532:
antibody response, which can result in false positive results, therefore it is important to know the vaccination status of the herd or individual when interpreting results. A standard test to assess whether virus has been circulating recently is to perform an Ig ELISA on blood from 5–10 young stock that have not been vaccinated, aged between 9 and 18 months. A positive result indicates exposure to BVDV, but also that any positive animals are very unlikely to be PI animals themselves. A positive result in a pregnant female indicates that she has previously been either vaccinated or infected with BVDV and could possibly be carrying a PI fetus, so antigen testing of the newborn is vital to rule this out. A negative antibody result, at the discretion of the responsible veterinarian, may require further confirmation that the animal is not in fact a PI.
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in that animal. The cp BVDV spreads to the gastro-intestinal epithelium, and necrosis of keratinocytes results in erosion and ulceration. Fluid leaks from the epithelial surface of the gastro-intestinal tract causing diarrhoea and dehydration. In addition, bacterial infection of the damaged epithelium results in secondary septicaemia. Death occurs in the ensuing days or weeks.
482:
BVDV infection has a wide manifestation of clinical signs including fertility issues, milk drop, pyrexia, diarrhea, and fetal infection. Occasionally, a severe acute form of BVD may occur. These outbreaks are characterized by thrombocytopenia with high morbidity and mortality. However, clinical signs
444:
During systemic spread the virus is able to gain entry into most tissues with a preference for lymphoid tissues. Neutralising antibodies can be detected from 10 to 14 days post infection with titres continuing to increase slowly for 8–10 weeks. After 2–3 weeks, antibodies effectively neutralise viral
319:
that is found in the majority of countries throughout the world. Worldwide reviews of the economically assessed production losses and intervention programs (e.g. eradication programs, vaccination strategies and biosecurity measures) incurred by BVD infection have been published. The causative agent,
555:
Vaccination is an essential part of both control and eradication. While BVD virus is still circulating within the national herd, breeding cattle are at risk of producing PI neonates and the economic consequences of BVD are still relevant. Once eradication has been achieved, unvaccinated animals will
531:
Antibody (Ig) ELISAs are used to detect historical BVDV infection; these tests have been validated in serum, milk and bulk milk samples. Ig ELISAs do not diagnose active infection but detect the presence of antibodies produced by the animal in response to viral infection. Vaccination also induces an
522:
are currently the most frequently performed tests to detect virus or viral antigen. Individual testing of ear tissue tag samples or serum samples is performed. It is vital that repeat testing is performed on positive samples to distinguish between acute, transiently infected cattle and PIs. A second
500:
The PI cattle that do survive ill-thrift are susceptible to mucosal disease. Mucosal disease only develops in PI animals and is invariably fatal. Disease results when a PI animal is superinfected with a cytopathic biotype arising from mutation of the non-cytopathic strain of BVDV already circulating
473:
BVD virus can be maintained as a chronic infection within some immunoprivileged sites following transient infection. These sites include ovarian follicles, testicular tissues, central nervous system and white blood cells. Cattle with chronic infections elicit a significant immune response, exhibited
394:
BVDV strains can be further divided into distinct biotypes (cytopathic or non-cytopathic) according to their effects on tissue cell culture; cytopathic (cp) biotypes, formed via mutation of non-cytopathic (ncp) biotypes, induce apoptosis in cultured cells. Ncp viruses can induce persistent infection
344:
Currently, it was shown in a worldwide review study that the PI prevalence at animal level ranged from low (≤0.8% Europe, North
America, Australia), medium (>0.8% to 1.6% East Asia) to high (>1.6% West Asia). Countries that had failed to implement any BVDV control and/or eradication programmes
491:
Persistently infected animals did not have a competent immune system at the time of BVDV transplacental infection. The virus, therefore, entered the fetal cells and, during immune system development, was accepted as self. In PIs the virus remains present in a large number of the animal's body cells
464:
BVDV infection between 80 and 150 days of gestation may be teratogenic, with the type of birth defect dependent upon the stage of fetal development at infection. Abortion may occur at any time during gestation. Infection after approximately day 120 can result in the birth of a normal fetus which is
414:
Transmission of BVDV occurs both horizontally and vertically with both persistently and transiently infected animals excreting infectious virus. Virus is transmitted via direct contact, bodily secretions and contaminated fomites, with the virus being able to persist in the environment for more than
523:
positive result, acquired at least three weeks after the primary result, indicates a PI animal. rtPCR can also be used on bulk tank milk (BTM) samples to detect any PI cows contributing to the tank. It is reported that the maximum number of contributing cows from which a PI can be detected is 300.
