2252:'s Allied Air Forces Southwest Pacific Area. Significant damage was done to ground installations, although the Japanese adapted by moving aircraft facilities underground. Only low-flying techniques such as dive bombing and glide bombing could achieve the accuracy required to pinpoint these installations, as well as neutralising anti-aircraft weapons and attacking vessels in the harbor. To achieve this, the Allies began constructing several airstrips on Bougainville that would allow them to use their smaller and more manoeuvrable aircraft against Rabaul. The fighter strip on the beach at Torokina began operations on 10 December, while the inland bomber strip "Piva Uncle" followed on Christmas Day, and the inland fighter strip "Piva Yoke" on 22 January.
520:
438:
426:
2324:
66:
2461:
1879:, Admiral Wilkinson had learned a significant lesson about the necessity of rapid unloading and getting his slow, vulnerable transports away from the landing area. To this end, he loaded his transports only half full and his cargo ships one-quarter full, and made sure that 30% of the troops on the beach assisted in unloading. The Japanese, having been taken by surprise, were unable to mount an air assault on the invasion fleet. Wilkinson, grateful that his transports were able to land almost the entire troop contingent and a large amount of materiel unmolested by air attack, ordered them out of the area around sundown.
2290:, to begin 1 April at the earliest. Anxious to maintain offensive momentum, Halsey was unwilling to leave his forces idle until then. To that end, and to provide yet another airfield close to Rabaul, Halsey ordered his amphibious forces to invade the Green Islands, a group of small coral atolls about 115 miles east of Rabaul. Reconnaissance missions determined that the native Melanesians there were well-disposed toward the Europeans and had been alienated by the Japanese. As a result, Allied planners determined that no preliminary bombing or shelling would be carried out.
2435:, the first African American infantry unit to see action in World War II. The Japanese, isolated and cut off from outside assistance, primarily concentrated on survival, including the development of farms throughout the island. According to Morison, amongst the Japanese troops "morale fell deplorably ... after the loss of the Battle of the Perimeter; Admiral Takeda, in his narrative, notes robberies, insubordination and even mutiny. Hundreds of soldiers deserted and wandered through the jungle, living on anything they could find, even on snakes, rats and crocodiles."
336:
324:
312:
300:
287:
274:
262:
250:
169:
500:
488:
475:
462:
450:
2639:, his men crossed the Hari and Mobai Rivers. However, shortly after reaching the Mivo River their advance came to a halt as torrential rain and flooding washed away many of the bridges and roads upon which the Australian line of communications depended. This rendered large scale infantry operations impossible for almost a month, and it was not until late July and into early August that the Australians were able to resume patrolling across the Mivo River. Before Savige could mount a substantial assault, news arrived of the
226:
210:
2096:
384:
372:
360:
348:
182:
1904:. During the night voyage to Torokina, the Japanese ships were spotted by an American submarine and possibly by a search plane. Concerned that he had lost the element of surprise, Omori radioed Samejima to ask permission to send the slow-moving transports back to Rabaul but to continue with the combat ships to attack the American transports that he assumed were still in Empress Augusta Bay. Samejima concurred, and Omori pressed ahead with his cruisers and destroyers.
2668:
casualties suffered during the second phase of the campaign, historian Harry Gailey writes: "it was a terrible toll for an island whose possession after March 1944 was of no consequence in bringing the war to a close ... That the
Australian soldiers performed so well when they had to know that what they were doing was in the larger sphere unnecessary and unappreciated at home says much for the courage and the discipline of the ordinary Australian infantryman".
2301:. Experience gained from previous landings, coupled with detailed staff work, meant that the landings were completed with relative efficiency. In addition, interference from Japanese planes was minimal. Morison attributes this to previous losses inflicted against the Japanese air arm, writing that the fact such a large fleet "could set thousands of troops ashore with impunity only 115 miles from Rabaul proved what good work AirSols had already accomplished."
1325:
1741:, sent all of his carrier aircraft to Rabaul. These planes would combine with the land-based air force already there and bomb Allied bases and supply routes as part of a plan the Japanese called Operation RO. In the event, this plan achieved very little besides further attrition to the Japanese air arm as the Japanese aircraft suffered heavy losses, which later prevented the Japanese aircraft from intervening against the US landings in the
408:
396:
1998:
2227:
2050:. Ordered to investigate a life raft, they observed what appeared to be seven bodies in it. The seven bodies suddenly sat up and started talking. One of them, apparently the officer, broke out a 7.7-mm machine gun, which each man in succession placed in his mouth, while the officer fired a round which shot the back of the man's head off. After six had been bumped off, the officer stood up, addressed a short speech in Japanese to
196:
1850:
2566:(30–31 December) revealed how far Japanese morale and stamina had fallen. The ridge was taken by a single battalion of Australians, suffering few casualties in the process. It was afterwards discovered that the position had been held by 500 defenders rather than the 80–90 that had originally been estimated. Activity in the central sector was from that point on confined to patrols along the Numa Numa Trail.
2173:(CBs or Seabees) and a group of New Zealand engineers carried out work on the three airstrips. The fighter strip at the beach was the first to begin full-time operations with the first flights taking place on 10 December. The Japanese Army command at Rabaul was certain that the Allies would be moving on from Torokina; Imamura ordered a build-up of the defenses at Buin, on the southern tip of Bougainville.
1475:, lasted from November 1943 through November 1944. The second phase, in which primarily Australian troops went on the offensive, mopping up pockets of starving, isolated but still-determined Japanese, lasted from November 1944 until August 1945, when the last Japanese soldiers on the island surrendered. Operations during the final phase of the campaign saw the Australian forces advance north towards the
2620:, the Japanese launched a strong counterattack during which several determined Japanese attacks against this position were repulsed with heavy losses. In Gailey's words, "General Kanda's offensive was a disaster ... Indeed, the entire series of attacks by the Japanese is as inexplicable as the Australians' desire to conquer all the island." Having learned a costly lesson about the ineffectiveness of
2358:
ultimate victory was such that he planned on taking
Griswold's surrender at the Torokina airstrip on 17 March. The Japanese dragged the greatest concentration of field artillery they had yet assembled onto the ridges overlooking the perimeter. Griswold decided that allowing the Japanese to hold these ridges was better than stretching his own lines thin by occupying them himself.
2652:
2400:
2354:, was reputed to be the toughest in the Imperial Japanese Army. Initially, Hyakutake was not convinced of the Allied intent to remain permanently at Torokina and as a result remained on a defensive posture. The resulting delay in Japanese offensive action gave Griswold plenty of time to deploy his men in suitable defensive positions.
1858:
scouting, but some longitudes were still wrong. Indeed, Morison recounts that "near the end of the approach, when the navigating officer of a transport was asked by the captain for his ship's position, he replied, 'About three miles inland, sir!'" Morison further recounts the scene of the landing in the following passage:
2575:
2420:, after establishing patrol sweeps along Empress Augusta Bay, successfully launched an attack to capture the Japanese-held village of Mavavia. Two days later while continuing a sweep for enemy forces, the regiment encountered prepared enemy defences where they destroyed about 20 Japanese pillboxes using
2438:
The supply situation became so bad for the
Japanese that, according to Gailey, "the normal rice ration of 750 grams of rice for each soldier was cut in April 1944 to 250 grams, and beginning in September there was no rice ration. A large portion of the available army and naval personnel had to be put
2373:
As far as the press and the
American public were concerned, the war had moved on from Bougainville. As Morison writes, "the struggle for the Perimeter went almost unnoticed outside the Pacific." Hyakutake opened his all-out effort to throw the Americans off Bougainville, which came to be known simply
2116:
effectively wiped out an entire
Japanese infantry regiment. Even so, the beachhead was still not an entirely safe place. The day after the end of the Piva Forks action, as the sixth echelon of the invasion force was unloading at the beachhead, Japanese artillery fired on the landing ships, inflicting
2086:
Throughout early
November, the Japanese carried out air raids against the US forces around Torokina; however, by 17 November losses were such that the Japanese 1st Carrier Division, which had begun with 370 planes on 1 November, was withdrawn back to Truk. The US forces were thereby able to gradually
1937:
Admiral Koga was unwilling to risk his precious aircraft carriers, so he decided to dispatch seven heavy cruisers to Rabaul. These arrived on 3 November. News of the cruisers' arrival in the area of operations greatly concerned Halsey: the
Bougainville beachhead was still quite vulnerable, and he had
2484:
The
Australian government and military chose to conduct aggressive operations on Bougainville with the goal of destroying the Japanese garrison. This decision was motivated by a desire to bring the campaign to a conclusion and so free up troops to be used elsewhere, liberate Australian territory and
2390:
During the Battle of the
Perimeter, AirSols aircraft continued bombing Rabaul completely reducing its offensive capability. According to Morison, "...AirSols delivered at least one strike on Rabaul every day that weather permitted. An average of 85 tons of bombs was dropped on the area daily from 20
2386:
bombers. This action ended on 13 March. Hyakutake attempted twice more to penetrate the perimeter, on 15 and 17 March but was driven back both times. The
Japanese mounted a final attack on the night of 23–24 March, which made some progress but was then thrown back. On 27 March, the Americal Division
2541:
The Australians determined that Japanese forces on Bougainville, numbering approximately 40,000, still had approximately 20% of their personnel in forward positions and that although understrength, were organized in combat-capable formations, including the 38th Independent Mixed Brigade and General
