Fecal incontinence

1512:(retrograde anal irrigation) may be a better option, as this equipment utilizes an inflatable catheter to prevent loss of the irrigation tip and to provide a water tight seal during irrigation. A volume of lukewarm water is gently pumped into the colon via the anus. People can be taught how to perform this treatment in their own homes, but it does require special equipment. If the irrigation is efficient, the stool will not reach the rectum again for up to 48 hours. By regularly emptying the bowel using transanal irrigation, controlled bowel function is often re-established to a high degree in patients with bowel incontinence and/or constipation. This enables control over the time and place of evacuation and the development of a consistent bowel routine. However, persistent leaking of residual irrigation fluid during the day may occur and make this option unhelpful, particularly in persons with obstructed defecation syndrome who may have an incomplete evacuation of any rectal contents. Consequently, the best time to carry out the irrigation is typically in the evening, allowing any residual liquid to be passed the next morning before leaving the home. Complications such as 1593:), and finally fecal diversion (e.g. colostomy). A surgical treatment algorithm has been proposed. Isolated sphincter defects (IAS/EAS) may be initially treated with sphincteroplasty and if this fails, the person can be assessed for sacral nerve stimulation. Functional deficits of the EAS and/or IAS (i.e. where there is no structural defect, or only limited EAS structural defect, or with neurogenic incontinence) may be assessed for sacral nerve stimulation. If this fails, neosphincter with either dynamic graciloplasty or artificial anal sphincter may be indicated. Substantial muscular and/or neural defects may be treated with neosphincter initially. 850: 1652:

describes post anal repair, a technique to reinforce the pelvic floor and EAS to treat idiopathic cases. Endoanal ultrasound is invented in 1991, which starts to demonstrate the high number of occult sphincter tears following vaginal deliveries. In 1994, the use of an endoanal coil during pelvic MRI shows greater detail of the anal canal than previously. During the last 20 years, dynamic graciliplasty, sacral nerve stimulation, injectable perianal bulking agents and radiofrequency ablation have been devised, mainly due to the relatively poor success rates and high morbidity associated with the earlier procedures.

1535:

pelvic floor muscle group, but the EAS is a voluntary, striated muscle that therefore can be strengthened in a similar manner. It has not been established whether pelvic floor exercises can be distinguished from anal sphincter exercises in practice by the people doing them. This kind of exercise is more commonly used to treat urinary incontinence, for which there is a sound evidence base for effectiveness. More rarely are they used in FI. The effect of anal sphincter exercises are variously stated as an increase in the strength, speed, or endurance of voluntary contraction (EAS).

559:, often performed for colorectal cancer), radiotherapy directed at the rectum, and inflammatory bowel disease can cause scarring, which may result in the walls of the rectum becoming stiff and inelastic, reducing compliance. Reduced rectal storage capacity may lead to urge incontinence, where there is an urgent need to defecate as soon as stool enters the rectum, where normally stool would be stored until there was enough to distend the rectal walls and initiate the defecation cycle. Tumors and strictures also may impair reservoir function. Conversely, increased rectal volume ( 906:

the EAS and puborectalis which in turn prevents incontinence following the RAIR. Other factors include the specialized anti-peristaltic function of the last part of the sigmoid colon, which keeps the rectum empty most of the time, sensation in the lining of the rectum and the anal canal to detect when there is stool present, its consistency and quantity, and the presence of normal rectoanal reflexes and defecation cycle which completely evacuates stool from the rectum and anal canal. Problems affecting any of these mechanisms and factors may be involved in the cause.

75: 250:

for sex, anger, humiliation, depression, isolation, secrecy, frustration, and embarrassment. Some patients cope by controlling their emotions or behavior. Physical symptoms such as skin soreness, pain and odor may also affect quality of life. Physical activity such as shopping or exercise is often affected. Travel may be affected, requiring careful planning. Working is also affected for most. Relationships, social activities and self-image likewise often suffer. Symptoms may worsen over time.

951:(a long, thin, flexible tube with a camera) into the anal canal, rectum and sigmoid colon. The procedure allows for visualization of the interior of the gut and may detect signs of disease or other problems that could be a cause, such as inflammation, tumors, or scar tissue. Endoanal ultrasound, which some consider the gold standard for detection of anal canal lesions, evaluates the structure of the anal sphincters and may detect occult sphincter tears that otherwise would go unseen. 1294: 51: 566:

Pudendal neuropathy is one cause of rectal hyposensitivity and may lead to fecal loading/impaction, megarectum and overflow FI. Normal evacuation of rectal contents is 90–100%. If there is incomplete evacuation during defecation, residual stool will be left in the rectum and threaten continence once defecation is finished. This is a feature of people with soiling secondary to obstructed defecation. Obstructed defecation is often due to

966:

and structurally intact muscles, minor abnormalities of sphincter structure/innervation (nerve supply), normal or disordered bowel habits, (i.e., fecal retention or diarrhea), and psychological causes. Furthermore, exclusion criteria are given. These are factors that all must be excluded for a diagnosis of functional FI, and are abnormal innervation caused by lesion(s) within the brain (e.g., dementia), spinal cord (at or below

1542:, TENS). The evidence supporting its use is limited, and any benefit is tentative. In light of the above, intra-anal electrical stimulation (using an anal probe as an electrode) appears to be more efficacious than intra-vaginal (using a vaginal probe as an electrode). Rarely, skin reactions may occur where the electrodes are placed, but these issues typically resolve when the stimulation is stopped. Surgically implanted 1647:, the first mention of FI in a medical context is unknown. For many centuries, colonic irrigation was the only treatment available. Stoma creation was described in AD 1776, FI associated with rectal prolapse in AD 1873 and anterior sphincter repair in AD 1875. During the mid 20th century, several operations were developed for instances where the sphincters were intact but weakened. Muscle transpositions using the 1661:

who develop FI earlier in life are less likely to marry and obtain employment. Often, people will go to great lengths to keep their condition secret. It has been termed "the silent affliction" since many do not discuss the problem with their close family, employers, or clinicians. They may be subject to gossip, hostility, and other forms of social exclusion. The economic cost has not received much attention.

841:). Liquid stool elements can pass around the obstruction, leading to incontinence. Megarectum (enlarged rectal volume) and rectal hyposensitivity are associated with overflow incontinence. Hospitalized patients and care home residents may develop FI via this mechanism, possibly a result of lack of mobility, reduced alertness, the constipating effect of medication, and/or dehydration. 516:) which can occur with a 12% stretch. If the pelvic floor muscles lose their innervation, they cease to contract and their muscle fibres are in time replaced by fibrous tissue, which is associated with pelvic floor weakness and incontinence. Increased pudendal nerve terminal motor latency may indicate pelvic floor weakness. The various types of 887: 984:

continence" has been given various precise definitions for the purposes of research; however, generally it refers to symptoms being controlled to an extent that is acceptable to the individual in question, with no significant effect on their life. There is no consensus about the best way to classify FI, and several methods are used.

193:, food intolerance, or constipation with overflow incontinence). An estimated 2.2% of community-dwelling adults are affected. However, reported prevalence figures vary. A prevalence of 8.39% among non-institutionalized U.S adults between 2005 and 2010 has been reported, and among institutionalized elders figures come close to 50%. 1286:

Commonly, conservative measures are used together, and if appropriate surgery is carried out. Treatments may be attempted until symptoms are satisfactorily controlled. A treatment algorithm based upon the cause has been proposed, including conservative, non-operative and surgical measures (neosphincter refers to either

996:(irritation and inflammation of the skin around the anus), and urinary tract infections. Due to embarrassment, people may only mention secondary symptoms rather than acknowledge incontinence. Any major underlying cause will produce additional signs and symptoms, such as protrusion of mucosa in external 488:. A weakened puborectalis leads to widening of the anorectal angle and impaired barrier to the stool in the rectum entering the anal canal, and this is associated with incontinence to solids. Abnormal descent of the pelvic floor can also be a sign of pelvic floor weakness. Abnormal descent manifests as 2947:

Haylen, BT; de Ridder, D; Freeman, RM; Swift, SE; Berghmans, B; Lee, J; Monga, A; Petri, E; Rizk, DE; Sand, PK; Schaer, GN (January 2010). "An international urogynecological association (IUGA)/international continence society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction".

1576:

Surgery may be carried out if conservative measures alone are not sufficient to control incontinence. There are many surgical options, and their relative effectiveness is debated due to a lack of good-quality evidence. The optimal treatment regime may be both surgical and non-surgical treatments. The

1534:

and anal sphincter exercises in FI is poorly determined. While there may be some benefits they appear less useful than implanted sacral nerve stimulators. These exercises aim to increase the strength of the pelvic floor muscles (mainly levator ani). The anal sphincters are not technically part of the

1048:

Fecal leakage, fecal soiling and fecal seepage are minor degrees of FI, and describe incontinence of liquid stool, mucus, or very small amounts of solid stool. They cover a spectrum of increasing symptom severity (staining, soiling, seepage, and accidents). Rarely, minor FI in adults may be described

900:

The mechanisms and factors contributing to normal continence are multiple and interrelated. The puborectalis sling, forming the anorectal angle (see diagram), is responsible for the gross continence of solid stool. The IAS is an involuntary muscle, contributing about 55% of the resting anal pressure.

249:

FI affects virtually all aspects of peoples' lives, greatly diminishing physical and mental health, and affecting personal, social, and professional life. Emotional effects may include stress, fearfulness, anxiety, exhaustion, fear of public humiliation, feeling dirty, poor body image, reduced desire

1660:

Persons with this symptom are frequently ridiculed and ostracized in public. It has been described as one of the most psychologically and socially debilitating conditions in an otherwise healthy individual. In older people, it is one of the most common reasons for admission into a care home. Persons

1325:

Dietary modification may be important for successful management. Both diarrhea and constipation can contribute to different cases, so dietary advice must be tailored to address the underlying cause or it may be ineffective or counterproductive. In persons with disease aggravated by diarrhea or those

1086:

classifies nonorganic encopresis under "behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence" and organic causes of encopresis along with FI. FI can also be classified according to gender, since the cause in females may be different from males, for example it

983:

There is no globally accepted definition, but fecal incontinence is generally defined as the recurrent inability to voluntarily control the passage of bowel contents through the anal canal and expel it at a socially acceptable location and time, occurring in individuals over the age of four. "Social

565:

If the sensory nerves are damaged, the detection of stool in the rectum is dulled or absent, and the person will not feel the need to defecate until too late. Rectal hyposensitivity may manifest as constipation, FI, or both. Rectal hyposensitivity was reported to be present in 10% of people with FI.

