Boulton Paul Defiant - Knowledge (XXG)

638: 913: 318:, which required a two-seater day and night "turret fighter" capable of 290 miles per hour (470 km/h) at 15,000 feet (4,600 m). The aircraft was to feature a clean design, concentrating its armament within a power-operated turret, and the accepted performance was to be only slightly beneath that of other emergent fighter designs of the period, along with a sufficient fuel capacity to allow it to perform standing patrols. In particular, the powered turret was to offer considerable flexibility, possessing both a 360-degree upper hemisphere field of fire and the ability to engage enemy bombers from a range of quarters, including below the aircraft itself. Specification F.9/35 had followed the earlier Specification F.5/33, which had sought a pusher design combined with a forward-set turret; F.5/33 had been abandoned as the proposals had offered little in terms of performance gains over existing fighters, and the corresponding 1188: 683:

difficult that gunners were later provided with a special all-in-one garment, a 'parasuit', nicknamed the "rhino suit". Frederick "Gus" Platts, an air gunner who served in 230, 282 and 208 squadrons, stated: "The Rhino suit we had to wear on Defiants was a bear but I couldn't come up with an alternative, even though it killed dozens of us. I forget the details of it but we could not have sat on our chute or even keep it nearby as in other turrets, so you wore – all in one – an inner layer that fitted a little like a wetsuit of today. The chute fitted around this, and then the dinghy and the outer clothing. There was inner webbing and pockets that literally fell apart (I presume) when one bailed out".

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considerable stability, which was of particular value when using the turret. According to aviation author Michael Bowyer, the usefulness of the Defiant had suffered due to the overly long development time for the type, observing that the Defiant's service entry was delayed to such an extent that only three production aircraft had reached the RAF, and these were only for trial purposes, by the outbreak of the Second World War. Due to delays with the type entering production, there were not enough available Defiants to begin standing patrols in 1940, by which point the introduction of not only more advanced fighters but bombers as well had allegedly undermined the usefulness of the type.

570: 1416:, both Mk Is. A full-scale replica Defiant was created on site at Boulton Paul in Wolverhampton by ex-Boulton Paul engineer Jack Holmes and team at the Boulton Paul Heritage Society. More than 50,000 man hours went into its production and it was unveiled in 2003 marking 60 years since the last Defiant flew out of Pendeford (the World War II training airfield next to the Boulton Paul Factory in Wolverhampton). Due to change of ownership at the Boulton Paul site, the Defiant faced losing its home in Wolverhampton, and in 2015 was relocated to its now permanent home on display at the 1018: 1433: 1338: 465:

ordered. At the same time Boulton Paul were engaged in production of the Blackburn Roc. In December 1939, yet another 150 aircraft were ordered, raising the overall total to 513. In 1940, this rose to 563 Defiant Mk Is on order, while a further 280 were ordered under a rearranged manufacturing plan issued in mid-1940. However, the performance of the Defiant had been determined to be inadequate by this point, which led to manufacturing being sustained principally for economic reasons. A total of 713 Defiant Mk I aircraft were completed.

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from Germany. In theory, turret-armed fighters would approach an enemy bomber from below or from the side and coordinate their fire. The separation of the tasks of flying the aircraft and firing the guns would allow the pilot to concentrate on putting the fighter into the best position for the gunner to engage the enemy. However, manually-traversed turrets were viewed as increasingly inadequate to effectively respond to ever-faster hostile aircraft, thus there was considerable interest in using a power-augmented turret.

1274: 1355: 713: 862:, while also using RAF Manston as a forward base. On 24 August, nine Defiants of 264 scrambled from Manston to engage an incoming German force; in the ensuing engagement, three Ju 88s and a single Bf 109E were shot down for the loss of two Defiants. Later that same day, another cluster of bombers appeared and were engaged by seven Defiants that had been in the process of refuelling; three Ju 88s and two Bf 109Es were downed while one Defiant was in turn downed along with another damaged. 547:(FAA), it had leading edge slats and a deeper fuselage, for the lower landing speeds required of carrier aircraft. The engine would be either a Bristol Hercules radial or the Merlin. Despite the P.85's higher estimated top speed, the Blackburn Roc was selected. With Blackburn already busy producing other projects, the detail design and production of the Roc was given to Boulton Paul. Ultimately, the only use of the Defiant within the FAA was its adoption of the target tug version. 1109:, partially operating Defiant Mk Is; four more squadrons received the type within the next two months. However, six months following their introduction to the role, the Defiant had proved to be a poor choice for the role, in part due to the aircraft already been worn out by their previous service, which limited the sortie rate; other issues included its high stalling speed and wide turning radius. By the end of 1942, the Defiant had been phased out of the air-sea role. 792:, as one of the 16 squadrons that No. 11 Group had for the evacuation. On 27 May 264 Squadron claimed three He 111 and two damaged. On 28 May, shortly after take-off, 10 Defiants were attacked by about 30 Bf 109s – forming a circle, they claimed six German fighters for the loss of three Defiants. The Defiant was initially successful against enemy aircraft and its best day was 29 May, when No. 264 Squadron claimed 37 kills in two sorties: 19 Ju 87 1325: 1047:", which re-transmitted the radar's signals to simulate large formations of aircraft. As each "Moonshine" transmitter only covered part of the Freya's frequency, a formation of eight Defiants was needed, giving the appearance of over 100 aircraft. As the system required formation flying, it could only be used in daylight, where it could draw German fighters onto British fighters leaving another area relatively free for a British bombing raid. 1287: 1180: 1642: 1630: 1618: 341:(Type 305). Vickers did start on a design but did not provide it to the Air Ministry In September 1935 the Air Ministry picked Hawker, Boulton Paul and Armstrong Whitworth designs as the top three (in decreasing order); Gloster and Bristol were rejected due to their turret designs. The Air Ministry wanted several designs investigated and the production of two prototypes of each. To get this large number of aircraft, 634:

the turret directly forward and transfer firing control of the guns to the pilot, with the guns firing along each side of the cockpit canopy; this was rarely done as the turret's minimum forward elevation was 19° and the pilot did not have a gunsight, possibly because the Defiant was outfitted to perform zero deflection shooting, as were several contemporaneous designs arising from Air Ministry specifications.

271: 697: 1009:(Bristol design turret, September 1941) night fighters to test the advantages of flexible firing in nightfighting but the effect on top speed (for the Beaufighter reduced from 303 mph to 272 mph at altitude) was not acceptable and those conversions were abandoned. Further developments were considered using more powerful engines, but the idea of a Defiant replacement was finally dropped in 1942 1066:. Individual Defiants were sent to orbit positions 50 miles (80 km) off the enemy coast. By using nine aircraft a 200-mile (320-km) gap could be made in the Germans' radar coverage. 515 Squadron flew its first mission using Mandrel on the night of 5/6 December 1942, continuing to use its Defiants for jamming operations until early 1943, when it began to receive twin-engined 1074: 1312: 42: 805: 657:– which largely eliminated the need for either complex gun sights or aiming-off by eye. An elevation of +19° combined with ballistic properties of .303 (7.7mm) Brownings and the Defiant's operational speed made 'line of sight' aiming – as practised by Luftwaffe pilots – a practical proposition. This technique, applied later in the war by Germany as 437:, did not conduct its maiden flight until 14 June 1938. On 28 April 1937, an initial production order for 87 aircraft was received by Boulton Paul for the P.82; as this was prior to the first flight of the prototype, the aircraft had effectively been ordered 'off the drawing board'. The order for the rival Hotspur was cancelled in 1938. 970:

intended to illuminate attacking bombers. In the opening months of 1941, as the German night bombing campaign reached its peak, increasing numbers of Defiant night fighter-equipped squadrons became operational and commenced night patrols although, according to Bowyer, there were relatively few claims

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changed tactics, to outmanoeuvre the Defiant and attack from below or dead ahead, where the turret guns offered no defence. Defiant losses quickly mounted, particularly among the gunners, who were often unable to leave stricken aircraft. The additional weight of the turret and the second crewman plus

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structure. The fuselage was built in sections that were subsequently bolted together, a manufacturing method previously used on other Boulton Paul-designed aircraft which they thought made the riveting process easier. It was a relatively clean design and made use of a simple, weight-saving structure.