2528:
On 6 October, the first elements of the headquarters detachment of the 3rd Division landed. By mid-November, the 7th Brigade had relieved the U.S. 129th and 145th Infantry Regiments. On 22 November, Savige formally took command of Allied operations on Bougainville from Griswold. By 12 December, the
2381:
Hyakutake's second thrust was delayed until 12 March. The Japanese advanced through a deep ravine to approach the Piva Yoke fighter strip, and succeeded in penetrating the Perimeter at one point. Beightler responded by sending combined tanks and infantry to drive them back. Also, Japanese artillery
2611:
On 28 December, Savige issued orders to the 29th Brigade to begin the drive toward the principal Japanese concentration around Buin. After a month's fighting, the Australians were in control of an area extending twelve miles south of the Perimeter and six miles inland. Employing barges to outflank
2586:
Pursuant to Savige's 31 December order to begin operations in the northwestern sector at the first opportunity, General J.R. Stevensons's 11th Brigade advanced along the coast, reaching the village of Rukussia by mid-January 1945. However, since the coastal plain was dominated by Tsimba Ridge, the
2446:
Australian intelligence officers, after studying records, estimated that 8,200 Japanese troops had been killed in combat during the American phase of operations, while a further 16,600 had died of disease or malnutrition. Of those killed or wounded in combat, the large majority had come during the
2180:
on the high ground around the beachhead, concentrated in a group of hills along the Torokina River overlooking the eastern perimeter. They shelled the beachhead, targeting the airstrips and the supply dumps. The 3rd Marine Division extended its lines to include the hills in a series of operations
2103:
At Rabaul, Imamura was still convinced that the Allies did not mean to stay long at Torokina—he was sure it was just a stepping stone. He thus had no interest in mounting a decisive counterattack on the Allied beachhead using the substantial number of troops he already had in the southern part of
2074:
from Vandegrift. Four days later, he assumed command of the entire Torokina beachhead area from Wilkinson. By this time, the Perimeter, as it was called, covered about 7,000 yards of beach front and had a circumference of about 16,000 yards. The trails to new airstrip sites had to be cleared, and
2021:
were landed, and the beachhead gradually expanded. On their third attempt, the Japanese successfully landed four destroyer-loads of men just beyond the eastern limit of the American beachhead before dawn on 7 November. Despite the presence of PT boats operating out of Puruata Island, the Japanese
1679:
had a somewhat protected anchorage, and the physical barriers to the east of the cape – for instance the mountain ranges and thick jungle – meant that mounting a counterattack would be beyond the capabilities of the Japanese for weeks, if not months, which would allow the US forces to consolidate
2748:
upon the surrender of Japanese forces at the end of World War II. If Gailey's and Long's figure of 65,000 Japanese troops originally on Bougainville is accurate, then the Japanese casualty figures would be far higher. Long's figures are quoted in the narrative, totalling 16,700 combat deaths and
2667:
on 2 September 1945. The last phase of the campaign saw 516 Australians killed and another 1,572 wounded. 8,500 Japanese were killed at the same time, while disease and malnutrition killed another 9,800 and some 23,500 troops and labourers surrendered at the end of the war. Of the
2594:
During the remainder of February and March the Australians drove the Japanese north past Soraken Plantation. Eventually, the approximately 1,800 Japanese fell back to a strong defensive line across the neck of the Bonis Peninsula. Because the 11th Brigade was exhausted from three weeks of jungle
2428:. Later, the 132nd, together with elements of the Fiji Defence Force, was tasked with securing the heights west of Saua River. The Allied troops captured Hills 155, 165, 500, and 501 in fierce fighting that lasted until 18 April, when the last of the Japanese defenders were killed or driven off.
2314:
in range of AirSols planes for the first time. From 8 March AirSols bombers began flying unescorted to Rabaul. In describing the effect, Morison writes: "it is significant that the splendid harbor which in October 1943 had held some 300,000 tons of enemy shipping, and had sheltered powerful task
2264:
increasing attrition among the Japanese fighter arm. The Japanese navy could no longer risk exposing its ships to the relentless air attacks, and by late January, Kusaka had banned all shipping except barges from Simpson Harbor, which removed any remaining naval threat to the Torokina beachhead.
2193:
but were driven off on 12 December. Several air strikes missed the narrow ridge completely. Finally, co-ordinated air, artillery, and infantry attacks resulted in the capture of the ridge on 18 December. In the days that followed, the 21st Marines were also involved in fighting around Hill 600A,
2671:
In contrast, Australian historian Karl James has argued that the 1944–45 Bougainville campaign was justifiable given that it could not be known at the time that Japan would surrender in August 1945, and there was a need to both free up Australian forces for operations elsewhere and liberate the
1857:
Three groups of transports converged in Empress Augusta Bay on the morning of 1 November. The existing maps of the Bougainville coast that the Allies possessed were highly unreliable German Admiralty charts from about 1890. A few corrections had been made by reconnaissance flights and submarine
1553:. Shortly after the Japanese arrived, the bulk of the Australian force was evacuated by the Allies, although some of the coastwatchers remained behind to provide intelligence. Once secured, the Japanese began constructing airfields across the island. The main airfields were on Buka Island; the
2357:
In December 1943, Hyakutake resolved to launch an attack on the US forces around the perimeter, and throughout the early months of 1944 his staff made the necessary preparations and plans. Hyakutake's attack would employ the 12,000 men of the 6th Infantry plus 3,000 reserves. His faith in the
1962:
on 5 November—with fighter escorts being provided by land-based aircraft from Air Solomons command and followed up by land-based aircraft from the Fifth Air Force— sank no ships but inflicted enough damage to convince Koga to withdraw the heavy cruisers, without having been able to attack the
2595:
combat, frontal assaults were ruled out and an attempt was made to outflank the Japanese positions with an amphibious landing on 8 June. However, the landing force found itself pinned down and on the verge of being exterminated. Although Japanese losses were probably higher in the resulting
2263:
on New Georgia Island. The first raids by AirSols aircraft had limited success. Japanese anti-aircraft fire, especially from ships, had improved greatly since Kenney's raids and inflicted significant damage on the planes. The Americans developed new formations and tactics that brought about
1660:. By 1943 Rabaul was within range of Allied heavy bombers, but a closer airfield was needed for light bombers and escort fighters. Thus, the entire island of Bougainville did not need to be occupied; only enough relatively flat land to support an airbase was required. According to historian
2378:, on 9 March, and his men succeeded in capturing Hill 700 and Cannon Hill; the 37th Division recaptured these positions on the afternoon of 12 March. Griswold gave credit to the destroyers that provided bombardment of the Japanese positions, suppressing their attempts at reinforcement.
1644:
2472:
The invasion of the Philippines had been scheduled for January 1945, but the rapid pace of Allied victories in the Pacific caused MacArthur to bring forward the Philippines operation to October 1944. MacArthur would need all the ground troops he could get for the
2758:
Rottman provides the figure of 45,000 while Gailey and Long state that there were 65,000 total Japanese personnel in and around Bougainville. Long's estimate is that of contemporary Australian intelligence officers, which he says was verified at the end of the
1887:
Japanese forces around the landing area were limited to no more than platoon strength, as they had not expected an attack in the area, and their logistics system was unable to support greater numbers. When word of the landings reached Rabaul, Vice Admiral
2087:
expand their perimeter out to 5.0–6.2 miles (8–10 km), eventually capturing two airfields with which they could subsequently launch their own attacks against Rabaul. Following this, the Japanese troops on Bougainville essentially became isolated.
2033:
While escorting one of the invasion echelons to the Torokina beachhead on 9 November, Morison recounts that some of Merrill's sailors witnessed an extraordinary incident that highlighted some of the extreme cultural differences at play in the Pacific:
2699:
earned his in one of the final actions of the campaign on 24 July 1945 during fighting along the Ratsua front. Partridge was the only member of the militia to receive the Victoria Cross, which was also the last of the war awarded to an Australian.
2185:
Ridge", was a natural fortress. Overlooking the beachhead, it was 300 feet (91 m) long, with steep slopes and a narrow crest. The Japanese constructed extensive positions on the reverse slopes using natural and artificial camouflage. The
1862:
To the forces, as they approached, Empress Augusta Bay presented a magnificent but somewhat terrifying spectacle. Behind the curved sweep of the shore line, a heavy, dark green jungle...swept up over foothills and crumpled ridges to the
2108:
area, just off the north coast of Bougainville Island, believing it to be the Allies' real target. Thus, the Japanese army repeated the error of Guadalcanal, while the navy could not convince Imamura of the Americans' real intentions.
2529:
replacement of frontline American troops by Australians was complete, and with the exception of a few service troops all American service personnel had departed by 1 February 1945. The 3rd Division and 11th Brigade, reinforced by the
2549:
In the centre, the enemy was to be driven off Pearl Ridge, a feature from which both coasts of the 30-mile-wide island could be seen. From there, aggressive patrols could be launched to disrupt Japanese communications along the east
4648:
4633:
2161:, about 9.3 miles (15 km) east of Torokina. After landing unopposed, the Japanese counterattacked heavily and the Marines, facing being overrun, had to be rescued by landing craft, which took three attempts to get ashore.
2615:
By 5 March, the Japanese had been driven off a small knoll overlooking the Buin Road; the Australians named this promontory after Private C.R. Slater who had been wounded during the fighting. During the 28 March – 6 April
1984:, along with a sizeable force of land-based B-24 bombers. The bombers proved ineffective, but the carrier-based aircraft achieved a degree of success, sinking a destroyer and damaging three destroyers and two cruisers.
