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piston rose within the cylinder, drawn upward by a counterbalance, it drew in steam at atmospheric pressure. At the top of the stroke the steam valve was closed, and cold water was briefly injected into the cylinder as a means of cooling the steam. This water condensed the steam and created a partial vacuum below the piston. The atmospheric pressure outside the engine was then greater than the pressure within the cylinder, thereby pushing the piston into the cylinder. The piston, attached to a chain and in turn attached to one end of the "rocking beam", pulled down the end of the beam, lifting the opposite end of the beam. Hence, the pump deep in the mine attached to opposite end of the beam via ropes and chains was driven. The pump pushed, rather than pulled the column of water upward, hence it could lift water any distance. Once the piston was at the bottom, the cycle repeated.
134:, which in turn produced new steam engine designs. Watt's early engines were like the original Newcomen designs in that they used low-pressure steam, and all of the power was produced by atmospheric pressure. When, in the early 1800s, other companies introduced high-pressure steam engines, Watt was reluctant to follow suit due to safety concerns. Wanting to improve on the performance of his engines, Watt began considering the use of higher-pressure steam, as well as designs using multiple cylinders in both the double-acting concept and the multiple-expansion concept. These double-acting engines required the invention of the
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the utilisation of steam expansion against the vacuum on the other side of the piston. The steam supply was cut during the stroke, and the steam expanded against the vacuum on the other side. This increased the efficiency of the engine, but also created a variable torque on the shaft which was undesirable for many applications, in particular pumping. Watt therefore limited the expansion to a ratio of 1:2 (i.e. the steam supply was cut at half stroke). This increased the theoretical efficiency from 6.4% to 10.6%, with only a small variation in piston pressure. Watt did not use high pressure steam because of safety concerns.
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244:. When the piston reached the top of the cylinder, the steam inlet valve closed and the valve controlling the passage to the condenser opened. The condenser being at a lower pressure, drew the steam from the cylinder into the condenser where it cooled and condensed from water vapour to liquid water, maintaining a partial vacuum in the condenser that was communicated to the space of the cylinder by the connecting passage. External atmospheric pressure then pushed the piston down the cylinder.
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non-toxic, non-flammable and non-corrosive. It works at pressure near and below atmospheric, so that sealing is not a problem. And it is a simple machine, implying cost effectiveness. Researchers from the
University of Southampton / UK are currently developing a modern version of Watt's engine in order to generate energy from waste steam and waste heat. They improved the theory, demonstrating that theoretical efficiencies of up to 17.4% (and actual efficiencies of 11%) are possible.
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255:. The condenser is located in a cold water bath below the cylinder. The volume of water entering the condenser as spray absorbed the latent heat of the steam, and was determined as seven times the volume of the condensed steam. The condensate and the injected water was then removed by the air pump, and the surrounding cold water served to absorb the remaining thermal energy to retain a condenser temperature of 30 °C to 45 °C and the equivalent pressure of 0.04 to 0.1 bar
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346:'s practice was to help mine-owners and other customers to build engines, supplying men to erect them and some specialised parts. However, their main profit from their patent was derived from charging a licence fee to the engine owners, based on the cost of the fuel they saved. The greater fuel efficiency of their engines meant that they were most attractive in areas where fuel was expensive, particularly
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cylinder causing the power stroke. The condensing cylinder was water cooled to keep the steam condensing. At the end of the power stroke, the valve was closed so the power cylinder could be filled with steam as the piston moved to the top. The result was the same cycle as
Newcomen's design, but without any cooling of the power cylinder which was immediately ready for another stroke.
