791:'But now,' she said, 'it is not as a woman descended from noble ancestry, but as one of the people that I am avenging lost freedom, my scourged body, the outraged chastity of my daughters. Roman lust has gone so far that not our very persons, nor even age or virginity, are left unpolluted. But heaven is on the side of a righteous vengeance; a legion which dared to fight has perished; the rest are hiding themselves in their camp, or are thinking anxiously of flight. They will not sustain even the din and the shout of so many thousands, much less our charge and our blows. If you weigh well the strength of the armies, and the causes of the war, you will see that in this battle you must conquer or die. This is a woman's resolve; as for men, they may live and be slaves.'
624:
was much frequented by a number of merchants and trading vessels. Uncertain whether he should choose it as a seat of war, as he looked round on his scanty force of soldiers, and remembered with what a serious warning the rashness of
Petillius had been punished, he resolved to save the province at the cost of a single town. Nor did the tears and weeping of the people, as they implored his aid, deter him from giving the signal of departure and receiving into his army all who would go with him. Those who were chained to the spot by the weakness of their sex, or the infirmity of age, or the attractions of the place, were cut off by the enemy.
39:
703:
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historians say these numbers should be treated with scepticism. The sides of the passage protected the Roman flanks from attack and the forest impeded approach from the rear. These precautions would have prevented
Boudica from bringing her considerable forces to bear on the Roman position other than from the front, and the open plain would have made surprise attack impossible. Suetonius placed his legionaries in close order, with
1095:, described as "patriotically fanatical, a man who drew creative inspiration from his inexhaustible capacity for self-deception", imaginatively "turned a collection of unrelated local landmarks" in this area "into the narrative of a desperate battle", in which, among other details, he cited as evidence a "Stone of the Grave of Vuddig". Boudica's last battle has also been placed on the Wyddelian road at
819:
548:
slaves." Tacitus depicts
Boudica as a victim of Roman slavery and licentiousness, her fight against which made her a champion of both barbarian and British liberty; and he portrays Boudica's actions as an example of the bravery of a free woman, rather than of a queen, sparing her the negative connotations associated with queenship in the ancient world.
1079:. The original name of the bridge was Broad Ford Bridge. The name "Battle Bridge" led to a tradition that this was the site of a major battle between the Romans and the Iceni tribe led by Boudica, but this tradition is not supported by any historical evidence and is rejected by modern historians, although
618:
When news of the rebellion reached
Suetonius, he hurried through hostile territory to Londinium, a relatively new settlement founded after the conquest of AD 43, which had grown to be a thriving commercial centre with a population of traders and probably Roman officials. Suetonius considered fighting
675:
which had been burned at around 60 AD, but the full extent of the destruction remains unclear. Excavations in the centre of
Verulamium the 1996 extension dig before the new museum entrance was built, went through thin layers of burning from the time of the early Roman construction thought to be from
631:
The wealthy citizens and traders of
Londinium had fled after the news of Catus Decianus defecting to Gaul. Suetonius took with him as refugees those citizens who wished to escape, and the rest of the inhabitants were left to their fate. The rebels burned Londinium, torturing and killing everyone who
915:
writes that the crisis had almost persuaded Nero to abandon
Britain, but with the revolt brought to a decisive end, the occupation of Britain continued. Fearing that Suetonius's punitive actions against the British tribes would provoke further rebellion, Nero replaced him with the more conciliatory
763:
Although the
Britons were gathered in considerable force, the Iceni and other tribes had been disarmed some years before the rebellion and it is thought they may have been poorly equipped. They placed their wagons at the far end of the field, from where their families could watch what they may have
623:
Alarmed by this disaster and by the fury of the province which he had goaded into war by his rapacity, the procurator Catus crossed over into Gaul. Suetonius, however, with wonderful resolution, marched amidst a hostile population to
Londinium, which, though undistinguished by the name of a colony,
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even to the women: the baggage animals themselves had been speared and added to the pile of bodies. The glory won in the course of the day was remarkable, and equal to that of our older victories: for, by some accounts, little less than eighty thousand
Britons fell, at a cost of some four hundred
843:
At first, the legionaries stood motionless, keeping to the defile as a natural protection: then, when the closer advance of the enemy had enabled them to exhaust their missiles with certitude of aim, they dashed forward in a wedge-like formation. The auxiliaries charged in the same style; and the
806:
Ignore the racket made by these savages. There are more women than men in their ranks. They are not soldiers — they are not even properly equipped. We have beaten them before and when they see our weapons and feel our spirit, they will crack. Stick together. Throw the javelins, then push forward:
755:
with a wood behind him that opened out into a wide plain. His men were heavily outnumbered: Dio says that, even if they were lined up one deep, they would not have extended the length of Boudica's line. By now the rebel forces they faced were said to have numbered 230,000–300,000, although modern
547:
has Boudica addressing her army with these words: "It is not as a woman descended from noble ancestry, but as one of the people that I am avenging lost freedom, my scourged body, the outraged chastity of my daughters," and concludes, "This is a woman's resolve; as for men, they may live and be
689:, fire, or cross. Dio's account gives more detail; that the noblest women were impaled on spikes and had their breasts cut off and sewn to their mouths, "to the accompaniment of sacrifices, banquets, and wanton behaviour" in sacred places, particularly the groves of Andraste.