552:

needs to be of a sufficient volume to store stool until defecation. The rectal walls need to be "compliant" i.e. able to distend to an extent to accommodate stool. Rectal sensation is required to detect the presence, nature, and amount of rectal contents. The rectum must also be able to evacuate its

355:

can be damaged, traumatically or atraumatically. The resting tone of the anal canal is not the only important factor; both the length of the high-pressure zone and its radial translation of force are required for continence. This means that even with normal anal canal pressure, focal defects such as

1606:

reported that one out of every six seniors in the U.S. who lived in their own homes or apartment had FI. Men and women were equally affected. 45–50% of people with FI have severe physical and/or mental disabilities. People with dementia are four times more likely to have fecal incontinence compared

905:

is an involuntary IAS relaxation in response to rectal distension, allowing some rectal contents to descend into the anal canal where it is brought into contact with specialized sensory mucosa to detect consistency. The rectoanal excitatory reflex (RAER) is an initial, semi-voluntary contraction of

1040:

may be given the definition of involuntary loss of solid or liquid feces which may also be caused by enlarged skin tags, poor hygiene, hemorrhoids, rectal prolapse, and fistula in ano. It may occur together with incontinence of liquids or solids, or it may present in isolation. Flatus incontinence

965:

for functional FI, which they defined as "recurrent uncontrolled passage of fecal material in an individual with a developmental age of at least four years". The diagnostic criteria are, one or more of the following factors present for the last 3 months: abnormal functioning of normally innervated

428:

or transanal advancement flaps may all lead to FI postoperatively, with soiling being far more common than solid FI. The "keyhole deformity" refers to scarring within the anal canal and is another cause of mucus leakage and minor incontinence. This defect is also described as a groove in the anal

267:

changes in the tissue strength reduce in turn the competence of the compensatory mechanisms. The most common factors in the development are thought to be obstetric injury and after-effects of anorectal surgery, especially those involving the anal sphincters and hemorrhoidal vascular cushions. The

974:

roots, or mixed lesions (e.g., multiple sclerosis), or as part of a generalized peripheral or autonomic neuropathy (e.g., due to diabetes), anal sphincter abnormalities associated with a multisystem disease (e.g., scleroderma), and structural or neurogenic abnormalities that are the major cause.

258:

FI is a sign or a symptom, not a diagnosis, and represents an extensive list of causes. Usually, it is the result of a complex interplay of several coexisting factors, many of which may be simple to correct. Up to 80% of people may have more than one abnormality that is contributing. Deficits of

1753:

have been successfully implanted in mice. New blood vessels developed and the tissue displayed normal contraction and relaxation. In the future, these methods may become part of the management of FI, replacing the need for high-morbidity implanted devices such as the artificial bowel sphincter.

1677:

In the US, the average lifetime cost (treatment and follow-up) was $ 17,166 per person in 1996. The average hospital charge for sphincteroplasty was $ 8555 per procedure. Overall, in the US, the total charges associated with surgery increased from $ 34 million in 1998 to $ 57.5 million in 2003.

1601:

FI is thought to be very common, but much under-reported due to embarrassment. One study reported a prevalence of 2.2% in the general population. It affects people of all ages but is more common in older adults (but it should not be considered a normal part of aging). Females are more likely to

1577:

surgical options can be considered in four categories: restoration and improvement of residual sphincter function (sphincteroplasty, sacral nerve stimulation, tibial nerve stimulation, correction of anorectal deformity), replacement/imitation of the sphincter or its function (anal encirclement,

1128:

The fecal incontinence severity index is based on four types of leakage (gas, mucus, liquid stool, solid stool) and five frequencies (once to three times per month, once per week, twice per week, once per day, twice or more per day). Other severity scales include AMS, Pescatori, Williams score,

1651:

or the gracilis were devised, but did not become used widely until later. End-to-end sphincteroplasty is shown to have a high failure rate in 1940. In AD 1971, Parks and McPartlin first describe an overlapping sphincteroplasty procedure. Biofeedback is first introduced in 1974. In 1975, Parks

1285:

FI is generally treatable with conservative management, surgery, or both. The success of treatment depends upon the exact causes and how easily these are corrected. Treatment choice depends on the cause and severity of the disease, and the motivation and general health of the person affected.

1073:

In children over the age of four who have been toilet trained, a similar condition is generally termed encopresis (or soiling), which refers to the voluntary or involuntary loss of (usually soft or semi-liquid) stool. The term pseudoincontinence is used when there is FI in children who have

922:

is performed to assess resting pressure and voluntary contraction (maximum squeeze) of the sphincter complex and puborectalis. Anal sphincter defects, rectal prolapse, and abnormal perineal descent may be detected. Anorectal physiology tests assess the functioning of the anorectal anatomy.

792:

Liquid stool is more difficult to control than formed, solid stool. Hence, FI can be exacerbated by diarrhea. Some consider diarrhea to be the most common aggravating factor. Where diarrhea is caused by temporary problems such as mild infections or food reactions, incontinence tends to be

1618:

Traditionally, FI was thought to be an insignificant complication of surgery, but it is now known that a variety of different procedures are associated with this possible complication, and sometimes at high levels. Examples are midline internal sphincterotomy (8% risk), lateral internal

240:

FI is one of the most psychologically and socially debilitating conditions in an otherwise healthy individual and is generally treatable. More than 50% of hospitalized seriously ill patients rated bladder or fecal incontinence as "worse than death". Management may be achieved through an

1008:

FI can be divided into those people who experience a defecation urge before leakage (urge incontinence), and those who experience no sensation before leakage (passive incontinence or soiling). Urge incontinence is characterized by a sudden need to defecate, with little time to reach a

1111:(Wexner) fecal incontinence score takes into account five parameters that are scored on a scale from zero (absent) to four (daily) frequency of incontinence to gas, liquid, solid, of need to wear pad, and of lifestyle changes. The Park's incontinence score uses four categories: 1527:(the use of equipment to record or amplify and then feed back activities of the body) is a commonly used and researched treatment, but the benefits are uncertain. Biofeedback therapy varies in the way it is delivered, but it is unknown if one type has benefits over another. 3161:

Bordeianou, LG; Carmichael, JC; Paquette, IM; Wexner, S; Hull, TL; Bernstein, M; Keller, DS; Zutshi, M; Varma, MG; Gurland, BH; Steele, SR (April 2018). "Consensus Statement of Definitions for Anorectal Physiology Testing and Pelvic Floor Terminology (Revised)".

1520:

are rare. The effect of transanal irrigation varies considerably. Some individuals experience complete control of incontinence, and others report little or no benefit. It has been suggested that if appropriate, people be offered home retrograde anal irrigation.

987:

Symptoms can be directly or indirectly related to the loss of bowel control. The direct (primary) symptom is a lack of control over bowel contents which tends to worsen without treatment. Indirect (secondary) symptoms, which are the result of leakage, include

1554:

In a minority of people, anal plugs may be useful for either standalone therapy or in concert with other treatments. Anal plugs (sometimes termed tampons) aim to block the involuntary loss of fecal material, and they vary in design and composition.

901:

Together with the hemorrhoidal vascular cushions, the IAS maintains continence of flatus and liquid during rest. The EAS is a voluntary muscle, that doubles the pressure in the anal canal during contraction, which is possible for a short time. The

1614:

childbirth), obesity, prior anorectal surgery, poor general health, and physical limitations. Combined urinary and fecal incontinence is sometimes termed double incontinence, and it is more likely to be present in those with urinary incontinence.

4550: 4535: 586:

and causes stool sequestration. Once the voluntary attempt to defecate, albeit dysfunctional, is finished, the voluntary muscles relax, and residual rectal contents are then able to descend into the anal canal and cause leaking.

4650: 412:), leading to reduced resting pressure postoperatively. Since the hemorrhoidal vascular cushions contribute 15% of the resting anal tone, surgeries involving these structures may affect continence status. Partial internal 857:

around the bowel. This pulls the bowel forwards and forms the anorectal angle, the angle between the anal canal and the rectum. A-puborectalis, B-rectum, C-level of the anorectal ring and anorectal angle, D-anal canal,

236:

medical condition, which creates barriers to successful management and makes the problem worse. People may be too embarrassed to seek medical help and attempt to self-manage the symptom in secrecy from others.

1441:

Pharmacological management may include anti-diarrheal/constipating agents and laxatives/stool bulking agents. Stopping or substituting any previous medication that causes diarrhea may be helpful in some (see

388:, or fistulae. Obstetric injury may tear the anal sphincters, and some of these injuries may be occult (undetected). The risk of injury is greatest when labor has been especially difficult or prolonged, when 1727: 1065:

that prevent the anal canal from closing fully, whereas fecal leakage generally concerns disorders of IAS function and functional evacuation disorders which cause a solid fecal mass to be retained in the

1546:

may be more effective than exercises, and electrical stimulation and biofeedback may be more effective than exercises or electrical stimulation by themselves. TENS is also sometimes used to treat FI by

4643: 1301:

Conservative measures include dietary modification, drug treatment, retrograde anal irrigation, biofeedback retraining anal sphincter exercises. Incontinence products refer to devices such as

1070:. Solid stool incontinence may be called complete (or major) incontinence, and anything less as partial (or minor) incontinence (i.e. incontinence of flatus (gas), liquid stool and/or mucus). 935:, shows how much stool the rectum can hold, how well the rectum holds it, and how well the rectum can evacuate the stool. It will also highlight defects in the structure of the rectum such as 241:

individualized mix of dietary, pharmacologic, and surgical measures. Health care professionals are often poorly informed about treatment options, and may fail to recognize the effect of FI.

5287: 1137:

FI may present with signs similar to rectal discharge (e.g. fistulae, proctitis, or rectal prolapse), pseudoincontinence, encopresis (with no organic cause), and irritable bowel syndrome.

931:

tests for nerve damage, which is often associated with obstetric injury. Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency tests for damage to the pudendal motor nerves. Proctography, also known as

4636: 1559:

plugs were reported to perform better than those made of polyvinyl-alcohol. Plugs are less likely to help those with frequent bowel movements, and many find them difficult to tolerate.

1021:(IAS) respectively. Urgency may also be associated with reduced rectal volume, reduced ability of the rectal walls to distend and accommodate stool, and increased rectal sensitivity. 3841:"First diagnosis and management of incontinence in older people with and without dementia in primary care: a cohort study using The Health Improvement Network primary care database" 927:

records the pressure exerted by the anal sphincters and puborectalis during rest and contraction. The procedure is also able to assess the sensitivity of the anal canal and rectum.

1669:

In the Netherlands, a 2004 study estimated that total costs of patients with fecal incontinence were €2169 per patient per year. Over half of this was productivity loss in work.