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as a "turret fighter" to meet the RAF requirement for day and night fighters that could concentrate their firepower on enemy bombers which were not expected to have fighter escorts due to the distance from Germany to the United Kingdom. The Defiant had all its armament in a dorsal turret offering the

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twin-engined heavy fighters, eight Bf 109s, and a Ju 88. One Defiant gunner was lost after he bailed out but the pilot managed to fly the aircraft back to its base and it was subsequently repaired. On 31 May, seven Defiants were lost in one day as Hurricanes and Spitfires failed to come to their aid

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to operate the Defiant. Initial training, formal squadron acceptance, and development of tactics began with other aircraft as it received its first Defiants only in early December at Martlesham Heath. In February 1940, the Defiant commenced night fighter training operations; the squadron tested its

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defensive fighter to counter the bomber threat emerged during a time in which the RAF anticipated having to defend Great Britain against massed formations of unescorted enemy bombers. The RAF did not expect bombers to be escorted by fighters because fighters would not have the range to reach the UK

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A "Special Duties Flight" was set up in May 1942 to use the new countermeasures equipment, with "Moonshine" being used for its first live test on 6 August 1942. Subsequently, it was used operationally as part of "Circuses" against coastal targets and on 19 August in support of the Dieppe Raid. The

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The Defiant's kill ratio was better than is commonly thought. In 20 days of frontline service in the Battle of Britain in July and August, 141 and 264 Squadron shot down 25 German aircraft for the loss of 17 Defiants. It was concluded that when operating against escorted bombers the Defiant should

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the following day. With these losses, the Defiant—which had been intended from the start as a day and night fighter—was transferred to night operations instead. The type had proven unsuited to the demands of the day fighter when set against the likes of the Bf 109E, and was less capable than other

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By March 1940, 264 Squadron had two flights operational with Defiants and No. 141 Squadron received its first Defiant. When the Defiant was first introduced to the public, the RAF put out a disinformation campaign, stating that the Defiant had 21 guns: four in the turret, 14 in the wings and three

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powered and automatically raised and lowered into the fuselage so that the turret could rotate freely. The Brownings were electrically fired and insulated cut-off points in the turret ring prevented the guns firing when they were pointing at the propeller disc or tailplane. The gunner could rotate

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Production orders had been prepared for the Hotspur, the initial front-running submission but Boulton Paul's turret design had gained the attention of the Air Ministry. Hawker's progress on the project had been delayed by their commitments on other aircraft programs including the more conventional

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variant, the Defiant Mk III, was developed in response to a growing demand for such a type; this model featured considerable modifications for the role, such as lacking the dorsal turret. Many of the surviving Mk I and Mk II Defiants also had their turrets removed when they were converted for the

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After trials in 1940 with the School of Army Co-operation to assess its capabilities in that role, the Defiant was tested as a high-speed gunnery trainer with the Air Ministry agreeing to continue production. The Defiant was removed from combat duties in 1942 and used for training, target towing,

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The gunner's hatch was in the rear of the turret, which had to be rotated to the side for entry and exit. There was not enough room in the turret for the gunner to wear a seat-type or back pack parachute; the parachute was stowed alongside the gunner instead. This made escape from the aircraft so

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on the first Defiant night patrol. In August, the squadron was operating both by day and night; on 15 August, the first possible nighttime success by a Defiant was recorded, and from September onwards, the squadron principally operated at night. In September, as a response to the commencement of

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The improved Defiant Mk II model was fitted with the AI Mk. IV radar and a Merlin XX engine, increasing the aircraft's performance, particularly at night time. In September 1941, 264 Squadron became the first to receive the Defiant Mk II, bringing them into operational use by mid-September. The

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The Hurricane pilots reported that the Defiants had shot down four Bf 109s. Although 264 Squadron claimed 48 kills in eight days over Dunkirk, the cost was high with 14 Defiants lost. Actual German losses were no more than 12–15 enemy aircraft; the turret's wide angle of fire meant that several

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The first Defiant prototype had not been fitted with a turret at first and had an impressive top speed. In 1940, Boulton Paul removed the turret from the prototype as a demonstrator for a fixed-gun fighter based on Defiant components. The armament offered was either 12 .303 inches (7.7 mm)

519:, was developed for this purpose; modifications included the removal of the turret, the installation of target-towing equipment, including a target stowage box and a wind-driven winch, and the addition of a winch operator under an enclosed canopy. In January 1942, the prototype Defiant TT Mk I, 464:

By January 1940, over half of the original production batch had been completed. Beyond the initial production order in April 1937, follow-on orders had been issued for the type; in February 1938, an additional 202 Defiant Mk I aircraft were ordered; three months later, another 161 aircraft were

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Completing its acceptance tests with the turret installed, the Defiant attained a top speed of 302 miles per hour (486 km/h) and subsequently was declared the victor of the turret fighter competition. Flight trials had revealed the aircraft to possess positive flight characteristics and

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fighters operating from bases in Northern France. The Defiant had been designed to destroy unescorted bombers by means of beam or ventral attacks and therefore lacked forward-firing armament, which proved to be a great weakness in daylight combat with fighters. It was withdrawn from daytime

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naval fighter. The 'Type A' turret was an electro-hydraulically powered "drop-in" unit, with a crank-operated mechanical backup. Small bombs could be housed in recesses in the outer wing. Some of the development work from the company's earlier B.1/35 tender was carried over into the P.82.

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was suitably sized for the Defiant; the first such equipped Defiants were introduced in late 1941. Later versions of the AI radar were adopted over time, such as the AI Mk VI. The need for both the Defiant (and the Hurricane) in the night fighter role petered out by 1942 as the larger

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same role. In this final target towing variant, the Defiant ended up with a number of overseas assignments with both the RAF and Fleet Air Arm in the Middle East, Africa and India. Further deployments occurred to Canada, where the Defiant was used as a target tug and trainer with the

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always be sent into battle with a top cover of Hurricanes or Spitfires so it could concentrate on its designed for role of shooting down the bombers, but this proved impractical particularly as the Defiant's radio reception (due to its underslung antenna) was relatively poor.

417:. This initial flight, piloted by Boulton Paul's chief test pilot Cecil Feather, occurred nearly a year ahead of the rival Hotspur but still without the turret. Official acceptance trials did not commence until nine months later. On 30 July 1939, the second prototype, 637: 219:(A.I.) to locate the enemy. It eventually equipped thirteen squadrons in this role, compared to just two squadrons as a day-fighter, though this was mainly due to slow initial production. In mid-1942 it was replaced by better performing night-fighters, the 749:

in a Spitfire, showing that the Defiant could defend itself by circling and keeping its speed up. It became clear during these trials that the Defiant was suited only to performing its designed for bomber-destroyer duties and was vulnerable to fighters.

912: 885:(pilot) and F. J. Barker (air gunner). They shot down two Do 17s but were then engaged by a Bf 109, which set their Defiant on fire; they managed to shoot down the German fighter before making a forced landing. For this, they were awarded a bar to the 530:

standard; roughly 150 of such conversions took place during 1943–1944. So that the type could be used to meet the growing overseas demand for target-towing aircraft, the Defiant was tropicalized, a large portion of which was the installation of large

1405:, where it was restored by the Medway Aircraft Preservation Society (MAPS). It was returned to Hendon on 6 December 2012, and was then moved from Hendon to Royal Air Force Museum Cosford in November 2016 for display in the War in the Air hangar. 556:

Browning machine guns (six per wing) or four 20 millimetres (0.79 in) Hispano cannon in place of eight of the Brownings. The guns could be depressed for ground attack. By that time, the RAF had sufficient quantities of Hawker Hurricanes and

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bomber, and had devised a four-gun power-operated turret, the concept and development work of which would later be a core part of the Defiant design. Boulton Paul had acquired a four-gun powered turret from the French SAMM company in 1935.