1090:
A travel writer in the 18th century, Thomas Pennant, suggested that a hill named "Bryn Paulin", on which the north Wales town of St Asaph stood, may have been so called because Paulinus and his troops had made a camp on their way to or from Mona (Anglesey). A later writer,
795:
Tacitus also wrote of Suetonius addressing his legionaries. Although, like many historians of his day, he was given to inventing stirring speeches for such occasions, Suetonius's speech here is unusually blunt and practical. Tacitus's father-in-law, the future governor
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cavalry, with lances extended, broke a way through any parties of resolute men whom they encountered. The remainder took to flight, although escape was difficult, as the cordon of wagons had blocked the outlets. The troops gave
411:
decisively defeated the allied tribes in a final battle which inflicted heavy losses on the Britons. The location of this battle is not known. It marked the end of resistance to Roman rule in most of the southern half of
666:
and his wife Tessa in the early 1930s found little trace of it, perhaps because they are now known to have been working away from the area which was settled in the early Roman occupation. Another excavation by
684:
In the three settlements destroyed, between seventy and eighty thousand people are said to have been killed. Tacitus says that the Britons had no interest in taking or selling prisoners, only in slaughter by
953:
The site of the battle was not identified by either classical historian, although Tacitus mentions some of its features; its location is unknown. Most modern historians favour potential location sites in
591:, attempted to relieve the city, but suffered an overwhelming defeat. The infantry with him were all killed and only the commander and some of his cavalry escaped. The location of this battle is unknown.
463:, in his will. However, when he died, in 61 or shortly before, his will was ignored. Tacitus describes the Romans as seizing lands, enslaving Icenians and of violently humiliating his family; his widow,
209:
632:
had not evacuated with Suetonius. Archaeology shows a thick red layer of burnt debris covering coins and pottery dating before AD 60 within the bounds of Roman Londinium; Roman-era skulls found in the
853:
The figures quoted for the campaign in ancient sources are regarded by modern historians as extravagant. The Roman slaughter of women and animals was unusual, as they could have been sold for profit.
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the rebellious tribes there, but with his insufficient numbers of troops and chastened by Petillius's defeat, he decided to sacrifice the city to save the province and withdrew to regroup his forces.
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787:
As their armies deployed, the leaders would have sought to motivate their soldiers. Tacitus, who described the battle more than 50 years later, imagined Boudica's speech to her followers:
2389:
416:, a period that lasted until AD 410. Modern historians are dependent for information about the uprising and the defeat of Boudica on the narratives written by the Roman historians
202:
436:
south-eastern Britain. The conquest was gradual, and while some native kingdoms were defeated in battle and occupied, others remained nominally independent as allies of the
887:. Modern speculations about its location lack serious evidence and have not gained consensus among archaeologists or historians. One local tradition has associated it with
938:. After the uprising, Suetonius conducted widespread punitive operations among the Britons, but criticism of this by Classicianus led to an investigation headed by Nero's
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the balance of probability is that this provincial bronze statue of Rome's fifth emperor was toppled and decapitated during the Boudiccan Revolt of 60/61
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Poenius Postumus, whose legion had not marched to join the battle, and were thus robbed of a share of the glory, killed himself by falling on his sword.
302:
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in Northamptonshire, have been suggested as a site for the battle. In 2009, it was suggested that the Iceni may have been returning to their lands in
2922:
1919:
2611:
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355:
2719:
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900:
400:, regarding the succession of his kingdom upon his death, and by the brutal mistreatment of Boudica and her daughters by the occupying Romans.
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602:. Boudica's army attacked the poorly defended city and destroyed it, besieging the last defenders in the temple for two days before it fell.