259:

individual functional components of the continence mechanism can be partially compensated for a certain period, until the compensating components themselves fail. For example,

2621:

Nallamshetty L, Ahn NU, Ahn UM, Nallamshetty HS, Rose PS, Buchowski JM, Sponseller PD (August 2002). "Dural ectasia and back pain: review of the literature and case report".

1024:

There is a continuous spectrum of different clinical presentations from incontinence of flatus (gas), through incontinence of mucus or liquid stool, to solids. The term

1041:

may be the first sign of FI. Once continence to flatus is lost, it is rarely restored. Anal incontinence may be equally disabling as the other types. However, the term

208:(pressure sores); a financial expense for individuals (due to the cost of medication and incontinence products, and loss of productivity), employers (days off), and 4411:

Brown HW, Wexner SD, Segall MM, Brezoczky KL, Lukacz ES (November 2012). "Accidental bowel leakage in the mature women's health study: prevalence and predictors".

3044:

Abrams P, Andersson KE, Birder L, Brubaker L, Cardozo L, Chapple C, et al. (Members of Committees; Fourth International Consultation on Incontinence) (2009).

343:

and spinal cord defects may be a cause in children. These are usually picked up and operated upon during early life, but continence is often imperfect thereafter.

1538:

Electrical stimulation can also be applied to the anal sphincters and pelvic floor muscles, inducing muscle contraction without traditional exercises (similar to

4108:"Barriers on Diagnosis and Treatment; Impact of Fecal and Urinary Incontinence on Health Consumers – Barriers on Diagnosis and Treatment – A Patient Perspective" 4276: 3367:

Gray M, Beeckman D, Bliss DZ, Fader M, Logan S, Junkin J, et al. (Jan–Feb 2012). "Incontinence-associated dermatitis: a comprehensive review and update".

1819: 4107: 1000:. Symptoms of fecal leakage (FL) are similar and may occur after defecation. There may be loss of small amounts of brown fluid and staining of the underwear. 1539: 1508:

suppositories may be prescribed. People may have a poor resting tone of the anal canal, and consequently may not be able to retain an enema, in which case

1045:

is also often used interchangeably as a synonym for FI generally, and use a wider definition for FI which includes uncontrolled passage of feces or gas.

433:

or fistulotomy, or with lateral IAS defects. Rare causes of traumatic injury to the anal sphincters include military or traffic accidents complicated by

5282: 1571: 3237:

Shamliyan TA, Bliss DZ, Du J, Ping R, Wilt TJ, Kane RL (Fall 2009). "Prevalence and risk factors of fecal incontinence in community-dwelling men".

4071:

Engel BT, Nikoomanesh P, Schuster MM (March 1974). "Operant conditioning of rectosphincteric responses in the treatment of fecal incontinence".

578:

pathologic lesions may mechanically interfere with rectal evacuation. Other causes of incomplete evacuation include non-emptying defects like a

628: 2977:

Shah R, Villanueva Herrero JA. Fecal Incontinence. . In: StatPearls . Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from:

4259: 4055: 4020: 3351: 3145: 3068: 2531: 2342:

Hoffmann BA, Timmcke AE, Gathright JB, Hicks TC, Opelka FG, Beck DE (July 1995). "Fecal seepage and soiling: a problem of rectal sensation".

2234: 2196: 2171: 2049: 1913: 1603: 1548: 268:

majority of incontinent persons over the age of 18 fall into one of several groups: those with structural anorectal abnormalities (sphincter

555:

Rectal storage capacity (i.e. rectal volume + rectal compliance) may be affected in the following ways. Surgery involving the rectum (e.g.

169:, and incontinence usually results from a deficiency of multiple mechanisms. The most common causes are thought to be immediate or delayed 4458:

Brown HW, Wexner SD, Segall MM, Brezoczky KL, Lukacz ES (November 2012). "Quality of life impact in women with accidental bowel leakage".

768:

focally (e.g. stroke, tumor, spinal cord lesions, trauma, multiple sclerosis) or diffusely (e.g. dementia, multiple sclerosis, infection,

3564: 764:

Continence requires conscious and subconscious networking of information from and to the anorectum. Defects/brain damage may affect the

508:. With recurrent straining, e.g. during difficult labour or long-term constipation, then stretch injury can damage the nerves supplying 662: 2065: 3577: 1582: 849: 1460:

may help minor degrees of FI. Bulking agents also absorb water, so may be helpful for those with diarrhea. A common side effect is

3134:

Pescatori, M (2023). "Clinical Evaluation, Etiology, and Classification of Anal Incontinence". In Docimo, L; Brusciano, L (eds.).

3045: 492:(>4 cm perineal descent). This syndrome initially gives constipation, and later FI. The pelvic floor is innervated by the 1480:

or occasionally mild topical anti-inflammatory medication. Prevention of secondary lesions is carried out by perineal cleansing,

3805: 797:, can cause severe diarrhea lasting for weeks or months. Diseases, drugs, and indigestible dietary fats that interfere with the 1057:, but this term does not necessarily imply any degree of incontinence. Discharge generally refers to conditions where there is 936: 4195:

Deutekom, Marije; Dobben, Annette C.; Dijkgraaf, Marcel G. W.; Terra, Maaike P.; Stoker, Jaap; Bossuyt, Patrick M. M. (2004).

2187:

Abrams P, et al., eds. (2009). "Pathophysiology of Urinary Incontinence, Faecal Incontinence and Pelvic Organ Prolapse".

2166:. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: Guidance. London: National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care (UK). 1970:

Nelson R, Furner S, Jesudason V (October 1998). "Fecal incontinence in Wisconsin nursing homes: prevalence and associations".

3281:

Food/drink which may Exacerbate Faecal Incontinence in Patients who Present with Loose Stools or Rectal Loading of Soft Stool

4871: 300:(presence of a large amount of feces in the rectum with stool of any consistency), cognitive and/or behavioral dysfunction ( 1562:

In women, a device that functions as an inflatable balloon in the vagina has been approved for use in the United States.

464:, anal fistula formation, and diminished function of internal and external sphincter occur. Irradiation may occur during 818: 616: 489: 372:

which mechanically interfere with, or prevent the complete closure of the anal canal can cause a liquid stool or mucous

4628: 3933:

Ommer A, Wenger FA, Rolfs T, Walz MK (November 2008). "Continence disorders after anal surgery--a relevant problem?".

3780: 943:, also called MRI defecography is an alternative that is better for some problems but not as good for other problems. 404:

is the injury discovered. FI is a much under-reported complication of surgery. The IAS is easily damaged with an anal

460:, and IAS degeneration of unknown cause. Radiation-induced FI may involve the anal canal as well as the rectum, when 1823: 829:(weight loss) drug that blocks the absorption of fats. This may give side effects of FI, diarrhea, and steatorrhea. 2547:

Salat-Foix D, Suchowersky O (February 2012). "The management of gastrointestinal symptoms in Parkinson's disease".

940: 919: 612: 309: 1589:), dynamic sphincter replacement (artificial bowel sphincter, dynamic graciloplasty), antegrade continence enema ( 196:

Fecal incontinence has three main consequences: local reactions of the perianal skin and urinary tract, including

5256: 1586: 1036:

is distinguished as involuntary loss of feces or flatus caused by loss of control of the anal sphincter; whereas

636: 5165: 1313:. Perineal pads are efficient and acceptable for only minor incontinence. If all other measures are ineffective 553:

contents fully. There must also be efficient coordination of rectal sensation and relaxation of the anal canal.

4565: 1543: 1211: 1091:

in males, whereas females may develop FI as an immediate or delayed consequence of damage whilst giving birth.

723: 556: 409: 201: 182: 2658:"Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Clinical Practice Guideline on the Management of Bile Acid Diarrhea" 918:, including detailed questioning about symptoms, bowel habits, diet, medication, and other medical problems. 837:

This may occur when there is a large mass of feces in the rectum (fecal loading), which may become hardened (

5211: 4791: 4732: 1018: 1014: 365: 361: 166: 3661: 1433:

supplements may increase FI. Reducing the olestra fat substitute, which can cause diarrhea, may also help.

4675: 4663: 4467: 4420: 4337: 4319: 769: 765: 421: 5292: 4949: 2067:"My bladder and bowel own my life." A collaborative workshop addressing the need for continence research 1531: 1513: 1473: 1454: 1382: 1287: 928: 537: 517: 501: 497: 389: 277: 5143: 4896: 4806: 3135: 2656:

Sadowski DC, Camilleri M, Chey WD, Leontiadis GI, Marshall JK, Shaffer EA, et al. (January 2020).

2475:

Rao SS, Ozturk R, Stessman M (November 2004). "Investigation of the pathophysiology of fecal seepage".

1082:). Encopresis is a term that is usually applied when there are no such anatomical defects present. The 5241: 5231: 5170: 5123: 5106: 5025: 4866: 4737: 4472: 2303:"Mechanisms and factors associated with gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with diabetes mellitus" 1628: 1509: 967: 773: 4425: 3566:

Interventional procedure guidance 395: Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence

2041: 74: 5297: 4875: 4801: 4776: 4554: 962: 954: 944: 924: 854: 571: 401: 340: 305: 4891: 4250:

Abrams P, et al., eds. (2009). "Economics of urinary and faecal incontinence, and prolapse".

3215: 1417:. Caffeine lowers the resting tone of the anal canal and also causes diarrhea. Excessive doses of 563:), may cause fecal loading and overflow FI. Reduced rectal sensation may be a contributory factor. 5073: 5002: 4934: 4659: 4493: 4446: 4232: 4177: 3958: 3915: 3821: 3761: 3392: 3108: 3082: 2917: 2572: 2500: 2367: 1995: 1746: 1469: 1410: 777: 570:(paradoxical contraction or relaxation failure of the puborectalis). Whilst anismus is largely a 405: 317: 281: 190: 174: 170: 90: 86: 5226: 5118: 5007: 4771: 4196: 1931:"Prevalence, trends, and risk factors for fecal incontinence in United States adults, 2005-2010" 1610:

Risk factors include age, female gender, urinary incontinence, history of vaginal delivery (non-

1118:

those continent for solid and liquid stool but incontinent for flatus (with or without urgency).

794: 512:. The pudendal nerve is especially vulnerable to irreversible damage, (stretch-induced pudendal 186: 1905: 1635:(Lord's procedure, 0-50%). Some authors consider obstetric trauma to be the most common cause. 5261: 5251: 5246: 5196: 5128: 5045: 4819: 4605: 4576: 4485: 4438: 4388: 4255: 4224: 4216: 4169: 4130: 4088: 4051: 4016: 3993: 3950: 3907: 3872: 3753: 3718: 3643: 3583: 3573: 3546: 3494: 3438: 3384: 3347: 3324: 3246: 3190: 3141: 3074: 3064: 3021: 2879: 2838: 2789: 2738: 2689: 2638: 2599: 2564: 2527: 2492: 2457: 2416: 2359: 2324: 2283: 2230: 2192: 2167: 2115: 2045: 1987: 1952: 1909: 1611: 1517: 1256: 329: 269: 225: 213: 154: 63: 4301: 3415:

Emmanuel AV, Krogh K, Bazzocchi G, Leroi AM, Bremers A, Leder D, et al. (October 2013).

