1959:, while hypocritically denying Italy the ability to pursue imperialism of its own. Much later, from 1937 to 1939, Mussolini encouraged Italians to foster an anti-bourgeois attitude by having them send in anti-bourgeois cartoons to be published in newspapers, and by denouncing "social games, five o'clock tea, vacations, compassion for Jews, preference for armchairs, desire for compromise, desire for money" as indulgent bourgeois practices. In 1938, with war on the horizon, Mussolini escalated a public relations campaign against Italy's bourgeoisie, accusing them of preferring private gain to national victory.
1850:
40:
1931:
to prevent nations like Italy from conquering colonies of their own. Nevertheless, despite these early denunciations of bourgeois culture and the pursuit of monetary gain, fascist parties in power helped large companies to achieve greater profits by banning strikes and lowering wages, and they
1994:, which he supported. Pareto argued that as wealth increases, idealism decreases, causing both money and individuals to soften in strength. Pareto claimed that the only means to rectify this weakening of strength was violence, war, or revolution.
1969:
also rejected the bourgeois culture of states associated with materialistic consumption, profiteering, and plutocracy, which were contrasted with the ideals of military discipline and bravery that the Nazis identified with the German spirit.
1989:
for causing moral disintegration of societies that deteriorates the political order of societies. Pareto's criticism of capitalism was focused on its moral aspects, and he did not criticize capitalism for
1923:
pursuits, which they contrasted with the image of "corpulent politicians", "great, sedentary bourgeois", and tobacco-smoking left-wing intellectuals in "anxious waiting for the hour of the
1508:
1204:
813:
1908:
culture. Early fascist movements expressed contempt for "those who wanted only to earn money, filthy money," and denounced bourgeois culture as being too weak and
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1880:
1269:
188:
1274:
1229:
1088:
1239:
1028:
936:
2197:
1182:
833:
1073:
783:
773:
1118:
1103:
1927:." Italian Fascists also accused wealthy nations of hypocrisy because they built colonial empires in the past and then used the
1623:
1533:
1234:
1003:
486:
436:
2207:
993:
1873:
213:
371:
926:
521:
59:
1157:
579:
1440:
664:
1951:
as "the fattest and most bourgeois nation in the world". Mussolini described bourgeois nations as seeking to assert
1774:
1135:
1108:
958:
943:
823:
159:
1404:
1794:
1477:
931:
674:
333:
225:
1866:
1799:
1724:
1712:
1130:
1078:
988:
978:
953:
948:
694:
176:
164:
1045:
594:
481:
1947:
were not met. It was in this context that he first used the term "bourgeois nation", negatively referring to
2141:
Kritika: explorations in
Russian and Eurasian history, Volume 7, Issue 4. Slavica Publishers, 2006. Pp. 922.
2067:. Princeton University Press edition. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press, 1996. Pp. 259.
1769:
1567:
1391:
1264:
1033:
803:
793:
391:
2047:
1599:
1501:
1125:
855:
589:
318:
169:
2085:. First paperback edition. Santa Barbara, California, USA: University of California Press, 2000. Pp. 163.
541:
1329:
1013:
983:
734:
496:
476:
260:
1981:
Fascism's conception of the bourgeois nation was influenced by the political and economic theories of
2202:
1940:
1574:
1543:
1482:
1462:
1386:
1279:
1093:
709:
491:
328:
323:
208:
198:
69:
1991:
1944:
1896:
was a term used by
Italian fascists to refer to nations that had embraced what the fascists saw as
1705:
1643:
1618:
1147:
1140:
887:
574:
431:
109:
94:
2018:
1734:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1638:
1472:
1349:
1192:
1098:
644:
290:
245:
689:
1974:
was personally disgusted with the ruling bourgeois elites of
Germany during the period of the
1928:
1717:
1700:
1513:
1425:
1344:
1312:
1113:
1023:
968:
753:
551:
531:
506:
441:
338:
134:
99:
2192:
2120:
2042:
1936:
1779:
1555:
1356:
1199:
1068:
1038:
714:
639:
634:
599:
584:
451:
416:
406:
275:
265:
218:
84:
23:
39:
1982:
1975:
1854:
1764:
1729:
1695:
1592:
1528:
1523:
1457:
1376:
1334:
1083:
699:
624:
614:
609:
569:
516:
466:
376:
300:
285:
230:
54:
914:
471:
461:
456:
2153:
2060:
1948:
1824:
1784:
1633:
1628:
1491:
1381:
1361:
1324:
963:
892:
729:
684:
679:
669:
649:
546:
411:
401:
396:
386:
295:
154:
139:
64:
1849:
2186:
1909:
1814:
1445:
1319:
1177:
1167:
1162:
1152:
1063:
897:
526:
501:
446:
421:
381:
356:
235:
119:
1943:
as a "mutilated victory" for Italy, because despite being on the winning side, many
1932:"showered money on armaments industries, to the immense satisfaction of employers."