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have shown that the city was methodically demolished. After this disaster, Catus Decianus, whose actions had provoked the uprising, fled to
2805:
710:
While the Britons continued their destruction, Suetonius regrouped his forces. According to Tacitus, he amassed a force including his own
1187:
1019:
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in Epping Forest, although these accounts are not thought to hold a factual basis. More recently, a discovery of Roman artefacts in
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knock them down with your shields and finish them off with your swords. Forget about plunder. Just win and you will have everything.
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for Roman military veterans. These veterans had been accused of mistreating the locals. A huge temple to the former emperor
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noble, was to lead another less well documented revolt, initially inspired by tribal rivalry but soon becoming anti-Roman.
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had also been erected in the city at great expense to the local population, causing much resentment. The future governor
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While the defeat of Boudica consolidated Roman rule in southern Britain, northern Britain remained volatile. In AD 69
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tribe. The uprising was motivated by the Romans' failure to honour an agreement they had made with Boudica's husband,
2149:
994:
823:
748:, did not obey an order to bring his troops, but nonetheless Suetonius now commanded an army of almost 10,000 men.
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in 2013 may have been victims of the rebels. Excavations in 1995 revealed that the destruction extended across the
581:
480:
260:
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1999:
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Boudica is imagined by Tacitus, her daughters beside her, encouraging her troops with a stirring speech from her
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30:
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may have been the location where Boudica died. Another legend suggests that she is buried under Platform 10 of
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136:
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1838:
Women Who Changed the World: Their Lives, Challenges, and Accomplishments through History [4 volumes]
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on Mona and moved towards the Roman force in North Wales, with battle possibly ensuing at Trelawnyd.
38:
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1969:
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1982:
662:) was also destroyed. Archeological evidence for this event is very limited. A major excavation by
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455:, thought he had secured his independence by leaving his lands jointly to his daughters and to the
2196:
831:, depicting Boudica with her daughters in their chariot as she addresses troops before the battle.
2668:
2500:
2412:
2101:
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1761:
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467:, was flogged and her daughters raped. According to Dio, Roman financiers called in their loans.
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2020:
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Boudica was their leader. According to Tacitus, the rebels drew inspiration from the example of
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839:. After providing a speech to the Roman troops by Suetonius, Tacitus describes the battle:
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1103:. Morien suggests that Boudica was supported by Celts who were enraged at the killing of
512:
who had driven the Romans out of Germany in AD 9, and their own ancestors who had driven
2390:"A case of mistaken identity? Laser-scanning the bronze "Claudius" from near Saxmundham"
880:("complacency"). Cassius Dio says Boudica fell ill, died and was given a lavish burial.
528:
from the folds of her dress and interpreting the direction in which it ran, and invoked
493:) off the northwest coast of Wales, a refuge for British rebels and a stronghold of the
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After the battle, Boudica is said by Tacitus to have poisoned herself, though in the
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800:, was on Suetonius's staff at the time and may have reported it fairly accurately.
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the time. The thickest layer only 2 centimetres down to just a half a centimetre.
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377:
319:
110:
44:
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to rendezvous with the rest of Suetonius's forces if they had come as ordered.
892:
603:
561:
517:
498:
421:
250:
174:
157:
119:
1233:
Bulst, Christoph M. (October 1961). "The Revolt of Queen Boudicca in A.D. 60".
2547:
2408:
2145:, a fifth-century hero, and thus impossible to link with the fate of Boudica:
1100:
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went so far as to include a map showing the positions of the opposing armies.
982:
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896:
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Boudica's burial site is unknown, and is presumably somewhere in the south of
845:
773:
654:
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313:
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1943:
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was previously a village known as Battle Bridge, an ancient crossing of the
998:
978:
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818:
659:
1532:"Roman skulls found during Crossrail dig in London may be Boudicca victims"
945:. No historical records tell what had happened to Boudica's two daughters.
1733:
967:
939:
924:
874:, he mentions nothing of suicide and attributes the end of the revolt to
577:
529:
509:
505:
490:
2147:
Cowper, Benjamin Harris (1876). "Ancient Earthworks in Epping Forest".
1429:
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888:
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389:
141:
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1179:
Folly and Fortune in Early British History: From Caesar to the Normans
424:, which are the only surviving accounts of the battle known to exist.
43:
The Roman province of Britain (red), where the revolt took place. The
2441:
2320:
Boudica and Her Stories: Narrative Transformations of a Warrior Queen
1650:
1320:
The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C. - A.D. 69: The Cambridge Ancient History
1104:
1008:
769:
686:
2042:
780:, are reported to have done the same thing in their battles against
2209:
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1048:
as a possible route from the south-west, the Cuttle Mill area near
1029:
817:
777:
701:
494:
444:
393:
115:
2195:
British History Online, Paulerspury pp. 111–117, last paragraph.