548:
Leading the way in BVD eradication, almost 20 years ago, were the
Scandinavian countries. Despite different conditions at the start of the projects in terms of legal support, and regardless of initial prevalence of herds with PI animals, it took all countries approximately 10 years to reach their
564:
Modern vaccination programmes aim not only to provide a high level of protection from clinical disease for the dam, but, crucially, to protect against viraemia and prevent the production of PIs. While the immune mechanisms involved are the same, the level of immune protection required for foetal
568:
While challenge studies indicate that killed, as well as live, vaccines prevent foetal infection under experimental conditions, the efficacy of vaccines under field conditions has been questioned. The birth of PI calves into vaccinated herds suggests that killed vaccines do not stand up to the
492:
throughout its life and is continuously shed. PIs are often ill-thrifty and smaller than their peers, however, they can appear normal. PIs are more susceptible to disease, with only 20% of PIs surviving to two years of age. If a PI dam is able to reproduce they always give birth to PI calves.
440:
Phagocytes take up BVDV or virus-infected cells and transport them to peripheral lymphoid tissues; the virus can also spread systemically through the bloodstream. Viraemia occurs 2–4 days after exposure and virus isolation from serum or leukocytes is generally possible between 3–10 days post
544:
The mainstay of eradication is the identification and removal of persistently infected animals. Re-infection is then prevented by vaccination and high levels of biosecurity, supported by continuing surveillance. PIs act as viral reservoirs and are the principal source of viral infection but
535:
At a herd level, a positive Ig result suggests that BVD virus has been circulating or the herd is vaccinated. Negative results suggest that a PI is unlikely however this naïve herd is in danger of severe consequences should an infected animal be introduced. Antibodies from wild infection or
457:
BVDV infection of the dam prior to conception, and during the first 18 days of gestation, results in delayed conception and an increased calving to conception interval. Once the embryo is attached, infection from days 29–41 can result in embryonic infection and resultant embryonic death.
395:
in cells and have an intact NS2/3 protein. In cp viruses the NS2/3 protein is either cleaved to NS2 and NS3 or there is a duplication of viral RNA containing an additional NS3 region. The majority of BVDV infections in the field are caused by the ncp biotype.
406:
In Europe the prevalence of antibody positive animals in countries without systematic BVD control is between 60 and 80%. Prevalence has been determined in individual countries and tends to be positively associated with stocking density of cattle.
390:
Two BVDV genotypes are recognised, based on the nucleotide sequence of the 5’untranslated (UTR) region; BVDV-1 and BVDV-2. BVDV-1 isolates have been grouped into 16 subtypes (a –p) and BVDV-2 has currently been grouped into 3 subtypes (a – c).
509:
Various diagnostic tests are available for the detection of either active infection or evidence of historical infection. The method of diagnosis used also depends upon whether the vet is investigating at an individual or a herd level.
337:
effects, as well as having a direct effect on respiratory disease and fertility. In addition, BVD infection of a susceptible dam during a certain period of gestation can result in the production of a persistently infected (PI) fetus.
465:
BVD antigen-negative and BVD antibody-positive. This occurs because the fetal immune system has developed, by this stage of gestation, and has the ability to recognise and fight off the invading virus, producing anti-BVD antibodies.
