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828:. A report recommended extensive fortifications, which alarmed the business community who felt a large fortress would be detrimental to trade. Eventually officer’s quarters and a series of platforms carrying seven 68-pounders were built facing the sea. In 1867 eight 8-inch shell guns and two 13-inch shell guns were added. However, the fortifications were considered a failure from the beginning, as ships could easily get close enough to destroy the town yet remain out of range of the fort’s guns. Moreover the lack of a water supply rendered the fort useless as a place of refuge.
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and consecrated in 1834. A brick wall and a Gothic gateway were constructed in 1846 to enclose it, built by
Captain Charles Edward Faber. Two classical monuments, and some headstones placed along brick walls remained at the site. The cemetery continued to be used until 1865 when it was declared full and closed. By this time, around one third of the burials there were of Chinese Christians. In the 1970s the cemetery was exhumed and many of the surviving tombstones were embedded in the surviving walls.
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1286:...On the hill overlooking the Settlement, and commanding it and a considerable portion of the anchorage, a small Fort, capable of mounting 8 or 10 pounders and of containing a magazine of brick or stone, together with a barrack for the permanent residence of 30 European artillery, and of temporary accommodation of the rest of the garrison in case of emergency.
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1544:, originally built in 1903, was one of the 13 important lighthouses guiding ships crossing the Strait of Malacca. It was decommissioned in 1958 due to the increasing number of high-rises in Singapore blocking its visibility from the sea. A replica was erected later on Fort Canning Hill to commemorate its role in Singapore's maritime history.
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visitors annually by the 1970s. However, due to competition from newer attractions which led to declining visitors in the 1980s, it closed on 31 May 1991. A number of attempts were made to renew operation at the site but all were unsuccessful. It finally closed in 1996, and the building demolished in 1998.
631:. Archaeological evidence suggests that the settlement on Fort Canning was abandoned around this time, although a small trading settlement continued in Singapore for some time afterwards. Ruins of the settlement on Fort Canning Hill were still visible in the early 19th century and described by the Resident
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The Van Kleef
Aquarium was first constructed in 1955 at the foot of Fort Canning Hill known as King George V Jubilee Park facing River Valley Road. The aquarium was the first of its kind in South-East Asia, and attracted over 150,000 visitors within three months of its opening, and had around 400,000
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Construction of the Fort
Canning Service Reservoir started in 1927 and finished in 1929. It was built on top the hill on the site of a former barrack and parade ground of the demolished fort. Excavation for the reservoir in 1928 found a cache of Javanese-style gold jewellery dating to the mid-14th
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A Christian cemetery used to exist on the hill, serving as the burial ground for early
Europeans in Singapore. The first Christian cemetery was used until 1822 and had 3 burials, was located close to Raffles house. The second cemetery was located on the slopes of Fort Canning Hill, and was expanded
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or "forbidden spring", where the women of the ruler's household were said to bathe in ancient times. In the early period of 19th century
Singapore, the stream was used to provide clean drinking water for all ships stopping at the port until the demand exceeded the capacity, and the spring dried up
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We have lately built a small bungalow on
Singapore Hill where, though the height is inconsiderable, we find a great difference in climate. Nothing can be more interesting and beautiful than the view from this spot. The tombs of the Malay Kings are close at hand, and I have settled that if it is my
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Fort
Canning Park has been designated as the venue of the bicentennial showcase in 2019, an event which commemorates 200 years since the founding of Singapore. To restore the heritage of the area, three historical gardens will be recreated. They are the Royal Garden, the First Botanical Garden and
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Known as the People's
Theatre, the National Theatre was later built near the Van Kleef Aquarium on the western slope of the hill and closer to the Clemenceau Avenue road. The theatre was officially opened on 8 August 1963 and was once the venue for various international performances, universities'
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were described as honest. The people were said to "wear their hair short, with a turban of gold-brocaded satin", and they also wore red-coloured clothes and had a leader. Evidence of the significance of Fort
Canning Hill had been found; in 1928, a cache of gold ornaments dating to the mid-14th
1489:. Although named after him, scholars thought that the keramat could not be Iskandar Shah's tomb as he had died in Melaka and was buried to the north of Melaka. No evidence of burial has been found at this keramat site and it is unclear how it became associated with Iskandar Shah.