1971:
1834:
1809:
1804:
1759:
1579:
1399:
1307:
1299:
1224:
1187:
1172:
1008:
973:
882:
719:
629:
619:
604:
426:
270:
114:
2160:. 4th edition. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. 171.
2176:. 4th edition. Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. 15.
2123:, Modern Italy: A Political History (University of Michigan Press, 1997) p. 394.
2023:
2013:
2003:
1956:
1920:
1905:
1901:
1829:
1819:
1648:
1611:
1587:
1562:
1550:
1413:
1018:
860:
724:
654:
366:
361:
203:
149:
104:
2132:
Stacke
Roderick. Hitler's Germany: Origins, Interpretations, Legacies. Pp. 124.
1986:
1966:
1538:
1430:
1366:
921:
904:
872:
865:
763:
704:
536:
511:
280:
250:
193:
89:
1897:
1754:
1371:
1339:
659:
124:
1677:
909:
2077:
2075:
2073:
1952:
1924:
1917:
1789:
1496:
1435:
1420:
240:
182:
129:
79:
2008:
1962:
1606:
998:
877:
31:
1670:
1518:
1450:
255:
1935:
In 1919, as leader of the newly created
Italian Fascist movement,
1913:
144:
2083:
Fascist
Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini's Italy
2168:
2166:
2149:
2147:
2174:
Fascist Italy and Nazi
Germany: Comparisons and Contrasts
2158:
Fascist Italy and Nazi
Germany: Comparisons and Contrasts
2098:. Vintage Books edition. Vintage Books, 2005. Pp. 10.
2051:. Vintage Books edition. Vintage Books, 2005. Pp. 10.
1978:, obscenely referring to them as "cowardly shits".
2065:Neither Right nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France
1205:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
814:Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics
1916:, physical activity, life in the open air, and
1874:
8:
1912:to make a nation strong. Fascists idealized
1881:
1867:
18:
2107:"LIFE on the Newsfronts of the World".
2035:
30:
7:
1904:lifestyles associated with standard
1029:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
834:The Last Will of a Russian Fascist
14:
784:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
1848:
1104:1934 Montreux Fascist conference
38:
1004:Revolutionary Mexicanist Action
1:
1240:Fascist movements by country
927:Brazilian Integralist Action
60:Aestheticization of politics
2081:Simonetta Falasca-Zamponi.
1955:over the ability to pursue
1945:Italian territorial demands
1158:Italian invasion of Albania
994:Patriotic People's Movement
2224:
2198:Right-wing anti-capitalism
1136:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
1109:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
944:Canadian Union of Fascists
824:Foundations of Geopolitics
1795:Glossary of Fascist Italy
1624:Syrian Social Nationalism
932:British Union of Fascists
2111:. 9 January 1939. p. 12.
1800:Glossary of Nazi Germany
1131:Second Sino-Japanese War
1079:Second Italo-Senussi War
989:National Social Movement
979:National Christian Party
954:Silver Legion of America
949:Republican Fascist Party
1770:Extremism of the centre
1235:British fascist parties
1089:German election of 1932
1034:Great Japan Youth Party
804:The Doctrine of Fascism
794:La Conquista del Estado
2096:The Anatomy of Fascism
2048:The Anatomy of Fascism
1502:Revisionist Maximalism
1126:Battle of Cable Street
856:National Fascist Party
2208:Political pejoratives
1046:Slovak People's Party
1014:Russian Fascist Party
984:National Radical Camp
261:Reactionary modernism
1941:Treaty of Versailles
1780:Fascist as an insult
1473:Reform bureaucratism
329:Fascism and ideology
199:National syndicalism
70:Anti-intellectualism
1992:economic inequality
1855:Politics portal
1644:National Bolshevism
1600:Romanianism/Stelism
1188:Downfall in Germany
1148:Anti-Comintern Pact
1141:Japanese war crimes
110:Cult of personality
95:Class collaboration
16:Nationalist concept
2094:Robert O. Paxton.