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commissioned the replica engine from the
English manufacturer Charles Summerfield in 1932. The museum also holds an original Boulton and Watt atmospheric pump engine, originally used for canal pumping in Birmingham, illustrated below, and in use in situ at the Bowyer Street pumping station, from 1796
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The separation of the cylinder and condenser eliminated the loss of heat that occurred when steam was condensed in the working cylinder of a
Newcomen engine. This gave the Watt engine greater efficiency than the Newcomen engine, reducing the amount of coal consumed while doing the same amount of work
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Watt worked on the design over a period of several years, introducing the condenser, and introducing improvements to practically every part of the design. Notably, Watt performed a lengthy series of trials on ways to seal the piston in the cylinder, which considerably reduced leakage during the power
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invented a boring machine in which the shaft that held the cutting tool was supported on both ends and extended through the cylinder, unlike the cantilevered borers then in use. Boulton wrote in 1776 that "Mr. Wilkinson has bored us several cylinders almost without error; that of 50 inches diameter,
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The
Expansion Engine can offer significant advantages here, in particular for lower power ratings of 2 to 100 kW: with expansion ratios of 1:5, the theoretical efficiency reaches 15%, which is in the range of ORC systems. The Expansion Engine uses water as working fluid which is simple, cheap,
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Before the development of the double acting piston, the linkage to the beam and the piston rod had been by means of a chain, which meant that power could only be applied in one direction, by pulling. This was effective in engines that were used for pumping water, but the double action of the piston
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The
Newcomen engine was more powerful than the Savery engine. For the first time water could be raised from a depth of over 300 feet. The first example from 1712 was able to replace a team of 500 horses that had been used to pump out the mine. Seventy-five Newcomen pumping engines were installed
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Having the beam connected to the piston shaft by a means that applied force alternately in both directions also meant that it was possible to use the motion of the beam to turn a wheel. The simplest solution to transforming the action of the beam into a rotating motion was to connect the beam to a
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Watt's next improvement to the
Newcomen design was to seal the top of the cylinder and surround the cylinder with a jacket. Steam was passed through the jacket before being admitted below the piston, keeping the piston and cylinder warm to prevent condensation within it. The second improvement was
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While
Newcomen engines brought practical benefits, they were inefficient in terms of the use of energy to power them. The system of alternately sending jets of steam, then cold water into the cylinder meant that the walls of the cylinder were alternately heated, then cooled with each stroke. Each
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A new and complete dictionary of Art and sciences; comprehending all the branches of useful knowledge, with accurate descriptions as well of the various machines, tools, figures and schemes necessary for illustrating them, as of the classes, kinds, preparations, and uses of natural productions,
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that also worked on the vacuum principle. It employed a cylinder containing a movable piston connected by a chain to one end of a rocking beam that worked a mechanical lift pump from its opposite end. At the bottom of each stroke, steam was allowed to enter the cylinder below the piston. As the
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Watt realised that the heat needed to warm the cylinder could be saved by adding a separate condensing cylinder. After the power cylinder was filled with steam, a valve was opened to the secondary cylinder, allowing the steam to flow into it and be condensed, which drew the steam from the main
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In order to demonstrate the principle, a 25 watt experimental model engine was built and tested. The engine incorporates steam expansion as well as new features such as electronic control. The picture shows the model built and tested in 2016. Currently, a project to build and test a scaled-up
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In the 1880s, Hathorn Davey and Co / Leeds produced a 1 hp / 125 rpm atmospheric engine with external condenser but without steam expansion. It has been argued that this was probably the last commercial atmospheric engine to be manufactured. As an atmospheric engine, it did not have a
635:. In principle, these are steam turbines which do not use water but a fluid (a refrigerant) which evaporates at temperatures below 100 °C. Such systems are however fairly complex. They work with pressures of 6 to 20 bars, so that the whole system has to be completely sealed.
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development. An arrangement of valves could alternately admit low pressure steam to the cylinder and then connect with the condenser. Consequently, the direction of the power stroke might be reversed, making it easier to obtain rotary motion. Additional benefits of the
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noticed that it required significant amounts of heat to warm the cylinder back up to the point where steam could enter the cylinder without immediately condensing. When the cylinder was warm enough that it became filled with steam the next power stroke could commence.
162:, but it could only draw fluid up approximately 25 feet, meaning it had to be located within this distance of the mine floor being drained. As mines became deeper, this was often impractical. It also consumed a large amount of fuel compared with later engines.
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with temperatures between 100 and 150 °C generated by industry. In addition, solarthermal collectors, geothermal energy sources and biomass reactors produce heat in this temperature range. There are technologies to utilise this energy, in particular the
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The separate condenser showed dramatic potential for improvements on the
Newcomen engine but Watt was still discouraged by seemingly insurmountable problems before a marketable engine could be perfected. It was only after entering into partnership with
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Watt had tried unsuccessfully for several years to obtain an accurately bored cylinder for his steam engines, and was forced to use hammered iron, which was out of round and caused leakage past the piston. Joseph
Wickham Roe stated in 1916: "When
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At each stroke the warm condensate was drawn off from the condenser and sent to a hot well by a vacuum pump, which also helped to evacuate the steam from under the power cylinder. The still-warm condensate was recycled as feedwater for the boiler.