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style lead the visitor into Fort
Canning Green, where a Christian cemetery used to stand. Built in 1846, these gates have since become a landmark of Fort Canning Hill. The letters above both gates, "IHS" are iota, eta and sigma, the first three letters of the
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By 1859, the absence of harbour defence led to the hill being used for a military role. The governor's residence was demolished, and a fort with an arms store, barracks and a hospital was built. The fort was completed in 1861, and was named Fort Canning after
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built his house on Government Hill on his third and last visit to Singapore. The original house of Raffles was actually a wood and atap bungalow 100 ft long and 50 ft wide, and not the present brick and tile structure. Raffles wrote in a letter to
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As the island moved towards self-determination, the British handed over control of the fort to the Singaporean military in 1963, and was home to the headquarters of the 4th Malaysian Infantry Brigade until December 1966 when it was in turn handed over to the
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for his residence use. Upon his return in October 1822 and impressed with Coleman's design, Raffles approved the house, construction of which was soon begun on Singapore Hill in November 1822 and completed by January 1823. It was a wooden bungalow with an
1393:, were probably places of rest. George Coleman was a talented architect who left his mark on the urban landscape of Singapore. He was Raffles' consultant on Singapore's first town plan. As Superintendent of Public Works, he oversaw projects of
639:. Crawfurd described the ruins of a square terrace of 40 feet (12 m) square that may have been a temple near the top of the hill, with another terrace almost as big on the northern slope of the hill said to the tombs of a Malay king,
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Raffles also established Singapore's first botanical garden there in 1822. 48 acres of land were set aside for experimental crop cultivation, but the experiment failed and the garden was then abandoned in 1829.
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Full original text: 地勢連龍牙門後山，若纏若斷，起凹峯而盤結，故民環居焉。田瘠，穀少登。氣候不齊，夏則多雨而微寒。俗質，披短髮，緞錦纏頭，紅紬布繫身。煮海為鹽，釀米為酒，名明家西。有酋長。地產上等鶴頂、中等降眞、木綿花。貿易之貨，用絲布、鐵條、土印布、赤金、甆器、鐵鼎之屬。 (There are some slight variations in the text from different
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that founded early Singapore. The architecture is based on famous Southeast Asian gardens. A series of Javanese split gates and a reflected pool are among some of the Sang Nila Utama Garden's features and
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on the same day. Before leaving on the next day, Raffles left Farquhar with a set of instructions on the administration of the new British settlement. The hill was later known as the Singapore Hill.
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activities as well as historical, educational, entertainment and cultural experiences, and is also used as a place for social events. The park also serves as an important green lung for Singapore's
600:. A series of archaeological digs that began in 1984 have uncovered evidence of workshops for glass and gold that dated to the 14th century, and a ceremonial or religious area near the summit.
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1415:, who was Singapore's first Law Agent, and Maria Frances Napier, the widow of George Coleman. The memorial was the largest erected in the cemetery, reflecting the status of William Napier.
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784:, thus the location gained the name Government Hill. When the residence was demolished in 1859 to make way for a fort, Government House was moved to a house in Oxley Estate called the
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at the hill. The hill was also known by the Malays as Bukit Bendera after the Union Jack flag hoisted on the hill by William Farquhar, and later, also as Bukit Tuan Bonham after Sir
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in 1945, when the British army resumed control. The underground bunker however was abandoned, but it was re-opened on 31 January 1992 as a tourist attraction and is now known as
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that thrived in the 14th century, and was occupied by a palace with various buildings of political, religious and commercial significance. In around 1330, the Chinese traveller
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roof, and had a dimension of 100 ft. by 50 ft. It had two parallel halls with verandas at both the front and back, and two square wings serving as sleeping quarters.
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Jubilee Park. Other enhancements to the park include a new heritage museum at the Fort Canning Centre, a reproduction of an ancient spring and improvements in accessibility.
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Jubilee Park will be the most "kids friendly" park with a nature-themed playground and slides that follows the contours of the hill. Jubilee Park opened in Jun 2019.
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286:. It became known as Government Hill until it was renamed Fort Canning in 1861, when a military fort was built on the site. Today it is the location of both the
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1825 map of Singapore. The Fort Canning Hill area was bounded on its north by ruins of an old wall marked as Old Lines of Singapore and to the south by
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intertwined with that of the country due to its location as the highest elevation within walking distance to the city's civic district, within the
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surrendered Singapore to the Japanese here. The Japanese also used the buildings above and below the ground for its military until the end of the
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who also found indication of ruins of an ancient orchard, shards of pottery and Chinese coins, the earliest of which dating to 10th century
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1439:. The British Army chose Fort Canning as its headquarters of its defence bases in the 1920s to protect British interests in Southeast Asia.
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In 1907, the old fort was demolished, and only the gateway of the fort and two nine-pound cannons remain. A military headquarters known as
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Early drawing of the town of Singapore from 1823, with Fort Canning Hill in the background, known simply as "The Hill" in the early years.
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into the Asia Pacific in 1941. Completed in 1938, this ‘bunker’ comprised 30 rooms and had its own generator. On 15 February 1942
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Raffles' former residence was extended and redesigned by Coleman with bricks and tiles in June 1824, as funded by the 2nd Resident
1288:" The fort was built in 1859 but it has since been demolished. Only the gateway designed by G. C. Collyer and two cannons remain.
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fate to die here I shall take my place amongst them: this will at any rate be better than leaving my bones at Bencoolen...