3264: 2226: 5216: 5138: 4959: 4886: 4796: 4477: 4430: 4378: 4368: 4208: 4161: 4080: 3985: 3942: 3899: 3862: 3852: 3813: 3745: 3708: 3700: 3633: 3625: 3536: 3528: 3484: 3476: 3428: 3376: 3314: 3306: 3171: 3056: 3011: 3003: 2957: 2909: 2869: 2828: 2820: 2779: 2769: 2728: 2720: 2679: 2669: 2630: 2556: 2484: 2447: 2406: 2398: 2351: 2314: 2273: 2263: 2218: 2105: 2097: 2033: 1979: 1942: 1897: 1738:

to be given by the State of Missouri to adults who would be institutionalized without them.

1590: 1370: 1306: 1146: 1108: 1054: 805:(oily rectal discharge & fatty diarrhea) and degrees of FI. Respective examples include 425: 373: 332:

is also known to be a cause, but the mechanism of this relationship is not well understood.

321: 209: 205: 68: 3465:"Biofeedback and/or sphincter exercises for the treatment of faecal incontinence in adults" 3046:"Epidemiology of Urinary (UI) and Faecal (FI) Incontinence and Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP)" 5050: 4939: 4846: 4814: 4759: 4705: 4040: 3736:

Shah BJ, Chokhavatia S, Rose S (November 2012). "Fecal incontinence in the elderly: FAQ".

3120: 1763: 1683: 1648: 1624: 1578: 1450: 1326:

with rectal loading by soft stools, the following suggestions may be beneficial: increase

997: 915: 871: 838: 806: 674: 575: 533: 529: 525: 521: 469: 434: 221: 197: 150: 5221: 4824: 4786: 4781: 4616: 4252:

Incontinence : 4th International Consultation on Incontinence, Paris, July 5-8, 2008

4048:

Incontinence : 4th International Consultation on Incontinence, Paris, July 5-8, 2008

3053:

Incontinence : 4th International Consultation on Incontinence, Paris, July 5-8, 2008

2756:

Reginelli A, Di Grezia G, Gatta G, Iacobellis F, Rossi C, Giganti M, et al. (2013).

2189:

Incontinence : 4th International Consultation on Incontinence, Paris, July 5-8, 2008

2034: 3489: 3464: 3016: 2991: 5201: 5191: 5133: 5068: 4982: 4383: 4356: 4165: 3890:

Lacima G, Pera M (October 2003). "Combined fecal and urinary incontinence: an update".

3867: 3840: 3713: 3688: 3638: 3613: 3541: 3516: 3319: 3294: 3090: 2833: 2808: 2784: 2757: 2733: 2708: 2411: 2386: 2278: 2251: 2110: 2085: 1457: 1390: 1269: 1182: 750: 746: 493: 457: 445: 413: 357: 102: 4559: 4152:

Bliss DZ, Norton C (September 2010). "Conservative management of fecal incontinence".

3976:

Rieger N, Wattchow D (March 1999). "The effect of vaginal delivery on anal function".

5276: 5206: 4987: 4881: 4861: 4181: 3989: 3903: 3825: 2634: 2488: 1898: 1644: 1493: 1327: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1075: 781: 642: 505: 297: 233: 4497: 3919: 3396: 3086: 2921: 2504: 2371: 2101: 1999: 44:

Faecal incontinence, bowel incontinence, anal incontinence, accidental bowel leakage

5083: 5078: 4944: 4851: 4710: 4450: 3962: 3839:

Grant RL, Drennan VM, Rait G, Petersen I, Iliffe S (August 2013). Prince MJ (ed.).

3765: 3704: 3629: 3532: 3480: 3310: 3269: 2219: 1929:

Ditah I, Devaki P, Luma HN, Ditah C, Njei B, Jaiyeoba C, et al. (April 2014).

1731: 1679: 1632: 1620: 1556: 1378: 1310: 1293: 1240: 989: 971: 958: 932: 826: 735: 620: 583: 485: 481: 465: 430: 393: 381: 289: 273: 217: 158: 146: 4236: 2576: 853:

Stylized diagram showing the action of the puborectalis sling, the looping of the

17: 4570: 3857: 3380: 3175: 2874: 2857: 2452: 2435: 1602:

develop it than males (63% of those with FI over 30 may be female). In 2014, the

5236: 5113: 4744: 4600: 4084: 2978: 2774: 1524: 1481: 1477: 1386: 1290:

or artificial bowel sphincter, lavage refers to retrograde rectal irrigation).

1277: 1206: 802: 670: 509: 453: 441: 417: 385: 285: 142: 3817: 3280: 3007: 2519: 2161: 5186: 4997: 4929: 4920: 4912: 4902: 4754: 4749: 4715: 4700: 4581: 4357:"Tissue engineering for neuromuscular disorders of the gastrointestinal tract" 4212: 3946: 2674: 2657: 2607: 2591: 2402: 1947: 1930: 1465: 1426: 1331: 1050: 993: 895: 879: 859: 715: 646: 624: 560: 513: 397: 377: 352: 325: 313: 130: 126: 97: 4373: 4220: 2758:"Role of conventional radiology and MRi defecography of pelvic floor hernias" 2724: 4727: 4720: 4695: 4611: 4544: 4512: 4110:. International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (IFFGD) 2086:"States Worse Than Death Among Hospitalized Patients With Serious Illnesses" 1750: 1687: 1505: 1501: 1422: 1418: 1314: 1302: 948: 822: 798: 691: 666: 650: 579: 461: 400:

is performed. Only when there is post-operative investigation of FI such as

368:(IAS) dysfunction is associated with impaired fine-tuning of fecal control. 264: 260: 178: 157:. Incontinence can result from different causes and might occur with either 4489: 4442: 4392: 4228: 4173: 3997: 3954: 3911: 3876: 3757: 3722: 3647: 3550: 3498: 3442: 3388: 3328: 3250: 3078: 3025: 2883: 2842: 2824: 2793: 2742: 2693: 2684: 2642: 2603: 2568: 2496: 2461: 2420: 2328: 2287: 2119: 1956: 1121:

those continent for solid stool but incontinent for liquid stool or flatus.

582:. Straining to defecate pushes stool into the rectocele, which acts like a 4277:"W.T.F. Japan: Top 5 most offensive Japanese swear words 【Weird Top Five】" 4092: 2363: 2268: 1991: 181:

or hemorrhoidal vascular cushions), altered bowel habits (e.g., caused by

165:. Continence is maintained by several interrelated factors, including the 50: 5101: 5030: 4954: 4690: 3749: 2897: 1735: 1643:

While the first mention of urinary incontinence occurs in 1500 BC in the

1461: 1414: 1079: 810: 739: 695: 687: 608: 449: 438: 364:(EAS) dysfunction is associated with impaired voluntary control, whereas 301: 162: 4527: 2913: 2898:"Rome III Diagnostic Criteria for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders" 1714:

respectively, though these have not been in common use since the 1980s.

1341:; reduce fruit and vegetables which contain natural laxative compounds ( 5040: 5035: 4764: 4667: 4481: 4434: 3433: 3416: 3055:. Vol. 29 (4th ed.). : Health Publications. pp. 213–40. 2560: 2355: 1983: 1430: 1406: 1366: 1342: 875: 814: 727: 703: 699: 567: 3060: 2961: 2319: 2302: 1446:). There is no good evidence for the use of any medications, however. 821:

is diarrhea that occurs following gall bladder removal, due to excess

749:, tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, 312:(e.g. ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease), irritable bowel syndrome, 5157: 4685: 4539: 3417:"Consensus review of best practice of transanal irrigation in adults" 2990:

Murad-Regadas, SM; Reis, DLD; Fillmann, HS; Lacerda Filho, A (2023).

1730:

resulted in that court issuing an order in 2011. That order requires

1497: 1362: 1350: 1334: 1193: 1083: 1067: 1062: 1010: 867: 863: 793:

short-lived. Chronic conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome or

719: 549: 369: 293: 229: 134: 886: 3572:. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. May 2011. 2524:

Faecal incontinence the management of faecal incontinence in adults

2163:

Faecal incontinence the management of faecal incontinence in adults

4992: 4841: 2992:"Management of fecal incontinence: what specialists need to know?" 2252:"Anorectal dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review" 1472:

to treat and prevent dermatitis may also be used, such as topical

1394: 1374: 1354: 1338: 1032:(that is, involuntary loss of flatus). In other sources, the term 914:

Identification of the exact causes usually begins with a thorough

885: 848: 784:

is an example of a spinal cord lesion that may affect continence.

452:. Nontraumatic conditions causing anal sphincter weakness include 200:(softening and whitening of the skin due to continuous moisture), 138: 4050:(4th ed.). Paris: Health Publications. pp. 1387, 1567. 2040:(5th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Pub. pp. 1728:

United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri

1398: 1358: 1346: 1129:

Kirwan, Miller score, Saint Mark's score, and the Vaizey scale.

902: 698:, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, magnesium-containing 4632: 1115:

those continent for solid and liquid stool and also for flatus.

862:, F-representation of internal and external anal sphincters, G- 232:, and avoidance of enjoyable activities. FI is an example of a 3662:"FDA permits marketing of fecal incontinence device for women" 3137:

Anal Incontinence: Clinical Management and Surgical Techniques

1402: 1058: 58:

A diagram showing normal anatomy of the anal canal and rectum.

2709:"Anti-Obesity Drugs: A Review about Their Effects and Safety" 2526:. London: National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care (UK). 1013:. Urge and passive FI may be associated with weakness of the 2809:"Ultrasound imaging of the anal sphincter complex: a review" 2032:

Tadataka Yamada; David H. Alpers; et al., eds. (2009).

133:, leading to involuntary loss of bowel contents — including 2518:(UK), National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care (2007). 2160:(UK), National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care (2007). 3517:"Electrical stimulation for faecal incontinence in adults" 2212: 2210: 2208: 1124:

those incontinent to formed stool (complete incontinence).

224:. There is often reduced self-esteem, shame, humiliation, 4034: 4032: 3342:

Ratto C, Doglietto GB (2007). Lowry AC, Romano G (eds.).