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had to approve the expenditure above that already allocated. Seven prototypes were ordered - one from Armstrong Whitworth, two each from Fairey, Hawker and Boulton Paul - but only the two Defiant prototypes and one Hawker were completed.

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fighters suffered losses when "bouncing" flights of Defiants from the rear, apparently mistaking them for Hurricanes. The German pilots were unaware of the Defiant's rear-firing armament and encountered concentrated defensive fire. The

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and did not require a new single-seat fighter. With a calculated top speed of about 360 miles per hour (580 km/h) at 21,700 feet (6,600 m) the P.94 was almost as fast as a contemporary Spitfire although less manoeuvrable.

1773:; two crew died and two survived to become prisoners. The aircraft later became submerged under shallow water and is the only known intact surviving Dornier 17. On 10 June 2013, it was the subject of a recovery operation by the 678:

The gunner operated the turret through a control column with the firing button on the top. The motor could be put in high speed mode for swift changes of direction and the there was a handle for manual rotation of the turret.

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During the 1930s, the increasing speed of military aircraft posed a particular challenge to anti-aircraft defences. Advances in aircraft design achieved during the 1920s and 1930s had resulted in a generation of multi-engined

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arrangement, and the wing itself had removable wingtips. The rear fuselage comprised two metal cones connected by a two-foot transitional section and a flat upper deck. The Defiant employed an all-metal stressed skin

834:, Defiant crews sacrificed the advantage of height but eliminated the possibility of attack from underneath, while giving 360° of defensive fire. This tactic was used by 264 Squadron, but when the Defiants of 671:(Gloster G9) twin-engine bomber-interceptor – armed with five 20mm cannon at +12° – virtually all losses of Bomber Command aircraft shot down by Luftwaffe night fighters using upward-firing were ascribed to 1000:

method. Defiants attacked more often from slightly ahead or to one side, rather than from directly under the tail. The turret-fighter concept was not immediately discarded. Four-gun turrets were fitted to

261:, would be capable of readily penetrating enemy airspace and of defending themselves without any accompanying fighter escort, but also recognised that the bombers of other European air forces, such as the 963:, Kent. Successful claimed interceptions took place, such as two He 111s being claimed on 15/16 September; the first confirmed kill by Defiant of the squadron was made on 22 December, of a single He 111. 597:

and rear turret were faired into a streamlined upper fuselage section. Tankage for up to 104 imp gal (470 L) of fuel was housed within the wing centre section along with a large ventral

488:. Once sufficient numbers of the Merlin XX engine were available, production of the improved variant commenced; in August 1941, the first production deliveries of the Defiant Mk II took place. 405:

I and initially lacking its turret, the aircraft bore a great resemblance to the contemporary Hawker Hurricane, although it was at least 1,500 pounds (680 kg) heavier. On 11 August 1937,

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which had longer range and could carry more electronic equipment. The Defiant flew its last jamming mission on 17 July 1943, with one aircraft being lost out of four sent out that night.

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looked similar to the two Defiant prototypes. It was powered by the Rolls-Royce Merlin III engine, which was capable of generating 1,030 hp/768 kW or 1,160 hp/865 kW.

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on 17 September 1940 and was passed to No. 153 Squadron at the end of October 1941 and 285 Sqn in 1942. In 1954, it was identified for storage as a historical aircraft and passed to the

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dive bombers, but were subsequently attacked by a flight of Bf 109Es. The escorting Spitfires were unable to prevent five of the six Defiants from being shot down by a frontal attack.

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Two-seat night fighter for the RAF, powered by a 1,280 hp (954 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin XX piston engine, and fitted with the AI Mk IV aircraft interception radar; 210 built.

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The Defiant night fighters had initially lacked aircraft interception radar, thus enemy aircraft were spotted and attacked via the eyes of the crew alone, aided by ground-based

3776: 2665: 362:, differing in weight primarily due to the use of turret-based armaments. The central feature of the P.82 was its four-gun turret, based on a design by French aviation company 814:(pilot, left) and F J Barker (air gunner) pose with their Defiant after destroying their 13th Axis aircraft; Thorn and Barker were the most successful Defiant crew of the war. 515:, it was determined that Defiant production would continue in order to satisfy a pressing requirement for high speed gunnery targets. A dedicated version of the aircraft, the 614:

The primary mission of the Defiant was the destruction of incoming enemy bombers. The principal armament of the aircraft is its powered dorsal turret, equipped with four

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F.5/35 was issued to British manufacturers in June 1935. Seven responded to the tender: Armstrong Whitworth (twin-engines, based on the AW.34), Boulton and Paul (P.82),

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in shallow air-sea rescue units. In order for this task to be performed, Defiants in this capacity were equipped with a pair of underwing pods that each contained two

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and revisions to the canopy and to the undercarriage fairing plates; implementing these improvements had incurred delays to the completion of the second prototype.

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principal users of the Mk II night fighter were 96, 151, and 262 Squadrons. As the radar-equipped Defiants began filtering through to operational squadrons, the

368: 127: 3082: 2683: 2643: 842:, it chose to ignore their advice. On 19 July, seven out of nine 141 Squadron Defiants sent to cover a convoy off Folkestone were shot down by Bf 109s of 354:

Boulton Paul, having been focused on turret-equipped aircraft for some time, made the submission to Specification F.9/35; with the company designation of

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in a battle with Bf 109s. It was concluded that underslung radio aerials on the Defiants had affected radio communication between the fighter squadrons

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The last Defiant Mk IIs under construction were completed as TT Mk I aircraft. Dozens of existing Defiant Mk Is would be remanufactured to the similar

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cannon in the nose. On 12 May 1940, the first operational sortie occurred as a flight of six Defiants flew with six Spitfires of 66 Squadron over the

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biplane had tested the concept with 59 of the fighters, which had been manufactured by Boulton Paul under a sub-contract, having been equipped with a

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on London of 1940–41, the four Defiant-equipped squadrons were responsible for shooting down more enemy aircraft than any other type in the theatre.

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The "Daffy", as the Defiant was affectionately known, also saw service with the Royal Navy and the air forces of Australia, Canada and Poland.

476:, the first production Defiant Mk II performed its initial flight. The Mk II featured a pressurised fuel system, additional fuel, an enlarged 3746: 3003: 2896: 1383: 1152:; sometime thereafter, a primitive ejector seat was fitted into the observers position for trial purposes. On 11 May 1945, Martin-Baker used 578: 2763: 569: 3142: 315: 2420: 3023: 2882: 2188: 2163: 363: 3091: 3065: 3050: 2987: 2972: 2957: 2942: 2920: 2867: 2852: 2837: 2815: 1885: 298:-powered rear turret, while a number of aircraft already built were also converted as such. Boulton Paul and its managing director 1688: 197:

In combat, the Defiant was found to be effective at destroying bombers, the role it was designed for, but was vulnerable to the

881:) but six Do 17s and a Bf 109 were shot down. Three of those victories were awarded to one Defiant, crewed by Flight Sergeants 3751: 3135: 1375: 1417: 1395: 1125: 901:

RAF aircraft such as the Hurricane and the Spitfire. By 31 August, over half the delivered Defiants had been shot down by

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The P.85 was Boulton Paul's tender to Specification O.30/35 for the naval turret fighter. A version of the Defiant for

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Defiants were also used for "special" work including tactical evaluations with the RAF Gunnery Research Unit and the

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On 22 August, in response to an urgent demand for aircraft to defend Britain's airspace, 264 Squadron relocated to

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at the RAF Museum London, partially dismantled, with its tail, engine cowling and outer wing sections removed, 2016

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264 Squadron developed a counter against single-seat aircraft such as the Bf 109. By flying in an ever-descending

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had gained considerable experience with defensive turrets from producing several earlier aircraft, including the

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Defiant night fighters typically attacked enemy bombers from below, in a similar manoeuvre to the later German

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fighters then in service. The RAF came to believe that its new generation of turret-armed bombers, such as the

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Hurricane Mk.Is, Spitfire Mk.Is and Defiants was 1,030 hp (768 kW); from June 1940 supplies of 100

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Two types of electronic countermeasures equipment were carried by the Defiant, both countering the German

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the aerodynamic drag gave the Defiant a lower performance than conventional single-seat fighter aircraft.