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The area became known as Central Park in 1972 when the land previously used by the British armed forces was combined with
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It is also believed that a palace once stood on the hill. A settlement on the hill in the 14th century was referred to as
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one, the cannon was fired three times a day at 5 a.m., 1 p.m., and 9 p.m. to announce the hour. It was also fired as a
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Historical sources also indicate that around the end of the 14th century, Singapura was attacked by either the
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Derek Heng Thiam Soon (2002). "Reconstructing Banzu, a Fourteenth-Century Port Settlement in Singapore".
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and is set in the heart of the Civic and Cultural District of Singapore, and it now offers a variety of
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1477:: Keramat Iskandar Shah is a sacred place dedicated to Iskandar Shah (believe to be the same person as
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or Forbidden Hill since olden times. This is due to the belief that it is the place where the kings of
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activity. It has been a venue of choice for staging myriad outdoor events and activities like theatre
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The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500
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The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500
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2413:"Fort Canning Park to host main bicentennial showcase next year, undergo improvement works"
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and warning of town fires. Next to the cannon is South Battery, the site at which the main
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1332:. Raffles had noble ambitions for Singapore's agricultural development, and had sent from
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rallies, it was demolished in August 1986 to make way for the nearby construction part of
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On 2 August 1824, Temenggong Abdul Rahman, Sultan Hussein, and John Crawfurd signed the
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meaning a spring or stream. Spring used to exist on the west side of the hill, called
218:, is a prominent hill, about 48 metres (157 ft) high, in the southeast portion of
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and his team began an archaeological excavation that continues until today. Among the
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278:. Later, Sir Stamford Raffles built his residence there, which was also used by other
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2436:"S'pore's bicentennial showcase to be held at Fort Canning Park, area to be enhanced"
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241:. It is also a popular location for exhibitions, concerts, and outdoor recreation.
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and glass shards. These artefacts show that there could have been a palace of a
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was then built with underground rooms serving as operations centre. Under the
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2458:"New and Free Outdoor Playground @ Fort Canning for Families | Jubilee Park"
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Gravestones in Fort Canning Green, relocated from Bukit Timah Cemetery
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It is believed that the Fort Canning Hill area was once the centre of
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1529:: One of nine historical gardens opened in 2019, and named after the
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1139:. The park was then renamed Fort Canning Park on 1 November 1981 by
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1788:"The So-Called 'Kāla Head' Armband of Temasek: A Preliminary Report"
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River Valley Road Entrance to Fort Canning Park on Fort Canning Hill
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on Fort Canning Hill, with possibility of glass and gold workshops.
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Jewellery found at Fort Canning Hill dating to the mid-14th century
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who were described as being prone to acts of piracy, the people of
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as a British settlement. Raffles appointed Farquhar as the first
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2321:"Singapore Dance Theatre presents Ballet Under the Stars 2016"
1481:), the last ruler of 14th century Singapore before he fled to
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2118:"The remnants of the Christian Cemetery on Fort Canning Hill"
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century was discovered while workers were excavating for the
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Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
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of guns was mounted to defend Singapore in the 19th century.
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century. The reservoir is covered and access is restricted.
2476:"Your Guide to Colonial History Trail in Fort Canning Park"
114:
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Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
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Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
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on the fort, which officially opened on 13 February 1970.
253:, the first Viceroy of India. The Malays called the hill
2254:"Remembering Karl van Kleef and the van Kleef Aquarium"
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Some points of interest that may be found in the park:
2518:"Fort Canning Park Singapore - Guide And Things To Do"
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1411:: Dedicated to James Brooke Napier, the infant son of
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were laid to rest, and it was believed to be haunted.
2497:"Your Guide to Sculpture Trail in Fort Canning Park"
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2231:"Gold Ornaments Dug Up at Fort Canning, Singapore'"
1765:"Gold Ornaments Dug Up at Fort Canning, Singapore'"
1266:is a small hidden door that leads into or out of a
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The Battle Box, Underground Far East Command Centre
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2357:"World of Music, Arts and Dance (WOMAD) Singapore"
1990:Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800
1963:Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800
1873:Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300–1800
1193:The entrance of Fort Canning Park on Hill Street
1302:balls. Playing a decorative role rather than a
2082:Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser
824:, who was then Governor-General and the first
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1174:by SRT, art festivals, starlight cinemas and
841:Headquarters Malaya Command Operations Bunker
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8:
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649:is likely a transcription of the Malay word
553:visited the island of Singapore he named as
2104:Singapore Infopedia, National Library Board
2056:. Archipelago Press. 2002. pp. 28–29.
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1431:: Fort Canning Arts Centre used to be the
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1280:in 1819, on the suitability of building a
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2968:Mandai Mangrove & Mudflat Nature Park
2168:Singapore: A Pictorial History, 1819-2000
2019:"Fort Canning stands on 'Forbidden Hill'"
698:on top of the hill, marking the birth of
567:the two distinct settlements of Temasek:
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18:Botanical experimental gardens, Singapore
2544:Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore
1903:A History of Modern Singapore, 1819–2005
1350:: These imposing and sombre gateways in
1143:, and converted into a historical park.
