92:
99:
86:
107:
120:
42:
30:
202:, as part of the general militarisation of Japanese sports and athletics taking place at that time. Japanese military authorities did not consistently encourage the Scouting movement in occupied territories. Where local conditions were favourable, authorities would permit local Scouting or introduce Japanese-style Scouting, or
545:
Nationality, Gender and Class, Author: Liu
Jinghui 2017-03-13 Chapter Three Youth Policy and Youth in Manchukuo: One Patriotic youth's struggle against Japan and saving the nation; Two Establishment of the Manchuria Boy Scouts; Chapter Seven Data on adolescents and adolescent education in
206:, and sometimes even made this compulsory. On the other hand, where conditions were not favourable, and anti-Japanese sentiments were likely to be nurtured through Scouting, the authorities would prohibit it entirely.
210:
579:
270:
726:
217:) in Manchuria. In 1938 membership in the Concordia Shōnendan (協和少年團) was made compulsory for young people between 10 and 15 years old. Alternately styled the
716:
632:
529:
274:
issued by the State
Council of Manchukuo on February 24, 1933, the colours on the flag represented the four directions and centre. The
195:
34:
Top text: "大滿洲帝國童子軍聯盟" (The Boy Scouts
Alliance of the Empire of Great Manchuria); bottom text: "智、勇、仁" (Wisdom, Courage, Benevolence)
387:
to the east into
Manchuria and south into central China, where very large groups of Russian Scouts came into being in cities such as
689:
428:
455:
85:
137:
491:
298:
280:
682:
The
Undaunted: Keeping the Scouting Spirit Alive: The Survival and Revival of Scouting in Central and Eastern Europe
721:
191:
648:
238:
163:
175:
677:
242:
41:
711:
372:
380:
288:
Yellow represented the centre, symbolizing the rule of emperor of four directions and virtue of
685:
628:
559:"Imitating the Colonizers: The Legacy of the Disciplining State from Manchukuo to South Korea"
525:
254:
602:
289:
408:
340:
234:
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29:
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also set up
Japanese-style Scouting in schools, which included para-military training.
544:
705:
343:
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171:
546:
Manchuria: 1 Manchuria Boy Scout
Organization; 2 Manchuria League of Boy Scouts
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230:
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Black represented the North, symbolizing will and determination, also Water in
310:
Blue represented the East, symbolizing youthfulness and holiness, also Wood in
376:
593:
499:
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656:
46:
Scout flag; the central design has two dragons crossing in an "x" pattern.
396:
316:
White represented the West, symbolizing purity and justice, also Gold in
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Red represented the South, symbolizing passion and courage, also Fire in
278:
published by the State
Council later also gave a representative based on
155:
392:
361:
355:
606:
388:
258:
145:
649:"National Organisation of Russian Scouts NORS in China, 1922–1947"
329:
The colours also represented the five major peoples in
Manchukuo:
199:
213:
by 1937, however they encouraged
Japanese-style Scouting (少年團
209:
Japanese military leaders banned Scouting for Chinese boys in
492:"Sport and Physical Education under Fascistization in Japan"
490:
Abe, Ikuo; Kiyohara, Yasuharu; Nakajima, Ken (June 2000) .
684:. Geneva: Oriole International Publications. p. 83.
609:– via Kokuritsu Kokkaitoshokan dejitaru korekushon.
174:
of Manchukuo in 1932, and controlled it until 1945. The
627:(in Japanese). Tōkyō: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan. p. 22.
237:, "智、勇、仁" (Wisdom, Courage, Benevolence), and Scout
622:
Manshūkoku no bijuaru media: Posutā, ehagaki, kitte
59:
51:
18:
368:Russian Scouting in China and Manchuria 1922–1947
582:, State Council of Manchukuo, February 24, 1933
524:. Hong Kong: Scout Association of Hong Kong.
268:crossing in an "x" pattern. According to the
8:
271:Document of the Explanation of National Flag
465:. Vol. 317. p. 14. Archived from
40:
28:
15:
496:InYo: Journal of Alternative Perspectives
727:Youth organizations established in 1932
420:
449:
447:
253:The elaborate emblem incorporated the
7:
601:(in Japanese). Tōkyō: Tōkyō Shobō.