1713:
Townend, G. B. (1964). "Some Rhetorical Battle-Pictures in Dio".
607:
525:
460:
2445:
2197:
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/rchme/northants/vol4/pp111-117
1119:, was probably struck from a statue of Nero during the revolt.
191:
764:
expected to be an overwhelming victory. Two Germanic leaders,
2374:
Royal visits and progresses to Wales, and the border counties
1783:
Tragedy, rhetoric, and the historiography of Tacitus' Annales
1735:
Pax Romana : war, peace, and conquest in the Roman world
2044:
On Boudica's trail: possible sites for Boudica's last battle
2076:
Kevin K. Carroll (1979). "The Date of Boudicca's Revolt".
1517:
Britannia: The Roman Conquest & Occupation of Britain
751:
At an unidentified location, Suetonius took a stand in a
2047:. On Boudica's Trail. University of Warwick. p. 34.
1812:. Vol. VIII. Translated by Cary, Earnest. Chicago:
1785:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan press. p. 115.
1018:
in Surrey, between Callow Hill and Knowle Hill, off the
671:
between 1957 and 1961 revealed a row of shops alongside
16:
Revolt by Celtic tribes against the Romans (c. AD 60–61)
1560:"Boudicca rampaged through the streets of south London"
849:
Romans killed and a not much greater number of wounded.
1920:"Historical Notes: Boadicea's bones under Platform 10"
1322:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 509.
934:
Catus Decianus, who had fled to Gaul, was replaced by
2765:
2479:
2312:
2310:
1115:A bronze head found in Suffolk in 1907, now in the
891:at Trelawnyd in Flintshire, Wales. The imaginative
870:, which was written almost twenty years before the
520:says that at the outset Boudica employed a form of
2137:Antiquarian B. H. Cowper speculates that the name
1064:and encountered the Roman army in the vicinity of
1504:. Totowa: Rowman and Littlefield. pp. 93–94.
760:infantry on the flanks and cavalry on the wings.
594:The Roman inhabitants sought reinforcements from
2119:Fuentes, Nicholas (1983). "Boudicca Revisited".
1502:Boudica, the British Revolt against Rome A.D. 60
497:, the Iceni conspired with their neighbours the
1894:Queen Boudica and Historical Culture in Britain
1044:has suggested another possibility. Considering
23:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1592:
1590:
1375:
1373:
1371:
556:The first target of the rebels was the former
2457:
1205:Boudica the British revolt against Rome AD 60
1130:Horrible Histories: The Movie – Rotten Romans
680:Violence perpetrated on the Roman populations
203:
8:
2841:Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire
2323:. University of Delaware Press. p. 48.
997:, at the junction of Watling Street and the
993:. Kevin K. Carroll suggests a site close to
543:In an imaginary speech, the Roman historian
2259:"Highbury, Upper Holloway and King's Cross"
1688:) gives Suetonius a quite different speech.
1358:
1318:Bowman, Alan K.; et al., eds. (1996).
1002:
875:
865:
733:
569:
484:
2464:
2450:
2442:
2265:. British History Online. pp. 273–279
2225:"The Boudican Revolt: Countdown to Defeat"
1766:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1171:
1169:
1148:
1146:
475:In AD 60 or 61, while the Roman governor,
210:
196:
188:
37:
20:
1235:Historia: Zeitschrift fĂĽr Alte Geschichte
958:, possibly along the Roman road between
2612:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
1886:
1884:
1474:"Dig uncovers Boudicca's brutal streak"
1228:
1226:
1224:
1142:
1085:Boadicea – warrior queen of the Britons
1024:Local legends offer "The Rampart" near
2388:Russell, Miles; Manley, Harry (2013).
2289:Boadicea, warrior queen of the Britons
1759:
384:. It took place circa AD 60–61 in the
2229:Hertfordshire Archaeology and History
2063:Britannia: A History of Roman Britain
1451:"Haverhill From the Iron Age to 1899"
1395:
1393:
1313:
1311:
728:, and any available auxiliaries. The
501:, amongst others, to rise in revolt.
7:
2720:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain
1835:Goucher, Candice (24 January 2022).
1014:Also suggested has been a site near
278:
273:
2903:Rebellions against the Roman Empire
2169:"Is Boudicca buried in Birmingham?"
1918:Greenwood, Douglas (15 July 1999).