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1256:at Fort Canning as his commanding base.
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1839:"Digging for the past at Fort Canning"
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2376:"Cutting through the hill to Orchard"
2012:
2010:
1234:Underground Far East Command Centre (
7:
3646:Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum
3568:Former Indian National Army Monument
2572:Virtual reality tour of Fort Canning
2411:Zaccheus, Melody (3 February 2018).
1657:
1655:
1653:
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704:Resident and Commandant of Singapore
1870:John N. Miksic (15 November 2013).
876:Singapore Command and Staff College
658:as wells were dug around the hill.
2283:Ho, Stephanie; Koh, Jamie (2013).
2017:Aroozoo, Lydia (22 October 1960).
1344:seeds to be planted in the garden.
25:
3729:Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall
1158:. The unique blend of historical
874:. The SAF proceeded to build the
793:Treaty of Friendship and Alliance
4008:Tourist attractions in Singapore
3937:The Maritime Experiential Museum
3755:Central Catchment Nature Reserve
3318:Tourist attractions in Singapore
3024:Central Catchment Nature Reserve
2434:Chua, Alfred (3 February 2018).
1987:John Miksic (15 November 2013).
1960:John Miksic (15 November 2013).
1186:passes directly under the hill.
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274:) by the Yuan dynasty traveller
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3927:Singapore Pinacothèque de Paris
2229:R.O. Winstedt (November 1928).
2054:Singapore's 100 Historic Places
1876:. NUS Press. pp. 155–163.
1763:R.O. Winstedt (November 1928).
1016:
990:
3158:Jacob Ballas Children's Garden
2258:National Archives of Singapore
1493:Archaeological Excavation Site
1131:Escalator at Fort Canning Park
807:Fortification and military use
764:at the end of the 19th century
561:). Wang described in his work
1:
3563:Early Founders Memorial Stone
1906:. NUS Press. pp. 21–22.
1797:. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute
1485:to escape an attack from the
822:Viscount Charles John Canning
760:Fort Canning viewed from the
251:Viscount Charles John Canning
3802:Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve
3694:National Museum of Singapore
3115:Lower Seletar Reservoir Park
3039:Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve
2912:Sisters' Islands Marine Park
2374:Lin Yanqin (30 March 2006).
1847:. 28 January 1984. p. 2
1795:Temasek Working Paper Series
1409:James Brooke Napier Memorial
1328:in Singapore established by
995:18 hectares (180,000 m)
190:18 hectares (180,000 m)
3719:Singapore Philatelic Museum
3704:Reflections at Bukit Chandu
3352:Universal Studios Singapore
3135:Upper Peirce Reservoir Park
3110:Lower Peirce Reservoir Park
2801:Ang Mo Kio Town Garden West
2796:Ang Mo Kio Town Garden East
1250:Commander of British Forces
918:National Theatre, Singapore
726:While Raffles was still in
583:, located on a hill behind
4024:
3902:Great World Amusement Park
3750:Bukit Timah Nature Reserve
3724:Singapore Discovery Centre
3689:National Gallery Singapore
3636:Asian Civilisations Museum
3019:Bukit Timah Nature Reserve
2958:Kranji Coastal Nature Park
2218:. Natinonal Library Board.
2151:. Natinonal Library Board.
2124:. National Heritage Board.
2078:"The Singapore Free Press"
1993:. NUS Press. p. 216.
1966:. NUS Press. p. 214.
1936:University of Malaya Press
1726:University of Malaya Press
1698:. 75, No. 1 (282): 69–90.
1663:"Forbidden hill of beauty"
1560:List of parks in Singapore
1401:and landmarks such as the
1324:of the first experimental
1298:that was meant to shoot 9-
1276:: Raffles, in a letter to
1137:King George V Jubilee Park
915:
900:
885:
527:
310:Early history of Singapore
3966:
3959:Wonderland Amusement Park
3797:Singapore Botanic Gardens
3679:Madame Tussauds Singapore
3150:Singapore Botanic Gardens
3120:MacRitchie Reservoir Park
2978:Sembawang Hot Spring Park
2896:Yishun Neighbourhood Park
2780:Woodlands Waterfront Park
2540:"Fort Canning Lighthouse"
2363:. National Library Board.
2291:. National Library Board.
2200:. National Library Board.
1671:. 7 March 1984. p. 3
1495:: In 1984, archaeologist
958:
946:
931:along Clemenceau Avenue.