3971:
2415:
The Japanese army, having taken heavy losses during these operations, withdrew the majority of its force into the deep interior and to the north and south ends of Bougainville. On 5 April the Americal Division's
4638:
2309:
entered Simpson Harbor and went undetected by the Japanese. This would have been inconceivable just two months earlier. In addition, a detachment of Seabees constructed an airfield, putting the Japanese base at
2304:
With the capture of the Green Islands, the Japanese base was no longer able to project air power to interfere in attacks on Rabaul. The Greens provided a site for a PT boat base, and during the night of 1 March
1583:
At the opening of the Allied offensives, their estimates of Japanese strength on Bougainville varied widely, ranging between 45,000 and 65,000 army, navy, and labour personnel. These forces constituted the
918:
4643:
1557:
in the north; Kahili and Kara in the south; and Kieta on the east coast; while a naval anchorage was constructed at Tonolei Harbor near Buin on the southern coastal plain, along with anchorages on the
2553:
The main Australian drive would take place in the south where the bulk of the Japanese forces (Kanda's 6th Division) was located. It was to this goal that Savige assigned Bridgeford's 3rd Division.
2591:, the Australians encountered determined resistance in heavily fortified positions, and it was not until 9 February that the last Japanese dug in on the western edge of the ridge were rooted out.
2157:
The battle was not completely one sided, though. On 28–29 November, in an effort to block reinforcements from the Japanese 23rd Infantry Regiment, the 1st Marine Parachute Battalion carried out a
2599:, the defenders received a boost in morale, and the Australian command called off offensive operations in this sector for the time being. It was instead decided to contain the Japanese along the
2365:
protected the beachhead. Griswold had learned on New Georgia that waiting for the Japanese to attack was a much surer way to victory than undertaking his own offensive operations in a jungle.
1900:
onto five destroyer-transports at Rabaul and sent them to Cape Torokina. Escorting the transports was a force of two heavy cruisers, two light cruisers and six destroyers led by Vice Admiral
2013:
and other tropical diseases. Except for patrol skirmishes, all the major combat to expand the beachhead occurred in the Marines sector. From 6 to 19 November, the remaining regiment of the
4290:
2205:, the victor of the land campaign on New Georgia. On 28 December, the 3rd Marine Division, exhausted because most of the fighting had taken place in its sector, was replaced by the Army's
1307:
4510:
1867:
which was crowned by a smoking volcano, Mount Baranga, 8,650 feet above sea level...It was wilder and more majestic scenery than anyone had yet witnessed in the South Pacific...
2635:
Savige took two weeks to allow his forces to recuperate and resupply before restarting the drive on Buin. After repelling more futile Japanese attacks in the 17 April – 22 May
911:
3982:
4683:
4678:
616:
1415:
2612:
the Japanese, they entered the village of Mosigetta by 11 February 1945 and Barara by 20 February. The Australians then cleared an area near Mawaraka for an airstrip.
1545:
as part of their advance into the South Pacific. At the time, there was only a small Australian garrison on the island which consisted of about 20 soldiers from the
2361:
On the American side, Hodge's Americal Division and Beightler's 37th Infantry Division manned the Perimeter, while the 3rd Marine Defense Battalion and the US Army
2027:
1897:
1624:
1620:
904:
4673:
780:
4021:
4506:
4152:
4222:
The Solomons Campaigns, 1942–1943: From Guadalcanal to Bougainville—Pacific War Turning Point, Volume 2 (Amphibious Operations in the South Pacific in WWII)
2066:. The Marines then selected sites in the area for two airstrips (the fighter strip at the beach was already being built). Also on 9 November, Major General
1389:
2342:
Hyakutake commanded about 40,000 men of the 17th Army. There were also about 20,000 naval personnel in the southern part of the island under Vice Admiral
1534:, the major Japanese garrison and naval base in Papua New Guinea, while allowing continued expansion to the southeast, down the Solomon Islands chain, to
4608:
2190:
2030:, which was assigned to the 6th Division, also began attacking the US forces with some success on 7 November before being beaten back the following day.
1796:, Commander Third Fleet Amphibious Forces, was assigned by Halsey to direct the landings at Cape Torokina from aboard his flagship, the attack transport
1700:, whose headquarters were in Brisbane, Australia. Although MacArthur had to approve all major moves, he gave planning and operational control to Admiral
1656:
Reduction of the main Japanese base at Rabaul was the ultimate goal of the Allied offensive in the Solomons. To achieve this, Allied planners formulated
928:
694:
2447:
attack on the US-held perimeter around Torokina, with Japanese losses amounting to 5,400 killed and 7,100 wounded before Imamura cancelled the attack.
2640:
2744:
Figure includes deaths from all causes: combat, disease, starvation, and accident. The Australians counted 21,000 to 23,500 Japanese survivors on
2417:
2432:
2018:
1823:
1616:
609:
4363:
4182:
1911:
was steaming toward the Bay with four light cruisers and eight destroyers. The two forces met in the early morning hours of 2 November in the
1612:. The level of cooperation between these two officers was greater than that usually found between the branches of the Japanese armed forces.
114:
4588:
4541:
4470:
4461:
Shindo, Hiroyuki (2016). "Holding on to the Finish: The Japanese Army in the South and Southwest Pacific, 1944–45". In Dean, Peter J. (ed.).
4115:
4096:
4077:
3882:
2347:
2259:, on 20 November. Once the three airstrips in the Torokina Perimeter became fully functional, Mitchell moved AirSols headquarters there from
1632:
1408:
1205:
973:
942:
2905:
2076:
4516:
1784:
or small Australian Army detachments as the Japanese had driven them off the island long before plans for Operation Cherry Blossom began.
1572:
in the Shortland Islands. These bases allowed the Japanese to conduct operations in the southern Solomon Islands and to attack the Allied
4146:
2542:
Kanda's tough 6th Division. Savige issued his instructions on 23 December. Offensive operations would consist of three separate drives:
2460:
2150:
1546:
65:
2144:
2138:
1893:
1384:
773:
3792:
2856:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4496:
4431:
4391:
4346:
4322:
4299:
4229:
4210:
4010:
3941:
3901:
3859:
3840:
2477:, so by mid-July MacArthur had decided to withdraw Griswold's XIV Corps from Bougainville for rest and refit, to be replaced by the
1947:
1932:
1577:
1542:
1369:
1359:
640:
602:
4628:
2485:
the inhabitants of the island from Japanese rule, and demonstrate that Australian forces were playing an active role in the war.
1401:
412:
1198:
2587:
Genga River could not be crossed in force until the Japanese had been dislodged from the crest of that ridge. In the resulting
1538:
and beyond. To the Allies, Bougainville would later also be considered vital for neutralizing the Japanese base around Rabaul.
4569:
1803:
1374:
1066:
949:
863:
2323:
2676:
estimates that the Bougainvillean population declined by 25% after 1943 from over 52,000 in 1943 to under 40,000 by 1946.
1912:
809:
766:
659:
4668:
2636:
2022:
effected this landing undetected by the Americans. Nevertheless, the Marines annihilated this force the next day in the
1942:. Taking a huge gamble, he ordered the only carrier force under his immediate command, Task Force 38 under Rear Admiral
737:
4029:
3912:
2596:
2273:
2080:
2023:
1733:
1514:
aircraft bases in the north, east, and south of the island; but none in the west. They developed a naval anchorage at
1290:
1232:
1040:
983:
878:
742:
674:
664:
2659:
Combat operations on Bougainville ended with the surrender of Japanese forces on Bougainville on 21 August 1945. The
2617:
732:
3894:
A Marine from Boston: A First Person Story of a US Marine in World War II – Boot Camp-Samoa-Guadalcanal-Bougainville
2362:
4663:
4658:
4653:
2712:
2465:
2375:
2332:
2294:
1798:
1765:
1120:
1100:
966:
708:
1125:
1110:
2624:, Kanda pulled his men back to a defensive perimeter around Buin and reinforced them with the garrisons from the
2198:
2121:
2071:
1979:
1839:
1761:
1719:
By early October, it was clear to the Japanese that the Allies were planning a follow-up offensive to the Allied
1681:
1597:
1324:
1285:
1222:
1178:
684:
654:
2691:
for his bravery at Mawaraka on 23 June 1944; he is the only Fijian to have received the award to date. Corporal
2248:
Rabaul had already been raided multiple times between 12 October and 2 November by the heavy bombers of General
2522:
2518:
2510:
2506:
2498:
1793:
1585:
1504:
1471:
in two phases. The first phase, in which American troops landed and held the perimeter around the beachhead at
1270:
1193:
1183:
1049:
1030:
978:
885:
790:
48:
2083:, which ended with the Marines gaining control of the point where the Numa Numa and East West Trails crossed.
1095:
2695:
received the award for his actions during the fighting around Slater's Knoll on 22 March 1945, while Private
1675:
was determined to be an acceptable location. The Japanese were not there in force and had no airfield there.
1668:
authorized Halsey to seize a section of Bougainville: to establish forward airfields for strikes on Rabaul."
4367:
4186:
2502:
2062:
battalions drove away Japanese who were blocking the Piva branch of the Numa Numa Trail in the 8–9 November
1973:
1492:
1354:
1334:
1316:
1115:
1085:
1005:
407:
395:
201:
102:
4049:
2095:
2688:
2588:
2530:
2260:
2235:
2182:
2128:. Three destroyer transports full of troops, escorted by two destroyers, all under the command of Captain
1958:
1693:
1573:
1519:
1511:
1480:
1441:
1275:
1035:
1015:
727:
2546:
In the north, the 11th Brigade would force the Japanese into the narrow Bonis Peninsula and destroy them.
2563:
2063:
1908:
1665:
1468:
1379:
1348:
1105:
1090:
1020:
713:
669:
278:
33:
2255:
General Ralph J. Mitchell, USMC, took over the command of all land-based planes in the theater, called
1499:
chain. As a result, within the various accounts of the campaign it is referred to as part of both the
4281:
4125:
2696:
2684:
2478:
2287:
2187:
2125:
2113:
1943:
1876:
1872:
1811:
1807:
1777:
1773:
1720:
1661:
1609:
1217:
1161:
1061:
1056:
959:
851:
814:
679:
291:
1515:
2745:
2692:
2298:
2040:
2014:
1952:
1827:
1815:
1676:
1657:
1589:
1500:
1453:
1449:
1168:
1130:
1078:
1000:
833:
826:
442:
400:
316:
98:
74:
2582:
medical orderly administers an emergency plasma transfusion during heavy fighting on Bougainville.