901:London King's Cross railway station
640:to a suburb at the southern end of
2938:Battles involving the Roman Empire
1781:Santoro L'Hoir, Francesca (2006).
1732:Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith (2016).
403:Although heavily outnumbered, the
14:
2943:Military history of Roman Britain
2913:Women in ancient European warfare
2041:Hughes, Margaret (29 June 2013).
1453:. St. Edmundsbury Borough Council
1404:. London: Routledge. p. 132.
989:, was suggested by archaeologist
936:Gaius Julius Alpinus Classicianus
2853:Military history of ancient Rome
1862:Live, North Wales (2 May 2004).
1584:Hingley & Unwin 2004, p. 180
372:was an armed uprising by native
2923:Wars involving the Roman Empire
2836:Civil wars of the Third Century
1558:Muir, Hazel (21 October 1995).
1530:Maev Kennedy (2 October 2013).
1472:Jason Burke (3 December 2000).
1001:, which would have allowed the
970:) which became Watling Street.
598:, but he sent only two hundred
2344:Morgan, R. W. (24 June 2022).
1864:"Bring Boudicca back to Wales"
568:), which had been made into a
182:70,000–80,000 civilians killed
1:
2933:Battles involving the Britons
2317:Williams, Carolyn D. (2009).
1515:George Patrick Welch (1963).
918:Publius Petronius Turpilianus
356:Usurpation of Constantine III
2908:Women in 1st-century warfare
2893:1st century in Roman Britain
2397:Journal of Roman Archaeology
2263:Old and New London: Volume 2
2000:"Bodicea Queen of the Iceni"
1667:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
332:Usurpation of Magnus Maximus
2437:BBC: Boudica's Revolt Video
2141:derives from the legendary
1897:. Oxford University Press.
1066:Arbury Banks, Hertfordshire
981:), near the modern town of
913:Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus
895:suggests that Bryn Sion in
481:campaign against the island
274:Defeat of Petilius Cerealis
2964:
2150:The Archaeological Journal
2021:"BBC – History – Boudicca"
1099:(previously Newmarket) in
995:High Cross, Leicestershire
784:and Caesar, respectively.
706:Map of the Boudican Revolt
698:Preparations by both sides
582:Quintus Petillius Cerialis
2849:
2794:Roman conquest of Britain
2409:10.1017/S1047759413000214
2350:. BoD – Books on Demand.
2210:"Battle_Church_Stowe_CP1"
1841:. ABC-CLIO. p. 206.
386:Roman province of Britain
382:Roman conquest of Britain
229:
181:
164:
147:
130:
104:
51:
36:
31:Roman conquest of Britain
28:
2223:Grahame Appleby (2009).
1891:Vandrei, Martha (2018).
1655:Epitome of Roman History
1203:Webster, Graham (1978).
1182:. Springer. p. 55.
949:Location of final battle
477:Gaius Suetonius Paulinus
409:Gaius Suetonius Paulinus
314:Usurpation of Magnentius
137:Gaius Suetonius Paulinus
2918:Women in war in Britain
2878:60s in the Roman Empire
2491:Roman conquest of Italy
1093:Richard Williams Morgan
443:One such tribe was the
88:End of Boudica's revolt
2888:1st-century rebellions
2371:Parry, Edward (1851).
1814:Loeb Classical Library
1400:Braund, David (1996).
1359:
1003:
876:
866:
851:
832:
809:
798:Gnaeus Julius Agricola
793:
734:
707:
658:of Verulamium (modern
629:
584:, then commanding the
570:
485:
428:Cause of the rebellion
338:Stilicho's Pictish War
303:Caledonia (AD 208–210)
256:Caratacus' last battle
251:Capture of Camulodunon
131:Commanders and leaders
91:Roman rule secured in
2821:Domitian's Dacian War
2740:Liberators' civil war
1207:. London: Routledge.
1176:Henshall, K. (2008).
859:
841:
821:
804:
789:
721:(detachments) of the
705:
621:
471:Initial rebel actions
350:Usurpation of Gratian
222:occupation of Britain
165:Casualties and losses
2826:Trajan's Dacian Wars
2511:Roman–Hernician wars
2295:. pp. 249–251.