228:central business district
135:
39:
3917:New World Amusement Park
3897:Gay World Amusement Park
3709:Science Centre Singapore
3651:Changi Chapel and Museum
3357:Adventure Cove Waterpark
3072:Ketam Mountain Bike Park
2963:Lim Chu Kang Nature Park
2024:The Singapore Free Press
1391:George Drumgoole Coleman
815:The Gate of Fort Canning
447:Archaeology in Singapore
3969:Singapore Tourism Board
3780:Labrador Nature Reserve
3655:Chinese Heritage Centre
3196:Telok Blangah Hill Park
3140:Upper Seletar Reservoir
3130:Sengkang Riverside Park
3034:Labrador Nature Reserve
2973:Rifle Range Nature Park
2933:Bukit Batok Nature Park
2709:Sengkang Sculpture Park
2100:"Fort Canning Cemetery"
1542:Fort Canning Lighthouse
1538:Fort Canning Lighthouse
1523:Sang Nila Utama Garden.
1252:) used the underground
1172:Shakespeare in the Park
736:George Drumgold Coleman
676:Temenggong Abdul Rahman
226:that forms Singapore's
3674:Indian Heritage Centre
3598:Raffles's Landing Site
3578:Japanese Cemetery Park
3235:Mandai Wildlife Bridge
3163:National Orchid Garden
3100:Kallang Riverside Park
3095:Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park
2983:Springleaf Nature Park
2948:Dairy Farm Nature Park
2881:Toa Payoh Sensory Park
2876:Tampines Sunplaza Park
2811:Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park
2729:Waterboat House Garden
2699:Pearl's Hill City Park
2662:Japanese Cemetery Park
1555:Fort Canning Reservoir
1527:Sang Nila Utama Garden
1524:
1470:
1424:
1372:
1284:on Government Hill: "
1246:Arthur Ernest Percival
1229:
1218:
1194:
1176:Ballet Under the Stars
1132:
1005:; 42 years ago
888:Fort Canning Reservoir
882:Fort Canning Reservoir
872:Singapore Armed Forces
856:Arthur Ernest Percival
836:
816:
778:Governors of Singapore
765:
723:
671:
608:
598:Fort Canning Reservoir
542:
288:Fort Canning Reservoir
115:
3684:Malay Heritage Centre
3608:Tan Kim Seng Fountain
3558:Civilian War Memorial
3437:Resorts World Sentosa
3414:Pasir Panjang Pillbox
3347:Resorts World Sentosa
3125:Punggol Waterway Park
3105:Kranji Reservoir Park
2938:Bukit Batok Town Park
2388:Press. Archived from
2212:"Fort Canning Bunker"
2194:"Fort Canning Bunker"
2165:Gretchen Liu (2001).
1522:
1475:Keramat Iskandar Shah
1469:Keramat Iskandar Shah
1468:
1422:
1399:construction of roads
1370:
1244:, Lieutenant General
1227:
1212:
1192:
1130:
1036:Public transit access
923:convocations and the
834:
814:
759:
712:
669:
662:Early colonial period
627:where he founded the
606:
537:
214:, or simply known as
162:Location in Singapore
90:1.29444°N 103.84694°E
3998:Museum Planning Area
3883:CN-West Leisure Park
3714:Singapore Art Museum
3588:Lim Bo Seng Memorial
3543:Bukit Batok Memorial
3525:Jewel Changi Airport
3090:Bedok Reservoir Park
3003:Zhenghua Nature Park
2953:Hindhede Nature Park
2943:Chestnut Nature Park
2831:Holland Village Park
2285:"Van Kleef Aquarium"
2264:on 29 September 2017
2252:Khoo, Kevin (2016).
2171:. Psychology Press.
2098:Chua, Alvin (2010).
1938:. pp. 120–122.
1827:on 15 February 2017.
1330:Sir Stamford Raffles
1217:on Fort Canning Hill
1022:National Parks Board
1003:1 November 1981
797:Samuel George Bonham
772:to be used by other
684:The Singapore Treaty
674:On 6 February 1819,
629:Sultanate of Malacca
619:, forcing its ruler
487:Singapore portal
395:Kingdom of Singapura
176:Museum Planning Area
62:156 feet (48 m)
3874:Beauty World Market
3669:Images of Singapore
3659:Former Ford Factory
3583:Kranji War Memorial
3404:Fort Tanjong Katong
3389:Buona Vista Battery
2993:Windsor Nature Park
2988:Thomson Nature Park
2886:Toa Payoh Town Park
2861:Pasir Ris Town Park
2836:Jurong Central Park
2826:Clementi Woods Park
2816:Bishan Harmony Park
2667:Jurong Lake Gardens
2415:. The Straits Times
2361:Singapore Infopedia
2289:Singapore Infopedia
2216:Singapore Infopedia
2198:Singapore Infopedia
2149:Singapore Infopedia
2145:"Fort Canning Park"
1900:(30 October 2009).