770:, was shot down. The following day, in a patrol that was a repetition of the first, Defiants claimed four 80: 3101: 1889: 667:

aircrew, featuring in Air Ministry requirements reflected in fighter designs such as the contemporaneous

3690: 3649: 3572: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3479: 3449: 3444: 3214: 3189: 3162: 3106: 3096: 1387: 1354: 1006: 712: 705: 672: 224: 182: 85: 3439: 3419: 3399: 3379: 3364: 3359: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3284: 3254: 3244: 3229: 3158: 1710: 3199: 3194: 3184: 3179: 2952:. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Company Limited (reprinted by Boston Mills Press (Canada), 2001. 846:, and the remaining two survived, one badly damaged, thanks only to the intervention of Hurricanes of 3721: 3716: 3608: 3577: 3454: 3309: 3264: 3209: 1129: 1098: 1052: 988: 847: 835: 797: 746: 738: 729: 721: 586: 557: 275: 207: 170: 3613: 3603: 3239: 3234: 3127: 2620: 1067: 1002: 917: 501: 319: 220: 971:

across many Defiant sorties. As a counterpoint, aviation author John Taylor noted that during the

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bomber, eventually installed in the "follow-up" design, the Boulton Paul Overstrand and in the

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on 15 April 1945 and the first airborne trial with dummies was held in the following October.

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to Wolverhampton in 1936 to take advantage of the availability of skilled workers in the area

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but was attacked by a large formation of Bf 109s. Three aircraft were lost (two to ace Hpt.

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In the search for alternative uses for the Defiant, which included limited service with the

359: 61: 1203:, powered by a 1,030 hp (768 kW) Rolls-Royce Merlin III piston engine; 723 built. 1179: 3122: 3086: 2627: 2427: 2390: 952: 808: 755: 654: 496: 472:, powered by the 1,260 hp Merlin XX engine, was promptly developed. On 20 July 1940, 330: 174: 115: 1171:

The last operational use of Defiants was in India, where they were used as target tugs.

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that completed the resemblance to the Hawker fighter. The centre section employed a two-

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The Defiant Mk II was soon paired with the newly developed AI to become more effective

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The World's Worst Aircraft: From Pioneering Failures to Multimillion Dollar Disasters

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became the RAF's primary night fighter type, freeing both aircraft for other duties.

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Death of the Defiant: A closer look at the Defiant, its faults and its achievements

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Volume 5, November 1977 – February 1978. Bromley, Kent, UK: Pilot Press Ltd., 1977.

1593: 1437: 1391: 1141: 766:; during this flight, a single Ju 88, which had been in the process of attacking a 641:

An air-gunner of 264 Squadron wearing a 'GQ Parasuit', or "rhino suit", August 1940

615: 512: 457:(A&AEE) in September that year. Apart from some detail changes, the production 358:. The proposed fighter was similar in size and appearance to the more conventional 311: 291: 178: 983:

s bombing campaign petered out as German forces had become heavily engaged on the

645:

The zero deflection gunnery technique was practised, among others, by British ace

421:, equipped with a Merlin II engine and a full turret, conducted its first flight. 2950:

Gunner: An Illustrated History of World War II Aircraft Turrets and Gun Positions

1713:

had turned their aircraft division into a separate company which then moved from

1291: 1137: 1082: 1039: 967: 956: 897: 789: 763: 664: 646: 425:

had received various modifications over the first prototype, such as telescopic

342: 338: 1055:

on 1 October 1942, operations with "Moonshine" continuing until November 1942.

851:

Defiants could engage the same target at one time, leading to multiple claims.

1645: 1633: 1621: 1522: 1379: 1113: 1102: 630: 532: 426: 295: 283: 253:

bombers that were substantially faster than their contemporary single-engined

187: 73: 1089:

In the air-sea rescue role, the Defiant was the intended replacement for the

1279: 1156:

to test their first ejection seat with dummy launches. Various trials using

1073: 939: 767: 759: 650: 607: 263: 250: 199: 2621:"Aircraft of the Indian Air Force: Boulton-Paul Defiant TT I & TT III." 1552:

175 mph (282 km/h, 152 kn) at 15,000 ft (4,600 m)

1546:

304 mph (489 km/h, 264 kn) at 17,000 ft (5,200 m)

1058:

515 Squadron continued operations with the second countermeasures system,

1085:, May 1944. The wind-driven generator provided power for the target winch 622: 481: 397:, was received by the following year. In 1937, the first P.82 prototype, 2930:(Warpaint Series No. 42). Luton, Bedfordshire, UK: Warpaint Books, 2003. 227:. The Defiant continued to find use in gunnery training, target towing, 41: 1714: 804: 785: 594: 485: 468:

In response to a service request which sought greater performance, the

373:(SAMM), which had been licensed by Boulton Paul for use in the earlier 267:, would similarly be able to penetrate British airspace with impunity. 254: 186:

ability to fire in most directions. The same principle was used in the

385:

In 1936, Boulton Paul commenced assembly on the first P.82 prototype,

2646:. Royal Air Force Museum. Archived from the original on 18 April 2013 1317: 1304: 477: 453:, conducted its maiden flight; it commenced official trials with the 2183:. Midland Counties Publishing (an imprint of Ian Allan Publishing). 2684:"Boulton Paul Defiant I N1671/837OM: museum accession no. 74/A/16" 2383: 1431: 1353: 1286: 1186: 1178: 1072: 1016: 921: 911: 893: 859: 843: 803: 711: 695: 636: 568: 269: 2764:'Defiant' Jack Holmes: The man who built the Boulton Paul Defiant 1366:

The only surviving complete example of the type is a Defiant I,

878: 870: 3131: 2369:"Combat Report, 264 Squadron, 1200–1305 hours, 26 August 1940." 401:, was rolled out. Furnished with a 1,030 hp (768 kW) 1622:

A compilation of information and period footage of the Defiant

1200: 2832:. Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press, 2002. 1752:

This action is sometimes called "slaughter of the innocents."

1743:

Night fighter operations with the Defiant began in June 1940

1599:

machine guns in hydraulically powered dorsal turret (600 rpg)

2935:

The Hamlyn Concise Guide to British Aircraft of World War II

2847:. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1996. 593:

which retracted into a broad mainplane section. The pilot's

2998:. Aircraft of the Aces 105. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. 1777:. The identify of the Defiant that shot it down is unknown. 1761:

One of the Dornier 17s shot down by 264 Squadron that day,

796:

s, mostly picked off as they came out of their dives, nine

511:

and suitability trials for cooperative operations with the

2965:

Instruments of Darkness: The History of Electronic Warfare

2889:

Flying to the Limit: Testing WW II Single-engined Fighters

2810:. Redbourn, Herts, UK: Mushroom Model Publications, 2005. 1646:

British Pathé newsreel on the manufacturing of the Defiant

1043:

early warning radar. The first system to be deployed was "

2860:

British Secret Projects: Fighters & Bombers 1935–1950

1239:

Defiant Mk IIs converted to target tugs; 150 conversions.