2143:Ambrosius Aurelianus
2121:London Archaeologist
1564:www.newscientist.com
1402:Ruling Roman Britain
1073:King's Cross, London
560:of the Trinovantes,
508:, the prince of the
388:, and it was led by
344:Usurpation of Marcus
2948:1st-century battles
2725:Roman–Parthian Wars
2516:Roman–Volscian wars
2496:Roman–Etruscan Wars
2347:St. Paul in Britain
1566:. New Scientist Ltd
392:, the Queen of the
240:Conquest of Britain
2831:Roman–Persian Wars
2730:Caesar's civil war
2602:Roman–Seleucid war
2501:Roman-Aequian wars
2473:Ancient Roman wars
833:
829:Thomas Thornycroft
708:
297:Siege of Burnswark
234:Caesar's invasions
220:Roman invasion and
2860:
2859:
2816:Jewish–Roman wars
2688:Sulla's civil war
2682:Bellum Octavianum
2570:Illyro-Roman Wars
2543:Roman–Gallic wars
2521:Roman–Sabine wars
2357:978-3-375-06741-0
2330:978-0-87413-079-9
1904:978-0-19-881672-0
1848:978-1-4408-6825-2
1745:978-0-300-17882-1
1500:Webster, Graham.
814:Defeat of Boudica
627:
365:
364:
284:Defeat of Boudica
186:
185:
100:
99:
2955:
2782:Marcomannic Wars
2693:Mithridatic Wars
2617:Celtiberian Wars
2506:Roman–Latin wars
2466:
2459:
2452:
2443:
2424:
2423:
2394:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2255:Walter Thornbury
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2139:Ambresbury Banks
2135:
2129:
2128:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1996:
1990:
1978:
1972:
1963:
1957:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1868:North Wales Live
1859:
1853:
1852:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1757:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1710:
1704:
1695:
1689:
1679:
1673:
1648:
1642:
1633:
1627:
1618:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1447:
1441:
1427:
1421:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1388:
1377:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1349:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1315:
1306:
1295:
1289:
1275:
1269:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1230:
1219:
1218:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1173:
1164:
1150:
1034:Ambresbury Banks
1006:
1004:Legio II Augusta
879:
869:
746:Poenius Postumus
739:
736:Legio II Augusta
664:Mortimer Wheeler
625:
600:auxiliary troops
575:
488:
479:, was leading a
326:Great Conspiracy
308:Carausian Revolt
224:
212:
205:
198:
189:
53:
52:
41:
21:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2845:
2811:Civil war of 69
2799:Boudican revolt
2768:
2761:
2637:Cantabrian Wars
2575:Macedonian Wars
2482:
2475:
2470:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2403:(26): 393–408.
2392:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2316:
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2283:
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2278:
2268:
2266:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2238:
2236:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2174:BBC News Online
2167:
2166:
2162:
2146:
2136:
2132:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1979:
1975:
1964:
1960:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1924:The Independent
1917:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1816:. p. 105.
1809:History of Rome
1805:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1758:
1746:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1696:
1692:
1680:
1676:
1649:
1645:
1634:
1630:
1619:
1606:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1499:
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1471:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1449:
1448:
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1428:
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1309:
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1292:
1276:
1272:
1258:
1254:
1232:
1231:
1222:
1215:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1151:
1144:
1139:
1125:
1113:
1020:Devil's Highway
951:
909:
862:
860:Boudica's death
816:
725:Valeria Victrix
700:
695:
682:
650:
616:
554:
473:
447:in what is now
430:
370:Boudican revolt
366:
361:
268:Boudican revolt
225:
221:
218:
216:
122:
118:
85:
71:
42:
24:Boudican revolt
17:
12:
11:
5:
2961:
2959:
2951:
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2945:
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2935:
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2915:
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2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
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2791:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2773:
2771:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2746:Bellum Siculum
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2690:
2685:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2656:
2651:
2649:Jugurthine War
2646:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2622:Lusitanian War
2619:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2487:
2485:
2483:Roman Republic
2477:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2432:
2431:External links
2429:
2426:
2425:
2380:
2363:
2356:
2336:
2329:
2306:
2276:
2246:
2215:
2200:
2188:
2160:
2130:
2127:(12): 311–317.
2111:
2090:10.2307/526056
2068:
2059:Sheppard Frere
2050:
2033:
2012:
1991:
1973:
1958:
1936:
1910:
1903:
1880:
1854:
1847:
1827:
1806:Dio, Cassius.
1798:
1791:
1773:
1744:
1724:
1705:
1690:
1674:
1643:
1628:
1604:
1586:
1577:
1550:
1522:
1519:. p. 107.
1507:
1492:
1464:
1442:
1422:
1407:
1389:
1367:
1350:
1335:
1328:
1307:
1290:
1270:
1252:
1241:(4): 496–509.