1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 3806:"Continence, dementia, and care that preserves dignity" 1627:, lower anterior resection, total abdominal colectomy, 992:(an intense itching sensation from the anus), perianal 480:

Many people with FI have a generalized weakness of the

316:

related (people who are frail, acutely unwell, or have

2250:

Nusrat S, Gulick E, Levinthal D, Bielefeldt K (2012).

1698:

Some insults in Japan relate to incontinence, such as

4254:(4th ed.). : Health Publications. p. 1685. 3140:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 21–28. 658:

Topical drugs applied to the anus (reducing pressure)

4517: 2191:(4th ed.). : Health Publications. p. 255. 1095:

is also different according to gender, with a wider

5179: 5156: 5094: 5061: 5018: 4975: 4968: 4911: 4833: 4674: 4591: 4521: 3283:

2007. National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care.

108: 96: 82: 62: 40: 35: 3295:"Drug treatment for faecal incontinence in adults" 3216:"ICD-10 Classification of "Nonorganic encopresis"" 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 228:, a need to organize life around easy access to a 4355:Koch KL, Bitar KN, Fortunato JE (December 2012). 3978:The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery 2856:Bharucha AE, Wald A, Enck P, Rao S (April 2006). 2594:. In Bromfield EB, Cavazos JE, Sirven JI (eds.). 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2084:Rubin EB, Buehler AE, Halpern SD (October 2016). 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 429:canal wall and may occur after posterior midline 5288:Symptoms and signs: Digestive system and abdomen 3369:Journal of Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1623:, fistulotomy (18–52%), hemorrhoidectomy (33%), 3410: 3408: 3406: 4197:"Costs of outpatients with fecal incontinence" 3892:Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology 3510: 3508: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 2996:Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992) 1900:The ASCRS textbook of colon and rectal surgery 4644: 3687:Brown SR, Wadhawan H, Nelson RL (July 2013). 3346:(1. ed.). Milan: Springer. p. 313. 2979:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459128/ 2942: 2940: 2938: 2436:"Pathophysiology of adult fecal incontinence" 2391:Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility 1061:or increased mucus production, or anatomical 8: 2623:Journal of Spinal Disorders & Techniques 2590:Bromfield EB, Cavazos JE, Sirven JI (2006). 3935:International Journal of Colorectal Disease 3693:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3689:"Surgery for faecal incontinence in adults" 3618:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3521:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3469:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3344:Fecal incontinence: diagnosis and treatment 3299:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3265:Fecal Incontinence: Diagnosis and Treatment 2973: 2971: 2908:(4). Rome Foundation: 798–801. April 2010. 2807:Abdool Z, Sultan AH, Thakar R (July 2012). 1540:transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation 4972: 4651: 4637: 4629: 4518: 4460:International Journal of Clinical Practice 4413:International Journal of Clinical Practice 3614:"Plugs for containing faecal incontinence" 3515:Hosker G, Cody JD, Norton CC (July 2007). 3039: 3037: 3035: 1896:Bruce G. Wolff; et al., eds. (2007). 591:Drugs that may exacerbate FI and diarrhea 360:can be the cause of substantial symptoms. 73: 49: 32: 4471: 4424: 4382: 4372: 3866: 3856: 3712: 3637: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3540: 3488: 3432: 3318: 3015: 2873: 2832: 2783: 2773: 2732: 2683: 2673: 2451: 2410: 2318: 2277: 2267: 2109: 1946: 1820:"ASCRS core subjects: fecal incontinence" 1572:Surgical management of fecal incontinence 324:disabilities), and those cases which are 263:injury may precede onset by decades, but 4201:Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 3781:"An 'Emotional Burden' Rarely Discussed" 3738:The American Journal of Gastroenterology 3239:Reviews in Gastroenterological Disorders 2662:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2477:The American Journal of Gastroenterology 1935:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 1292: 1150: 589: 2301:Rodrigues ML, Motta ME (Jan–Feb 2012). 1775: 1549:transcutaneous tibial nerve stimulation 629:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 4513:Independent continence product advisor 3116: 3106: 1235:Sacral nerve stimulation/Neosphincter 1053:. Fecal leakage is a related topic to 2385:Burgell RE, Scott SM (October 2012). 1690:were all shown to be cost-effective. 1604:National Center for Health Statistics 7: 4039:Abrams P, et al., eds. (2009). 2902:American Journal of Gastroenterology 1484:, and the use of a skin protectant. 27:Inability to refrain from defecation 4073:The New England Journal of Medicine 3612:Deutekom M, Dobben AC (July 2015). 3293:Omar MI, Alexander CE (June 2013). 3051:. In Abrams P, et al. (eds.). 1476:when there is evidence of perianal 1107:Several severity scales exist. The 4166:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000388262.72298.f5 3164:Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 2707:Kang JG, Park CY (February 2012). 2549:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 1625:ileo-anal reservoir reconstruction 1583:perianal injectable bulking agents 1074:anatomical defects (e.g. enlarged 903:rectoanal inhibitory reflex (RAIR) 25: 4361:World Journal of Gastroenterology 2713:Diabetes & Metabolism Journal 2217:Wexner AP, Zbar SD, eds. (2010). 726:, aluminium-containing antacids, 220:); and an associated decrease in 137:(gas), liquid stool elements and 5283:Gastrointestinal tract disorders 4302:"Recent Cases - Olmstead Rights" 4041:"Surgery for fecal incontinence" 4013:Treatment of faecal incontinence 3990:10.1046/j.1440-1622.1999.01517.x 3904:10.1097/00001703-200310000-00009 2858:"Functional anorectal disorders" 2813:The British Journal of Radiology 2635:10.1097/00024720-200208000-00012 2489:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.40387.x 2344:Diseases of the Colon and Rectum 1972:Diseases of the Colon and Rectum 4154:The American Journal of Nursing 3779:Judith Graham (July 29, 2014). 3463:Norton C, Cody JD (July 2012). 2225:. New York: Springer. pp. 2102:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.4362 1904:. New York: Springer. pp. 937:internal rectal intussusception 530:internal rectal intussusception 177:(especially involving the anal 3705:10.1002/14651858.CD001757.pub4 3630:10.1002/14651858.CD005086.pub4 3533:10.1002/14651858.CD001310.pub2 3481:10.1002/14651858.CD002111.pub3 3311:10.1002/14651858.CD002116.pub2 1087:may develop following radical 683:Drugs causing profuse diarrhea 534:solitary rectal ulcer syndrome 1: 2598:. American Epilepsy Society. 1724:Hiltibran et al v. Levy et al 1581:, non-dynamic graciloplasty, 1449:In people who have undergone 1443: 947:involves the insertion of an 617:beta-adrenoceptor antagonists 604:Drugs altering sphincter tone 3858:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001505 3381:10.1097/WON.0b013e31823fe246 3176:10.1097/DCR.0000000000001070 2950:Neurourology and Urodynamics 2875:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.11.064 2453:10.1053/j.gastro.2003.10.013 2036:Textbook of gastroenterology 819:Postcholecystectomy diarrhea 536:) may also cause coexisting 490:descending perineum syndrome 129:, is a lack of control over 4872:Charcot's cholangitis triad 4085:10.1056/NEJM197403212901202 3218:. World Health Organization 2775:10.1186/1471-2482-13-S2-S53 2596:An Introduction to Epilepsy 1749:anal sphincters grown from 1607:to people of similar ages. 1409:if there is some degree of 613:calcium channel antagonists 310:inflammatory bowel diseases 173:, complications from prior 5314: 4129:Ranganath S, Ferzandi TR. 3818:10.3310/nihrevidence_51255 3008:10.1590/1806-9282.20230181 1587:implantable bulking agents 1569: 1144: 1028:often is used to describe 920:Digital rectal examination 893: 772:or drug-induced). FI (and 637:Broad-spectrum antibiotics 272:, sphincter degeneration, 5257:Sister Mary Joseph nodule 4213:10.1080/00365520510012172 3947:10.1007/s00384-008-0524-y 2675:10.1016/j.cgh.2019.08.062 2403:10.5056/jnm.2012.18.4.373 1948:10.1016/j.cgh.2013.07.020 1315:removing the entire colon 1199: 724:tricyclic antidepressants 57: 48: 4374:10.3748/wjg.v18.i47.6918 2725:10.4093/dmj.2012.36.1.13 2387:"Rectal hyposensitivity" 1708:shit hanger/leaker/oozer 1544:sacral nerve stimulation 1221:Sacral nerve stimulation 1212:Sacral nerve stimulation 776:) may also occur during 596:Drug/mechanism of action 557:lower anterior resection 522:external rectal prolapse 380:(inflamed hemorrhoids), 202:urinary tract infections 183:irritable bowel syndrome 4275:Wilson S (2016-09-22). 4160:(9): 30–8, quiz 39–40. 2434:Rao SS (January 2004). 1822:. ASCRS. Archived from 1174:Anti-inflammatory drugs 1019:internal anal sphincter 1015:external anal sphincter 890:Structure of anal canal 376:. Such lesions include 366:internal anal sphincter 362:External anal sphincter 351:The functioning of the 212:and society generally ( 167:anal sampling mechanism 4664:human digestive system 4306:www.olmsteadrights.org 4015:. : . pp. 10–12. 4011:Briel JW (2000). "1". 2446:(1 Suppl 1): S14–S22. 2090:JAMA Internal Medicine 1532:pelvic floor exercises 1298: 1133:Differential diagnosis 891: 883: 766:central nervous system 760:Central nervous system 392:are used, with higher 296:, etc.), constipation/ 278:neurological disorders 171:damage from childbirth 4950:Obstructed defecation 1682:stimulation, dynamic 1514:electrolyte imbalance 1455:bile acid sequestrant 1383:artificial sweeteners 1309:and garments such as 1297:Incontinence products 1296: 1288:dynamic graciloplasty 929:Anal electromyography 889: 852: 833:Overflow incontinence 801:absorption may cause 538:obstructed defecation 518:pelvic organ prolapse 410:Park's anal retractor 306:learning disabilities 125:), or in some forms, 5212:Aure-Rozanova's sign 5171:Hannington-Kiff sign 5166:Howship–Romberg sign 5124:Aortic insufficiency 5026:Abdominal distension 4131:"Fecal Incontinence" 3750:10.1038/ajg.2012.284 2825:10.1259/bjr/27314678 1629:ureterosigmoidostomy 1510:transanal irrigation 1103:Clinical measurement 774:urinary incontinence 742:(reducing alertness) 437:, spine injuries or 396:, or when a midline 328:(of unknown cause). 