916:

Groundcrew working on the Merlin engine of a Defiant at

2181:

British Secret Projects: Fighters and Bombers 1935–1950

1450:

War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Two Fighters

838:

were committed to combat a few months later during the

629:

that helped mitigate the drag of the turret; they were

589:. It used a monoplane structure which was coupled with 322:

AW.34 design which had been ordered was not completed.

2915:. London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishing Ltd., 1978. 2233:"Twenty-One Gun Warplane Pours Fire In All Directions" 1734:

fuel from America became available, increasing power.

1436:

Closeup view of the turret of a Defiant with its four

2980:

Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the present

1255:

Dedicated turret-less target tug; 140 built from new.

905:

aircraft, a rate that was deemed to be unacceptable.

27:

WWII-era British Royal Air Force interceptor aircraft

2906:

War Planes of the Second World War: Fighters, Vol. 2

1408:

Major parts of at least two other Defiants survive;

1062:, a noise jammer which overwhelmed the signals from 865:

On 26 August 264 Squadron engaged a formation of 12

3709: 3683: 3642: 3596: 3565: 3558: 3170: 1661:

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

1610: 155: 147: 142: 134: 111: 103: 91: 79: 56: 51: 34: 3016:Defiant: Forgotten heroes of the Battle of Britain 2715:"Rare WWII fighter plane to land for restoration." 2364: 2362: 1634:Slideshow of a preserved Defiant on static display 2821:Bowyer, Michael J.F. "The Boulton Paul Defiant." 2460:Defiant Forgotten heroes of the Battle of Britain 2445:Defiant Forgotten heroes of the Battle of Britain 2277:Defiant Forgotten heroes of the Battle of Britain 1825:Defiant Forgotten heroes of the Battle of Britain 455:Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment 215:and found success in combination with the use of 2664:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 235:. Among RAF pilots it had the nickname "Daffy". 3043:The Hamlyn Guide to Military Aircraft Markings. 2677: 2675: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1845: 1843: 449:On 30 July 1939, the first production Defiant, 3032:Whitehouse, Les. "The Disappointing Defiant." 1160:took place until May 1948. The other Defiant, 892:The squadron lost a further five aircraft (to 737:tactics against British medium bombers – 3143: 2913:WW2 Aircraft Fact Files: RAF Fighters, Part 1 2908:. London: Macdonald & Co., 1961. No ISBN. 2589: 2587: 2523: 2521: 2502: 2500: 782:evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force 8: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 1148:was delivered to Martin-Baker's facility at 364:Société d'applications des machines motrices 3777:World War II British night fighter aircraft 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 1932: 1930: 1382:. It was one of four Defiants delivered to 484:, a modified engine mounting and elongated 393:facility; an order for a second prototype, 3562: 3150: 3136: 3128: 2978:Taylor, John W.R. "Boulton Paul Defiant." 2862:. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing, 2004. 2825:. London: Profile Publications Ltd., 1966. 2421:"Dornier 17 Conservation: Identification." 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1809: 1807: 1211:Defiant Mk I converted into night fighters 31: 3056:Winchester, Jim. "Boulton Paul Defiant." 2433:, 6 December 2012. Retrieved: 5 May 2013. 1401:The aircraft was moved on 20 May 2009 to 1219:NF Mk I with aircraft interception radar. 2720:, 18 April 2009. Retrieved: 22 May 2009. 2689:. Royal Air Force Museum. Archived from 2384:"The Airmen's Stories – Sgt. E R Thorn." 1576:8.5 min to 15,000 ft (4,600 m) 181:. The Defiant was designed and built by 2911:Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. 2411:6 December 2012. Retrieved: 5 May 2013. 1794: 1703: 1684:List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force 1558:465 mi (748 km, 404 nmi) 1227:Mk I carrying air-dropped dinghies for 433:Hurricane; thus the prototype Hotspur, 409:, which had recently received the name 2982:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. 2657: 1607: 1266:List of Boulton Paul Defiant operators 1119:British Commonwealth Air Training Plan 194:which was also built by Boulton Paul. 3116:in German featuring Boulton Paul P.94 2830:The Turret Fighters – Defiant and Roc 2394:The Battle of Britain London Monument 2156:The RAF and Aircraft Design 1935–1939 1384:No. 307 Polish Night Fighter Squadron 1077:Defiant TT Mk III target tug, number 7: 1164:, was delivered to R Malcolm Ltd at 758:to the coastline in the vicinity of 730:No. 264 (Madras Presidency) Squadron 2231:Hearst Magazines (September 1940). 1481:39 ft 4 in (11.99 m) 1475:35 ft 4 in (10.77 m) 928:On 1 July, 141 Squadron despatched 3060:. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2005. 2937:. London: Chancellor Press, 2002. 2877:. Chippenham: Keyham Books, 2006. 1487:11 ft 4 in (3.45 m) 991:the invasion of the Soviet Union. 745: – and 264's CO flew against 25: 2967:. St. Albans, UK: Granada, 1979. 2926:Hall, Alan W. and Andrew Thomas. 2745:. mechtraveller.com. 3 April 2017 1886:Tangmere Military Aviation Museum 1138:R Malcolm Ltd (later ML Aviation) 933:heavy attacks upon London by the 206:s more manoeuvrable, single-seat 3111:, 12 February 1942, pp. 132–135. 3045:London: Chancellor Press, 1992. 2996:Defiant, Blenheim and Havoc Aces 2406:"Dornier Do 17Z Werke nr. 1160." 2239:. Hearst Magazines. p. 391. 1689:List of aircraft of World War II 1640: 1628: 1616: 1420:in the colours of 264 Squadron ( 1336: 1323: 1310: 1297: 1285: 1272: 1199:Two-seat turret fighter for the 585:The Defiant was a single-engine 535:underneath the aircraft's nose. 40: 3767:Single-engined tractor aircraft 2875:ML Aviation Ltd: A Secret World 1493:250 sq ft (23 m) 1144:. On 11 December 1944, Defiant 1132:. Two Defiants were issued for 1097:-type dinghies. In March 1942, 943:, B Flight of No. 141 moved to 3757:1930s British fighter aircraft 1570:31,000 ft (9,400 m) 1376:Royal Air Force Museum Cosford 959:in October prior to moving to 951:, while A Flight relocated to 282:During 1935, the concept of a 1: 2891:. Casemate Publishers, 2005. 2633:. Retrieved: 5 November 2015. 1888:. August 2009. Archived from 1525:, 1,030 hp (770 kW) 1511:8,600 lb (3,901 kg) 1505:8,318 lb (3,773 kg) 1499:6,078 lb (2,757 kg) 1418:Kent Battle of Britain Museum 1126:Air Fighting Development Unit 3747:Aircraft first flown in 1937 3102:The Boulton Paul Association 2743:"Review: RAF Cosford Museum" 2179:Butler, Tony (8 June 2004). 