1220:
1213:
1195:
1189:978-0230583795
1188:
1165:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1124:
1121:
1117:British Museum
1112:
1109:
1016:Virginia Water
991:Graham Webster
950:
947:
911:The historian
908:
905:
889:Gop Hill Cairn
861:
858:
815:
812:
811:
810:
753:narrow passage
699:
696:
694:
691:
681:
678:
673:Watling Street
669:Sheppard Frere
649:
646:
615:
612:
604:Archaeologists
596:Catus Decianus
553:
550:
524:, releasing a
516:from Britain.
472:
469:
451:. Their king,
429:
426:
374:Celtic Britons
363:
362:
360:
359:
353:
347:
341:
335:
329:
323:
317:
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125:Celtic Britons
113:
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34:
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26:
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15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
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2889:
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2884:
2883:60s conflicts
2881:
2879:
2876:
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2848:
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2800:
2797:
2796:
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2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2777:Germanic wars
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2757:War of Actium
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:War of Mutina
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
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2670:
2667:
2665:
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2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:Sertorian War
2630:
2628:
2627:Numantine War
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
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2610:
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2326:
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2321:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2285:Spence, Lewis
2280:
2277:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2177:. 25 May 2006
2176:
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2107:
2103:
2099:
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2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2069:
2065:. p. 73.
2064:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2034:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1792:9780472115198
1788:
1784:
1777:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1738:. New Haven.
1737:
1736:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1683:Roman History
1681:Cassius Dio (
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1662:Julius Caesar
1659:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1644:
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1365:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1344:Roman History
1342:Cassius Dio,
1339:
1336:
1331:
1329:9780521264303
1325:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1291:
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1268:
1265:
1264:Roman History
1261:
1256:
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1098:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1083:'s 1937 book
1082:
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1047:
1046:Akeman Street
1043:
1042:Metchley Camp
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885:Great Britain
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731:
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720:
719:vexillationes
716:
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697:
692:
690:
688:
679:
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665:
661:
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645:
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642:London Bridge
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531:
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514:Julius Caesar
511:
507:
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478:
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458:
457:Roman emperor
454:
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419:
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414:Great Britain
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291:Mons Graupius
289:
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82:Roman victory
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69:Roman Britain
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55:
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50:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2851:
2806:Armenian War
2798:
2769:Roman Empire
2752:Perusine War
2744:
2680:
2659:Servile Wars
2654:Cimbrian War
2607:Galatian War
2526:Samnite Wars
2420:
2400:
2396:
2383:
2373:
2366:
2346:
2339:
2319:
2288:
2279:
2267:. Retrieved
2262:
2249:
2237:. Retrieved
2232:
2228:
2218:
2208:Pegg, John.
2203:
2191:
2179:. Retrieved
2172:
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2124:
2120:
2114:
2081:
2077:
2071:
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2043:
2036:
2024:. Retrieved
2015:
2003:. Retrieved
1994:
1981:
1976:
1966:
1961:
1947:
1939:
1927:. Retrieved
1923:
1913:
1893:
1871:. Retrieved
1867:
1857:
1837:
1830:
1808:
1801:
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1721:(4): 479–80.
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1597:
1580:
1568:. Retrieved
1563:
1553:
1541:. Retrieved
1537:The Guardian
1535:
1525:
1516:
1510:
1501:
1495:
1483:. Retrieved
1479:The Observer
1477:
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
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1081:Lewis Spence
1071:The area of
1070:
1062:Icknield Way
1054:Church Stowe
1038:Kings Norton
1023:
1013:
987:Warwickshire
975:Manduessedum
973:A site near
972:
956:the Midlands
952:
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782:Gaius Marius
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718:
713:
709:
693:Final battle
683:
653:
651:
638:River Thames
630:
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587:
555:
542:
532:, a British
503:
474:
442:
438:Roman empire
434:Rome invaded
431:
402:
378:Roman Empire
376:against the
369:
367:
358:(AD 407–411)
346:(AD 406–407)
334:(AD 383–388)
328:(AD 367–368)
322:(AD 354–358)
320:Carausius II
316:(AD 350–353)
310:(AD 286–296)
267:
111:Roman Empire
105:Belligerents
47:is in white.
45:Roman Empire
18:
2928:1st century
2767:Wars of the
2715:Gallic Wars
2644:Achaean War
2531:Pyrrhic War
2481:Wars of the
2293:Robert Hale
2269:11 November
2239:24 February
2181:9 September
2084:: 197–202.
