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is inserted into the eardrum to keep the middle ear aerated for a prolonged time and to prevent reaccumulation of fluid. Without the insertion of a tube, the incision usually heals spontaneously in two to three weeks. Depending on the type, the tube is either naturally extruded in 6 to 12 months or
2268:
651:
In some cases, the pressure of fluid in an infected middle ear is great enough to cause the eardrum to rupture naturally. Usually, this consists of a small hole (perforation), from which fluid can drain out of the middle ear. If this does not occur naturally, a
497:
tents inward at the level of the tip of malleus. The middle fibrous layer, containing radial, circular, and parabolic fibers, encloses the handle of malleus. Though comparatively robust, the pars tensa is the region more commonly associated with perforations.
1227:
Ritenour AE, Wickley A, Retinue JS, Kriete BR, Blackbourne LH, Holcomb JB, Wade CE (February 2008). "Tympanic membrane perforation and hearing loss from blast overpressure in
Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom wounded".
880:
730:
868:
684:
that is unable to perform drainage or ventilation in its usual fashion. Before the invention of antibiotics, myringotomy without tube placement was also used as a major treatment of severe acute otitis media.
643:). However, they rarely require medical intervention, as between 80 and 95 percent of ruptures recover completely within two to four weeks. The prognosis becomes more guarded as the force of injury increases.
820:
796:
1614:
1433:
Lindeman P, Edström S, Granström G, Jacobsson S, von Sydow C, Westin T, Aberg B (December 1987). "Acute traumatic tympanic membrane perforations. Cover or observe?".
1607:
136:
1086:"Role of Eustachian Dysfunction and Primary Sclerotic Mastoid Pneumatisation Pattern in Aetiology of Squamous Chronic Otitis Media: A Correlative Study"
772:
856:
1600:
701:
intentionally rupture their eardrums at an early age to facilitate diving and hunting at sea. Many older Bajau therefore have difficulties hearing.
1217:
Drake, Richard L., A. Wade Vogl, and Adam
Mitchell. Gray's Anatomy For Students. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2015. Print. pg. 969
112:
310:
545:
1306:
Green SM; Rothrock SG; Green EA= (October 1993). "Tympanometric evaluation of middle ear barotrauma during recreational scuba diving".
892:
844:
1701:
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443:
581:
radiates from the tip of the malleus to the periphery in the anteroinferior quadrant, this is what is known clinically as 5 o'clock.
2032:
1144:
1021:
462:
and the anterior and posterior malleal folds. Consisting of two layers and appearing slightly pinkish in hue, it is associated with
660:
procedure in which a tiny incision is created in the eardrum to relieve pressure caused by excessive buildup of fluid, or to drain
514:. The lateral surface of the membrane is thus concave. The most depressed aspect of this concavity is termed the umbo (Latin for "
1390:
Kristensen S (December 1992). "Spontaneous healing of traumatic tympanic membrane perforations in man: a century of experience".
904:
826:
Chain of ossicles and their ligaments, seen from the front in a vertical, transverse section of the tympanum (tympanic cavity)
808:
2200:
1753:
494:
131:
411:, mediolateral, and superoinferior planes. Consequently, its superoposterior end lies lateral to its anteroinferior end.
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The right membrana tympani with the hammer and the chorda tympani, viewed from within, from behind, and from above
1837:
1587:
2273:
2076:
2071:
1768:
1037:
Gilberto, Nelson; Santos, Ricardo; Sousa, Pedro; O’Neill, Assunção; Escada, Pedro; Pais, Diogo (August 2019). "
303:
95:
31:
2049:
560:(cranial nerve IX). The inner surface of the tympanic membrane is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve.
431:
383:
2247:
2293:
2010:
557:
527:
143:
119:
107:
1509:
Smith N, Greinwald JR (2011). "To tube or not to tube: indications for myringotomy with tube placement".
957:"Autoincudotomy as an uncommon etiology of conductive hearing loss: Case report and review of literature"
934:
1852:
490:
1553:
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1903:
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is firmly attached to the medial surface of the membrane as far as its center, drawing it toward the
415:
260:
2155:
1012:
Purves, D; Augustine, G; Fitzpatrick, D; Hall, W; LaMantia, A; White, L; et al., eds. (2012).
886:
A subtotal perforation of the right tympanic membrane resulting from a previous severe otitis media
574:
344:
296:
282:
371:. The ear thereby converts and amplifies vibration in the air to vibration in cochlear fluid. The
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2020:
1953:
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Mansour, Salah; Magnan, Jacques; Ahmad, Hassan Haidar; Nicolas, Karen; Louryan, Stéphane (2019).