436:
Following viral entry and contact with the mucosal lining of the mouth or nose, replication occurs in epithelial cells. BVDV replication has a predilection for the palatine tonsils, lymphoid tissues and epithelium of the oropharynx.
453:
Fetal infection is of most consequence as this can result in the birth of a persistently infected neonate. The effects of fetal infection with BVDV are dependent upon the stage of gestation at which the dam suffers acute infection.
410:
BVDV-1 strains are predominant in most parts of the world, whereas BVDV-2 represents 50% of cases in North
America. In Europe, BVDV-2 was first isolated in the UK in 2000 and currently represents up to 11% of BVD cases in Europe.
1354:
Fray, M. D.; Clarke, M. C.; Thomas, L. H.; McCauley, J. W.; Charleston, B. (1998). "Prolonged nasal shedding and viraemia of cytopathogenic bovine virus diarrhoea virus in experimental late-onset mucosal disease".
1187:
Qi, Fengxia; Ridpath, Julia F.; Berry, Eugene S. (1998). "Insertion of a bovine SMT3B gene in NS4B and duplication of NS3 in a bovine viral diarrhea virus genome correlate with the cytopathogenicity of the virus".
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represent a naïve and susceptible herd. Infection from imported animals or contaminated fomites brought into the farm, or via transiently infected in-contacts will have devastating consequences.
1144:
Gillespie, J. H.; Madin, S. H.; Darby, N. B. (1962). "Cellular resistance in tissue culture, induced by noncytopathogenic strains, to a cytopathogenic strain of virus diarrhea virus of cattle".
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are frequently mild and infection insidious, recognized only by BVDV's immunosuppressive effects perpetuating other circulating infectious diseases (particularly scours and pneumonias).
341:
PI animals recognise intra-cellular BVD viral particles as ‘self’ and shed virus in large quantities throughout life; they represent the cornerstone of the success of BVD as a disease.
552:
Once proven that BVD eradication could be achieved in a cost efficient way, a number of regional programmes followed in Europe, some of which have developed into national schemes.
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two weeks. Persistently infected animals are the most important source of the virus, continuously excreting a viral load one thousand times that shed by acutely infected animals.
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Wolfmeyer, A.; Wolf, G.; Beer, M.; Strube, W.; Hehnen, H. R.; Schmeer, N.; Kaaden, O. R. (1997). "Genomic (50-UTR) and serological differences among German BVDV field isolates".
403:
BVD is considered one of the most significant infectious diseases in the livestock industry worldwide due to its high prevalence, persistence and clinical consequences.
719:"Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 in vivo infection modulates TLR4 responsiveness in differentiated myeloid cells which is associated with decreased MyD88 expression"
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Infection of the dam from approximately day 30 of gestation until day 120 can result in immunotolerance and the birth of calves persistently infected with the virus.
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Fray, M.D; Paton, D.J; Alenius, S.; et al. (2000). "The effects of bovine viral diarrhoea virus on cattle reproduction in relation to disease control".
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Chase, Christopher C.L; Elmowalid, Gamal; Yousif, Ausama A.A (2004). "The immune response to bovine viral diarrhea virus: a constantly changing picture".
379:
The genome consists of a single, linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA molecule of approximately 12.3 kb. RNA synthesis is catalyzed by the BVDV
1327:
Brownlie, J.; Clarke, M. C.; Howard, C. J.; Pocock, D. H. (1987). "Pathogenesis and epidemiology of bovine virus diarrhoea virus infection of cattle".
1433:
Voges, H; Young, S; Nash, M (2006). "Direct adverse effects of persistent BVDV infection in dairy heifers – A retrospective case control study".
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Pinior, B; Firth, C; Richter, V; Lebl, K; Trauffler, M; Dzieciol, M; Hutter, S; Burgstaller, J; Obritzhauser, W; Winter, P; Käsbohrer, A (2017).