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The first Watt engines were atmospheric pressure engines, like the Newcomen engine but with the condensation taking place separate from the cylinder. Driving the engines using both low pressure steam and a partial vacuum raised the possibility of
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which, once set in motion, by its momentum maintained a constant power and smoothed the action of the alternating strokes. To its rotating central shaft, belts and gears could be attached to drive a great variety of machinery.
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Watt's Expansion Engine is generally considered as of historic interest only. There are however some recent developments which may lead to a renaissance of the technology. Today, there is an enormous amount of waste steam and
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to the beam, because while the rod moved vertically in a straight line, the beam was pivoted at its centre, with each side inscribing an arc. To bridge the conflicting actions of the beam and the piston, Watt developed his
90:, the weight of the object being moved by the engine pulled the piston to the top of the cylinder as steam was introduced. Then the cylinder was cooled by a spray of water, which caused the steam to condense, forming a
293:. At last Watt had access to facilities and the practical experience of craftsmen who were soon able to get the first engine working. As fully developed, it used about 75% less fuel than a similar Newcomen one.
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to measure steam pressure within the cylinder according to the position of the piston, enabling a diagram to be produced representing the pressure of the steam as a function of its volume throughout the cycle.
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meant that it could push as well as pull. This was not possible as long as the beam and the rod were connected by a chain. Furthermore, it was not possible to connect the piston rod of the sealed cylinder
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would have been used previously. This was a key moment in the industrial revolution, since power sources could now be located anywhere instead of, as previously, needing a suitable water source and
790:. Illustrated with above three hundred copper-plates engraved by Mr. Jefferys (The second edition, with many additions, and other improvements. ed.). London: W.Owen. p. 1073 (table).
521:; on certain weekends throughout the year the modern pumps are switched off and the two steam engines at Crofton still perform this function. The oldest extant rotative steam engine, the
440:, only later reverting, once the patent rights had expired, to the more familiar crank seen on most engines today. The main wheel attached to the crank was large and heavy, serving as a
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saw the first engine he reported to the Society of Engineers that 'Neither the tools nor the workmen existed who could manufacture such a complex machine with sufficient precision
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charge of steam introduced would continue condensing until the cylinder approached working temperature once again. So at each stroke part of the potential of the steam was lost.
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invented a pumping appliance that used steam to draw water directly from a well by means of a vacuum created by condensing steam. The appliance was also proposed for draining
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to turn the linear motion of the engines into rotary motion. This made it useful not only in the original pumping role, but also as a direct replacement in roles where a
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of the individual cylinders to move in straight lines, keeping the piston true in the cylinder, while the walking beam end moved through an arc, somewhat analogous to a
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that such became reality. Watt told Boulton about his ideas on improving the engine, and Boulton, an avid entrepreneur, agreed to fund development of a test engine at
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whether animals, vegetables, minerals, fossils, or fluids; together with the kingdoms, provinces, cities, towns and other remarkable places throughout the world
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Watt was also concerned with fundamental research on the functioning of the steam engine. His most notable measuring device, still in use today, is the Watt
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and horses as the main sources of power for British industry, thereby freeing it from geographical constraints and becoming one of the main drivers in the
509:). The oldest still in its original engine house and still capable of doing the job for which it was installed is the 1812 Boulton and Watt engine at the
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stroke, preventing power loss. All of these changes produced a more reliable design which used half as much coal to produce the same amount of power.
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to produce the required straight line motion much more cheaply than if he had used a slider type of linkage. He was very proud of his solution.
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at mines in Britain, France, Holland, Sweden and Russia. In the next fifty years only a few small changes were made to the engine design.
975:
849:
Hulse David K (1999): "The early development of the steam engine"; TEE Publishing, Leamington Spa, U.K., ISBN, 85761 107 1 p. 127 et seq.
429:, but because another party had patent rights on the use of the crank, Watt was obliged to come up with another solution. He adopted the
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houses a replica of a 1788 Watt rotative engine. It is a full-scale working model of a Boulton-Watt engine. The American industrialist
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began developing a multitude of machines that made use of this rotary power, developing the first modern industrialized factory, the
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were separate, condensation occurred without significant loss of heat from the cylinder. The condenser remained cold and below
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which he adapted from those used to automatically control the speed of windmills. The centrifugal was not a true speed
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In Watt's design, the cold water was injected only into the condensation chamber. This type of condenser is known as a
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Hulse David K (2001): "The development of rotary motion by the steam power"; TEE Publishing, Leamington Spa, U.K.,
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Because factory machinery needed to operate at a constant speed, Watt linked a steam regulator valve to a
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in the cylinder. Atmospheric pressure on the top of the piston pushed it down, lifting the work object.
