 52: 35:lead section 33: 5880:High Plains 5762:Confederacy 5604:Great Lakes 5429:W S Central 5424:E S Central 5402:New England 5390:W N Central 5385:E N Central 4857:Copperheads 4569:Confederate 4461:Black Codes 3787:E. K. Smith 3668:Confederate 3615:New Orleans 3610:Chattanooga 3474:Mississippi 3374:Connecticut 3342:territories 3333:Involvement 3294:Cold Harbor 3284:Fort Pillow 3274:Chattanooga 3269:Chickamauga 3219:Seven Pines 3209:New Orleans 3174:Fort Sumter 3115:Valley 1864 2948:Confederacy 2745:Slave Power 2725:Fire-Eaters 2237:December 7, 2207:December 7, 1862:February 6, 941:Appalachian 859:Jesse James 497:Roger Taney 405:Confederacy 397:free states 369:Confederacy 237:Mississippi 145:free states 141:U.S. states 134:Confederacy 106:Upper South 78:Confederate 6017:Categories 5855:Appalachia 5628:Historical 5419:S Atlantic 5297:Time zones 5255:U.S. state 5090:Juneteenth 4611:Cemeteries 4488:Red Shirts 4399:Centennial 4349:Red Shirts 3757:Longstreet 3687:Beauregard 3630:Winchester 3605:Charleston 3574:Washington 3509:New Mexico 3504:New Jersey 3364:California 3340:States and 3324:Five Forks 3309:Mobile Bay 3279:Wilderness 3259:Gettysburg 3239:Perryville 3224:Seven Days 3155:Appomattox 3080:Gettysburg 3040:New Mexico 2907:Combatants 2882:Combatants 2795:John Brown 2060:0195064712 1649:0801854652 1570:0275989720 1564:. p. 141. 1527:0813126215 1376:1469606887 1352:1469617013 1275:References 1213:Deep South 1190:East Texas 1172:states of 1150:California 1133:New Mexico 991:Appomattox 973:. General 357:Union Army 290:Deep South 261:Background 225:Ohio River 185:Deep South 139:Of the 34 5767:Old South 5742:Civil War 5574:Tidewater 5442:Courts of 5397:Northeast 5265:Territory 5068:Espionage 4862:Diplomacy 4830:Political 4786:POW camps 4532:Monuments 4359:Scalawags 4354:Redeemers 4092:Aftermath 4041:Pinkerton 3980:Rosecrans 3945:McClellan 3848:Memminger 3584:Wisconsin 3549:Tennessee 3469:Minnesota 3444:Louisiana 3319:Nashville 3264:Vicksburg 3194:Pea Ridge 3145:Carolinas 3100:Red River 3095:Knoxville 3075:Tullahoma 3070:Vicksburg 3050:Peninsula 3022:campaigns 2888:Campaigns 2665:Secession 2293:August 6, 2259:March 31, 2096:Parrish, 1952:August 4, 1800:March 31, 1258:Old South 1174:Chihuahua 1115:Jayhawker 1007:Tennessee 816:Lexington 796:Cole Camp 660:Frankfort 639:occupied 624:formed a 579:occupied 481:the mayor 451:Baltimore 421:By 1860, 272:St. Louis 268:Baltimore 177:Tennessee 55:July 2024 45:and help 5992:Category 5927:Southern 5910:Cascadia 5900:Northern 5517:Physical 5373:Mountain 5345:Atlantic 5330:Mountain 5305:Chamorro 5182:Category 5023:Seminole 5013:Cherokee 4766:Medicine 4719:Military 4632:Veterans 4466:Jim Crow 4231:timeline 4026:Ericsson 4009:Civilian 3990:Sheridan 3950:McDowell 3910:Farragut 3895:Burnside 3885:Anderson 3878:Military 3858:Stephens 3818:Benjamin 3811:Civilian 3697:Buchanan 3675:Military 3620:Richmond 3569:Virginia 3514:New York 3489:Nebraska 3479:Missouri 3464:Michigan 3454:Maryland 3439:Kentucky 3414:Illinois 3389:Delaware 3369:Colorado 3354:Arkansas 3314:Franklin 3234:Antietam 3105:Overland 3060:Maryland 2979:Theaters 2885:Theaters 2517:Archived 2139:, p. 318 2135:Ambler, 2054:, p. 83 1721:23369562 1399:. p. 25. 