678:"A systematic review of financial and economic assessments of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) prevention and mitigation activities worldwide"
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vaccination persist for several years therefore Ig ELISA testing is more valuable when used as a surveillance tool in seronegative herds.
905:
Hornberg, Andrea; Fernández, Sandra
Revilla; Vogl, Claus; Vilcek, Stefan; Matt, Monika; Fink, Maria; Köfer, Josef; Schöpf, Karl (2009).
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Scharnböck, B; Roch, Franz-Ferdinand; Richter, V; Funke, C; Firth, C; Obritzhauser, W; Baumgartner, W; Käsbohrer, A; Pinior, B (2018).
906:
1968:
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997:"Factors regulating template switch in vitro by viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases: Implications for RNA-RNA recombination"
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1930:
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Moennig, Volker; Liess, Bernd (1995). "Pathogenesis of intrauterine infections with bovine viral diarrhoea virus".
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Moennig, Volker; Houe, Hans; Lindberg, Ann (2005). "BVD control in Europe: current status and perspectives".
57:
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Brownlie, J.; Clarke, M.; Howard, C. (1984). "Experimental production of fatal mucosal disease in cattle".
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Pestiviruses are small, spherical, single-stranded, enveloped RNA viruses of 40 to 60 nm in diameter.
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637:"A systematic worldwide review of the direct monetary losses due to bovine viral diarrhea virus infection"
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Grooms, Daniel L. (2004). "Reproductive consequences of infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus".
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850:"A meta-analysis of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) prevalences in the global cattle population"
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transiently infected animals and contaminated fomites also play a significant role in transmission.
315:, previously referred to as bovine virus diarrhea (BVD), is an economically significant disease of
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1097:"Cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV): emerging pestiviruses doomed to extinction"
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Lanyon, Sasha R.; Hill, Fraser I.; Reichel, Michael P.; Brownlie, Joe; et al. (2014).
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American Veterinary Medical Association 220(12): 1770–1772
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Stahl and
Alenius (2012) Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research 60 (Supplement) S31–39.
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Richter, V; Lebl, K; Baumgartner, W; Obritzhauser, W; Käsbohrer, A; Pinior, B (2017).
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Peterhans, Ernst; Bachofen, Claudia; Stalder, Hanspeter; Schweizer, Matthias (2010).
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383:(RdRp). This RdRp can undergo template strand switching allowing RNA-RNA copy choice
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984:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers. pp. 1101–1133.
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particles, promote clearance of virus and prevent seeding of target organs.
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Bovine Viral
Diarrhoea Virus, expert reviewed and published by Wikivet at
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Significant economic disease of cattle caused by two species of
Pestivirus
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Graham et al. (2004) Revista
Portuguesa de ciencias veterinarias 127: 38.
907:"Genetic diversity of pestivirus isolates in cattle from Western Austria"
373:(pigs) which cause significant financial loss to the livestock industry.
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BVD infection results in a wide variety of clinical signs, due to its
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EU Thematic network on control of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV)
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challenge presented by the viral load excreted by a PI in the field.
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protection is much higher than for prevention of clinical disease.
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Brett D. Lindenbach; Heinz-Jürgen Thiel; Charles M. Rice (2007).
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Proceedings of the
Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
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Tongue lesions on confirmed BVD/MD case (mucosal disease form)
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The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice
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bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), is a member of the genus
56:. The replication complexes of the viruses are marked red by
1056:"Segregation of bovine viral diarrhoea virus into genotypes"
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New York State Cattle Health Assurance Program BVD Module
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Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice
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Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice
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Description of the entity on the Merck Veterinary Manual
345:(including vaccination) had the highest PI prevalence.
52:
image of BVDV (CP7 type). Nuclei are stained blue with
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Specialist BVD site, Royal Veterinary College, London
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N. James MacLachlan; Edward J. Dubovi, eds. (2011).