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when he was assigned the job of repairing a model Newcomen engine and noted how inefficient it was.
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47:(London) in 1832, now in the lobby of the Superior Technical School of Industrial Engineers of the
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These improvements led to the fully developed version of 1776 that actually went into production.
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ironworks. Watt continued working to improve the engine, and in 1781 introduced a system using a
75:, and it was many years before significantly new designs began to replace the basic Watt design.
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which we have put up at Tipton, does not err on the thickness of an old shilling in any part".
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engine were increased efficiency, higher speed (greater power) and more regular motion.
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The new design was introduced commercially in 1776, with the first example sold to the
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The 25 Watt Experimental Condensing Engine built and tested at Southampton University
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1111:"Experimental investigation of the atmospheric steam engine with forced expansion"
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made a dual-piston steam engine in 1766, but died before he could mass-produce it
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The Most Powerful Idea in the World: A Story of Steam, Industry and Invention
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A treatise on the steam engine : historical, practical, and descriptive
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835:. London : Printed for Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green. pp.
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In 1765, Watt conceived the idea of equipping the engine with a separate
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in Sydney, Australia. A Boulton-Watt engine of 1788 may be found in the
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because it could not hold a set speed in response to a change in load.
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525:(from 1785, the third rotative engine ever built), is located in the
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52:
982:
This is the first edition. Modern paperback editions are available.
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1074:"A pumping station, glassworks and pottery kiln at Ashted Circus"
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1244:
Boulton and Watt Steam Engine at the Powerhouse Museum, Sydney
86:
in 1712, were of the "atmospheric" design. At the end of the
316:, which was at work the following month. A third engine, at
237:
at all times, while the cylinder remained hot at all times.
755:
753:
459:
These improvements allowed the steam engine to replace the
898:); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois, (
609:
pressurized boiler. It was intended for small businesses.
240:
Steam was drawn from the boiler to the cylinder under the
1249:
James Watt Steam Engine Act on the UK Parliament website
806:
University of Glasgow Hunterian Museum & Art Gallery
564:
until 1854, and afterwards removed to Dearborn in 1929.
350:, for which three engines were ordered in 1777, for the
890:. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 (
296:
In 1775, Watt designed two large engines: one for the
1234:– excerpts from Transactions of the Newcomen Society.
71:
that became synonymous with steam engines during the
567:
An other one is preserved at Fumel factory, France.
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1228:– Michigan State University, Chemical Engineering
1018:"Rotative steam engine by Boulton and Watt, 1788"
996:. London: Peter Peregrinus Ltd. pp. 47, 22.
881:, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press,
497:. The oldest working engine in the world is the
270:The partnership of Matthew Boulton and James Watt
177:The solution to draining deep mines was found by
802:"Model Newcomen Engine, repaired by James Watt"
710:"Technological Transformations and Long Waves"
501:, brought into service in May 1779 and now at
320:in east London, was also working that summer.
27:Industrial Revolution era stream engine design
1269:
604:Watt engine produced by Hathorn, Davey and Co
206:The major components of a Watt pumping engine
8:
764:. University of Chicago Press. p. 137.
55:). Steam engines of this kind propelled the
977:A History of the Growth of the Steam-Engine
860:James Watt: II The Years of Toil, 1775–1785
724:
722:
505:in Birmingham (formerly at the now defunct
1925:
1864:
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994:A History of Control Engineering 1800-1930
736:. Cambridge University Press. p. 87.
541:ironworks of M W Grazebrook now decorates
507:Museum of Science and Industry, Birmingham
870:
868:
154:In 1698, the English mechanical designer
229:. Because the condenser and the working
31:
2151:Glossary of steam locomotive components
1758:
697:
651:2 kW engine is under preparation.
595:Watt atmospheric pump engine (1796) at
569:
545:, a traffic island at the start of the
304:, completed in March 1776, and one for
214:was working as instrument maker at the
517:. This was used to pump water for the
961:
7:
980:. D. Appleton & Co. p. 116.