1396:RAF Museum at Hendon, London 788:, the squadron was based at 2823:Aircraft in Profile, Vol. 5 2644:"Boulton Paul Defiant Mk 1" 1726:The normal rating used for 1655:GWR 4073 Class 5080 Defiant 1021:A Defiant TT Mk I in flight 869:bombers over north-eastern 509:RAF Search and Rescue Force 217:aircraft interception radar 3793: 1882:www.tangmere-museum.org.uk 1362:, RAF Museum Cosford, 2023 1263: 1028:electronic countermeasures 987:as they embarked upon the 887:Distinguished Flying Medal 229:electronic countermeasures 120:Royal Australian Air Force 3014:Verkaik, Robert (2021) . 2396:. Retrieved: 24 May 2013. 2374:. Retrieved: 8 June 2013. 1639: 1627: 1615: 1136:development work: one to 46:Boulton Paul Defiant Mk I 39: 3107:"Boulton Paul Defiant." 2572:Price 1979, pp. 124–125. 2462:. Robinson. p. 251. 2447:. Robinson. p. 335. 2279:. Robinson. p. 216. 1827:. Robinson. p. 145. 1454:The Boulton Paul Defiant 704:, PS-A of No. 264 Sqn., 211:operations for use as a 124:Royal Canadian Air Force 3559:By role (service names) 2994:Thomas, Andrew (2012). 2602:Bowyer 1966, pp. 6, 10. 2581:Brew 2002, pp. 123–124. 2554:Brew 2002, pp. 122–123. 2545:Price 1979, pp. 99–100. 2409:Royal Air Force Museum, 2307:Winchester 2005, p. 16. 2154:Sinnott, Colin (2014). 1961:Mondey 2002, pp. 40–41. 1801:Bowyer 1966, pp. 11–12. 1460:General characteristics 1191:Several parked Defiants 1183:A formation of Defiants 375:Boulton Paul Sidestrand 304:Boulton Paul Overstrand 2626:6 October 2017 at the 2593:Bowyer 1966, pp. 5, 9. 2431:Royal Air Force Museum 2389:19 August 2014 at the 2372:Royal Air Force Museum 1878:"Boulton Paul Defiant" 1775:Royal Air Force Museum 1769:, crash–landed on the 1711:Boulton & Paul Ltd 1443: 1363: 1192: 1184: 1166:White Waltham Airfield 1086: 1022: 925: 815: 725: 709: 642: 582: 279: 3752:Boulton Paul aircraft 3121:30 April 2012 at the 3092:Fleet Air Arm Archive 2527:Bowyer 1966, pp. 5–6. 2472:Bowyer 1966, pp. 8–9. 2356:Brew 2002, pp. 65–66. 2249:Bowyer 1966, pp. 6–7. 2212:Nijboer 2001, p. 150. 2082:Bowyer 1966, pp. 4–5. 2064:Bowyer 1966, pp. 3–4. 1441:Browning machine guns 1435: 1428:Specifications (Mk I) 1388:RAF Kirton in Lindsey 1357: 1190: 1182: 1076: 1020: 1005:(Mk II, in 1941) and 915: 807: 715: 706:RAF Kirton in Lindsey 699: 640: 619:Browning machine guns 572: 558:Supermarine Spitfires 273: 225:de Havilland Mosquito 183:Boulton Paul Aircraft 173:that served with the 86:Boulton Paul Aircraft 2928:Boulton Paul Defiant 2808:Boulton Paul Defiant 2506:Taylor 1969, p. 326. 2135:Buttler 2004, p. 55. 2015:Bowyer 1970, p. 270. 1952:Buttler 2004, p. 51. 1837:Wheeler 1992, p. 48. 1068:Bristol Beaufighters 1053:No. 515 Squadron RAF 989:Operation Barbarossa 798:Messerschmitt Bf 110 747:Robert Stanford Tuck 627:aerodynamic fairings 587:interceptor aircraft 316:Specification F.9/35 208:Messerschmitt Bf 109 171:interceptor aircraft 167:Boulton Paul Defiant 18:Boulton-Paul Defiant 3085:29 May 2018 at the 2784:Bowyer 1966, p. 12. 2289:Thomas 2012, p. 55. 1979:Mondey 2002, p. 41. 1858:Cagill 2005, p. 41. 1849:Cagill 2005, p. 44. 1509:Max takeoff weight: 918:RAF Fairwood Common 687:Operational history 502:Bristol Beaufighter 320:Armstrong Whitworth 310:In April 1935, the 221:Bristol Beaufighter 52:General information 3159:Boulton & Paul 3041:Wheeler, Barry C. 2793:Brew 1996, p. 121. 2775:Green 1961, p. 14. 2732:March 2013, p. 19. 2631:bharat-rakshak.com 2611:Carter 2006 p. 25. 2563:Brew 2002, p. 123. 2536:Brew 2002, p. 121. 2515:Brew 2002, p. 105. 2494:Bowyer 1966, p. 9. 2426:6 May 2013 at the 2347:Bowyer 1966, p. 8. 2298:Green 1961, p. 12. 2265:Bowyer 1966, p. 7. 2126:Bowyer 1966, p. 6. 2102:Bowyer 1966, p. 5. 2055:Bowyer 1966, p. 4. 1936:Bowyer 1966, p. 3. 1892:on 20 October 2021 1867:Verkaik, 2020 p309 1813:Verkaik, 2020 p334 1521:III liquid-cooled 1519:Rolls-Royce Merlin 1469:two: pilot, gunner 1444: 1370:, on display as a 1364: 1350:Surviving aircraft 1193: 1185: 1087: 1023: 926: 816: 726: 710: 643: 583: 403:Rolls-Royce Merlin 280: 259:Vickers Wellington 3762:Low-wing aircraft 3734: 3733: 3730: 3729: 3005:978-1-84908-666-0 2948:Nijboer, Donald. 2897:978-1-84415-226-1 2682:Simpson, Andrew. 2325:Brew 1996, p. 27. 2316:Brew 2002, p. 56. 2237:Popular Mechanics 2221:Brew 1996, p. 19. 1970:Verkaik, 2020 p61 1767:Kampfgeschwader 3 1728:Battle of Britain 1651: 1650: 1594:0.303 in (7.7 mm) 1574:Time to altitude: 1438:0.303 in (7.7 mm) 1403:Rochester Airport 1252:Defiant TT Mk III 1140:and the other to 1091:Westland Lysander 840:Battle of Britain 734:RAF Sutton Bridge 728:In October 1939, 616:0.303 in (7.7 mm) 591:main landing gear 528:Defiant TT Mk III 300:John Dudley North 163: 162: 148:Introduction date 97:John Dudley North 16:(Redirected from 3784: 3563: 3152: 3145: 3138: 3129: 3097:Aeroflight.co.uk 3029: 3009: 2887:Caygill, Peter. 2873:Carter, Graham. 2845:The Defiant File 2794: 2791: 2785: 2782: 2776: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2695: 2688: 2679: 2670: 2669: 2663: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2640: 2634: 2618: 2612: 2609: 2603: 2600: 2594: 2591: 2582: 2579: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2528: 2525: 2516: 2513: 2507: 2504: 2495: 2492: 2473: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2458:Verkaik (2020). 2455: 2449: 2448: 2443:Verkaik (2020). 2440: 2434: 2418: 2412: 2403: 2397: 2381: 2375: 2366: 2357: 2354: 2348: 2345: 2326: 2323: 2317: 2314: 2308: 2305: 2299: 2296: 2290: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2275:Verkaik (2020). 2272: 2266: 2263: 2250: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2228: 2222: 2219: 2213: 2210: 2204: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2176: 2170: 2169: 2151: 2145: 2142: 2136: 2133: 2127: 2124: 2103: 2100: 2083: 2080: 2074: 2071: 2065: 2062: 2056: 2053: 2016: 2013: 1998: 1995: 1989: 1986: 1980: 1977: 1971: 1968: 1962: 1959: 1953: 1950: 1937: 1934: 1905: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1874: 1868: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1850: 1847: 1838: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1823:Verkaik (2020). 1820: 1814: 1811: 1802: 1799: 1778: 1759: 1753: 1750: 1744: 1741: 1735: 1724: 1718: 1708: 1644: 1643: 1632: 1631: 1620: 1619: 1608: 1584: 1568:Service ceiling: 1539: 1462: 1342: 1340: 1339: 1329: 1327: 1326: 1316: 1314: 1313: 1303: 1301: 1300: 1290: 1289: 1278: 1276: 1275: 1224:Defiant ASR Mk I 1216:Defiant NF Mk IA 1099:No. 281 Squadron 809:Flight Sergeants 732:was reformed at 722:No. 264 Squadron 625:was fitted with 413:, conducted its 372: 360:Hawker Hurricane 276:No. 264 Squadron 205: 128:Polish Air Force 44: 32: 21: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3772:Turret fighters 3737: 3736: 3735: 3726: 3705: 3679: 3638: 3592: 3554: 3172: 3166: 3156: 3123:Wayback Machine 3087:Wayback Machine 3076: 3071: 3026: 3013: 3006: 2993: 2963:Price, Alfred. 