2019:Proletarian nation
1639:National-anarchism
1350:Christian Identity
1275:Speeches by Hitler
1230:Books about Hitler
1193:Surrender of Japan
1119:Unification Decree
1099:Austrian Civil War
1074:Aventine Secession
246:Proletarian nation
2121:Mack Smith, Denis
1985:, who criticized
1929:League of Nations
1891:
1890:
1405:L'Œuvre Française
1313:Orthodox Peronism
1183:Downfall in Italy
1114:Spanish Civil War
1024:Arrow Cross Party
969:FET y de las JONS
754:Fascist Manifesto
334:Fascism worldwide
135:Heroic capitalism
2215:
2177:
2172:Richard Bessel.
2170:
2161:
2151:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2105:
2099:
2092:
2086:
2079:
2068:
2058:
2052:
2043:Robert O. Paxton
2040:
1937:Benito Mussolini
1894:Bourgeois nation
1883:
1876:
1869:
1853:
1852:
1200:Nuremberg trials
1069:Beer Hall Putsch
1039:Yokusan Sonendan
959:Fatherland Front
839:
829:
819:
809:
799:
789:
779:
774:My Autobiography
769:
759:
276:State capitalism
266:Social Darwinism
85:Authoritarianism
75:Anti-materialism
42:
19:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2171:
2164:
2152:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2106:
2102:
2093:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2059:
2055:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2000:
1983:Vilfredo Pareto
1976:Weimar Republic
1910:individualistic
1887:
1847:
1840:
1839:
1765:Culture of fear
1750:
1742:
1741:
1691:
1683:
1682:
1612:Neo-Eurasianism
1593:Neo-Legionarism
1295:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1265:Nazi ideologues
1218:
1210:
1209:
1084:Mukden Incident
1059:
1051:
1050:
851:
843:
842:
837:
827:
817:
807:
797:
787:
777:
767:
757:
748:
740:
739:
565:
557:
556:
487:Primo de Rivera
352:
344:
343:
314:
306:
305:
301:Totalitarianism
286:Supercapitalism
231:One-party state
160:Interventionism
55:Actual idealism
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2221:
2219:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2162:
2154:Richard Bessel
2143:
2134:
2125:
2113:
2100:
2087:
2069:
2061:Zeev Sternhell
2053:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1939:denounced the
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1825:Social fascism
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1785:Feudal fascism
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1749:Related topics
1748:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1634:Third Position
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1475:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1396:Neo-PĂ©tainism
1389:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
964:FE de las JONS
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
940:
939:
929:
924:
919:
918:
917:
907:
902:
901:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
870:
869:
868:
863:
852:
849:
848:
845:
844:
841:
840:
830:
820:
810:
800:
790:
780:
770:
760:
749:
746:
745:
742:
741:
738:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
665:von Liebenfels
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
566:
563:
562:
559:
558:
555:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
353:
350:
349:
346:
345:
342:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
315:
312:
311:
308:
307:
304:
303:
298:
296:Third Position
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
222:
221:
216:
211:
201:
196:
191:
186:
179:
174:
173:
172:
167:
157:
155:Indoctrination
152:
147:
142:
140:Heroic realism
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
65:Anti-communism
62:
57:
51:
48:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2220:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2109:LIFE magazine
2104:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1902:materialistic
1899:
1895:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1815:Proto-fascism
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1725:South America
1723:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1713:North America
1711:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
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1225:Anti-fascists
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1178:The Holocaust