3494:
2720:
2660:
2514:
2343:
1889:
1752:
To confuse the Japanese as to the Allies' real target, two other invasions were carried out. The
1242:
1149:
479:
388:
70:
2909:
2278:
The Joint Chiefs of Staff had determined that Rabaul was to be encircled, with invasions of the
2197:
On 15 December, the I Marine Amphibious Corps and General Geiger were replaced by the US Army's
4402:
2005:
Defense and expansion of the US lodgment at Cape Torokina involved protracted and often bitter
17:
4584:
4565:
4537:
4492:
4480:
4466:
4427:
4387:
4342:
4336:
4318:
4295:
4261:
4240:
4225:
4206:
4156:
4133:
4111:
4092:
4073:
4006:
3937:
3897:
3878:
3855:
3836:
2655:
8 September 1945: General Masatane Kanda surrenders remaining Japanese forces on Bougainville.
2625:
2279:
2239:
2206:
1701:
1697:
1558:
1527:
1344:
1237:
1188:
1154:
1137:
254:
1680:
after landing and give them enough time to establish a strong perimeter. The preparation for
896:
2600:
2133:
1967:
1819:
1753:
1746:
1705:
1643:
1523:
1280:
990:
954:
868:
747:
508:
304:
1997:
1716:. In mid-October, Halsey set 1 November 1943 as the date for the invasion of Bougainville.
3800:
2860:
2474:
2226:
2177:
1769:
1742:
1593:
1565:
1554:
1496:
1476:
1445:
1263:
1249:
1227:
1212:
1173:
1025:
1010:
995:
519:
499:
487:
474:
461:
449:
437:
430:
425:
231:
107:
4335:(2015). "Bougainville in World War II". In Regan, Anthony J.; Griffin, Helga M. (eds.).
4311:
3871:
3829:
2709:
2680:
2494:
2404:
2351:
2202:
2158:
2059:
2006:
1724:
1605:
1569:
1457:
1256:
1144:
819:
689:
524:
466:
364:
340:
266:
2643:, after which the Australian forces mainly only conducted limited patrolling actions.
4602:
4442:
3743:
2621:
2533:, were posted to Bougainville. The 23rd Brigade garrisoned the neighbouring islands.
2408:
2249:
2243:
2210:
2132:, were on their way to reinforce Buka. Halsey directed five destroyers under Captain
2129:
1901:
1781:
1728:
1713:
1550:
1461:
504:
492:
454:
352:
335:
323:
311:
299:
286:
273:
261:
249:
214:
174:
3952:
1849:
1522:, their largest base, on the southern coastal plain of Bougainville. On the nearby
4268:. Office of the Chief of Military History, U.S. Department of the Army. p. 418
4087:
James, Karl (2016). "More Than Mopping Up: Bougainville". In Dean, Peter J. (ed.).
2629:
1768:
under the command of Brigadier Robert Row, and a temporary landing was effected on
1738:
1628:
1437:
56:
4357:
4176:
4485:
2603:
while resources were diverted to the southern sector for the drive towards Buin.
4332:
2673:
2421:
2105:
1939:
1601:
1568:
was known by the Japanese as Buin Airfield, and to its south was an airfield on
1535:
1433:
376:
52:
1946:, to cripple or sink as much of the combat shipping at Rabaul as possible. The
4172:
2067:
1864:
1757:
1483:, although the war ended before these two enclaves were completely destroyed.
328:
2497:
Australian II Corps was a force of just over 30,000 men. It consisted of the
1530:
they built airfields, naval bases and anchorages. These bases helped protect
1491:
Before the war, Bougainville had been administered as part of the Australian
129:
116:
2664:
2651:
2399:
1338:
383:
371:
359:
347:
187:
4137:
1709:
758:
4091:. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. pp. 232–251.
2391:
February to 15 May – a total of 7,410 tons by almost 9,400 sorties."
2154:, as well as the death of Kagawa. No hits were scored on Burke's vessels.
27:
World War II land battle in the Pacific between Allied and Japanese forces
2293:
On 15 February, Wilkinson landed a contingent of New Zealanders from the
1672:
1647:
Map depicting the locations of key battles on Bougainville during 1944–45
1472:
4465:. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. pp. 51–76.
4424:
Japanese Army in World War II: The South Pacific and New Guinea, 1942–43
2672:
island's civilian population. Of the civilian population, according to
2213:. The 37th Division (Army), was then placed under Griswold's XIV Corps.
594:
3957:. The Army Air Forces in World War II. U.S. Office of Air Force History
3934:
The Unnecessary War: Island Campaigns of the South-West Pacific 1944–45
2809:
Rottman 2005, pp. 70–72; Gailey 1991, p. 211 and Long 1963, pp. 102–103
2425:
2383:
2315:
forces of the Japanese Navy, was reduced to a third-rate barge depot."
2311:
2283:
2256:
2046:
2010:
2574:
2382:
that had been bombarding all three American airstrips was silenced by
2327:
The Japanese counterattack on Bougainville between 9 and 17 March 1944
4512:
Japanese Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area, Volume II – Part I
4491:. The MacMillan Wars of the United States. New York: MacMillan, Inc.
3954:
Vol. IV, The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan, August 1942 to July 1944
2440:
2170:
1531:
4382:
Peatross, Oscar F. (1995). John P. McCarthy; John Clayborne (eds.).
2387:
drove the Japanese off of Hill 260, and the battle came to a close.
3873:
Leatherneck Legends: Conversations With the Marine Corps' Old Breed
1723:, although the target was uncertain. The commander of the Japanese
4649:
Battles and operations of World War II involving the United States
2650:
2573:
2459:
2398:
2225:
2136:
to intercept. The encounter resulted in the sinking of destroyers
2094:
1996:
1848:
1642:
4634:
Battles and operations of World War II involving Papua New Guinea
1966:
A second raid was launched on 11 November with aircraft from the
1780:, Allied planners were unable to gain valuable intelligence from
1604:. Naval command at Rabaul was the responsibility of Vice Admiral
4070:
The Hard Slog: Australians in the Bougainville Campaign, 1944–45
2579:
4247:. History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps
3913:"Top of the Ladder: Marine Operations in the Northern Solomons"
2818:
Shaw 1963, p. 281, Lofgren 1993, p. 32, and Gailey 1991, p. 210
2117:
casualties. The Marines silenced these guns the following day.
2079:. A Japanese ambush in the area resulted in the 13–14 November
900:
762:
598:
4562:
Lightning Over Bougainville: The Yamamoto Mission Reconsidered
1814:. Vandegrift's force, a total of 14,321 men, consisted of the
4026:
From Makin to Bougainville: Marine Raiders in the Pacific War
2439:
to work growing food. Allied pilots took delight in dropping
4241:"Time of the Aces: Marine Pilots in the Solomons, 1942–1944"
3324:
3322:
3195:
3193:
2723:
from 1944 to 1946, was named for the Bougainville campaign.
2120:
On 25 November, as the Battle of Piva Forks was ending, the
1772:, one of the major islands in the Solomons chain. Unlike on
1696:, so operations were nominally under the command of General
4203:
The Second World War and its Australian Army Battle Honours
2779:
Shaw 1963, p. 246; Lofgren 1993, p. 27; Gailey 1991, p. 191
1896:, immediately embarked 1,000 troops from the II Battalion,
4639:
Battles and operations of World War II involving Australia
4266:
United States Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific
4005:. Lexington, Kentucky, USA: University Press of Kentucky.
1802:. The ships under Wilkinson's command would disembark the
4291:
History of United States Naval Operations in World War II
2038:
On their way north, the bluejackets topside in destroyer
1495:, even though geographically Bougainville is part of the
4583:. Brisbane, Queensland: University of Queensland Press.
4072:. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press.
2054:
commanding officer on the bridge, and then shot himself.
4447:
History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II
3936:. South Melbourne: The MacMillan Company of Australia.
2998:
2996:
2026:. In conjunction with the landing forces, the Japanese
4644:
Battles and operations of World War II involving Japan
3972:"Bougainville: The Amphibious Assault Enters Maturity"
3919:. Marine Corps History and Museums Division. p. 1
3603:
3601:
3555:
3553:
1479:
and south towards the main Japanese stronghold around
4409:. Historical Branch, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps
3979:
Naval War College Review, Winter 1997, Vol. L, No. 1
3852:
Touched with Fire: The Land War in the South Pacific
4205:. East Roseville, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press.
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
1635:had responsibility for the island south of Tarina.
4484:
4422:Rottman, Gordon L. (2005). Duncan Anderson (ed.).
4310:
3870:
3828:
2895:Murray 2001, p. 169–195, Spector 1985, pp. 152–153
2181:that lasted from 9–27 December. One hill, dubbed "
4384:Bless 'em All: The Raider Marines of World War II
3831:Fire in the Sky: The Air War in the South Pacific
2632:. The concentration was not complete until July.
1510:During their occupation the Japanese constructed
4028:. Marine Corps Historical Center. Archived from
4003:Bougainville, 1943–1945: The Forgotten Campaign
2346:. One of the units in Hyakutake's command, the
2176:In November and December the Japanese emplaced
2036:
1915:, in which the Japanese lost the light cruiser
1860:
41:
4515:. Reports of General MacArthur. Archived from
4313:A War To Be Won: Fighting the Second World War
2044:were goggle-eyed at an exhibition of Japanese
1432:was a series of land and naval battles of the
4507:United States Army Center of Military History
4309:Murray, Williamson; Allan R. Millett (2001).