456:"War and Occupation, 1941–1945 (4)"
14:
522:Scouting in Hong Kong, 1910–2010
276:Study of Manchukuo National Flag
223:Manchuria Boy Scout Organisation
119:
118:
105:
97:
90:
84:
151:Mǎnzhōuguó Tóngzǐ Tuán Liánméng
620:Kishi, Toshihiko 貴志俊彦 (2010).
227:Manchuria League of Boy Scouts
150:
141:
1:
717:Scouting and Guiding in China
50:
454:Kua, Paul (September 2010).
625:満洲国のビジュアル・メディア―ポスター・絵はがき・切手
463:香港童軍月刊 / Hong Kong Scouting
743:
383:from 1917 to 1922 through
190:was appointed head of the
63:September 1932/May 6, 1934
117:
81:
67:
39:
27:
624:
597:
563:The Asia-Pacific Journal
462:
429:
241:ceremonies were held at
333:Yellow represented the
134:Boy Scouts of Manchukuo
19:Boy Scouts of Manchukuo
557:Han, Suk-Jung (2005).
360:Black represented the
354:White represented the
229:, the Scouts used the
440:– via Facebook.
381:White Russian émigrés
348:Blue represented the
170:in 1931, created the
678:Kroonenberg, Piet J.
339:Red represented the
219:Manchukuo Boys Corps
176:Manchukuo government
595:Shinkokka daimanshū
192:Boy Scouts of Japan
569:(7). Article 1885.
520:Kua, Paul (2011).
186:In February 1937,
722:Scouting in Japan
653:The Pine Tree Web
634:978-4-642-08036-1
531:978-962-7835-69-1
257:, as well as the
255:flag of Manchukuo
243:Confucian shrines
172:puppet government
164:Japanese military
130:
129:
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655:. Archived from
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344:(Yamato) people
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239:court of honour
235:Scouts of China
188:Isamu Takeshita
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158:association of
125:Scouting portal
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373:Russian Scouts
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211:occupied China
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691:2-88052-003-7
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659:on 2008-05-15
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502:on 2010-01-13
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472:on 2021-12-19
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335:Manchu people
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324:Five Elements
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318:Five Elements
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312:Five Elements
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306:Five Elements
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672:
661:. Retrieved
657:the original
652:
643:
621:
615:
594:
592:趙欣伯 (1932).
587:
575:
566:
562:
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540:
521:
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504:. Retrieved
500:the original
495:
485:
474:. Retrieved
467:the original
435:. Retrieved
433:(in Chinese)
423:
371:
328:
323:
317:
311:
305:
297:
294:Confucianism
279:
275:
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266:Qing dynasty
252:
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208:
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185:
149:
133:
131:
385:Vladivostok
350:Han Chinese
231:Scout motto
706:Categories
663:2008-10-24
580:对国旗意义的解释文件
506:2017-07-10
476:2017-07-10
437:2017-07-10
415:References
377:Bolshevism
225:, and the
198:, and the
196:Sea Scouts
182:Background
712:Manchukuo
379:followed
261:from the
215:Shōnendan
204:Shōnendan
168:Manchuria
160:Manchukuo
55:Manchukuo
680:(1998).
430:滿洲國童子團聯盟
403:See also
397:Shanghai
393:Tientsin
375:fleeing
341:Japanese
156:Scouting
154:) was a
142:滿洲國童子團聯盟
22:滿洲國童子團聯盟
281:Wu Xing
259:dragons
166:seized
138:Chinese
60:Founded
52:Country
688:
631:
598:新国家大満洲
528:
395:, and
389:Harbin
263:Manchu
249:Emblem
194:, the
162:. The
148::
146:pinyin
140::
123:
470:(PDF)
459:(PDF)
686:ISBN
629:ISBN
526:ISBN
200:YMCA
132:The
603:doi
461:.
292:in
290:Ren
708::
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565:.
561:.
494:.
446:^
399:.
391:,
284:.
245:.
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666:.
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567:3
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479:.
136:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