276:, rectal prolapse), 4777:Chilaiditi syndrome 3668:. February 12, 2015 2914:10.1038/ajg.2010.73 2592:"Clinical Epilepsy" 2307:Jornal de Pediatria 2269:10.5402/2012/376023 1941:(4): 636–643.e1–2. 1732:incontinence briefs 1656:Society and culture 1451:gallbladder removal 1261:Perineal resection 1177:Constipating drugs 1030:flatus incontinence 963:diagnostic criteria 945:Proctosigmoidoscopy 925:Anorectal manometry 855:puborectalis muscle 770:Parkinson's disease 663:Glyceryl trinitrate 592: 572:functional disorder 448:in the rectum, and 402:endoanal ultrasound 341:Anorectal anomalies 5144:Grey Turner's sign 5074:Hepatosplenomegaly 5003:Abdominal guarding 4935:Fecal occult blood 4926:Fecal incontinence 4897:Mirizzi's syndrome 4807:Sherren's triangle 4660:Signs and symptoms 4592:External resources 4482:10.1111/ijcp.12017 4435:10.1111/ijcp.12018 3434:10.1038/sc.2013.86 2561:10.1586/ern.11.192 2356:10.1007/bf02048034 1984:10.1007/bf02258218 1700:kusotare/kusottare 1411:lactase deficiency 1317:may be an option. 1299: 1038:fecal incontinence 957:FI is common. The 892: 884: 778:epileptic seizures 711:Constipating drugs 590: 282:multiple sclerosis 245:Signs and symptoms 191:ulcerative colitis 119:Fecal incontinence 91:ulcerative colitis 87:Puerperal disorder 36:Fecal incontinence 18:Bowel incontinence 5270: 5269: 5242:Fothergill's sign 5232:Rosenstein's sign 5152: 5151: 5107:Mallet-Guy's sign 5046:Shifting dullness 4867:Courvoisier's law 4626: 4625: 4466:(11): 1109–1116. 4419:(11): 1101–1108. 4367:(47): 6918–6925. 4261:978-0-9546956-8-2 4057:978-0-9546956-8-2 4022:978-90-90-13967-8 3941:(11): 1023–1031. 3744:(11): 1635–1646. 3353:978-88-470-0637-9 3147:978-3-031-08392-1 3070:978-0-9546956-8-2 3061:10.1002/nau.20870 2962:10.1002/nau.20798 2819:(1015): 865–875. 2533:978-0-9549760-4-0 2483:(11): 2204–2209. 2320:10.2223/jped.2153 2236:978-1-84882-755-4 2198:978-0-9546956-8-2 2173:978-0-9549760-4-0 2096:(10): 1557–1559. 2051:978-1-4051-6911-0 1978:(10): 1226–1229. 1915:978-0-387-24846-2 1712:piss leaker/oozer 1612:Caesarean section 1492:Evacuation aids ( 1385:(e.g. sugar-free 1283: 1282: 1229:Sphincter rupture 1154:Stool consistency 1043:anal incontinence 1034:anal incontinence 1026:anal incontinence 939:. Dynamic pelvic 825:. Orlistat is an 757: 756: 358:keyhole deformity 330:Diabetes mellitus 214:health care costs 175:anorectal surgery 116: 115: 30:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 5305: 4973: 4960:Rectal discharge 4876:Reynolds' pentad 4815:Radiologic signs 4802:McBurney's point 4676:Gastrointestinal 4662:relating to the 4653: 4646: 4639: 4630: 4519: 4501: 4475: 4473:10.1.1.1077.4498 4454: 4428: 4397: 4396: 4386: 4376: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4247: 4241: 4240: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4045: 4036: 4027: 4026: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3870: 3860: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3812:. 21 June 2022. 3802: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3716: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3641: 3609: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3588: 3582:. Archived from 3571: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3544: 3512: 3503: 3502: 3492: 3460: 3447: 3446: 3436: 3412: 3401: 3400: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3322: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3118: 3114: 3112: 3104: 3102: 3101: 3095: 3089:. Archived from 3050: 3041: 3030: 3029: 3019: 3002:(6): e20230181. 2987: 2981: 2975: 2966: 2965: 2944: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2877: 2868:(5): 1510–1518. 2862:Gastroenterology 2853: 2847: 2846: 2836: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2787: 2777: 2768:(Suppl 2): S53. 2753: 2747: 2746: 2736: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2687: 2677: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2455: 2440:Gastroenterology 2431: 2425: 2424: 2414: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2322: 2298: 2292: 2291: 2281: 2271: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2224: 2214: 2203: 2202: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2157: 2124: 2123: 2113: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2039: 2029: 2004: 2003: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1950: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1903: 1893: 1836: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1815: 1619:sphincterotomy, 1591:Malone procedure 1218:Sphincter intact 1151: 1147:Bowel management 1109:Cleveland Clinic 1055:rectal discharge 599:Common examples 593: 564: 526:mucosal prolapse 504:branches of the 456:, damage to the 435:pelvic fractures 426:hemorrhoidectomy 422:Lord's operation 420:, anal stretch ( 408:(especially the 374:rectal discharge 274:perianal fistula 210:medical insurers 206:decubitus ulcers 78: 77: 69:Gastroenterology 53: 33: 21: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5303: 5302: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5227:Lockwood's sign 5175: 5148: 5119:Ballance's sign 5090: 5057: 5051:Fluid wave test 5014: 5008:Blumberg's sign 4964: 4940:Rectal tenesmus 4907: 4847:Councilman body 4829: 4772:Goodsall's rule 4760:Hypersalivation 4677: 4670: 4657: 4627: 4622: 4621: 4587: 4586: 4530: 4509: 4504: 4457: 4426:10.1.1.1053.586 4410: 4406: 4404:Further reading 4401: 4400: 4354: 4353: 4349: 4342:www.govinfo.gov 4336: 4335: 4331: 4324:www.govinfo.gov 4318: 4317: 4313: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4262: 4249: 4248: 4244: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4136: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4079:(12): 646–649. 4070: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4043: 4038: 4037: 4030: 4023: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3975: 3974: 3970: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3851:(8): e1001505. 3838: 3837: 3833: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3789: 3787: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3699:(7): CD001757. 3686: 3685: 3681: 3671: 3669: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3624:(7): CD005086. 3611: 3610: 3601: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3580: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3527:(3): CD001310. 3514: 3513: 3506: 3475:(7): CD002111. 3462: 3461: 3450: 3427:(10): 732–738. 3414: 3413: 3404: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3354: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3305:(6): CD002116. 3292: 3291: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3262: 3258: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3221: 3219: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3188: 3187: 3183: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3115: 3105: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3071: 3048: 3043: 3042: 3033: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2976: 2969: 2946: 2945: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2668:(1): 24–41.e1. 2655: 2654: 2650: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2534: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2384: 2383: 2379: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2237: 2216: 2215: 2206: 2199: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2174: 2159: 2158: 2127: 2083: 2082: 2078: 2073:. Age UK. 2018. 2070: 2064: 2063: 2059: 2052: 2031: 2030: 2007: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1916: 1895: 1894: 1839: 1829: 1827: 1817: 1816: 1777: 1772: 1764:Open defecation 1760: 1744: 1720: 1696: 1675: 1667: 1658: 1649:gluteus maximus 1641: 1599: 1579:SECCA procedure 1574: 1568: 1490: 1439: 1323: 1311:diapers/nappies 1253:Rectal prolapse 1149: 1143: 1135: 1105: 1006: 998:rectal prolapse 981: 916:medical history 912: 898: 872:pubic symphysis 847: 845:Pathophysiology 839:fecal impaction 835: 807:cystic fibrosis 795:Crohn's disease 790: 762: 751:anti-psychotics 747:Benzodiazepines 675:botulinum toxin 554: 546: 478: 470:prostate cancer 458:pudendal nerves 444:, insertion of 349: 338: 256: 247: 222:quality of life 187:Crohn's disease 72: 31: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5311: 5309: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5275: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5264: 5262:Blumer's shelf 5259: 5254: 5252:Massouh's sign 5249: 5247:Carnett's sign 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5202:Hamburger sign 5199: 5197:Rovsing's sign 5194: 5192:Obturator sign 5189: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5162: 5160: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5129:Castell's sign 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5071: 5069:Abdominal mass 5065: 5063: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4983:Abdominal pain 4979: 4977: 4970: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4923: 4917: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4894: 4889: 4878: 4869: 4864: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4837: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4820:Hampton's line 4810: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4682: 4680: 4672: 4671: 4658: 4656: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4633: 4624: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4617:article/268674 4608: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4588: 4585: 4584: 4573: 4562: 4547: 4531: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4522:Classification 4516: 4515: 4508: 4507:External links 4505: 4503: 4502: 4455: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4347: 4329: 4311: 4293: 4267: 4260: 4242: 4207:(5): 552–558. 4187: 4144: 4121: 4098: 4063: 4056: 4028: 4021: 4003: 3984:(3): 172–177. 3968: 3925: 3898:(5): 405–410. 3882: 3831: 3797: 3785:New York Times 3771: 3728: 3679: 3653: 3599: 3578: 3556: 3504: 3448: 3402: 3359: 3352: 3334: 3285: 3273: 3256: 3245:(4): E97-110. 