824:
822:
487:The oldest surviving Watt engine is
862:(Landmark, Ashbourne, 2005), 58–65.
734:A Short History of the Steam Engine
2003:National Museum of Scotland engine
1240:at the National Museum of Scotland
878:English and American Tool Builders
25:
2185:List of steam technology patents
1212:
941:from 3rd edition Britannica 1797
588:
572:
436:system suggested by an employee
59:in Great Britain and the world.
2170:Murdoch's model steam carriage
2156:History of steam road vehicles
829:Farey, John (1 January 1827).
405:. This device used a four bar
1:
2097:Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine
1189:The Condensing Engine Project
1163:The Condensing Engine Project
785:Society of Gentlemen (1763).
18:Boulton and Watt steam engine
1820:Return connecting rod engine
1138:10.1016/j.renene.2014.09.061
974:Thurston, Robert H. (1875).
875:Roe, Joseph Wickham (1916),
173:upon which Watt experimented
2241:History of the steam engine
1744:Condensing steam locomotive
225:chamber, which he called a
67:design was an invention of
2272:
2051:"Coalbrookdale Locomotive"
273:
2057:"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive
1726:Single- and double-acting
1238:Boulton & Watt engine
1076:. Birmingham City Council
36:A late version of a Watt
2251:Stationary steam engines
1896:Newcomen Memorial Engine
1096:"Davey's engine of 1885"
146:in later steam engines.
2200:Timeline of steam power
2195:Stationary steam engine
2078:Woolf's compound engine
1985:Soho Manufactory engine
1840:Steeple compound engine
1507:straight line mechanism
1232:Watt's 'perfect engine'
1226:Watt atmospheric engine
1109:Müller, Gerald (2015).
760:Rosen, William (2012).
730:Dickinson, Henry Winram
537:, formerly used at the
511:Crofton Pumping Station
2205:Water-returning engine
2179:Lean's Engine Reporter
1952:Chacewater Mine engine
1825:Six-column beam engine
951:James Watt: Monopolist
681:Preserved beam engines
647:
617:
531:Science Museum, London
495:Science Museum, London
483:Preserved Watt engines
421:
379:
248:as a Newcomen engine.
207:
174:
60:
2226:Industrial Revolution
2045:London Steam Carriage
645:
633:Organic Rankine Cycle
615:
597:The Henry Ford Museum
553:The Henry Ford Museum
519:Kennet and Avon Canal
465:Industrial Revolution
419:
373:
216:University of Glasgow
205:
168:
73:Industrial Revolution
57:Industrial Revolution
35:
1991:Bradley Works engine
1815:Reciprocating engine
1638:Babcock & Wilcox
1481:Centrifugal governor
1222:at Wikimedia Commons
992:Bennett, S. (1979).
932: : p 58 et seq.
666:Corliss steam engine
493:of 1777, now in the
450:centrifugal governor
385:reciprocating engine
235:atmospheric pressure
183:"atmospheric" engine
138:, which allowed the
2231:Scottish inventions
1532:Sun and planet gear
1159:"Model tests, Mk 1"
1130:2015REne...75..348M
1060:"Rowington Records"
1046:"Henry Ford Museum"
1032:"Henry Ford Museum"
621:Recent developments
579:The 1817 engine in
434:sun and planet gear
378:on a pumping engine
298:Bloomfield Colliery
116:sun and planet gear
80:first steam engines
45:D. Napier & Son
2032:Richard Trevithick
1630:Water-tube boilers
1444:Gresley conjugated
1220:Watt steam engines
648:
618:
616:Daveys Engine 1885
557:Dearborn, Michigan
422:
380:
366:Later improvements
208:
198:Separate condenser
175:
61:
2213:
2212:
2139:
2138:
2018:
2017:
1702:
1701:
1602:Fire-tube boilers
1457:
1456:
1217:Media related to
1020:. Science Museum.