4153:United States Army Center of Military History
4050:"The Final Campaigns: Bougainville 1944–1945"
3951:Craven, Wesley Frank; James Lea Cate (1951).
2451:Australian phase: November 1944 – August 1945
1576:between the United States, Australia and the
1409:
912:
774:
610:
8:
4359:Volume II – Air War Against Japan, 1943–1945
4245:Marines in World War II Commemorative Series
2855:Australian Department of Veteran's Affairs.
2787:
2785:
2749:26,400 deaths from disease and malnutrition.
1664:, this "was the one and only reason why the
4317:. United States of America: Belknap Press.
4151:. The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II.
3462:
3460:
3093:
3091:
3089:
2947:
2945:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2683:were awarded during the campaign. Corporal
1619:occupied Bougainville and consisted of the
4684:United States Marine Corps in World War II
4679:South West Pacific theatre of World War II
4581:War in the Shadows: Bougainville 1944–1945
3534:
3532:
3530:
2443:on these garden plots whenever possible."
2407:gathered in front of a Japanese dugout on
2169:Under extremely difficult conditions, the
2124:took place in the waters between Buka and
1684:became known as Operation Cherry Blossom.
1416:
1402:
1301:
930:South West Pacific theatre of World War II
919:
905:
897:
781:
767:
759:
617:
603:
595:
64:
38:
4463:Australia 1944–45: Victory in the Pacific
4341:. Canberra: ANU Press. pp. 168–198.
4089:Australia 1944–45: Victory in the Pacific
2104:Bougainville. Instead, he reinforced the
1830:, and the Advance Naval Base Unit No. 7.
4441:Shaw, Henry I.; Douglas T. Kane (1963).
4403:"Bougainville and the Northern Solomons"
3744:"Casualty Details: Sefanaia Sukanaivalu"
2322:
2217:January–February 1944: encircling Rabaul
2194:which was captured by 24 December 1943.
2001:Landing craft circling off Cape Torokina
1950:, launched from Sherman's fleet carrier
1731:, flying his flag aboard the battleship
2772:
2737:
1315:
1304:
73:soldiers hunt Japanese infiltrators on
4132:. Melbourne: Grayflower Publications.
3484:Miller 1959, Chapter XVII, footnote 36
2827:Tanaka 1980; Lofgren 1993; James 2016.
2009:, with many casualties resulting from
1988:November 1943: expanding the beachhead
4674:Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II
4110:. Botley, Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
3797:Dictionary of American Fighting Ships
2977:
2975:
2513:) under the command of Major General
2431:The Americans were reinforced by the
2286:on the northern tip of the island of
2165:December 1943: securing the perimeter
2099:Antiaircraft gunners at Cape Torokina
89:1 November 1943 – 21 August 1945
7:
4262:"Cartwheel: The Reduction of Rabaul"
3746:. Commonwealth War Graves Commission
2468:patrol on Bougainville, January 1945
4108:The Australian Army in World War II
3495:"African-Americans in World War II"
3142:Craven and Cate (1951), pp. 260–261
2319:March 1944: Japanese counterattack
2075:Turnage assigned this task to the
1853:Landing beaches near Cape Torokina
1818:(reinforced), under Major General
1760:, were occupied 27 October by the
1541:In March–April 1942, the Japanese
1385:Autonomous Bougainville Government
695:Hellzapoppin Ridge & Hill 600A
25:
4609:Autonomous Region of Bougainville
4564:. Smithsonian Institution Press.
4364:Australia in the War of 1939–1945
4183:Australia in the War of 1939–1945
3917:World War II Commemorative series
2906:"Kahili Airfield (Buin Airfield)"
1933:Bombing of Rabaul (November 1943)
1370:Territory of Papua and New Guinea
4443:"Volume II: Isolation of Rabaul"
4338:Bougainville before the conflict
4178:Volume VII – The Final Campaigns
2908:. Pacific Wrecks. Archived from
1592:. Hyukatake reported to General
1323:
1206:Philippines campaign (1944–1945)
943:Philippines campaign (1941–1942)
518:
498:
486:
473:
460:
448:
436:
424:
406:
394:
382:
370:
358:
346:
334:
322:
310:
298:
285:
272:
260:
248:
224:
208:
194:
180:
167:
32:For the 1988–1998 conflict, see
4426:. Oxford and New York: Osprey.
4155:. CMH Pub 72-10. Archived from
2537:Australian offensive operations
2257:Air Command, Solomons (AirSols)
1907:At the same time, Rear Admiral
1871:From the difficult landings at
1467:The campaign took place in the
42:Bougainville campaign (1943–45)
18:Bougainville campaign (1943-45)
4286:Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier
3124:Craven and Cate (1951), p. 260
2857:"In the Shadows: Bougainville"
2363:49th Coast Artillery Battalion
2019:US Army 37th Infantry Division
1375:Republic of the North Solomons
1:
3981:. p. 418. Archived from
2171:Naval Construction Battalions
1913:Battle of Empress Augusta Bay
1806:, commanded by Major General
1688:Preparations for the landings
1600:, headquartered at Rabaul on
4145:Lofgren, Stephen J. (1993).
2641:dropping of the atomic bombs
2637:Battle of the Hongorai River
2268:Capture of the Green Islands
1845:First day: 1–2 November 1943
1692:Bougainville lay within the
1448:, named after the island of
2687:of Fiji received the award
2661:Empire of Japan surrendered
2597:Battle of Porton Plantation
2464:Australian troops from the
2274:Battle of the Green Islands
2191:attacked Hellzapoppin Ridge
2081:Battle of the Coconut Grove
2024:Battle of Koromokina Lagoon
1938:no heavy cruisers oppose a
1721:capture of the New Georgias
105:(geographically part of the
4700:
4532:Zaloga, Steven J. (2007).
4220:McGee, William L. (2002).
4130:South West Pacific 1941–45
4055:. University of Wollongong
3850:Bergerud, Eric M. (1997).
3827:Bergerud, Eric M. (2001).
2333:Bougainville counterattack
2330:
2271:
2233:
2230:Air raid in Simpson Harbor
2222:Aerial reduction of Rabaul
1930:
1837:
967:Dutch East Indies campaign
31:
4560:Hall, R. Cargill (1991).
4407:USMC Historical Monograph
4260:Miller, John Jr. (1959).
4239:Mersky, Peter B. (1993).
4201:Maitland, Gordon (1999).
4001:Gailey, Harry A. (1991).
3970:Fuquea, David C. (1997).
3595:Johnston 2007, pp. 30–31.
3409:Morison 1958, pp. 428–429
3391:Morison 1958, pp. 425–426
3364:Morison 1958, pp. 418–419
3355:Morison 1958, pp. 415–416
3346:Morison 1958, pp. 413–414
3337:Morison 1958, pp. 396–403
3328:Morison 1958, pp. 394–395
3316:Morison 1958, pp. 393–394
3253:Morison 1958, pp. 361–362
3235:Tanaka 1980, pp. 256–257.
3226:Morison 1958, pp. 353–358
3208:Morison 1958, pp. 348–349
3199:Morison 1958, pp. 347–348
3133:Morison 1958, pp. 323–328
3106:Morison 1958, pp. 305–306
3056:Morison 1958, pp. 298–299
3029:Morison 1958, pp. 293–296
3011:Miller 1959, pp. 233–248.
2981:Morison 1958, pp. 280–281
2969:Morison 1958, pp. 283–284
2350:under Lieutenant General
2122:Battle of Cape St. George
2072:I Marine Amphibious Corps
2070:took over command of the
1840:Landings at Cape Torokina
1834:Landings at Cape Torokina
1804:I Marine Amphibious Corps
1682:landings at Cape Torokina
1598:Japanese Eighth Area Army
1505:Solomon Islands campaigns
938:
800:
792:Solomon Islands campaign
636:
565:
533:
238:
157:
81:
63:
46:
4624:1945 in Papua New Guinea
4619:1944 in Papua New Guinea
4614:1943 in Papua New Guinea
4020:Hoffman, Jon T. (1995).
3932:Charlton, Peter (1983).
3911:Chapin, John C. (1997).
2618:Battle of Slater's Knoll
1766:3rd New Zealand Division
1756:, just southwest of the
1184:Neutralisation of Rabaul
1050:Solomon Islands campaign
886:Neutralisation of Rabaul
545:30,000 Australian troops
49:Solomon Islands campaign
4629:Territory of New Guinea
4579:Medcalf, Peter (2000).
4401:Rentz, John N. (1946).
4368:Australian War Memorial
4356:Odgers, George (1968).
4187:Australian War Memorial
4106:Johnston, Mark (2007).
3877:. Zenith Publications.
3697:Long 1963, pp. 226–237.
3652:Long 1963, pp. 217–240.
2499:Australian 3rd Division
2493:Lieutenant General Sir
2418:132nd Infantry Regiment
2369:Battle of the Perimeter
2201:, led by Major General
1812:campaign on Guadalcanal
1623:and the III Battalion,
1588:, commanded by General
1547:1st Independent Company
1493:Territory of New Guinea
1390:Independence referendum
1365:Allied counter-invasion
1317:History of Bougainville
542:144,000 American troops
292:Alexander A. Vandegrift
103:Territory of New Guinea
4534:Japanese Tanks 1939–45
3679:Gailey 1991, pp. 202–5
3634:Gailey 1991, pp. 207–8
3577:Gailey 1991, pp. 193–4
3538:Long 1963. pp. 102–103
3244:Rentz 1946, pp. 71–77.
