31:
99:
150:, and identifying those of potential economic importantance. On botanical expeditions funded by governments, the plants were often collected by the person in the field, but described and named by government sponsored scientists at botanical gardens and universities. For example, many of the species collected on the
169:
enterprise in the late 19th century. Collection in the field and transportation provided considerable challenges. Initially, dried specimens together with descriptions and drawings were the main way of adding to the knowledge of the flora. Examples include the drawings by local artists described by
65:
would be responsible for identification, description and collection of specimens. In some cases the plants might be collected by the person in the field, but described and named by a government sponsored scientist at a botanical garden or university. For example, species collected on the
346:
priest who arrived in China in 1582. Other collectors were diplomats and merchants who supplied the great
European gardens. Plant hunting was not necessarily entirely exploitative, as many used the opportunities to also explore, understand and learn from local cultures, such as
81:
and was associated with the establishment of botanical gardens and the teaching of botany as a discipline. The practice of botanical expeditions reached a peak in the late 18th and during the 19th century with the systematic organisation of plants into
723:"Fry, Carolyn. The plant hunters: the adventures of the world's greatest botanical explorers. University of Chicago Press, Chicago: 2013. Pp 63; illustrated. Price US$ 30.00 (hardback). ISBN 9780226093314"
330:(CITES) to ensure that those countries from which the plants originated also benefit. also the wealth that created the opportunities for European nations to mount major expeditions came partly from
252:
in 1453, the emphasis shifted to maritime routes of exploration. The
Renaissance brought a new understanding of plants from study of ancient texts, in particular those of
273:
142:
with the expedition would be responsible for identifying, describing and drawing or photographing the plants, collecting specimens using equipment such as a
798:
182:“type”, or reference, for subsequent descriptions of the taxon. Transportation of live specimens was initially fraught with hazard, as described by
130:
of a particular region. In some cases such an expedition could be specifically designed for exploring the flora, or be part of studying the overall
161:
Botanical expeditions have been driven by a number of motives, such as scientific discovery, economic incentives in terms of resources or for the
363:). Other criticisms relate to failure to acknowledge the considerable contribution of local collaborators. Again, there were exceptions such as
240:(356–323 BCE) would bring back plants from his expeditions, increasing the level of botanical knowledge of his time, and establishing the
772:
711:
668:
639:
190:
in 1824, with one estimate of survival in 1819, being one in a thousand. This problem was considerably improved by the development of the
302:. Many of the most important expeditions took part in the late 18th and 19th centuries with the systematic organisation of plants into
323:
929:
977:
175:
284:
in the universities. In addition to the collection and growing of live plants in the gardens, came the establishment of the
937:
187:
122:
Botanical expeditions have often been referred to as "plant hunting" (or less commonly "botanomania"). They are mainly
727:
631:
821:
660:
151:
114:
67:
764:
967:
355:(1799 – 1834), perhaps best known for following up on Lewis and Clark's discoveries and for the
352:
155:
71:
269:
819:
Shteir, Ann B. (1990). "Botanical
Dialogues: Maria Jacson and Women's Popular Science Writing in England".
198:
The plant collector’s job is to uncover the hidden beauties of the world, so that others may share his joy.
249:
39:
351:(1647 – 1717), a German naturalist who worked in the Dutch colonies of South America, and
652:
The Plant-Hunter's Atlas: A World Tour of
Botanical Adventures, Chance Discoveries and Strange Specimens
265:
162:
224:
of 2000 BCE who illustrated plants and trees they found on their military campaigns abroad, while
962:
348:
322:
past and also attracted description as piracy and theft. This in turn has led to the creation of the
858:
656:
237:
913:
886:
838:
688:
303:
200:
83:
905:
306:. There were many dangers involved in plant collecting expeditions, and some ended tragically.