1196:See also 1152:and the 1107:Lawrence 1074:Oklahoma 800:Carthage 784:Arkansas 702:Missouri 525:Kentucky 457:and the 435:Maryland 423:Delaware 411:Delaware 247:Jim Crow 233:Illinois 181:Virginia 169:Arkansas 161:Missouri 157:Kentucky 153:Maryland 149:Delaware 126:Missouri 122:Kentucky 118:Maryland 114:Delaware 6002:Commons 5865:Eastern 5860:Central 5792:Divided 5586:Coastal 5444:appeals 5380:Midwest 5368:Pacific 5340:Eastern 5335:Central 5325:Pacific 5149:Related 5018:Choctaw 5008:Catawba 4791:Rations 4736:Cavalry 4598:Removal 4226:efforts 4210:of 1873 4056:Stevens 4051:Stanton 4036:Lincoln 3995:Sherman 3930:Halleck 3920:Frémont 3905:Du Pont 3843:Mallory 3802:Wheeler 3737:Jackson 3717:Forrest 3657:Leaders 3600:Atlanta 3564:Vermont 3484:Montana 3424:Indiana 3399:Georgia 3394:Florida 3359:Arizona 3349:Alabama 3299:Atlanta 3214:Corinth 3166:battles 3110:Atlanta 3090:Bristoe 2991:Western 2986:Eastern 2891:Battles 2690:Slavery 2594:Origins 2580:Origins 2426:(1958) 2317:1838335 1931:, p.43. 1914:May 28, 1783:. 1993. 1297:July 8, 1170:Mexican 1137:Arizona 1068:In the 946:treason 880:issued 812:Liberty 104:in the 92:In the 5952:Upland 5594:Arctic 5355:Census 5320:Alaska 5192:Portal 5130:Tokens 4066:Welles 4046:Seward 4031:Hamlin 4000:Thomas 3935:Hooker 3900:Butler 3853:Seddon 3838:Hunter 3823:Bocock 3797:Taylor 3792:Stuart 3782:Semmes 3762:Morgan 3722:Gorgas 3702:Cooper 3593:Cities 3529:Oregon 3494:Nevada 3434:Kansas 3404:Hawaii 3304:Crater 3204:Shiloh 3164:Major 3150:Mobile 3020:Major 2894:States 2845:Caning 2428:online 2331:(2006) 2315: 2161:(1964) 2074:(2002) 2058: 1825: 1719: 1679: 1646: 1568: 1524: 1395: 1374: 1350: 1180:, and 1178:Sonora 1164:, and 1094:Kansas 1083:Kansas 865:, and 861:, the 824:Neosho 343: 337: 331: 325: 319: 294:yeomen 205:Kansas 179:, and 124:, and 5947:Solid 5848:Other 5772:Dixie 5750:Union 5414:South 5310:Samoa 5248:Units 4935:Dixie 4922:Music 4541:Union 4385:Post- 4221:trial 4021:Chase 4016:Adams 3985:Scott 3960:Meigs 3955:Meade 3925:Grant 3915:Foote 3890:Buell 3871:Union 3833:Davis 3777:Price 3767:Mosby 3712:Ewell 3707:Early 3692:Bragg 3554:Texas 3449:Maine 3409:Idaho 2915:Union 2454:(PDF) 2346:(PDF) 2313:JSTOR 1717:JSTOR 855:Frank 788:Texas 401:Union 110:Union 74:Union 5982:List 5932:Deep 5614:East 5609:Gulf 5599:West 5503:11th 5498:10th 5363:West 5120:Salt 4726:Arms 4576:List 4548:List 4061:Wade 3970:Pope 3940:Hunt 3772:Polk 3732:Hood 3727:Hill 3559:Utah 3524:Ohio 3429:Iowa 2961:Navy 2956:Army 2928:Navy 2923:Army 2368:link 2295:2021 2261:2014 2239:2015 2209:2015 2056:ISBN 1985:2006 1954:2020 1916:2011 1864:2008 1823:ISBN 1802:2014 1677:ISBN 1644:ISBN 1566:ISBN 1522:ISBN 1418:2015 1393:ISBN 1372:ISBN 1348:ISBN 1299:2020 1144:and 1135:and 1021:and 857:and 786:and 569:veto 491:and 383:and 270:and 159:and 5942:New 5937:Mid 5493:9th 5488:8th 5483:7th 5478:6th 5473:5th 5468:4th 5463:3rd 5458:2nd 5453:1st 3965:Ord 3752:Lee 739:). 203:in 6019:: 2529:. 2476:. 2456:. 2364:}} 2360:{{ 2354:21 2352:. 2348:. 2225:. 2200:. 2043:^ 2007:. 1993:^ 1971:. 1944:. 1879:, 1837:^ 1779:. 1685:. 1675:. 1638:. 1611:^ 1546:. 1467:. 1454:^ 1391:. 1359:^ 1333:^ 1290:. 1192:. 1176:, 1160:, 853:, 810:, 806:, 802:, 798:, 670:, 632:. 483:, 407:. 175:, 171:, 120:, 116:, 5226:e 5219:t 5212:v 2560:e 2553:t 2546:v 2370:) 2297:. 2263:. 2241:. 2211:. 2009:5 1987:. 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Knowledge (XXG)

Border states (American Civil War)

Index