1429:Fort Canning Centre
1423:Fort Canning Centre
1294:: One of a pair of
1184:Fort Canning Tunnel
1146:The park overlooks
974:Fort Canning Hill,
414: •
404: •
366: •
356: •
249:It was named after
86: /
4003:Parks in Singapore
3993:Hills of Singapore
3988:Forts in Singapore
3952:Van Kleef Aquarium
3765:Gardens by the Bay
3593:Old Tao Nan School
3573:Founders' Memorial
3463:Esplanade Theatres
3424:Integrated resorts
3366:NTUC Downtown East
3271:Tampines Bike Park
2871:Tampines Eco Green
2821:Choa Chu Kang Park
2765:Punggol Point Park
2734:Youth Olympic Park
2714:Tanjong Pagar Park
2704:Raffles Place Park
2647:Gardens by the Bay
2608:Parks in Singapore
2337:on 6 February 2017
2303:"For Canning Park"
2192:Wong Heng (2004).
1844:The Business Times
1728:. pp. 83–84.
1525:
1471:
1425:
1377:Fort Canning Green
1373:
1320:: The garden is a
1274:Fort Wall and Gate
1230:
1219:
1195:
1156:downtown city area
1133:
929:Central Expressway
903:Van Kleef Aquarium
897:Van Kleef Aquarium
853:Lieutenant-General
837:
817:
766:
724:
672:
609:
543:
95:1.29444; 103.84694
52:Highest point
3975:
3974:
3932:Tang Dynasty City
3887:Escape Theme Park
3631:ArtScience Museum
3446:Mixed specialties
3394:Fort Canning Hill
3333:Coastal PlayGrove
3284:
3283:
3057:Coney Island Park
2750:Changi Beach Park
2724:War Memorial Park
2642:Fort Canning Park
2632:Duxton Plain Park
2627:Dhoby Ghaut Green
2567:Fort Canning Park
2520:. 12 January 2023
2178:978-0-7007-1584-8
2063:978-981-4068-23-9
1817:"The Archaeology"
1668:The Straits Times
1631:Sir Bonham’s Hill
1125:
1124:
982:Nearest city
953:Fort Canning Park
942:Fort Canning Park
935:Fort Canning Park
547:ancient Singapura
521:
520:
474:
473:
467:Fort Canning Hill
441:
440:
375:
374:
307:
292:Fort Canning Park
259:ancient Singapore
212:Fort Canning Hill
209:
208:
156:Fort Canning Hill
35:Fort Canning Hill
27:Park in Singapore
16:(Redirected from
4015:
3947:Underwater World
3907:Jurong Bird Park
3699:Peranakan Museum
3603:SGH War Memorial
3432:Marina Bay Sands
3311:
3304:
3297:
3288:
3266:Marina City Park
3191:Mount Faber Park
3048:Offshore islands
2891:Yishun Pond Park
2851:Mount Emily Park
2719:Tiong Bahru Park
2615:Art and heritage
2601:
2594:
2587:
2578:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2480:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2336:
2330:. Archived from
2325:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2260:. Archived from
2249:
2243:
2242:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2141:
2126:
2125:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2014:
2005:
2004:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1934:. Kuala Lumpur:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1823:. Archived from
1821:World of Temasek
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1792:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1724:. Kuala Lumpur:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1659:
1638:
1627:
1621:
1610:
1604:
1581:
1531:Palembang prince
1449:Stamford Raffles
1395:land reclamation
1326:botanical garden
1278:William Farquhar
1242:Second World War
1118:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1013:
1011:
1006:
951:
939:
912:National Theatre
826:Viceroy of India
782:Government House
692:William Farquhar
688:Stamford Raffles
513:
506:
499:
485:
484:
483:
454:
453:
390:
389:
333:
332:
320:
305:
302:
270:(from the Malay
186:
152:
151:
145:
126:
118:
101:
100:
98:
97:
96:
91:
87:
84:
83:
82:
79:
44:
32:
21:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4012:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3962:
3857:
3824:
3820:S.E.A. Aquarium
3806:
3775:Japanese Garden
3738:
3617:
3529:
3510:Singapore River
3505:Singapore Flyer
3441:
3418:
3377:
3326:Amusement parks
3320:
3315:
3285:
3280:
3256:Bidadari Garden
3239:
3218:
3200:
3186:Kent Ridge Park
3173:Southern Ridges
3167:
3144:
3078:
3043:
3012:Nature reserves
3007:
2916:
2900:
2806:Bedok Town Park
2784:
2775:West Coast Park
2755:East Coast Park
2738:
2687:Lakeside Garden
2682:Japanese Garden
2610:
2605:
2563:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2143:
2142:
2129:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2030:
2028:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1850:
1848:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1674:
1672:
1661:
1660:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1628:
1624:
1611:
1607:
1585:Government Hill
1582:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1551:
1503:recovered were
1454:William Marsden
1403:Armenian Church
1207:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1018:Managed by
1009:
1007:
1004:
954:
937:
920:
914:
905:
899:
890:
884:
809:
762:Singapore River
740:Residency House
664:
655:pancur larangan
540:Singapore River
532:
526:
517:
481:
479:
458:Singapore Stone
406:Sang Nila Utama
308:
300:
247:
233:The hill has a
184:
167:
166:
165:
164:
163:
160:
159:
158:
157:
153:
120:
94:
92:
88:
85:
80:
77:
75:
73:
72:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4021:
4019:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3980:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3942:Ultimate Magic
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3892:Fantasy Island
3889:
3884:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3869:Alkaff Gardens
3865:
3863:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3834:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3816:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3760:Chinese Garden
3757:
3752:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3734:The Battle Box
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3548:Caldwell House
3545:
3539:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3485:
3483:Marina Barrage
3480:
3475:
3473:Harmony Centre
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3409:Johore Battery
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3344:
3342:Imbiah Lookout
3334:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3291:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3251:Alkaff Gardens
3247:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3059:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3029:Kranji Marshes
3026:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2928:Admiralty Park
2924:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2856:one-north Park
2853:
2848:
2846:Marsiling Park
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2770:Sembawang Park
2767:
2762:
2760:Pasir Ris Park
2757:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2677:Chinese Garden
2674:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2637:Esplanade Park
2634:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2562:
2561:External links
2559:
2557:
2556:
2531:
2509:
2504:National Parks
2488:
2483:National Parks
2467:
2449:
2426:
2403:
2392:on 30 May 2006
2366:
2348:
2312:
2307:National Parks
2294:
2275:
2244:
2221:
2203:
2184:
2177:
2154:
2127:
2109:
2087:
2084:. 26 May 1859.