1066:
911:
590:
62:
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Hilal, Fathi; Liaw, Jeffrey; Cousins, Joseph P.; Rivera, Arnaldo L.; Nada, Ayman (2023-04-01).
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The oval perforation in this left tympanic membrane was the result of a slap on the ear
612:
that prevents equalization of pressure in the middle ear. It is also known to occur in
594:
486:
478:
1471:
Garth RJ (July 1995). "Blast injury of the ear: an overview and guide to management".
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Knowledge articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
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Sensation of the outer surface of the tympanic membrane is supplied mainly by the
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External and middle ear, right side, opened from the front (coronal section)
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1343:"Traumatic tympanic membrane rupture in a mixed martial arts competition"
1041:
and tympanicomalleal joint: proposal for a new anatomic classification".
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360:
328:
223:
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Those requiring myringotomy usually have an obstructed or dysfunctional
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Mirza S, Richardson H (May 2005). "Otic barotrauma from air travel".
482:
238:
1815:
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356:
233:
83:
656:(tympanotomy, tympanostomy) can be performed. A myringotomy is a
631:
Patients with tympanic membrane rupture may experience bleeding,
375:
bone bridges the gap between the eardrum and the other ossicles.
474:
1596:
37:
Not to be confused with the secondary tympanic membrane of the
661:
450:. The relatively fragile pars flaccida lies above the lateral
177:
172:
This article is one of a series documenting the anatomy of the
1511:
Current
Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery
1090:
Indian
Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery
790:
Horizontal section through left ear; upper half of section
647:
Surgical puncture for treatment of middle ear infections
27:
Membrane separating the external ear from the middle ear
668:. The fluid or pus comes from a middle ear infection (
2236:
442:
The eardrum is divided into two general regions: the
1160:
Marchioni D, Molteni G, Presutti L (February 2011).
1136:
Comprehensive and
Clinical Anatomy of the Middle Ear
390:
of the eardrum can cause conductive hearing loss or
2181:
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2096:
1999:
1926:
1917:
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407:The tympanic membrane is oriented obliquely in the
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118:
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94:
82:
77:
72:
46:
814:Auditory tube, laid open by a cut in its long axis
1341:Fields JD, McKeag DB, Turner JL (February 2008).
898:A normal human right tympanic membrane (eardrum)
473:The larger pars tensa consists of three layers:
1608:
304:
8:
672:), which is a common problem in children. A
414:Anatomically, it relates superiorly to the
2102:
1923:
1893:
1718:
1615:
1601:
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1043:European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
506:The manubrium (Latin for "handle") of the
311:
297:
159:
61:
52:
1358:
1185:
1109:
988:
573:When the eardrum is illuminated during a
493:or Gerlach's ligament. while the central
363:inside the middle ear, and thence to the
1552:Langenheim, Johnny (18 September 2010).
1466:
1464:
838:Right eardrum as seen through a speculum
67:Right eardrum as seen through a speculum
2243:
1504:
1502:
947:
726:
718:to equalize pressure across the eardrum
176:
1162:"Endoscopic Anatomy of the Middle Ear"
929:This article incorporates text in the
556:(cranial nerve VII), and possibly the
147:
43:
601:, typically in patients experiencing
7:
1447:10.1001/archotol.1987.01860120031002
862:Tympanic membrane viewed by otoscope
1583:Diagram at Georgia State University
1360:10.1097/01.CSMR.0000308672.53182.3b
1166:Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg
546:auricular branch of the vagus nerve
677:removed during a minor procedure.
25:
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923:
903:
891:
879:
867:
855:
843:
831:
819:
807:
795:
783:
771:
729:
593:(rupture) has been described in
163:
1588:drtbalu's otolaryngology online
1435:Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg
736:Anatomy of the human right ear.
544:), with contributions from the
2011:Reissner's/vestibular membrane
850:This is a normal left eardrum.
485:. Its thick periphery forms a
355:. Its function is to transmit
1:
1754:promontory of tympanic cavity
1554:"The last of the sea nomads"
1523:10.1097/MOO.0b013e3283499fa8
1485:10.1016/0020-1383(95)00042-8
327:of humans and various other
1744:secondary tympanic membrane
1242:10.1097/ta.0b013e318160773e
973:10.1016/j.radcr.2022.10.097
937:of the 20th edition of
610:Eustachian tube dysfunction
89:membrana tympanica; myringa
2310:
1749:prominence of facial canal
1055:10.1007/s00405-019-05434-4
380:perforation of the eardrum
36:
29:
1696:
1404:10.1017/s0022215100121723
1178:10.1007/s12070-011-0159-0
1102:10.1007/s12070-018-1259-x
403:Orientation and relations
343:, is a thin, cone-shaped
142:
60:
51:
1769:aditus to mastoid antrum
1277:10.1258/0022215053945723
430:, and anteriorly to the
32:Eardrum (disambiguation)
1084:Jain, Shraddha (2019).