904:978-0-917914-73-7
743:978-1-108-01228-7
527:Powerhouse Museum
420:Watt steam engine
181:who developed an
126:. Watt's partner
65:Watt steam engine
16:(Redirected from
2263:
2163:fardier à vapeur
1997:Whitbread Engine
1958:Smethwick Engine
1926:
1865:
1684:Feedwater heater
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1191:. 9 October 2016
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1165:. 8 October 2016
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1118:Renewable Energy
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1007:
989:
983:
981:
971:
965:
964:, pp. 176–7
959:
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726:
717:
716:
714:
702:
592:
576:
543:Dartmouth Circus
533:, while an 1817
523:Whitbread Engine
499:Smethwick Engine
474:incorporating a
344:Boulton and Watt
331:
318:Stratford-le-Bow
308:'s ironworks at
276:Boulton and Watt
82:, introduced by
21:
2271:
2270:
2266:
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2216:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2135:
2110:
2083:
2064:
2014:
1971:
1915:
1903:Fairbottom Bobs
1888:Newcomen engine
1882:
1854:
1800:Expansion valve
1773:
1759:Watt's separate
1730:
1698:
1672:
1624:
1596:
1541:
1517:Parallel motion
1453:
1404:Stephenson link
1385:
1323:
1292:Operating cycle
1287:
1282:
1219:
1209:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1185:"Crowd funding"
1183:
1182:
1178:
1168:
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1157:
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1103:
1098:. 27 June 2017.
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704:
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623:
606:
599:
593:
584:
577:
549:in Birmingham.
547:A38(M) motorway
485:
438:William Murdoch
409:coupled with a
403:parallel motion
376:parallel motion
368:
329:
283:Matthew Boulton
278:
272:
200:
179:Thomas Newcomen
171:Newcomen engine
152:
136:parallel motion
128:Matthew Boulton
84:Thomas Newcomen
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2269:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2256:Thermodynamics
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2202:
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2020:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1981:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1941:
1938:Kinneil Engine
1934:
1932:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1910:Elsecar Engine
1907:
1899:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1830:Steeple engine
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1774:
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1704:
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1700:
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1696:
1691:
1689:Feedwater pump
1686:
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1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1555:Simple boilers
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1537:Watt's linkage
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1486:Connecting rod
1483:
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1235:
1229:
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1208:
1207:External links
1205:
1203:
1202:
1176:
1150:
1101:
1087:
1065:
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1037:
1023:
1009:
1002:
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954:
943:
934:
917:
915:Hills, 96–105.
908:
864:
851:
842:
818:
793:
777:
771:978-0226726342
770:
749:
742:
718:
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694:
691:
690:
689:
683:
678:
676:Thermodynamics
673:
668:
663:
656:
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622:
619:
605:
602:
601:
600:
594:
587:
585:
578:
571:
535:blowing engine
484:
481:
367:
364:
337:John Wilkinson
306:John Wilkinson
274:Main article:
271:
268:
199:
196:
151:
148:
112:Carron Company
92:partial vacuum
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
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2:
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2043:
2040:
2039:
2038:Puffing Devil
2035:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2024:High-pressure
2021:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1977:Rotative beam
1974:
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1911:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1877:Savery Engine
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1866:
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1857:
1851:
1850:Working fluid
1848:
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1528:
1527:Rotative beam
1525:
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1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:hypocycloidal
1502:
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1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:Steam engines
1279:
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1005:
1003:0-86341-047-2
999:
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930:1 85761 119 5
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893:
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861:
858:R. L. Hills,
855:
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756:
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745:
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731:
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723:
719:
715:. p. 13.
711:
707:
706:Ayres, Robert
701:
698:
692:
687:
686:Ivan Polzunov
684:
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393:
391:
390:double acting
386:
377:
372:
365:
363:
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269:
267:
264:
260:
256:
254:
253:jet condenser
249:
245:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
213:
204:
197:
195:
191:
187:
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167:
163:
161:
157:
156:Thomas Savery
149:
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137:
133:
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125:
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117:
113:
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
89:
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76:
74:
70:
66:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
39:
38:double-acting
34:
30:
19:
2246:Beam engines
2190:Modern steam
2177:
2162:
2124:Porter-Allen
2103:
2037:
1964:
1944:
1920:
1901:
1835:Safety valve
1764:"Pickle-pot"
1658:Thimble tube
1303:
1193:. Retrieved
1188:
1179:
1167:. Retrieved
1162:
1153:
1141:. Retrieved
1121:
1117:
1104:
1090:
1078:. Retrieved
1068:
1054:
1040:
1026:
1012:
993:
987:
976:
969:
957:
946:
937:
920:
911:
877:
859:
854:
845:
831:
809:. Retrieved
805:
796:
786:
780:
761:
733:
700:
661:Carnot cycle
649:
637:
624:
607:
566:
551:
489:
486:
469:
458:
447:
423:
397:
394:
381:
342:
334:
322:
295:
279:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
239:
223:condensation
220:
209:
192:
188:
176:
153:
150:Introduction
132:Soho Foundry
109:
105:
101:
88:power stroke
77:
64:
62:
43:, built by
41:steam engine
29:
1921:Watt engine
1721:Oscillating
1677:Boiler feed
1522:Plate chain
1501:Tusi couple
1414:Walschaerts
1299:Atmospheric
1124:: 348–355.