768:
707:
664:
635:
171:
109:
77:
While accounts of plant collection occur in antiquity, a scientific basis occurred during the
878:
830:
807:
736:
384:
295:
261:
166:
30:
972:
760:
The Plant
Hunters: True Stories of Their Daring Adventures to the Far Corners of the Earth
722:
364:
135:
131:
58:
901:
874:
678:
179:
35:
627:
Visible Empire: Botanical
Expeditions and Visual Culture in the Hispanic Enlightenment
57:
of a particular region, either as a specific design or part of a larger expedition. A
956:
703:
291:
17:
368:
339:
335:
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257:
233:
229:
191:
183:
147:
98:
758:
697:
682:
650:
625:
790:
356:
319:
299:
217:
143:
87:
78:
811:
225:
699:
The Plant
Hunters: The Adventures of the World's Greatest Botanical Explorers
372:
286:
253:
241:
86:. Plant collection has attracted a number of criticisms of exploitation and
90:
leading to the establishment of international regulations and safeguards.
740:
245:
103:
842:
331:
221:
123:
50:
343:
281:
277:
139:
62:
27:
Scientific voyages designed to explore the flora of particular region
834:
327:
220:
although accounts of organised collection date back as far as the
178:
in the early 19th century. These initial descriptions then became
127:
97:
54:
29:
298:. The first professional hunters were probably the 17th century
260:, leading to not only collection, but also the establishment of
228:(c. 1507–1458 BCE) dispatched an expedition to bring back
930:"Botanomania and the secret history of women plant collectors"
791:"Plant Exploration: From Queen Hatshepsut to Sir Joseph Banks"
314:
Plant hunting has been the subject of criticism, for its
328:
427:
425:
423:
859:"How Victorian plant hunters shaped British gardens"
857:
Mulligan, Patrick; McHale, Ellen (24 January 2020).
538:
536:
216:The systematic collection of plants dates from the
334:, while a number of early plant collectors were
554:
280:that described the plants and the teaching of
8:
910:Plant Biology, The Lewis and Clark Herbarium
883:Plant Biology, The Lewis and Clark Herbarium
126:journeys or voyages designed to explore the
443:
290:(dry garden) for dried specimens and the
34:Lewis and Clark Expedition on the lower
602:
590:
578:
566:
527:
503:
491:
479:
467:
455:
414:
395:
49:(sometimes called "Plant hunting") are
879:"Frederick Traugott Pursh (1774-1820)"
515:
431:
402:
236:(probably modern day Somalia). Later,
542:
7:
721:Burke, Horace R. (1 October 2014).
324:Convention on Biologiocal Diversity
25:
928:LaBouff, Nicole (24 April 2018).
53:voyages designed to explore the
912:. Department of Plant Biology,
885:. Department of Plant Biology,
684:Pharaohs, Fellahs and Explorers
134:or geography of the region. A
1:
276:in 1568), the publication of
176:botanical gardens in Calcutta
938:Minneapolis Institute of Art
861:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
789:Janick, Jules (April 2007).
188:London Horticultural Society
154:were described and named by
70:were described and named by
906:"David Douglas (1799-1834)"
728:Archives of Natural History
632:University of Chicago Press
624:Bleichmar, Daniela (2012).
994:
822:Eighteenth-Century Studies
661:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
555:Mulligan & McHale 2020
248:and Europe. Following the
152:Lewis and Clark Expedition
115:Plantae Asiaticae Rariores
68:Lewis and Clark Expedition
812:10.21273/HORTSCI.42.2.191
765:Farrar, Straus and Giroux
304:taxonomic classifications
205:From China to Hkamti Long
84:taxonomic classifications
375:in the 1930s and 1940s.
156:Frederick Traugott Pursh
72:Frederick Traugott Pursh
649:Edwards, Ambra (2021).
757:Silvey, Anita (2015).
696:Fry, Carolyn (2017) .
250:Fall of Constantinople
209:
119:
43:
40:Charles Marion Russell
978:Botanical expeditions
829:(3 Spring): 301–317.
741:10.3366/anh.2014.0267
361:Pseudotsuga menziesii
196:
101:
47:Botanical expeditions
33:
904:(6 February 2008b).
877:(6 February 2008a).
18:Botanical expedition
238:Alexander the Great
165:trade, such as the
914:Cornell University
887:Cornell University
679:Edwards, Amelia B.