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1168:Peasant March
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1163:Pact of Steel
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850:Organizations
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564:Intellectuals
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236:Perpetual war
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177:Irrationalism
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120:Direct action
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80:Anti-pacifism
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2064:
2056:
2046:
2038:
1980:
1972:Adolf Hitler
1961:
1934:
1893:
1892:
1835:Uyoku dantai
1810:Post-fascism
1805:Para-fascism
1760:Anti-fascism
1690:By continent
1463:Intransigent
1400:Jeune Nation
1308:Nacionalismo
1280:SS personnel
1270:Nazi leaders
1173:World War II
1094:Enabling Act
1009:Rexist Party
974:Kataeb Party
915:Ustaše Youth
883:Hitler Youth
832:
822:
812:
792:
782:
772:
762:
271:Social order
214:Palingenetic
181:
115:Dictatorship
100:Conspiracism
74:
2203:Bourgeoisie
2024:Proletariat
2014:Nationalism
2004:Bourgeoisie
1957:imperialism
1830:Supremacism
1820:Red fascism
1666:Revisionism
1649:Nazi-Maoism
1619:Syndicalist
1588:Legionarism
1551:Strasserism
1509:LaRoucheism
1483:Restoration
1019:Axis powers
861:Blackshirts
685:Nihal Atsız
645:de Gobineau
580:Chamberlain
552:Van Severen
522:Starhemberg
442:Monshizadeh
351:Politicians
319:Definitions
204:Nationalism
189:Masculinity
150:Imperialism
105:Corporatism
2187:Categories
2030:References
1987:capitalism
1575:Pan-Turkic
1539:Neo-Nazism
1304:Argentine
922:Blueshirts
905:Iron Guard
873:Nazi Party
866:Squadrismo
764:Mein Kampf
747:Literature
600:De Benoist
590:D'Annunzio
585:Chesterton
497:Rodzaevsky
437:von Marées
372:Böszörmény
291:Syncretism
281:Statolatry
251:Propaganda
194:Militarism
90:Chauvinism
49:Principles
1906:bourgeois
1755:Alt-right
1656:Uruguayan
1584:Romanian
1534:Hitlerism
1469:Japanese
1426:Hungarism
1414:Valoisism
1392:PĂ©tainism
1387:Doriotism
1377:Francoism
1372:Falangism
1345:Christian
1340:Chiangism
1330:Brazilian
1325:Banderism
715:Rosenberg
675:Marinetti
650:Haushofer
452:Mussolini
339:Symbolism
324:Economics
125:Dirigisme
1998:See also
1953:hegemony
1925:aperitif
1921:athletic
1898:decadent
1790:Futurism
1706:Bulgaria
1678:Ustašism
1529:Esoteric
1524:Austrian
1514:Mystical
1497:Kahanism
1436:Ilminism
1421:Hindutva
1357:Clerical
1320:Austrian
1294:Variants
937:Stewards
700:Panunzio
695:Olivetti
670:von List
575:Bardèche
570:Baeumler
527:Strasser
467:Quisling
407:Degrelle
392:Codreanu
241:Populism
209:Integral
183:Machismo
165:Economic
130:Eugenics
24:a series
22:Part of
2193:Fascism
2009:Fascism
1963:Germany
1949:Britain
1775:F-scale
1735:Uruguay
1661:Marzism
1607:Russian
1568:Finnish
1556:Swedish
1544:Russian
1478:Statism
1458:Italian
1446:Islamic
1335:British
1242: (
1058:History
999:Ratniks
878:Gestapo
725:Spirito
720:Schmitt
680:Michels
635:Gentile
532:Szálasi
517:Starace
507:Salgado
472:Pavelić
462:O'Duffy
397:Darnand
226:New Man
145:Heroism
32:Fascism
1918:virile
1718:Canada
1701:Europe
1671:Sosism
1629:Techno
1580:Rexism
1519:Nazism
1492:Jewish
1451:Ziaism
1382:French
1362:Crypto
910:Ustaše
838:(2001)
828:(1997)
818:(1948)
808:(1932)
798:(1931)
788:(1930)
778:(1928)
768:(1925)
758:(1919)
735:Yockey
730:Valois
615:Eckart
547:Valois
542:TĂĽrkeĹź
502:Saadeh
477:Pelley
457:Nakano
447:Mosley
432:Ljotić
427:Hitler
417:Franco
412:Doriot
382:Bucard
377:Bottai
357:Arcand
313:Topics
256:Racism
170:Social
1967:Nazis
1914:sport
1441:Irish
1217:Lists
710:Ramos
705:Pound
690:ĹŚkawa
640:Giani
630:Freda
625:Feder
620:Evola
610:Dugin
595:Darré
492:Ramos
482:Preto
387:Ciano
367:Balbo
362:Araki
219:Ultra
1900:and
1730:Peru
1696:Asia
1431:Hutu
1300:Arab
660:Kita
655:Jung
605:Devi
537:Tiso
512:Sima
422:Goga
402:DĂ©at
1965:'s
1563:Neo
1367:Eco
1259:U-Z
1254:N-T
1249:G-M
1244:A-F
888:RAD
2189::
2165:^
2156:.
2146:^
2072:^
2063:.
2045:.
898:SS
893:SA
806:"
756:"
26:on
1882:e
1875:t
1868:v
1261:)
802:"
752:"
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