773:"Bovine Viral Diarrhoea: Pathogenesis and diagnosis"
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1561:Rossmanith et al. (2005) Prev Vet Med 72: 133–137
1543:Hult and Lindberg (2005) Prev Vet Med 72: 143–148
1054:Ridpath, J.F.; Bolin, S.R.; Dubovi, E.J. (1994).
975:"Flaviviridae: The viruses and their replication"
1001:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1552:Rikula et al. (2005) Prev Vet Med 72: 139–142
8:
1529:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
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217:included but traditionally excluded taxa
980:. In D. M. Knipe; P. M. Howley (eds.).
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1579:Ridpath (2013) Biologicals 41: 14–19.
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365:. Other members of this genus cause
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474:by extremely high antibody titres.
1329:Annales de Recherches Vétérinaires
427:Turbinate cells infected with BVDV
349:Virus classification and structure
25:
387:during elongative RNA synthesis.
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695:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.12.014
353:BVDVs are members of the genus
1228:Animal Health Research Reviews
736:10.1016/j.virusres.2015.05.017
682:Preventive Veterinary Medicine
1:
1753:Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2
1658:Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1
1466:10.1016/S0749-0720(15)30462-X
1202:10.1016/s0168-1702(98)00073-2
995:Kim, M.- J.; Kao, C. (2001).
614:10.1016/s0378-4320(00)00082-8
205:Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2
193:Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1
960:Fenner's Veterinary Virology
926:10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.09.068
381:RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
606:Animal Reproduction Science
1985:
1412:10.1016/j.cvfa.2003.11.004
1158:10.3181/00379727-110-27481
874:10.1038/s41598-018-32831-2
827:10.1016/j.cvfa.2003.11.006
792:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.07.024
654:10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.01.005
514:Virus or antigen detection
432:Acute, transient infection
359:, belonging to the family
962:(4th ed.). Elsevier.
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69:Scientific classification
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1503:(inactive 2024-07-19).
914:Veterinary Microbiology
540:Eradication and control
449:Intrauterine infections
1113:10.1051/vetres/2010016
1073:10.1006/viro.1994.1620
1022:10.1073/pnas.081077198
641:The Veterinary Journal
527:BVD antibody detection
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309:bovine viral diarrhoea
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35:Bovine viral diarrhea
1969:Unaccepted virus taxa
1964:Animal viral diseases
1608:, accessed 21/07/2011
1501:10.1136/vr.114.22.535
1489:The Veterinary Record
1369:10.1136/vr.143.22.608
1298:10.1007/s007050050222
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371:classical swine fever
301:Bovine viral diarrhea
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1286:Archives of Virology
1101:Veterinary Research
1013:2001PNAS...98.4972K
866:2018NatSR...814420S
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469:Chronic infections
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587:
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562:
542:
529:
516:
507:
498:
496:Mucosal disease
489:
480:
471:
451:
434:
421:
401:
351:
313:mucosal disease
148:Amarillovirales
124:Kitrinoviricota
71:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1982:
1980:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1946:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1922:
1909:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1868:
1855:
1839:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1814:
1801:
1788:
1773:
1757:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1732:
1719:
1706:
1693:
1678:
1662:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1629:Animal viruses
1626:
1621:
1614:
1613:External links
1611:
1610:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1536:
1479:
1460:(3): 477–488.
1444:
1425:
1390:
1363:(22): 608–11.
1346:
1319:
1276:
1261:
1215:
1190:Virus Research
1179:
1136:
1087:
1046:
987:
965:
947:
897:
840:
805:
758:
723:Virus Research
709:
668:
627:
588:
586:
583:
582:
581:
579:Animal viruses
574:
571:
561:
558:
549:final stages.