657:Quercus Publishing
569:, pp. 12, 16.
371:who worked in the
264:(such as those of
201:Frank Kingdon-Ward
120:
44:
774:978-1-4668-9529-4
713:978-0-233-00516-4
670:978-1-5294-1012-9
641:978-0-226-05853-5
581:, pp. 12–13.
470:, pp. 13–14.
272:in the 1540s and
262:botanical gardens
16:(Redirected from
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385:Plant collecting
296:medicinal plants
21:
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968:Natural history
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902:Reveal, James L
900:
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875:Reveal, James L
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835:10.2307/2738798
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226:Queen Hatsheput
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132:natural history
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38:
28:
23:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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848:
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816:
806:(2): 191–196.
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784:
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735:(2): 374–375.
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444:Bleichmar 2012
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36:Columbia River
26:
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14:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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704:Carlton Books
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629:
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611:
605:, p. 13.
604:
599:
596:
592:
587:
584:
580:
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572:
568:
563:
560:
556:
551:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
530:, p. 11.
529:
524:
521:
517:
512:
509:
505:
500:
497:
494:, p. 17.
493:
488:
485:
482:, p. 14.
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366:
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358:
354:
353:David Douglas
350:
349:Maria Sibylla
345:
342:, an Italian
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
309:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:physic garden
289:
288:
287:hortus siccus
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163:horticultural
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52:
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41:
37:
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941:. Retrieved
933:
917:. Retrieved
909:
890:. Retrieved
882:
863:. Retrieved
826:
820:
803:
797:
759:
744:. Retrieved
732:
726:
698:
683:
651:
626:
612:Bibliography
603:Edwards 2021
598:
591:Reveal 2008b
586:
579:Edwards 2021
574:
567:Edwards 2021
562:
550:
528:Edwards 2021
523:
511:
506:, p. 8.
504:Edwards 2021
499:
492:Edwards 2021
487:
480:Edwards 2021
475:
468:Edwards 2021
463:
456:Reveal 2008a
451:
446:, p. 4.
439:
434:, p. 3.
415:LaBouff 2018
410:
398:
360:
340:Matteo Ricci
336:missionaries
313:
285:
258:Theophrastus
244:between the
230:frankincense
215:
204:
197:
192:Wardian case
184:John Lindley
160:
148:Wardian case
121:
113:
102:
76:
46:
45:
963:Exploration
799:HortScience
706:, Limited.
516:Janick 2007
432:Silvey 2015
403:Shteir 1990
357:Douglas Fir
320:colonialist
316:Eurocentric
300:Tradescants
218:Renaissance
144:plant press
94:Description
88:colonialism
79:Renaissance
957:Categories
943:30 October
919:29 October
892:28 October
865:28 October
746:30 October
731:(review).
543:Burke 2014
391:References
338:, such as
242:Silk Roads
136:naturalist
124:scientific
106:ternifolia
59:naturalist
51:scientific
373:Himalayas
310:Criticism
254:Aristotle
194:in 1829.
851:Websites
783:Articles
681:(1891).
379:See also
365:Sherriff
326:and the
246:Far East
222:Pharaohs
140:botanist
118:(1830-2)
104:Osbeckia
63:botanist
934:Stories
843:2738798
767:(BYR).
332:slavery
278:herbals
274:Bologna
212:History
207:, 1924.
186:of the
174:at the
172:Wallich
110:Wallich
973:Botany
841:
771:
710:
689:Harper
667:
638:
369:Ludlow
344:Jesuit
282:botany
167:Veitch
42:, 1905
839:JSTOR
794:(PDF)
618:Books
270:Padua
232:from
128:flora
108:from
55:flora
945:2022
921:2022
894:2022
867:2022
769:ISBN
748:2022
708:ISBN
665:ISBN
636:ISBN
367:and
318:and
294:for
268:and
266:Pisa
256:and
234:Punt
831:doi
808:doi
737:doi
180:the
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138:or
112:’s
61:or
959::
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810::
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359:(
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