2069:
2062:
2042:
2006:
2000:978-9971695743
1999:
1979:
1973:978-9971695743
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1913:978-9971694302
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1883:978-9971695743
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1597:Forbidden Hill
1593:Bukit Larangan
1589:Singapore Hill
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1413:William Napier
1406:
1389:, designed by
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1345:
1315:
1292:9-Pound Cannon
1289:
1271:
1257:
1236:The Battle Box
1206:
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1178:performances.
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916:Main article:
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901:Main article:
898:
895:
886:Main article:
883:
880:
864:The Battle Box
835:9-Pound Cannon
808:
805:
663:
660:
623:to move on to
528:Main article:
525:
524:Temasek/Ban Zu
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3912:Malay Village
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3853:Singapore Zoo
3851:
3849:
3848:River Wonders
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3838:Bird Paradise
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3458:Clifford Pier
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3371:Wild Wild Wet
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3276:Tyersall Park
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3214:Pang Sua Pond
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2672:ActiveSG Park
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2652:Hong Lim Park
2650:
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2622:Bidadari Park
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2438:. TODAYonline
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1928:Paul Wheatley
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1534:architecture.
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1513:Malay kingdom
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1444:Raffles House
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986:Downtown Core
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966:Historic park
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770:John Crawfurd
763:
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754:
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734:at the time,
733:
729:
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714:Raffles House
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641:Iskandar Shah
638:
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633:John Crawfurd
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239:Downtown Core
236:
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222:, within the
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201:Mountain type
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55:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3843:Night Safari
3743:Nature parks
3613:The Cenotaph
3553:CHIJMES Hall
3520:Helix Bridge
3500:Orchard Road
3488:Merlion Park
3468:Geylang Road
3393:
3261:Kallang Park
3230:Eco-Link@BKE
2866:Punggol Park
2694:Merlion Park
2547:. Retrieved
2543:
2534:
2522:. Retrieved
2512:
2503:
2491:
2482:
2470:
2461:
2452:
2440:. Retrieved
2429:
2417:. Retrieved
2406:
2394:. Retrieved
2390:the original
2379:
2369:
2360:
2351:
2339:. Retrieved
2332:the original
2327:
2315:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2278:
2268:29 September
2266:. Retrieved
2262:the original
2257:
2247:
2238:
2234:
2224:
2215:
2206:
2197:
2187:
2167:
2148:
2121:
2112:
2103:
2081:
2072:
2053:
2035:– via
2029:. Retrieved
2022:
1989:
1982:
1962:
1931:
1922:
1902:
1892:
1872:
1865:
1855:– via
1849:. Retrieved
1842:
1833:
1825:the original
1820:
1811:
1799:. Retrieved
1794:
1781:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1742:
1721:
1712:
1695:
1689:
1679:– via
1673:. Retrieved
1666:
1630:
1625:
1613:
1608:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1537:
1526:
1492:
1474:
1457:
1442:
1437:British Army
1428:
1408:
1382:
1376:
1348:Gothic Gates
1347:
1336:spices like
1318:Spice Garden
1317:
1291:
1285:
1273:
1259:
1233:
1220:
1200:
1196:
1175:
1171:
1152:recreational
1148:Orchard Road
1145:
1141:Lee Kuan Yew
1136:
1134:
1112:
1101:
1090:
1074:
1059:
1054:
1051:Fort Canning
1043:
925:National Day
921:
906:
891:
868:
849:World War II
845:British Army
838:
818:
801:
790:
767:
751:
744:
725:
717:
680:Hussein Shah
673:
654:
650:
646:
645:
637:Song Dynasty
610:
592:
588:
584:
580:
574:
568:
564:Daoyi Zhilüe
562:
554:
544:
466:
393:
382:Malay Annals
380:
345:
271:
265:
263:
254:
248:
235:long history
232:
224:Central Area
216:Fort Canning
215:
211:
210:
185:Parent range
29:
3956:Volcanoland
3922:Punggol Zoo
3812:Oceanariums
3664:Fort Siloso
3399:Fort Siloso
2998:Yishun Park
2841:Katong Park
2657:Istana Park
2524:28 February
2396:25 November
2381:TODAYonline
2037:NewspaperSG
2027:. p. 6
1857:NewspaperSG
1681:NewspaperSG
1509:earthenware
1497:John Miksic
1479:Parameswara
1340:plants and
1205:Attractions
1120:Dhoby Ghaut
1082:Clarke Quay
678:and Sultan
621:Parameswara
589:Long Ya Men
585:Long Ya Men
570:Long Ya Men
551:Wang Dayuan
416:Parameswara
358:Long Ya Men
306:Part of the
276:Wang Dayuan
178:, Singapore
111:Native name
93: /
81:103°50′49″E
68:Coordinates
3982:Categories
3879:Big Splash
3785:Pulau Ubin
3641:Baba House
3062:Pulau Ubin
2442:3 February
2419:3 February
2341:5 February
1801:24 October
1786:Ong, NSY.