2656:
2589:Battle of Tsimba Ridge
2583:
2531:Fiji Infantry Regiment
2469:
2433:93rd Infantry Division
2412:
2328:
2299:Harold E. Barrowclough
2236:Pacification of Rabaul
2231:
2100:
2056:
2028:23rd Infantry Regiment
2002:
1927:Carrier raid on Rabaul
1898:54th Infantry Regiment
1869:
1854:
1826:, under Major General
1824:37th Infantry Division
1694:Southwest Pacific Area
1652:Choice of Bougainville
1648:
1625:53rd Infantry Regiment
1621:81st Infantry Regiment
1578:Southwest Pacific Area
1574:lines of communication
1543:landed on Bougainville
239:Commanders and leaders
4487:Eagle Against the Sun
4282:Morison, Samuel Eliot
3782:Charlton 1983, p. 170
3764:Maitland 1999, p. 121
3706:Maitland 1999, p. 124
3568:James 2012, pp. 9, 28
3289:Rentz 1946, pp. 84–85
3271:Rentz 1946, pp. 83–84
3262:Rentz 1946, pp. 73–74
3178:Rentz 1946, pp. 40–45
2791:Shaw 1963, pp. 185–86
2654:
2577:
2564:Battle of Pearl Ridge
2463:
2402:
2348:6th Infantry Division
2326:
2229:
2098:
2064:Battle for Piva Trail
2000:
1894:Japanese Eighth Fleet
1852:
1646:
1430:Bougainville campaign
1380:Bougainville conflict
628:Bougainville campaign
566:Casualties and losses
555:45,000–65,000 troops
279:Theodore S. Wilkinson
34:Bougainville conflict
4224:. BMC Publications.
4068:James, Karl (2012).
4048:James, Karl (2005).
3892:Carey, John (2002).
3547:Tanaka 1980, p. 275.
3515:Morison 1958, p. 431
3454:Morison 1958, p. 406
3445:Morison 1958, p. 430
3436:Morison 1958, p. 429
3427:Morison 1958, p. 425
3418:Lofgren 1993, p. 27.
3400:Tanaka 1980, p. 257.
3382:Morison 1958, p. 407
3373:Morison 1958, p. 405
3307:Morison 1958, p. 364
3217:Morison 1958, p. 352
3187:Morison 1958, p. 345
3169:Morison 1958, p. 341
3083:Morison 1958, p. 304
3074:Morison 1958, p. 303
3065:Morison 1958, p. 299
3047:Morison 1958, p. 289
3038:Miller 1959, p. 244.
3002:Morison 1958, p. 284
2990:Morison 1958, p. 282
2960:Morison 1958, p. 281
2939:Morison 1958, p. 394
2863:on 25 September 2006
2836:Miller 1959, p. 234.
2685:Sefanaia Sukanaivalu
2297:under Major General
2209:under Major General
2114:Battle of Piva Forks
2077:21st Marine Regiment
1948:resulting air strike
1944:Frederick C. Sherman
1810:, victor of the land
1808:Alexander Vandegrift
1662:Samuel Eliot Morison
1627:under Major General
1610:Southeast Area Fleet
1162:New Britain campaign
4669:Operation Cartwheel
3869:Camp, Dick (2006).
3733:Nelson 2015, p. 196
3715:Gailey 1991, p. 211
3670:Gailey 1991, p. 202
3661:Gailey 1991, p. 201
3625:Gailey 1991, p. 199
3607:Gailey 1991, p. 197
3559:Gailey 1991, p. 191
3524:Gailey 1991, p. 185
3497:. The History Place
3475:Gailey 1991, p. 171
3115:Gailey 1991, p. 83.
3097:Tanaka 1980, p. 73.
3020:Shindo 2016, p. 61.
2951:Tanaka 1980, p. 72.
2930:James 2016, p. 234.
2886:Keogh 1965, p. 414.
2479:Australian II Corps
2456:Strategic decisions
2112:The 18–25 November
2015:3rd Marine Division
1892:, Commander of the
1828:Robert S. Beightler
1816:3rd Marine Division
1708:, headquartered at
1677:Empress Augusta Bay
1658:Operation Cartwheel
1617:17th Infantry Group
1596:, commander of the
1590:Harukichi Hyakutake
1487:Japanese occupation
1454:Operation Cartwheel
1169:Operation Cartwheel
1079:New Guinea campaign
852:New Georgia Islands
660:Empress Augusta Bay
443:Harukichi Hyakutake
317:Robert S. Beightler
126: /
4519:on 25 January 2008
4481:Spector, Ronald H.
3835:. Westview Press.
3803:on 7 November 2012
3724:James 2012, p. 266
3616:Keogh 1965, p. 421
3586:Keogh 1965, p. 416
3466:Keogh 1965, p. 415
3151:Rentz 1946, p. 77.
2657:
2584:
2515:William Bridgeford
2470:
2413:
2344:Tomoshige Samejima
2329:
2232:
2101:
2003:
1956:and light carrier
1919:and the destroyer
1890:Tomoshige Samejima
1855:
1822:, the U.S. Army's
1794:Theodore Wilkinson
1649:
1631:. Elements of the
1586:Japanese 17th Army
1566:airfield at Kahili
1355:Australian mandate
1106:Nassau Bay Landing
589:18,500–21,500 dead
480:Tomoshige Samejima
401:H. E. Barrowclough
389:William Bridgeford
71:United States Army
4664:Conflicts in 1945
4659:Conflicts in 1944
4654:Conflicts in 1943
4590:978-0-702-23144-5
4543:978-1-84603-091-8
4472:978-1-107-08346-2
4159:on 3 January 2012
4148:Northern Solomons
4117:978-1-84603-123-6
4098:978-1-107-08346-2
4079:978-1-107-01732-0
4053:(PhD thesis; pdf)
4035:on 9 January 2007
3884:978-0-7603-2157-7
3773:Long 1963, p. 236
3688:Long 1963, p. 222
3643:Long 1963, p. 234
3298:Rentz 1946, p. 87
3280:Rentz 1946, p. 84
3160:Rentz 1946, p. 53
2845:Rentz 1946, p. 1.
2517:, as well as the
2376:The Counterattack
2280:Admiralty Islands
2240:Torokina Airfield
2207:Americal Division
2203:Oscar W. Griswold
1883:Japanese response
1762:8th Brigade Group
1702:William F. Halsey
1698:Douglas MacArthur
1559:Shortland Islands
1528:Shortland Islands
1469:Northern Solomons
1452:. It was part of
1426:
1425:
1360:Japanese invasion
1299:
1298:
1199:Wide Bay–Open Bay
1121:Admiralty Islands
894:
893:
858:Northern Solomons
804:Southern Solomons
756:
755:
743:Porton Plantation
709:2nd Cape Torokina
665:Koromokina Lagoon
655:1st Cape Torokina
641:Japanese Invasion
593:
592:
341:Oscar W. Griswold
267:William F. Halsey
255:Douglas MacArthur
153:
152:
130:6.133°S 155.300°E
16:(Redirected from
4691:
4594:
4575:
4547:
4528:
4526:
4524:
4502:
4490:
4476:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4437:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4397:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4352:
4328:
4316:
4305:
4294:. Castle Books.
4277:
4275:
4273:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4235:
4216:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4141:
4121:
4102:
4083:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4054:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4034:
4016:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3987:
3976:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3947:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3907:
3888:
3876:
3865:
3846:
3834:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3799:. Archived from
3789:
3783:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3765:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3725:
3722:
3716:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3698:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3671:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3626:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3596:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3548:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3525:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3455:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3428:
3425:
3419:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3317:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3188:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3084:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3048:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2991:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2970:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2940:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2859:. Archived from
2852:
2846:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2792:
2789:
2780:
2777:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2742:
2681:Victoria Crosses
2495:Stanley Savige's
2250:George C. Kenney
1820:Allen H. Turnage
1788:Forces allocated
1754:Treasury Islands
1747:Marshall Islands
1706:U.S. Third Fleet
1671:The area around
1434:Pacific campaign
1418:
1411:
1404:
1327:
1302:
1067:Treasury Islands
933:
931:
921:
914:
907:
898:
864:Treasury Islands
846:Central Solomons
795:
793:
783:
776:
769:
760:
631:
629:
619:
612:
605:
596:
523:
522:
513:
503:
502:
491:
490:
482:
478:
477:
465:
464:
453:
452:
441:
440:
429:
428:
411:
410:
399:
398:
387:
386:
375:
374:
363:
362:
351:
350:
339:
338:
327:
326:
315:
314:
305:Allen H. Turnage
303:
302:
294:
290:
289:
277:
276:
265:
264:
253:
252:
234:
230:
228:
227:
213:
212:
211:
204:
200:
198:
197:
186:
184:
183:
173:
171:
170:
141:
140:
138:
137:
136:
131:
127:
124:
123:
122:
119:
83:
82:
68:
39:
21:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4591:
4578:
4572:
4559:
4555:
4553:Further reading
4550:
4544:
4531:
4522:
4520:
4505:
4499:
4479:
4473:
4460:
4451:
4449:
4440:
4434:
4421:
4412:
4410:
4400:
4394:
4381:
4372:
4370:
4355:
4349:
4331:
4325:
4308:
4302:
4280:
4271:
4269:
4259:
4250:
4248:
4238:
4232:
4219:
4213:
4200:
4191:
4189:
4171:
4162:
4160:
4144:
4124:
4118:
4105:
4099:
4086:
4080:
4067:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4019:
4013:
4000:
3991:
3989:
3988:on 26 June 2015
3985:
3974:
3969:
3960:
3958:
3950:
3944:
3931:
3922:
3920:
3910:
3904:
3896:. Authorhouse.