541:
538:
528:
525:
515:
512:
506:
503:
497:
494:
488:
485:
479:
478:Clinical signs
476:
470:
467:
450:
447:
433:
430:
420:
417:
400:
397:
367:Border disease
350:
347:
326:of the family
288:
287:
286:
285:
278:
271:
264:
257:
250:
243:
236:
229:
219:
218:
211:
210:
209:
208:
196:
181:
180:
176:
175:
168:
164:
163:
156:
152:
151:
144:
140:
139:
136:Flasuviricetes
132:
128:
127:
120:
116:
115:
108:
104:
103:
96:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
65:
64:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1981:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1495:(22): 535–6.
1494:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1406:(1): 95–114.
1405:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1335:(2): 157–66.
1334:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1277:
1272:
1269:Anon (2005).
1265:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:(2): 248–50.
1151:
1147:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:
988:
983:
976:
969:
966:
961:
954:
952:
948:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
908:
901:
898:
893:
889:
884:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
844:
841:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
809:
806:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
774:
767:
765:
763:
759:
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:
732:
728:
724:
720:
713:
710:
705:
701:
696:
691:
687:
683:
679:
672:
669:
664:
660:
655:
650:
646:
642:
638:
631:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
600:
598:
596:
594:
590:
584:
580:
577:
576:
572:
570:
566:
559:
557:
553:
550:
546:
539:
537:
533:
526:
524:
521:
513:
511:
504:
502:
495:
493:
486:
484:
477:
475:
468:
466:
462:
459:
455:
448:
446:
442:
438:
431:
425:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
398:
396:
392:
388:
386:
385:recombination
382:
377:
374:
372:
368:
364:
363:
358:
357:
348:
346:
342:
339:
336:
331:
329:
325:
324:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
294:
284:
283:
279:
277:
276:
272:
270:
269:
265:
263:
262:
258:
256:
255:
251:
249:
248:
244:
242:
241:
237:
235:
234:
230:
228:
227:
223:
222:
220:
216:
215:Cladistically
212:
206:
202:
201:
197:
194:
190:
189:
185:
184:
182:
177:
174:
173:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:
121:
118:
117:
114:
113:
112:Orthornavirae
109:
106:
105:
102:
101:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
75:
70:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1889:Pestivirus B
1888:
1835:Pestivirus A
1834:
1783:Pestivirus B
1752:
1688:Pestivirus A
1657:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1566:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1525:cite journal
1492:
1488:
1482:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1270:
1264:
1234:(1): 63–74.
1231:
1227:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1066:(1): 66–74.
1063:
1059:
1049:
1004:
1000:
990:
981:
968:
959:
917:
913:
900:
860:(1): 14420.
857:
853:
843:
818:
814:
808:
786:(2): 201–9.
783:
779:
726:
722:
712:
685:
681:
671:
644:
640:
630:
605:
567:
563:
554:
551:
547:
543:
534:
530:
517:
508:
499:
490:
481:
472:
463:
460:
456:
452:
443:
439:
435:
419:Pathogenesis
413:
409:
405:
402:
399:Epidemiology
393:
389:
378:
375:
369:(sheep) and
362:Flaviviridae
360:
354:
352:
343:
340:
332:
328:Flaviviridae
321:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:
282:Pestivirus K
280:
275:Pestivirus J
273:
268:Pestivirus I
266:
261:Pestivirus H
259:
254:Pestivirus G
252:
247:Pestivirus F
245:
240:Pestivirus E
238:
233:Pestivirus D
231:
226:Pestivirus C
224:
204:
200:Pestivirus B
198:
192:
188:Pestivirus A
186:
171:
160:Flaviviridae
159:
147:
135:
123:
111:
99:
92:
82:(unranked):
29:
1777:Wikispecies
1682:Wikispecies
1441:(8): 22–25.
821:(1): 5–19.
560:Vaccination
441:infection.
58:NS3 protein
1948:Categories
1196:(1): 1–9.
585:References
487:PI animals
356:Pestivirus
323:Pestivirus
203:(formerly
191:(formerly
172:Pestivirus
62:antibodies
1904:Q51930337
1850:Q51930329
1768:Q18968331
1673:Q18968322
1435:VetScript
1107:(6): 44.