2933:Mondey, David. 2858:Buttler, Tony. 2802: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2779: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2758: 2748: 2746: 2741: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2713: 2709: 2699: 2697: 2696:on 14 June 2016 2693: 2686: 2681: 2680: 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IV radar 447: 389:, at their new 366: 352: 246: 241: 203: 175:Royal Air Force 130: 126: 122: 116:Royal Air Force 99: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3790: 3788: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3739: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3724: 3719: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3569: 3567: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3176: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3157: 3155: 3154: 3147: 3140: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3113: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3075: 3074:External links 3072: 3070: 3069: 3054: 3039: 3035:Air Enthusiast 3030: 3025:978-1472143556 3024: 3011: 3004: 2991: 2976: 2961: 2946: 2931: 2924: 2909: 2902:Green, William 2899: 2885: 2883:0-952-7715-6-X 2871: 2856: 2841: 2826: 2819: 2806:Ansell, Mark. 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2795: 2786: 2777: 2768: 2756: 2734: 2722: 2707: 2671: 2635: 2613: 2604: 2595: 2583: 2574: 2565: 2556: 2547: 2538: 2529: 2517: 2508: 2496: 2474: 2465: 2450: 2435: 2413: 2398: 2376: 2358: 2349: 2327: 2318: 2309: 2300: 2291: 2282: 2267: 2251: 2242: 2223: 2214: 2205: 2196: 2190:978-1857801798 2189: 2171: 2165:978-0415761307 2164: 2146: 2137: 2128: 2104: 2084: 2075: 2066: 2057: 2017: 1999: 1990: 1981: 1972: 1963: 1954: 1938: 1906: 1869: 1860: 1851: 1839: 1830: 1815: 1803: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1754: 1745: 1736: 1719: 1702: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1686: 1675: 1674: 1672:Hawker Hotspur 1669: 1658: 1657: 1649: 1648: 1637: 1636: 1625: 1624: 1613: 1612: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1578: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1553: 1547: 1544:Maximum speed: 1533: 1532: 1526: 1512: 1506: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1482: 1476: 1470: 1429: 1426: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1333: 1331:United Kingdom 1320: 1307: 1294: 1282: 1264:Main article: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1229:air-sea rescue 1225: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1197: 1176: 1173: 1107:Northumberland 1051:Flight became 1032:air-sea rescue 1014: 1011: 924:, January 1942 875:Gunther Lutzow 856:RAF Hornchurch 832:Lufbery circle 693: 690: 688: 685: 669:Gloster F.9/37 566: 563: 552: 549: 540: 537: 446: 443: 351: 348: 337:, Hawker, and 245: 242: 240: 237: 233:air-sea rescue 161: 160: 159:11 August 1937 157: 153: 152: 149: 145: 144: 140: 139: 136: 132: 131: 118: 113: 109: 108: 105: 101: 100: 95: 93: 89: 88: 83: 77: 76: 58: 54: 53: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3789: 3778: 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Routledge. 2157: 2150: 2147: 2141: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2079: 2076: 2070: 2067: 2061: 2058: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1985: 1982: 1976: 1973: 1967: 1964: 1958: 1955: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1873: 1870: 1864: 1861: 1855: 1852: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1834: 1831: 1826: 1819: 1816: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1798: 1795: 1789: 1784: 1776: 1772: 1771:Goodwin Sands 1768: 1764: 1758: 1755: 1749: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1704: 1697: 1695: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1678:Related lists 1673: 1670: 1668: 1667:Blackburn Roc 1665: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1638: 1635: 1626: 1623: 1614: 1609: 1603: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1550:Cruise speed: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1540: 1538: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1503:Gross weight: 1501: 1498: 1497:Empty weight: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1461: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1448: 1442: 1439: 1434: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1372:night fighter 1369: 1361: 1356: 1349: 1345: 1344:United States 1334: 1332: 1321: 1319: 1308: 1306: 1295: 1293: 1292:British India 1288: 1283: 1281: 1270: 1269: 1267: 1259: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1244:Defiant Mk II 1243: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1181: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1134:ejection seat 1131: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1115: 1112:A high-speed 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1019: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1004: 999: 998: 997:Schräge Musik 992: 990: 986: 985:Eastern Front 982: 976: 974: 969: 964: 962: 961:RAF Gravesend 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 941: 936: 931: 923: 919: 914: 910: 906: 904: 899: 895: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 867:Dornier Do 17 863: 861: 857: 852: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 828: 825: 820: 813: 810: 806: 802: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 778: 776: 773: 772:Junkers Ju 87 769: 765: 761: 757: 751: 748: 744: 740: 735: 731: 723: 719: 714: 707: 703: 700:Defiant Mk.I 698: 691: 686: 684: 680: 676: 674: 670: 666: 662: 661: 660:Schräge Musik 656: 655:Foster mounts 652: 648: 639: 635: 632: 631:pneumatically 628: 624: 620: 617: 612: 609: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 580: 576: 571: 564: 562: 559: 550: 548: 546: 545:Fleet Air Arm 538: 536: 534: 529: 524: 522: 518: 514: 510: 505: 503: 498: 494: 493:night fighter 489: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 470:Defiant Mk II 466: 462: 460: 456: 452: 444: 442: 438: 436: 430: 428: 424: 420: 416: 415:maiden flight 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 391:Wolverhampton 388: 383: 380: 379:Blackburn Roc 376: 370: 365: 361: 357: 349: 347: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 323: 321: 317: 313: 308: 305: 301: 297: 296:hydraulically 293: 288: 285: 277: 272: 268: 266: 265: 260: 256: 252: 243: 238: 236: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 213:night fighter 209: 202: 201: 195: 193: 192:Blackburn Roc 189: 184: 180: 177:(RAF) during 176: 172: 169:is a British 168: 158: 154: 151:December 1939 150: 146: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 114: 112:Primary users 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 87: 84: 82: 78: 75: 71: 67: 66:night fighter 63: 59: 55: 50: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 3643:Experimental 3582: 3434: 3414: 3409: 3173:designations 3171:Manufacturer 3163:Boulton Paul 3108: 3057: 3042: 3033: 3018:. Robinson. 