3891:
3885:
3868:
3862:
3849:
3843:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3816:
3806:
3804:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3749:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3558:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3500:
3498:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2912:on 14 June 2012
2904:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2876:
2866:
2864:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2795:
2790:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2717: (CVE-100)
2706:
2697:Frank Partridge
2649:
2609:
2572:
2560:
2539:
2491:
2458:
2453:
2411:on Bougainville
2397:
2371:
2340:
2335:
2321:
2276:
2270:
2246:
2234:Main articles:
2224:
2219:
2178:field artillery
2167:
2093:
1995:
1990:
1935:
1929:
1909:Stanton Merrill
1885:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1790:
1690:
1654:
1641:
1639:Allied planning
1594:Hitoshi Imamura
1555:Bonis Peninsula
1497:Solomon Islands
1489:
1477:Bonis Peninsula
1446:Empire of Japan
1444:forces and the
1422:
1311:
1300:
1295:
1250:Borneo campaign
1179:Cape Gloucester
934:
929:
927:
925:
895:
890:
796:
791:
789:
787:
757:
752:
685:Cape St. George
632:
627:
625:
623:
586:
561:
551:
529:
517:
509:
497:
485:
472:
471:
459:
447:
435:
431:Hitoshi Imamura
423:
417:
413:Robert Amos Row
405:
393:
381:
369:
357:
345:
333:
321:
309:
297:
284:
283:
271:
259:
247:
225:
223:
222:
219:
209:
207:
195:
193:
192:
181:
179:
168:
166:
135:-6.133; 155.300
134:
132:
128:
125:
120:
117:
115:
113:
112:
111:
108:Solomon Islands
106:
69:
53:Pacific Theater
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4697:
4695:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4595:
4589:
4576:
4570:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4542:
4529:
4503:
4497:
4477:
4471:
4458:
4438:
4432:
4419:
4398:
4392:
4379:
4353:
4347:
4329:
4323:
4306:
4300:
4278:
4257:
4236:
4230:
4217:
4211:
4198:
4169:
4142:
4126:Keogh, Eustace
4122:
4116:
4103:
4097:
4084:
4078:
4065:
4045:
4022:"Bougainville"
4017:
4011:
3998:
3967:
3948:
3942:
3929:
3908:
3902:
3889:
3883:
3866:
3860:
3847:
3841:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3793:"Bougainville"
3784:
3775:
3766:
3757:
3735:
3726:
3717:
3708:
3699:
3690:
3681:
3672:
3663:
3654:
3645:
3636:
3627:
3618:
3609:
3597:
3588:
3579:
3570:
3561:
3549:
3540:
3526:
3517:
3508:
3486:
3477:
3468:
3456:
3447:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3411:
3402:
3393:
3384:
3375:
3366:
3357:
3348:
3339:
3330:
3318:
3309:
3300:
3291:
3282:
3273:
3264:
3255:
3246:
3237:
3228:
3219:
3210:
3201:
3189:
3180:
3171:
3162:
3153:
3144:
3135:
3126:
3117:
3108:
3099:
3085:
3076:
3067:
3058:
3049:
3040:
3031:
3022:
3013:
3004:
2992:
2983:
2971:
2962:
2953:
2941:
2932:
2923:
2897:
2888:
2874:
2847:
2838:
2829:
2820:
2811:
2793:
2781:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2751:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2710:escort carrier
2708:The U.S. Navy
2705:
2702:
2648:
2645:
2622:banzai charges
2608:
2607:Southern front
2605:
2571:
2570:Northern front
2568:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2538:
2535:
2490:
2487:
2475:Leyte landings
2466:42nd Battalion
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2405:Marine Raiders
2396:
2393:
2370:
2367:
2352:Masatane Kanda
2339:
2336:
2331:Main article:
2320:
2317:
2272:Main article:
2269:
2266:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2166:
2163:
2159:raid on Koiari
2092:
2089:
2007:jungle warfare
1994:
1993:Early November
1991:
1989:
1986:
1931:Main article:
1928:
1925:
1884:
1881:
1846:
1843:
1838:Main article:
1835:
1832:
1789:
1786:
1725:Combined Fleet
1689:
1686:
1653:
1650:
1640:
1637:
1606:Jinichi Kusaka
1570:Ballale Island
1516:Tonolei Harbor
1488:
1485:
1458:grand strategy
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1342:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1233:2nd Corregidor
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1116:Huon Peninsula
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1041:2nd Balikpapan
1038:
1033:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
987:
986:
984:1st Balikpapan
981:
970:
969:
963:
962:
960:1st Corregidor
957:
952:
946:
945:
939:
936:
935:
926:
924:
923:
916:
909:
901:
892:
891:
889:
888:
882:
881:
876:
871:
866:
860:
859:
855:
854:
848:
847:
843:
842:
831:
824:
817:
812:
806:
805:
801:
798:
797:
788:
786:
785:
778:
771:
763:
754:
753:
751:
750:
745:
740:
738:Hongorai River
735:
733:Slater's Knoll
730:
724:
723:
721:
717:
716:
711:
705:
704:
702:
698:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
651:
650:
648:
644:
643:
637:
634:
633:
624:
622:
621:
614:
607:
599:
591:
590:
587:
585:
584:
581:
578:
575:
574:United States:
571:
568:
567:
563:
562:
560:
559:
554:
552:
550:
549:
546:
543:
539:
536:
535:
531:
530:
528:
527:
525:Masatane Kanda
515:
495:
483:
469:
467:Jinichi Kusaka
457:
445:
433:
420:
418:
416:
415:
403:
391:
379:
367:
365:Stanley Savige
355:
343:
331:
319:
307:
295:
281:
269:
257:
244:
241:
240:
236:
235:
220:
218:
217:
205:
190:
177:
163:
160:
159:
155:
154:
151:
150:
149:Allied victory
147:
143:
142:
97:
95:
91:
90:
87:
79:
78:
77:in March 1944.
61:
60:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4696:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4592:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4545:
4539:
4535:
4530:
4518:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4498:0-02-930360-5
4494:
4489:
4488:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4464:
4459:
4448:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4433:1-84176-870-7
4429:
4425:
4420:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4395:
4393:0-9652325-0-6
4389:
4385:
4380:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4354:
4350:
4348:9781921934247
4344:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4324:0-674-00680-1
4320:
4315:
4314:
4307:
4303:
4301:0-7858-1307-1
4297:
4293:
4292:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4267:
4263:
4258:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4233:
4231:0-9701678-7-3
4227:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4212:0-86417-975-8
4208:
4204:
4199:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4170:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4071:
4066:
4051:
4046:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4014:
4012:0-8131-9047-9
4008:
4004:
3999:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3968:
3956:
3955:
3949:
3945:
3943:0-333-35628-4
3939:
3935:
3930:
3918:
3914:
3909:
3905:
3903:1-4033-6720-5
3899:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3875:
3874:
3867:
3863:
3861:0-14-024696-7
3857:
3853:
3848:
3844:
3842:0-8133-3869-7
3838:
3833:
3832:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3685:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3157:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3008:
3005:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2927:
2924:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2766:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2731:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2711:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2653:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2581:
2576:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2558:Central front
2557:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2511:29th Brigades
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2467:
2462:
2455:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2410:
2409:Cape Torokina
2406:
2401:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2334:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2244:Piva Airfield
2241:
2237:
2228:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2211:John R. Hodge
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2134:Arleigh Burke
2131:
2130:Kiyoto Kagawa
2127:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2097:
2091:Late November
2090:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2068:Roy S. Geiger
2065:
2061:
2060:Marine Raider
2058:Parts of two
2055:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1902:Sentaro Omori
1899:
1895:
1891:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1866:
1859:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1799:George Clymer
1795:
1792:Rear Admiral
1787:
1785:
1783:
1782:coastwatchers
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1729:Mineichi Koga
1726:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1714:New Caledonia
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1673:Cape Torokina
1669:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1645:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:coastwatchers
1548:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1462:South Pacific
1459:
1456:, the Allied
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1345:German colony
1343:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1223:Lingayen Gulf
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1194:Jacquinot Bay
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1006:Badung Strait
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
975:
972:
971:
968:
965:
964:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
944:
941:
940:
937:
932:
922:
917:
915:
910:
908:
903:
902:
899:
887:
884:
883:
880:
879:Green Islands
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
857:
856:
853:
850:
849:
845:
844:
841:
840:
836:
832:
830:
829:
825:
823:
822:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
807:
803:
802:
799:
794:
784:
779:
777:
772:
770:
765:
764:
761:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
722:
719:
718:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
703:
700:
699:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
675:Coconut Grove
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
652:
649:
646:
645:
642:
639:
638:
635:
630:
620:
615:
613:
608:
606:
601:
600:
597:
588:
582:
579:
576:
573:
572:
570:
569:
564:
557:
556:
553:
547:
544:
541:
540:
538:
537:
532:
526:
521:
516:
514:
512:
506:
505:Kiyoto Kagawa
501:
496:
494:
493:Sentaro Omori
489:
484:
481:
476:
470:
468:
463:
458:
456:
455:Mineichi Koga
451:
446:
444:
439:
434:
432:
427:
422:
421:
419:
414:
409:
404:
402:
397:
392:
390:
385:
380:
378:
373:
368:
366:
361:
356:
354:
353:Thomas Blamey
349:
344:
342:
337:
332:
330:
329:Roy S. Geiger
325:
320:
318:
313:
308:
306:
301:
296:
293:
288:
282:
280:
275:
270:
268:
263:
258:
256:
251:
246:
245:
243:
242:
237:
233:
221:
216:
206:
203:
191:
189:
178:
176:
175:United States
165:
164:
162:
161:
156:
148:
145:
144:
139:
109:
104:
100:
96:
93:
92:
88:
85:
84:
80:
76:
72:
67:
62:
58:
54:
50:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
4580:
4561:
4533:
4521:. Retrieved
4517:the original
4511:
4486:
4462:
4450:. Retrieved
4446:
4423:
4411:. Retrieved
4406:
4383:
4371:. Retrieved
4366:. Canberra:
4358:
4337:
4333:Nelson, Hank
4312:
4289:
4288:, vol. 6 of
4285:
4270:. Retrieved
4265:
4249:. Retrieved
4244:
4221:
4202:
4190:. Retrieved
4185:. Canberra:
4177:
4161:. Retrieved
4157:the original
4147:
4129:
4107:
4088:
4069:
4057:. Retrieved
4037:. Retrieved
4030:the original
4025:
4002:
3990:. Retrieved
3983:the original
3978:
3959:. Retrieved
3953:
3933:
3921:. Retrieved
3916:
3893:
3872:
3851:
3830:
3805:. Retrieved
3801:the original
3796:
3787:
3778:
3769:
3760:
3748:. Retrieved
3738:
3729:
3720:
3711:
3702:
3693:
3684:
3675:
3666:
3657:
3648:
3639:
3630:
3621:
3612:
3591:
3582:
3573:
3564:
3543:
3520:
3511:
3499:. Retrieved
3489:
3480:
3471:
3450:
3441:
3432:
3423:
3414:
3405:
3396:
3387:
3378:
3369:
3360:
3351:
3342:
3333:
3312:
3303:
3294:
3285:
3276:
3267:
3258:
3249:
3240:
3231:
3222:
3213:
3204:
3183:
3174:
3165:
3156:
3147:
3138:
3129:
3120:
3111:
3102:
3079:
3070:
3061:
3052:
3043:
3034:
3025:
3016:
3007:
2986:
2965:
2956:
2935:
2926:
2914:. Retrieved
2910:the original
2900:
2891:
2865:. Retrieved
2861:the original
2850:
2841:
2832:
2823:
2814:
2775:
2754:
2746:Bougainville
2740:
2715:Bougainville
2714:
2707:
2689:posthumously
2678:
2670:
2658:
2634:
2614:
2610:
2601:Ratsua front
2593:
2585:
2561:
2540:
2527:
2523:23rd Brigade
2519:11th Brigade
2492:
2483:
2471:
2445:
2437:
2430:
2422:pole charges
2414:
2389:
2380:
2372:
2360:
2356:
2341:
2338:Preparations
2306:
2303:
2295:3rd Division
2292:
2277:
2254:
2247:
2196:
2188:21st Marines
2183:Hellzapoppin
2175:
2168:
2156:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2119:
2111:
2102:
2085:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2032:
2004:
1981:Independence
1980:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1963:beachhead.