1080:14 February
671:Heat engine
461:water wheel
425:wheel by a
227:"condenser"
140:piston rods
120:water wheel
2236:James Watt
2220:Categories
2130:Ljungström
2116:High-speed
2009:Lap Engine
1965:Resolution
1869:Precursors
1754:Kirchweger
1716:Locomotive
1663:Three-drum
1643:Field-tube
1610:Locomotive
1592:Lancashire
1512:Link chain
1496:Crankshaft
1463:Mechanisms
1391:Valve gear
962:Rosen 2012
693:References
628:waste heat
581:Birmingham
561:Henry Ford
454:controller
411:pantograph
360:Chacewater
352:Wheal Busy
314:Shropshire
291:Birmingham
212:James Watt
169:The model
124:topography
96:James Watt
69:James Watt
2161:Cugnot's
2104:Salamanca
1805:Hydrolock
1790:Crosshead
1736:Condenser
1572:Egg-ended
1195:25 August
1169:25 August
583:, England
539:Netherton
515:Wiltshire
503:Thinktank
476:manometer
472:indicator
431:epicyclic
356:Ting Tang
335:In 1774,
210:In 1763,
144:crosshead
2144:See also
2070:Compound
1945:Old Bess
1785:Blowback
1708:Cylinder
1694:Injector
1653:Stirling
1648:Sentinel
1562:Haystack
1476:Cataract
1449:Southern
1439:Caprotti
1314:Compound
896:27-24075
887:16011753
732:(1939).
708:(1989).
655:See also
490:Old Bess
442:flywheel
398:directly
348:Cornwall
310:Broseley
231:cylinder
1860:History
1769:Surface
1587:Cornish
1547:Boilers
1429:Corliss
1366:Corliss
1349:D slide
1319:Uniflow
1309:Cornish
1143:5 March
1126:Bibcode
407:linkage
374:Watt's
362:mines.
326:Smeaton
289:, near
2172:(1784)
2166:(1769)
2132:(1908)
2126:(1862)
2107:(1812)
2099:(1805)
2089:Murray
2080:(1803)
2059:(1804)
2053:(1803)
2047:(1803)
2041:(1801)
2011:(1788)
2005:(1786)
1999:(1785)
1993:(1783)
1987:(1782)
1968:(1781)
1960:(1779)
1954:(1778)
1948:(1777)
1940:(1768)
1912:(1795)
1906:(1760)
1898:(1725)
1879:(1698)
1845:Stroke
1810:Piston
1795:Cutoff
1668:Yarrow
1620:Launch
1615:Scotch
1376:Sleeve
1371:Poppet
1356:Piston
1337:Valves
1329:Valves
1000:
928:
902:
894:
885:
811:1 July
768:
740:
358:, and
302:Tipton
242:piston
53:Madrid
1778:Other
1582:Flued
1567:Wagon
1491:Crank
1434:Lentz
1424:Baker
1419:Allan
1344:Slide
1114:(PDF)
713:(PDF)
427:crank
160:mines
1930:Beam
1471:Beam
1381:Bash
1361:Drop
1304:Watt
1197:2019
1171:2019
1145:2018
1082:2024
998:ISBN
926:ISBN
900:ISBN
892:LCCN
883:LCCN
813:2014
766:ISBN
738:ISBN
287:Soho
78:The
63:The
1749:Jet
1577:Box
1409:Joy
1399:Gab
1134:doi
839:ff.
837:339
555:in
513:in
332:".
312:in
300:at
49:UPM
2222::
1187:.
1161:.
1132:.
1122:75
1120:.
1116:.
906:).
867:^
821:^
804:.
752:^
721:^
467:.
354:,
1277:e
1270:t
1263:v
1199:.
1173:.
1147:.
1136::
1128::
1084:.
1062:.
1048:.
1034:.
1006:.
815:.
774:.
746:.
330:'
51:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