3229: 3207: 3181: 3170:(4): 421–427. 3153: 3146: 3126: 3117:|journal= 3069: 3031: 2982: 2967: 2934: 2889: 2848: 2799: 2748: 2699: 2648: 2629:(4): 326–329. 2613: 2582: 2555:(2): 239–248. 2539: 2532: 2510: 2467: 2426: 2397:(4): 373–384. 2377: 2350:(7): 746–748. 2334: 2293: 2256:ISRN Neurology 2242: 2235: 2221:Coloproctology 2204: 2197: 2179: 2172: 2125: 2076: 2057: 2050: 2005: 1962: 1921: 1914: 1837: 1826:on 20 May 2013 1774: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1759: 1756: 1743: 1740: 1719: 1716: 1695: 1692: 1674: 1671: 1666: 1663: 1657: 1654: 1640: 1637: 1598: 1595: 1570:Main article: 1567: 1564: 1489: 1488:Other measures 1486: 1482:moisturization 1470:Topical agents 1458:cholestyramine 1438: 1435: 1322: 1319: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1272: 1270:Keyhole defect 1267: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1196: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1183:Pseudodiarrhea 1179: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1142: 1139: 1134: 1131: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1104: 1101: 1093:Pelvic anatomy 1005: 1002: 980: 977: 911: 908: 846: 843: 834: 831: 789: 786: 761: 758: 755: 754: 743: 732: 731: 712: 708: 707: 684: 680: 679: 659: 655: 654: 643:Cephalosporins 639: 633: 632: 605: 601: 600: 597: 545: 542: 494:pudendal nerve 477: 474: 446:foreign bodies 414:sphincterotomy 348: 345: 337: 334: 265:postmenopausal 255: 252: 246: 243: 114: 113: 110: 106: 105: 103:cholestyramine 100: 94: 93: 84: 80: 79: 66: 60: 59: 55: 54: 46: 45: 42: 38: 37: 29: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5310: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5217:Dunphy's sign 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5207:Heel tap sign 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5139:Cullen's sign 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5017: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4988:Acute abdomen 4986: 4985: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4892:Lépine's sign 4890: 4888: 4887:Murphy's sign 4884: 4883: 4882:cholecystitis 4879: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4797:Markle's sign 4795: 4793: 4792:Arapov's sign 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4733:oropharyngeal 4731: 4730: 4729: 4726: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4649: 4647: 4642: 4640: 4635: 4634: 4631: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4597: 4594: 4590: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4574: 4572: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4351: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4333: 4330: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4297: 4294: 4282: 4278: 4271: 4268: 4263: 4257: 4253: 4246: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4188: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4145: 4132: 4125: 4122: 4109: 4102: 4099: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4064: 4059: 4053: 4049: 4042: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4018: 4014: 4007: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3972: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3845:PLOS Medicine 3842: 3835: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3810:NIHR Evidence 3807: 3801: 3798: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3732: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3680: 3667: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3589:on 2014-05-20 3585: 3581: 3579:9781849365918 3575: 3568: 3567: 3560: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3360: 3355: 3349: 3345: 3338: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3260: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3230: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3196: 3192: 3189:Kaneshiro N. 3185: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3154: 3149: 3143: 3139: 3138: 3130: 3127: 3122: 3110: 3096:on 2012-08-31 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3047: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2893: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2703: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2685:10044/1/76745 2681: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2652: 2649: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2617: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2586: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2543: 2540: 2535: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2514: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2471: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2430: 2427: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2381: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2338: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2297: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2246: 2243: 2238: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2222: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2194: 2190: 2183: 2180: 2175: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2080: 2077: 2069: 2068: 2061: 2058: 2053: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2037: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1966: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1925: 1922: 1917: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1901: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1825: 1821: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1684:graciloplasty 1681: 1673:United States 1672: 1670: 1664: 1662: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1645:Ebers Papyrus 1638: 1636: 1634: 1633:anal dilation 1630: 1626: 1622: 1616: 1613: 1608: 1605: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1573: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1552: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1494:suppositories 1487: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1413:; and reduce 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1333: 1329: 1328:dietary fiber 1320: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1307:perineal pads 1304: 1295: 1291: 1289: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1248:Neosphincter 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1148: 1140: 1138: 1132: 1130: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1110: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1097:pelvic outlet 1094: 1090: 1089:prostatectomy 1085: 1081: 1077: 1076:sigmoid colon 1071: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1046: 1044: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1003: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 985: 978: 976: 973: 969: 964: 960: 956: 952: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 921: 917: 909: 907: 904: 897: 888: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 856: 851: 844: 842: 840: 832: 830: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 787: 785: 783: 782:Dural ectasia 779: 775: 771: 767: 759: 753: 752: 748: 744: 741: 737: 736:Tranquilisers 734: 733: 730: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 710: 709: 706: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 682: 681: 678: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 657: 656: 653: 652: 648: 644: 640: 638: 635: 634: 631: 630: 626: 622: 621:beta-blockers 618: 614: 610: 606: 603: 602: 598: 595: 594: 588: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 562: 558: 551: 543: 541: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 506:pelvic plexus 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 484:, especially 483: 475: 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 440: 436: 432: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 394:birth weights 391: 387: 383: 382:anal fissures 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 354: 346: 344: 342: 335: 333: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 308:), diarrhea, 307: 303: 299: 298:fecal loading 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 266: 262: 253: 251: 244: 242: 238: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 194: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 111: 107: 104: 101: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 76: 70: 67: 65: 61: 56: 52: 47: 43: 39: 34: 19: 5293:Incontinence 5222:Alder's sign 5084:Splenomegaly 5079:Hepatomegaly 4945:Constipation 4925: 4880: 4858: 4852:Mallory body 4840: 4825:Klemm's sign 4813: 4787:Aaron's sign 4782:Dance's sign 4711:Trichophagia 4610: 4599: 4575: 4564: 4549: 4534: 4463: 4459: 4416: 4412: 4364: 4360: 4350: 4341: 4332: 4323: 4314: 4305: 4296: 4284:. Retrieved 4280: 4270: 4251: 4245: 4204: 4200: 4190: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4135:. Retrieved 4124: 4112:. Retrieved 4101: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4047: 4012: 4006: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3895: 3891: 3885: 3848: 3844: 3834: 3809: 3800: 3788:. Retrieved 3784: 3774: 3741: 3737: 3731: 3696: 3692: 3682: 3670:. Retrieved 3665: 3656: 3621: 3617: 3591:. Retrieved 3584:the original 3565: 3559: 3524: 3520: 3472: 3468: 3424: 3420: 3375:(1): 61–74. 3372: 3368: 3362: 3343: 3337: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3276: 3270:Google Books 3268:, p. 91, at 3263: 3259: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3220:. Retrieved 3210: 3198:. Retrieved 3195:Medline Plus 3194: 3191:"Encopresis" 3184: 3167: 3163: 3156: 3136: 3129: 3098:. Retrieved 3091:the original 3052: 2999: 2995: 2985: 2953: 2949: 2925:. Retrieved 2905: 2901: 2892: 2865: 2861: 2851: 2816: 2812: 2802: 2765: 2761: 2751: 2719:(1): 13–25. 2716: 2712: 2702: 2665: 2661: 2651: 2626: 2622: 2616: 2595: 2585: 2552: 2548: 2542: 2523: 2520:"Appendix J" 2513: 2480: 2476: 2470: 2443: 2439: 2429: 2394: 2390: 2380: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2313:(1): 17–24. 2310: 2306: 2296: 2259: 2255: 2245: 2220: 2188: 2182: 2162: 2093: 2089: 2079: 2066: 2060: 2035: 1975: 1971: 1965: 1938: 1934: 1924: 1899: 1828:. Retrieved 1824:the original 1745: 1723: 1721: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1697: 1680:Sacral nerve 1676: 1668: 1659: 1642: 1621:fistulectomy 1617: 1609: 1600: 1597:Epidemiology 1575: 1561: 1557:Polyurethane 1553: 1537: 1530:The role of 1529: 1523: 1491: 1448: 1440: 1393:(especially 1377:(especially 1324: 1300: 1284: 1241:Anal atresia 1203:Pelvic floor 1171:Inflammatory 1163:Second line 1136: 1127: 1106: 1099:in females. 