1957:
1951:
1936:
1920:
1916:
1906:
1886:
1877:New Georgias
1870:
1861:
1856:
1797:
1791:
1778:New Georgias
1751:
1732:
1718:
1704:, Commander
1691:
1670:
1655:
1633:6th Division
1629:Kesao Kijima
1614:
1608:, commander
1582:
1563:
1540:
1509:
1490:
1466:
1450:Bougainville
1438:World War II
1429:
1427:
1364:
1276:North Borneo
1264:
1257:
1138:
1131:
1126:Aitape-Wewak
1111:Salamaua-Lae
1101:Bismarck Sea
1091:Kokoda Track
1072:Bougainville
1071:
1036:North Borneo
874:Bougainville
873:
838:
834:
827:
820:
728:Tsimba Ridge
626:
558:154 aircraft
548:728 aircraft
510:
158:Belligerents
99:Bougainville
75:Bougainville
57:World War II
47:Part of the
29:
4173:Long, Gavin
4059:12 December
4039:21 November
3854:. Penguin.
3750:26 December
2674:Hank Nelson
2288:New Ireland
2126:New Ireland
2106:Buka Island
1975:Bunker Hill
1940:bombardment
1873:Guadalcanal
1774:Guadalcanal
1739:Truk Lagoon
1602:New Britain
1536:Guadalcanal
1139:Persecution
1062:New Georgia
1057:Guadalcanal
1031:2nd Tarakan
979:1st Tarakan
815:Guadalcanal
714:Pearl Ridge
690:Koiari Raid
377:Alan Ramsay
202:New Zealand
133: /
4603:Categories
4571:1560980125
4536:. Osprey.
4523:8 December
4452:18 October
4413:18 October
4386:. Review.
4373:2 November
4272:20 October
4251:20 October
4192:2 November
4163:18 October
4033:(brochure)
3992:20 October
3961:20 October
3820:References
2867:20 October
2721:commission
2693:Reg Rattey
2647:Conclusion
2626:Shortlands
1865:cordillera
1758:Shortlands
1727:, Admiral
1501:New Guinea
1335:Prehistory
1291:Balikpapan
1218:Leyte Gulf
1026:2nd Borneo
974:1st Borneo
955:1st Bataan
680:Piva Forks
670:Piva Trail
580:Australia:
3923:30 August
2767:Citations
2732:Footnotes
2713:USS
2665:Tokyo Bay
2395:Aftermath
2199:XIV Corps
1959:Princeton
1921:Hatsukaze
1549:and some
1339:Kilu Cave
1132:Recklesss
1096:Buna–Gona
1086:Coral Sea
950:Lamon Bay
828:Vengeance
188:Australia
4483:(1985).
4284:(1958).
4175:(1963).
4128:(1965).
2704:Namesake
2628:and the
2521:and the
2489:Handover
2426:bazookas
2145:Makinami
2052:Spence's
2017:and the
1953:Saratoga
1875:and the
1776:and the
1770:Choiseul
1524:Treasury
1503:and the
1473:Torokina
1440:between
1308:a series
1306:Part of
1286:Beaufort
1243:Mindanao
1150:Noemfoor
1016:Java Sea
869:Choiseul
583:516 dead
577:727 dead
534:Strength
121:155°18′E
94:Location
4138:7185705
3807:7 April
3501:7 April
2916:7 April
2384:AirSols
2312:Kavieng
2284:Kavieng
2047:bushido
2011:malaria
1743:Gilbert
1734:Musashi
1561:group.
1460:in the
1349:details
1271:Tarakan
1238:Visayas
1189:Talasea
1155:Morotai
1001:Sumatra
511:†
51:of the
4587:
4568:
4540:
4495:
4469:
4430:
4390:
4345:
4321:
4298:
4228:
4209:
4136:
4114:
4095:
4076:
4009:
3940:
3900:
3881:
3858:
3839:
2679:Three
2630:Fauros
2580:Fijian
2550:coast.
2441:napalm
2307:PT-319
2242:, and
2151:Yugumo
2041:Spence
1917:Sendai
1710:Nouméa
1532:Rabaul
1442:Allied
1310:on the
1281:Labuan
991:Manado
810:Tulagi
748:Ratsua
507:
229:
199:
185:
172:
146:Result
3986:(PDF)
3975:(PDF)
2727:Notes
2719:, in
2403:U.S.
2261:Munda
2139:Onami
1969:Essex
1737:from
1518:near
1512:naval
1265:Semut
1228:Luzon
1213:Leyte
1174:Arawe
1011:Timor
996:Ambon
232:Japan
118:6°8′S
4585:ISBN
4566:ISBN
4538:ISBN
4525:2006
4493:ISBN
4467:ISBN
4454:2006
4428:ISBN
4415:2006
4388:ISBN
4375:2006
4343:ISBN
4319:ISBN
4296:ISBN
4274:2006
4253:2006
4226:ISBN
4207:ISBN
4194:2006
4165:2006
4134:OCLC
4112:ISBN
4093:ISBN
4074:ISBN
4061:2006
4041:2006
4007:ISBN
3994:2006
3963:2006
3938:ISBN
3925:2006
3898:ISBN
3879:ISBN
3856:ISBN
3837:ISBN
3809:2012
3752:2009
3503:2012
2918:2012
2869:2006
2759:war.
2562:The
2509:and
2507:15th
2424:and
2282:and
2148:and
1978:and
1745:and
1615:The
1564:The
1526:and
1520:Buin
1481:Buin
1428:The
1258:Agas
1145:Biak
1021:Java
837:and
821:I-Go
720:1945
701:1944
647:1943
215:Fiji
86:Date
2663:in
2503:7th
2374:as
1712:on
1666:JCS
1464:.
1436:of
4605::
4509:.
4445:.
4405:.
4362:.
4264:.
4243:.
4181:.
4024:.
3977:.
3915:.
3795:.
3600:^
3552:^
3529:^
3459:^
3321:^
3192:^
3088:^
2995:^
2974:^
2944:^
2877:^
2796:^
2784:^
2578:A
2525:.
2505:,
2481:.
2238:,
2142:,
1972:,
1923:.
1764:,
1749:.
1580:.
1507:.
839:SE
835:SO
101:,
4593:.
4574:.
4546:.
4527:.
4501:.
4475:.
4456:.
4436:.
4417:.
4396:.
4377:.
4351:.
4327:.
4304:.
4276:.
4255:.
4234:.
4215:.
4196:.
4167:.
4140:.
4120:.
4101:.
4082:.
4063:.
4043:.
4015:.
3996:.
3965:.
3946:.
3927:.
3906:.
3887:.
3864:.
3845:.
3811:.
3754:.
3505:.
2920:.
2871:.
2501:(
1417:e
1410:t
1403:v
1351:)
1347:(
1341:)
1337:(
920:e
913:t
906:v
782:e
775:t
768:v
618:e
611:t
604:v
110:)
59:)
55:(
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