1748:"島夷誌略: 班卒"
1566:References
1456:in 1823: "
1264:sally port
1260:Sally Port
1215:sally port
1010:1981-11-01
860:occupation
722:structure.
696:Union Jack
434:Hang Nadim
3830:MWG parks
3790:Chek Jawa
3535:Monuments
3515:Snow City
3223:Eco-Links
3067:Chek Jawa
2789:Community
2386:MediaCorp
2241:(4): 1–4.
2031:20 August
1944:504030596
1851:20 August
1775:(4): 1–4.
1753:sources.)
1734:504030596
1675:20 August
1645:Citations
1614:Flag Hill
1583:formerly
1505:porcelain
1501:artefacts
1359:word for
1334:Bencoolen
1304:defensive
1168:carnivals
1067:Bencoolen
976:Singapore
774:Residents
728:Bencoolen
700:Singapore
613:Majapahit
284:Governors
280:Residents
245:Etymology
220:Singapore
131:Geography
78:1°17′40″N
58:Elevation
3770:HortPark
3206:Wetlands
3181:HortPark
3083:Riverine
1930:(1961).
1720:(1961).
1704:41493463
1549:See also
1433:barracks
1282:fortress
1170:such as
1164:artistic
971:Location
786:Pavilion
690:. Major
326:Topynymy
172:Location
3862:Defunct
3623:Museums
3493:Merlion
3453:CHIJMES
3337:Sentosa
3244:Defunct
2743:Coastal
2549:12 July
1487:Siamese
1435:of the
1387:cupolas
1383:Cupolas
1322:replica
1312:battery
1296:cannons
1254:bunkers
1008: (
780:as the
732:Sumatra
682:signed
617:Siamese
615:or the
559:Temasek
555:Danmaxi
347:Temasek
298:History
195:Geology
2921:Nature
2905:Marine
2462:BYKidO
2175:
2060:
1997:
1970:
1942:
1910:
1880:
1732:
1702:
1591:, and
1483:Melaka
1447:: Sir
1385:: The
1352:gothic
1342:nutmeg
1308:salute
1262:: The
1160:relics
1116:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1078:
1072:
1063:
1057:
1047:
1041:
1028:Status
1000:Opened
651:pancur
647:Ban Zu
625:Melaka
593:Ban Zu
581:Ban Zu
576:Ban Zu
530:Ban Zu
425:Badang
368:Ban Zu
337:Sabana
272:pancur
267:Ban Zu
119:
106:Naming
3382:Forts
2500:(PDF)
2479:(PDF)
2335:(PDF)
2324:(PDF)
2122:Roots
1791:(PDF)
1700:JSTOR
1635:Malay
1618:Malay
1601:Malay
1571:Notes
1361:Jesus
1357:Greek
1338:clove
1300:pound
1180:WOMAD
746:attap
686:with
123:Malay
2551:2022
2526:2023
2444:2018
2421:2018
2398:2006
2343:2017
2270:2017
2173:ISBN
2058:ISBN
2033:2024
1995:ISBN
1968:ISBN
1940:OCLC
1908:ISBN
1878:ISBN
1853:2024
1803:2023
1730:OCLC
1677:2024
1397:and
1268:fort
1091:NS24
1060:DT21
1044:DT20
1031:Open
992:Area
963:Type
776:and
719:atap
573:and
290:and
282:and
205:hill
2328:SDT
1633:in
1616:in
1599:in
1113:CC1
1102:NE6
1075:NE5
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