1072: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1023: 1007: 990:pruritus ani 986: 982: 972:sacral nerve 959:Rome process 953: 933:defecography 913: 899: 836: 827:anti-obesity 791: 763: 745: 714: 686: 677:A injection 661: 641: 607: 584:diverticulum 547: 486:puborectalis 482:pelvic floor 479: 476:Pelvic floor 466:radiotherapy 450:sexual abuse 431:fissurectomy 350: 339: 290:spina bifida 257: 248: 239: 218:unemployment 195: 159:constipation 122: 118: 117: 5237:Cupola sign 5134:Kehr's sign 5114:Puddle sign 4745:Odynophagia 4601:MedlinePlus 4133:. WebMD LLC 4106:Norton NJ. 3672:17 February 3421:Spinal Cord 2956:(1): 4–20. 2762:BMC Surgery 1818:Kaiser AM. 1706:which mean 1665:Netherlands 1525:Biofeedback 1518:perforation 1478:candidiasis 1474:antifungals 1387:chewing gum 1278:PTQ implant 1232:Anal repair 1207:Biofeedback 803:steatorrhea 799:intestineal 671:bethanechol 647:penicillins 510:levator ani 468:, e.g. for 454:scleroderma 442:lacerations 418:fistulotomy 386:anal cancer 286:spinal cord 234:stigmatized 141:, or solid 41:Other names 5298:Defecation 5277:Categories 5187:Psoas sign 5019:Distension 4998:Baby colic 4930:encopresis 4921:Flatulence 4913:Defecation 4903:Nardi test 4862:Boas' sign 4755:Xerostomia 4750:Bad breath 4738:esophageal 4716:Pagophagia 4701:Aerophagia 4577:DiseasesDB 4281:SoraNews24 3790:August 23, 3593:2014-05-20 3222:4 February 3100:2013-02-20 2927:3 November 2262:: 376023. 1830:29 October 1770:References 1751:stem cells 1747:Engineered 1734:funded by 1704:shikkotare 1466:flatulence 1437:Medication 1427:phosphorus 1405:); reduce 1389:); reduce 1381:); reduce 1332:wholegrain 1303:anal plugs 1187:Encopresis 1160:First line 1145:See also: 1141:Management 1051:encopresis 1017:(EAS) and 994:dermatitis 979:Definition 961:published 955:Functional 896:Defecation 894:See also: 880:pubic bone 860:anal verge 716:Loperamide 665:ointment, 651:macrolides 625:sildenafil 561:megarectum 514:neuropathy 398:episiotomy 353:anal canal 347:Anal canal 336:Congenital 326:idiopathic 314:disability 226:depression 198:maceration 179:sphincters 145:. FI is a 131:defecation 127:encopresis 98:Medication 4834:Accessory 4728:Dysphagia 4721:Geophagia 4696:Heartburn 4612:eMedicine 4468:CiteSeerX 4421:CiteSeerX 4338:"govinfo" 4320:"govinfo" 4221:0036-5521 4182:205400969 4137:1 January 4114:1 January 3826:251785991 3119:ignored ( 3109:cite book 1722:The case 1688:colostomy 1506:bisacodyl 1502:glycerine 1423:magnesium 1419:vitamin C 1373:; reduce 1357:); limit 1330:; reduce 1257:Rectopexy 1190:Laxatives 949:endoscope 910:Diagnosis 823:bile acid 740:hypnotics 692:metformin 688:Laxatives 667:diltiazem 580:rectocele 462:proctitis 406:retractor 261:obstetric 155:diagnosis 109:Frequency 64:Specialty 5102:Jaundice 5031:Bloating 4955:Diarrhea 4859:biliary: 4691:Vomiting 4498:22379780 4490:23067035 4443:23067034 4393:23322989 4229:16036507 4174:20736708 3998:10075354 3955:18629515 3920:20587023 3912:14501244 3877:24015113 3758:22964553 3723:23821339 3648:26193665 3551:17636665 3499:22786479 3490:11365095 3443:23958927 3397:42888603 3389:22193141 3329:23757096 3251:20065920 3087:23035632 3079:20025020 3026:37255088 3017:10234354 2922:33857890 2884:16678564 2843:22374273 2794:24267789 2743:22363917 2694:31526844 2643:12177551 2604:20821849 2569:22288679 2505:27454746 2497:15555003 2462:14978634 2421:23105997 2372:38351811 2329:22344626 2288:22900202 2120:27479808 2000:25800286 1957:23906873 1758:See also 1742:Research 1736:Medicaid 1462:bloating 1415:caffeine 1168:Diarrhea 1080:stenosis 1078:or anal 811:orlistat 788:Diarrhea 700:antacids 696:orlistat 609:Nitrates 496:and the 439:perineal 302:dementia 288:injury, 163:diarrhea 153:, not a 5041:Tympany 5036:Ascites 4969:Abdomen 4765:Burping 4668:abdomen 4571:D005242 4451:3225854 4384:3531675 4093:4813725 3963:7247471 3868:3754889 3766:2405543 3714:7061468 3666:fda.gov 3639:9058784 3542:8406929 3320:7098421 2834:3474057 2785:3851064 2734:3283822 2608:NBK2508 2412:3479250 2364:7607037 2279:3414061 2111:6848972 2044:–1744. 1992:9788384 1726:in the 1639:History 1566:Surgery 1500:) e.g. 1431:calcium 1429:and/or 1407:lactose 1391:alcohol 1371:sprouts 1367:cabbage 1343:rhubarb 1335:cereals 1266:Soiling 1224:Lavage 1063:lesions 876:Ischium 815:olestra 728:codeine 720:opioids 704:digoxin 673:cream, 576:organic 568:anismus 390:forceps 370:Lesions 318:chronic 151:symptom 5158:Hernia 5062:Masses 4686:Nausea 4606:003135 4496: 4488: 4470: 4449: 4441: 4423: 4391: 4381: 4286:12 May 4258: 4237:753921 4235: 4227: 4219: 4180: 4172: 4091: 4054: 4019: 3996: 3961: 3953: 3918: 3910: 3875: 3865: 3824: 3764: 3756: 3721: 3711: 3646: 3636: 3576: 3549: 3539: 3497: 3487: 3441: 3395: 3387: 3350: 3327: 3317: 3249: 3200:2 July 3144: 3085: 3077: 3067: 3024: 3014: 2920: 2882: 2841: 2831: 2792: 2782: 2741: 2731: 2692: 2641: 2602: 2577:220783 2575: 2567: 2530: 2503: 2495: 2460: 2419: 2409: 2370: 2362: 2327: 2286: 2276: 2233: 2229:–119. 2195: 2170: 2118: 2108: 2048: 1998: 1990: 1955: 1912: 1908:–664. 1686:, and 1631:, and 1498:enemas 1453:, the 1375:spices 1363:pulses 1351:prunes 1274:Lavage 1245:Lavage 1194:Lavage 1084:ICD-10 1068:rectum 1011:toilet 970:), or 868:sacrum 866:& 864:coccyx 813:, and 550:rectum 544:Rectum 532:& 520:(e.g. 294:stroke 270:trauma 254:Causes 230:toilet 135:flatus 83:Causes 71: 5180:Other 5095:Other 4993:Colic 4842:liver 4678:tract 4560:787.6 4494:S2CID 4447:S2CID 4233:S2CID 4178:S2CID 4044:(PDF) 3959:S2CID 3916:S2CID 3822:S2CID 3762:S2CID 3587:(PDF) 3570:(PDF) 3393:S2CID 3094:(PDF) 3083:S2CID 3049:(PDF) 2918:S2CID 2573:S2CID 2501:S2CID 2368:S2CID 2071:(PDF) 1996:S2CID 1694:Japan 1444:table 1395:stout 1379:chili 1359:beans 1355:plums 1339:bread 1200:Solid 1157:Cause 1004:Types 669:gel, 378:piles 322:acute 204:, or 149:or a 143:feces 139:mucus 4976:Pain 4928:and 4706:Pica 4582:6763 4566:MeSH 4555:9-CM 4486:PMID 4439:PMID 4389:PMID 4288:2017 4256:ISBN 4225:PMID 4217:ISSN 4170:PMID 4139:2013 4116:2013 4089:PMID 4052:ISBN 4017:ISBN 3994:PMID 3951:PMID 3908:PMID 3873:PMID 3792:2014 3754:PMID 3719:PMID 3674:2015 3644:PMID 3622:2015 3574:ISBN 3547:PMID 3525:2009 3495:PMID 3439:PMID 3385:PMID 3348:ISBN 3325:PMID 3247:PMID 3224:2013 3202:2012 3142:ISBN 3121:help 3075:PMID 3065:ISBN 3022:PMID 2929:2012 2880:PMID 2839:PMID 2790:PMID 2739:PMID 2690:PMID 2639:PMID 2600:PMID 2565:PMID 2528:ISBN 2493:PMID 2458:PMID 2417:PMID 2360:PMID 2325:PMID 2284:PMID 2260:2012 2231:ISBN 2193:ISBN 2168:ISBN 2116:PMID 2046:ISBN 2042:1717 1988:PMID 1953:PMID 1910:ISBN 1832:2012 1710:and 1702:and 1585:and 1516:and 1464:and 1401:and 1399:beer 1369:and 1347:figs 1321:Diet 1305:and 878:, J- 874:, I- 870:, H- 548:The 528:and 500:and 356:the 147:sign 112:2.2% 4666:or 4551:ICD 4545:R15 4536:ICD 4478:doi 4431:doi 4379:PMC 4369:doi 4209:doi 4162:doi 4158:110 4081:doi 4077:290 3986:doi 3943:doi 3900:doi 3863:PMC 3853:doi 3814:doi 3746:doi 3742:107 3709:PMC 3701:doi 3634:PMC 3626:doi 3537:PMC 3529:doi 3485:PMC 3477:doi 3429:doi 3377:doi 3315:PMC 3307:doi 3172:doi 3057:doi 3012:PMC 3004:doi 2958:doi 2910:doi 2906:105 2870:doi 2866:130 2829:PMC 2821:doi 2780:PMC 2770:doi 2729:PMC 2721:doi 2680:hdl 2670:doi 2631:doi 2557:doi 2485:doi 2448:doi 2444:126 2407:PMC 2399:doi 2352:doi 2315:doi 2274:PMC 2264:doi 2227:109 2106:PMC 2098:doi 2094:176 1980:doi 1943:doi 1906:653 1718:Law 1504:or 1496:or 1403:ale 1059:pus 1049:as 968:T12 941:MRI 623:), 424:), 161:or 5279:: 4615:: 4604:: 4580:: 4569:: 4558:: 4543:: 4540:10 4492:. 4484:. 4476:. 4464:66 4462:. 4445:. 4437:. 4429:. 4417:66 4415:. 4387:. 4377:. 4365:18 4363:. 4359:. 4340:. 4322:. 4304:. 4279:. 4231:. 4223:. 4215:. 4205:40 4203:. 4199:. 4176:. 4168:. 4156:. 4087:. 4075:. 4046:. 4031:^ 3992:. 3982:69 3980:. 3957:. 3949:. 3939:23 3937:. 3914:. 3906:. 3896:15 3894:. 3871:. 3861:. 3849:10 3847:. 3843:. 3820:. 3808:. 3783:. 3760:. 3752:. 3740:. 3717:. 3707:. 3695:. 3691:. 3664:. 3642:. 3632:. 3620:. 3616:. 3602:^ 3545:. 3535:. 3523:. 3519:. 3507:^ 3493:. 3483:. 3471:. 3467:. 3451:^ 3437:. 3425:51 3423:. 3419:. 3405:^ 3391:. 3383:. 3373:39 3371:. 3323:. 3313:. 3301:. 3297:. 3241:. 3193:. 3168:61 3166:. 3113:: 3111:}} 3107:{{ 3081:. 3073:. 3063:. 3034:^ 3020:. 3010:. 3000:69 2998:. 2994:. 2970:^ 2954:29 2952:. 2937:^ 2916:. 2904:. 2900:. 2878:. 2864:. 2860:. 2837:. 2827:. 2817:85 2815:. 2811:. 2788:. 2778:. 2766:13 2764:. 2760:. 2737:. 2727:. 2717:36 2715:. 2711:. 2688:. 2678:. 2666:18 2664:. 2660:. 2637:. 2627:15 2625:. 2606:. 2571:. 2563:. 2553:12 2551:. 2522:. 2499:. 2491:. 2481:99 2479:. 2456:. 2442:. 2438:. 2415:. 2405:. 2395:18 2393:. 2389:. 2366:. 2358:. 2348:38 2346:. 2323:. 2311:88 2309:. 2305:. 2282:. 2272:. 2258:. 2254:. 2207:^ 2128:^ 2114:. 2104:. 2092:. 2088:. 2008:^ 1994:. 1986:. 1976:41 1974:. 1951:. 1939:12 1937:. 1933:. 1840:^ 1778:^ 1551:. 1468:. 1425:, 1421:, 1397:, 1365:, 1361:, 1349:, 1345:, 858:E- 817:. 809:, 780:. 722:, 718:, 702:, 694:, 690:, 649:, 645:, 627:, 615:, 611:, 574:, 540:. 524:, 502:S4 498:S3 472:. 416:, 384:, 304:, 292:, 284:, 216:, 189:, 185:, 123:FI 89:, 4899:) 4885:( 4874:/ 4844:: 4817:: 4652:e 4645:t 4638:v 4553:- 4538:- 4528:D 4500:. 4480:: 4453:. 4433:: 4395:. 4371:: 4344:. 4326:. 4308:. 4290:. 4264:. 4239:. 4211:: 4184:. 4164:: 4141:. 4118:. 4095:. 4083:: 4060:. 4025:. 4000:. 3988:: 3965:. 3945:: 3922:. 3902:: 3879:. 3855:: 3828:. 3816:: 3794:. 3768:. 3748:: 3725:. 3703:: 3697:7 3676:. 3650:. 3628:: 3596:. 3553:. 3531:: 3501:. 3479:: 3473:7 3445:. 3431:: 3399:. 3379:: 3356:. 3331:. 3309:: 3303:6 3253:. 3243:9 3226:. 3204:. 3178:. 3174:: 3150:. 3123:) 3103:. 3059:: 3028:. 3006:: 2964:. 2960:: 2931:. 2912:: 2886:. 2872:: 2845:. 2823:: 2796:. 2772:: 2745:. 2723:: 2696:. 2682:: 2672:: 2645:. 2633:: 2610:. 2579:. 2559:: 2536:. 2507:. 2487:: 2464:. 2450:: 2423:. 2401:: 2374:. 2354:: 2331:. 2317:: 2290:. 2266:: 2239:. 2201:. 2176:. 2122:. 2100:: 2054:. 2002:. 1982:: 1959:. 1945:: 1918:. 1834:. 1353:/ 1337:/ 882:. 738:/ 619:( 320:/ 280:( 121:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Fecal incontinence

Index