3015: 2995: 2979: 2964: 2949: 2934: 2927: 2912: 2905: 2888: 2874: 2859: 2844: 2843:Brew, Alex. 2829: 2828:Brew, Alex. 2822: 2807: 2800:Bibliography 2789: 2780: 2771: 2759: 2747:. Retrieved 2737: 2729: 2725: 2717: 2710: 2698:. Retrieved 2691:the original 2648:. Retrieved 2638: 2630: 2616: 2607: 2598: 2577: 2568: 2559: 2550: 2541: 2532: 2511: 2468: 2459: 2453: 2444: 2438: 2430: 2416: 2408: 2401: 2393: 2379: 2371: 2352: 2321: 2312: 2303: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2270: 2245: 2236: 2226: 2217: 2208: 2199: 2180: 2174: 2155: 2149: 2140: 2131: 2078: 2069: 2060: 1997:Buttler, p54 1993: 1984: 1975: 1966: 1957: 1901: 1894:. Retrieved 1890:the original 1881: 1872: 1863: 1854: 1833: 1824: 1818: 1797: 1762: 1757: 1748: 1739: 1722: 1706: 1693: 1677: 1676: 1660: 1659: 1589: 1581: 1579: 1573: 1567: 1561: 1555: 1549: 1543: 1536: 1534: 1528: 1514: 1508: 1502: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1478: 1472: 1466: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1421: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1400: 1392:Lincolnshire 1367: 1365: 1359: 1196:Defiant Mk I 1170: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1145: 1142:Martin-Baker 1123: 1111: 1094: 1088: 1078: 1063: 1057: 1049: 1038: 1036: 1024: 995: 993: 980: 977: 972: 968:searchlights 965: 938: 934: 929: 927: 907: 902: 891: 864: 853: 829: 823: 818: 817: 793: 779: 774: 752: 727: 717: 701: 681: 677: 675:until 1944. 658: 644: 613: 584: 579:307 Squadron 574: 554: 542: 527: 525: 520: 516: 513:British Army 506: 490: 473: 469: 467: 463: 459:Defiant Mk I 458: 450: 448: 439: 434: 431: 422: 418: 410: 406: 398: 394: 386: 384: 355: 353: 343:HM Treasury 329:(Type 147), 324: 312:Air Ministry 309: 292:Hawker Demon 290:The earlier 289: 284:turret-armed 281: 274:Defiants of 262: 247: 198: 196: 179:World War II 166: 164: 156:First flight 135:Number built 81:Manufacturer 29: 2144:Buttler P54 1537:Performance 1529:Propellers: 1515:Powerplant: 1130:Farnborough 1083:RAF Desford 1013:Other roles 1003:Beaufighter 957:West Sussex 937:, known as 898:RAF Duxford 883:E. R. Thorn 790:RAF Manston 780:During the 764:Netherlands 708:, July 1940 647:Albert Ball 480:, a deeper 427:radio masts 367: [ 339:Supermarine 239:Development 3741:Categories 3684:Transports 3629:Overstrand 3624:Sidestrand 2766:museums.eu 1896:4 February 1785:References 1562:Endurance: 1523:V12 engine 1491:Wing area: 1380:Shropshire 1128:(AFDU) at 1114:target tug 1103:RAF Ouston 1101:formed at 981:Luftwaffe' 692:Air combat 651:Lewis guns 445:Production 188:Royal Navy 74:target tug 3696:Mailplane 3588:Partridge 2718:Kent News 2700:13 August 2650:13 August 2203:Brew, p33 2073:Brew p 36 1790:Citations 1564:1hr 47min 1479:Wingspan: 1447:Data from 1398:in 1971. 1280:Australia 1260:Operators 1060:"Mandrel" 1045:Moonshine 940:the Blitz 935:Luftwaffe 903:Luftwaffe 824:Luftwaffe 819:Luftwaffe 812:E R Thorn 768:destroyer 760:The Hague 743:Blenheims 608:monocoque 314:released 264:Luftwaffe 251:monoplane 200:Luftwaffe 60:Two-seat 3710:Trainers 3691:Atlantic 3650:Atlantic 3573:Bobolink 3566:Fighters 3165:aircraft 3119:Archived 3083:Archived 2660:cite web 2624:Archived 2424:Archived 2387:Archived 1604:See also 1597:Browning 1582:Armament 1531:3-bladed 1358:Defiant 1175:Variants 1007:Mosquito 848:111 Sqn. 739:Hampdens 623:fuselage 599:radiator 573:Defiant 482:radiator 278:in 1940. 92:Designer 3722:Balliol 3717:Phoenix 3609:Bourges 3597:Bombers 3583:Defiant 3578:Bittern 1715:Norwich 1485:Height: 1473:Length: 1374:at the 949:Bromley 836:141 Sqn 786:Dunkirk 595:cockpit 533:filters 486:cowling 411:Defiant 335:Gloster 327:Bristol 255:biplane 244:Origins 143:History 107:Retired 70:trainer 62:fighter 35:Defiant 3665:P.92/2 3614:Bodmin 3604:Bolton 3109:Flight 3064: 3049: 3022: 3002: 2986: 2971: 2956: 2941: 2919: 2895: 2881: 2866: 2851: 2836: 2814: 2749:5 July 2187: 2162: 1732:octane 1556:Range: 1341: 1328: 1318:Poland 1315: 1305:Canada 1302: 1277: 1150:Denham 724:, 1940 649:using 621:. The 565:Design 478:rudder 331:Fairey 104:Status 3701:P.71A 3675:P.120 3670:P.111 3619:Bugle 3550:P.146 3545:P.145 3540:P.144 3535:P.143 3530:P.142 3525:P.141 3520:P.140 3515:P.137 3510:P.136 3505:P.135 3500:P.134 3495:P.132 3490:P.130 3485:P.120 3480:P.119 3475:P.116 3470:P.115 3465:P.112 3460:P.111 3455:P.108 3450:P.107 3445:P.103 2694:(PDF) 2687:(PDF) 1763:5K+AR 1698:Notes 1590:Guns: 1467:Crew: 1422:L7005 1414:N3378 1410:N1766 1368:N1671 1360:N1671 1162:AA292 1158:DR944 1154:DR944 1146:DR944 1079:N1697 1064:Freya 1040:Freya 973:Blitz 930:L6997 922:Wales 894:JG 26 860:Essex 844:JG 51 794:Stuka 784:from 775:Stuka 718:N3313 702:N1585 577:from 575:N1671 521:DR863 474:N1550 451:L6950 435:K8309 423:K8620 419:K8620 407:K8310 399:K8310 395:K8620 387:K8310 371:] 204:' 138:1,064 3660:P.10 3634:P.32 3440:P.97 3435:P.94 3430:P.93 3425:P.92 3420:P.90 3415:P.85 3410:P.82 3405:P.80 3400:P.79 3395:P.75 3390:P.71 3385:P.64 3380:P.63 3375:P.62 3370:P.60 3365:P.59 3360:P.58 3355:P.57 3350:P.55 3345:P.54 3340:P.49 3335:P.48 3330:P.47 3325:P.46 3320:P.45 3315:P.42 3310:P.41 3305:P.40 3300:P.38 3295:P.37 3290:P.36 3285:P.35 3280:P.34 3275:P.33 3270:P.32 3265:P.31 3260:P.29 3255:P.28 3250:P.25 3245:P.19 3240:P.15 3235:P.12 3230:P.11 3225:P.10 3161:and 3062:ISBN 3047:ISBN 3020:ISBN 3000:ISBN 2984:ISBN 2969:ISBN 2954:ISBN 2939:ISBN 2917:ISBN 2893:ISBN 2879:ISBN 2864:ISBN 2849:ISBN 2834:ISBN 2812:ISBN 2751:2017 2702:2019 2666:link 2652:2019 2185:ISBN 2160:ISBN 1898:2019 1592:4 × 1517:1 × 1412:and 1030:and 879:JG 3 871:Kent 741:and 673:flak 603:spar 551:P.94 539:P.85 356:P.82 350:P.82 231:and 223:and 165:The 57:Type 3655:P.6 3220:P.9 3215:P.8 3210:P.7 3205:P.6 3200:P.5 3195:P.4 3190:P.3 3185:P.2 3180:P.1 1765:of 1424:). 1386:at 1378:in 1201:RAF 877:of 720:of 653:on 190:'s 3743:: 2904:. 2674:^ 2662:}} 2658:{{ 2586:^ 2520:^ 2499:^ 2477:^ 2361:^ 2330:^ 2254:^ 2235:. 2107:^ 2087:^ 2020:^ 2002:^ 1941:^ 1909:^ 1900:. 1884:. 1880:. 1842:^ 1806:^ 1452:, 1390:, 1121:. 1105:, 1081:; 1034:. 955:, 947:, 920:, 889:. 858:, 762:, 369:fr 333:, 72:, 68:, 64:, 3151:e 3144:t 3137:v 3068:. 3053:. 3028:. 3010:. 3008:. 2990:. 2975:. 2960:. 2945:. 2923:. 2870:. 2855:. 2840:. 2818:. 2753:. 2704:. 2668:) 2654:. 2193:. 2168:. 1231:. 1095:M 20:)

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Index