1543:24 February
1457:24 February
1260:Cassius Dio
1077:River Fleet
1050:Paulerspury
562:Camulodunum
552:Camulodunum
518:Cassius Dio
499:Trinovantes
422:Dio Cassius
380:during the
270:(60–61 AD)
242:(43–76 AD)
175:Cassius Dio
158:Cassius Dio
120:Trinovantes
59:c. AD 60–61
2867:Categories
2787:Gothic War
2548:Punic Wars
2536:Social War
2291:. London:
2157:: 246–248.
1570:31 October
1214:0415226066
1137:References
1101:Flintshire
1060:along the
983:Atherstone
964:Viroconium
943:Polyclitus
897:Flintshire
846:no quarter
774:Ariovistus
744:(Exeter),
712:Legio XIV
655:municipium
648:Verulamium
566:Colchester
522:divination
453:Prasutagus
405:Roman army
398:Prasutagus
236:(55–54 BC)
2417:193197188
2301:644856428
2106:164078824
2078:Britannia
2005:9 January
1983:Histories
1980:Tacitus,
1965:Tacitus,
1944:Suetonius
1929:2 October
1822:655792369
1762:cite book
1754:941874968
1697:Tacitus,
1635:Tacitus,
1620:Tacitus,
1596:Tacitus,
1414:Tacitus,
1357:Tacitus,
1097:Trelawnyd
1040:close to
999:Fosse Way
979:Mancetter
960:Londinium
929:Brigantes
907:Aftermath
660:St Albans
626:— Tacitus
614:Londinium
586:Legio IX
432:In AD 43
279:Londinium
156:230,000 (
2287:(1937).
2257:(1878).
2061:(1987).
2026:17 April
1873:5 August
1419:14.31–32
1379:Tacitus
1360:Agricola
1297:Tacitus
1283:Agricola
1123:See also
968:Wroxeter
940:freedman
925:Venutius
877:socordia
867:Agricola
824:Boadicea
634:Walbrook
578:Claudius
530:Andraste
510:Cherusci
506:Arminius
491:Anglesey
489:(modern
352:(AD 407)
340:(AD 398)
299:(AD 140)
261:Anglesey
173:80,000 (
148:Strength
64:Location
29:Part of
2873:Boudica
2235:: 57–66
1430:Tacitus
1278:Tacitus
1247:4434717
1153:Tacitus
1058:Norfolk
1026:Messing
837:chariot
776:of the
768:of the
766:Boiorix
758:auxilia
730:prefect
717:, some
588:Hispana
572:colonia
558:capital
545:Tacitus
538:victory
534:goddess
465:Boudica
449:Norfolk
418:Tacitus
407:led by
390:Boudica
293:(AD 83)
142:Boudica
93:Britain
2703:Second
2669:Second
2595:Fourth
2585:Second
2558:Second
2415:
2354:
2327:
2299:
2104:
2098:526056
2096:
1967:Annals
1901:
1845:
1820:
1789:
1752:
1742:
1715:Hermes
1699:Annals
1651:Florus
1637:Annals
1622:Annals
1598:Annals
1485:5 July
1435:Annals
1416:Annals
1382:Annals
1326:
1300:Annals
1245:
1211:
1186:
1158:Annals
1111:Relics
1105:druids
1009:Exeter
893:Morien
872:Annals
770:Cimbri
714:Gemina
687:gibbet
495:druids
246:Medway
153:10,000
123:Other
76:Result
2898:Iceni
2708:Third
2698:First
2674:Third
2664:First
2590:Third
2580:First
2563:Third
2553:First
2413:S2CID
2393:(PDF)
2102:S2CID
2094:JSTOR
1970:38–39
1955:39–40
1702:14.36
1640:14.32
1625:14.37
1601:14.34
1439:14.32
1386:14.35
1304:14.31
1267:19–22
1243:JSTOR
1162:14.33
1030:Essex
778:Suebi
445:Iceni
394:Iceni
116:Iceni
2352:ISBN
2325:ISBN
2297:OCLC
2271:2010
2241:2016
2183:2006
2028:2017
2007:2019
1988:3.45
1948:Nero
1931:2022
1899:ISBN
1875:2022
1843:ISBN
1818:OCLC
1787:ISBN
1768:link
1750:OCLC
1740:ISBN
1686:9-11
1671:1.51
1658:1.38
1572:2020
1545:2016
1487:2016
1459:2016
1347:62.2
1324:ISBN
1209:ISBN
1184:ISBN
1052:and
1032:and
962:and
927:, a
772:and
742:Isca
652:The
608:Gaul
526:hare
486:Mona
461:Nero
420:and
368:The
56:Date
2405:doi
2086:doi
1007:at
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740:at
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