745:1872-7492
729:: 44–55.
647:: 80–87.
505:Diagnosis
107:Kingdom:
100:Riboviria
1954:Diarrhea
1898:Wikidata
1844:Wikidata
1810:11459301
1762:Wikidata
1715:11459300
1667:Wikidata
1517:19523700
1420:15062477
1385:26025942
1314:20365815
1256:10581576
1248:16164009
1174:12198102
1166:13898635
1131:20197026
1060:Virology
1041:11309487
942:46378359
934:19019571
892:30258185
835:15062471
800:24053990
753:26043978
704:28040270
663:28190502
622:10844229
573:See also
155:Family:
119:Phylum:
60:binding
1931:2170081
1877:2170080
1509:6087539
1474:8581858
1377:9871955
1341:3619343
1306:9413513
1210:9833880
1122:2850149
1082:7975238
1009:Bibcode
883:6158279
862:Bibcode
167:Genus:
143:Order:
131:Class:
1797:541186
1702:541189
1515:
1507:
1472:
1418:
1383:
1375:
1339:
1312:
1304:
1254:
1246:
1208:
1172:
1164:
1129:
1119:
1080:
1039:
1029:
940:
932:
890:
880:
833:
798:
751:
743:
702:
661:
620:
317:cattle
1918:6V6J8
1864:776J7
1823:54315
1805:IRMNG
1741:11099
1728:91725
1710:IRMNG
1513:S2CID
1381:S2CID
1310:S2CID
1252:S2CID
1170:S2CID
1032:33148
978:(PDF)
938:S2CID
910:(PDF)
776:(PDF)
520:rtPCR
93:Realm
86:Virus
1926:NCBI
1872:NCBI
1818:NCBI
1736:NCBI
1531:link
1505:PMID
1470:PMID
1416:PMID
1373:PMID
1337:PMID
1302:PMID
1244:PMID
1206:PMID
1162:PMID
1127:PMID
1078:PMID
1037:PMID
930:PMID
888:PMID
831:PMID
796:PMID
749:PMID
741:ISSN
700:PMID
659:PMID
618:PMID
54:DAPI
1913:CoL
1859:CoL
1792:EoL
1723:ISC
1697:EoL
1497:doi
1493:114
1462:doi
1408:doi
1365:doi
1361:143
1294:doi
1290:142
1236:doi
1198:doi
1154:doi
1150:110
1117:PMC
1109:doi
1068:doi
1064:205
1027:PMC
1017:doi
922:doi
918:135
878:PMC
870:doi
823:doi
788:doi
784:199
731:doi
727:208
690:doi
686:137
649:doi
645:220
610:doi
307:),
305:BVD
1950::
1928::
1915::
1900::
1874::
1861::
1846::
1820::
1807::
1794::
1779::
1764::
1738::
1725::
1712::
1699::
1684::
1669::
1527:}}
1523:{{
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1491:.
1468:.
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1439:19
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1359:.
1333:18
1331:.
1308:.
1300:.
1288:.
1250:.
1242:.
1230:.
1218:^
1204:.
1194:57
1192:.
1168:.
1160:.
1148:.
1125:.
1115:.
1105:41
1103:.
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1076:.
1062:.
1058:.
1035:.
1025:.
1015:.
1005:98
1003:.
999:.
950:^
936:.
928:.
916:.
912:.
886:.
876:.
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856:.
852:.
829:.
819:20
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761:^
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684:.
680:.
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592:^
330:.
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1519:.
1499::
1476:.
1464::
1422:.
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1367::
1343:.
1316:.
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1258:.
1238::
1232:6
1212:.
1200::
1176:.
1156::
1133:.
1111::
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1070::
1043:.
1019::
1011::
944:.
924::
894:.
872::
864::
858:8
837:.
825::
802:.
790::
755:.
733::
706:.
692::
665:.
651::
624:.
612::
303:(
207:)
195:)
20:)
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