1016:. Sunderland: Sinauer.
487:fibrocartilaginous ring
432:temporomandibular joint
384:conductive hearing loss
1347:Current Sports Med Rep
1320:10.1055/s-2007-1021201
1096:(Suppl 2): 1190–1196.
961:Radiology Case Reports
558:glossopharyngeal nerve
528:auriculotemporal nerve
144:Anatomical terminology
1760:Posterior structures
1208:Gray's Anatomy (1918)
910:Frog on leaf showing
639:, or disequilibrium (
564:Clinical significance
418:, posteriorly to the
2001:Cochlear duct /
1965:Perilymphatic space
1865:Auditory tube /
426:, inferiorly to the
416:middle cranial fossa
367:in the fluid-filled
359:from the air to the
30:For other uses, see
2284:Otorhinolaryngology
2183:Semicircular canals
2156:Vestibular aqueduct
1236:(2 Suppl): S174-8.
689:Society and culture
575:medical examination
347:that separates the
283:Semicircular canals
2161:endolymphatic duct
2149:Otolithic membrane
2062:Tectorial membrane
2021:Reticular membrane
1826:posterior ligament
1774:pyramidal eminence
1730:Medial structures
530:, a branch of the
491:annulus tympanicus
335:, also called the
18:Branchial membrane
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2216:crista ampullaris
2166:endolymphatic sac
2098:Vestibular system
2092:
2091:
1974:Cochlear aqueduct
1883:
1882:
1821:superior ligament
1809:anterior ligament
1799:superior ligament
1687:Auricular muscles
1670:intertragic notch
723:Additional images
716:Valsalva maneuver
674:tympanostomy tube
603:upper respiratory
337:tympanic membrane
321:
320:
219:Tympanic membrane
158:
157:
153:
16:(Redirected from
2301:
2251:
2250:
2242:
2206:Ampullary cupula
2103:
2033:Stria vascularis
2016:Basilar membrane
1924:
1894:
1838:annular ligament
1804:lateral ligament
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532:mandibular nerve
466:dysfunction and
460:Notch of Rivinus
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150:edit on Wikidata
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2173:Ductus reuniens
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2067:Sulcus spiralis
2038:Spiral ligament
2002:
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1959:Cochlear cupula
1939:Vestibular duct
1919:Auditory system
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1867:Eustachian tube
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1398:(12): 1037–50.
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464:Eustachian tube
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589:Unintentional
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468:cholesteatomas
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2294:Human anatomy
2292:
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2240:
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2084:Spiral limbus
2082:
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1949:Tympanic duct
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1764:mastoid cells
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1702:pars flaccida
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1271:(5): 366–70.
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1220:
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1179:
1175:
1172:(2): 101–13.
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1146:9783030153632
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1023:9780878936953
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931:public domain
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584:
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579:cone of light
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547:
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536:cranial nerve
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445:
444:pars flaccida
437:
435:
433:
429:
428:parotid gland
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
402:
397:
395:
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392:cholesteatoma
389:
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40:
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19:
2066:
1739:round window
1691:
1563:. Retrieved
1559:The Guardian
1557:
1547:
1514:
1510:
1479:(6): 363–6.
1476:
1472:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1353:(1): 10–11.
1350:
1346:
1336:
1314:(7): 411–5.
1311:
1307:
1301:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1139:. Springer.
1135:
1128:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1014:Neuroscience
1013:
1007:
964:
960:
950:
942:
928:
922:
692:
679:
670:otitis media
650:
637:hearing loss
630:
626:martial arts
622:scuba diving
588:
572:
554:facial nerve
525:
522:Nerve supply
505:
472:
458:between the
441:
424:facial nerve
413:
406:
382:can lead to
377:
349:external ear
340:
336:
332:
322:
113:A15.3.01.052
88:
39:round window
2050:stereocilia
2003:scala media
1944:Helicotrema
1734:oval window
1623:Anatomy of
1565:15 February
654:myringotomy
620:(including
608:or general
591:perforation
569:Examination
516:shield boss
489:called the
378:Rupture or
365:oval window
78:Identifiers
2263:Categories
2201:Horizontal
2139:Kinocilium
1904:membranous
1897:Labyrinths
1714:Middle ear
1665:antitragus
1039:Pars tensa
919:References
753:middle ear
711:Middle ear
666:middle ear
606:congestion
599:air travel
448:pars tensa
388:retraction
353:middle ear
261:Vestibules
212:Middle ear
2196:Posterior
2107:Vestibule
2055:tip links
2028:Endolymph
1989:Boettcher
1969:Perilymph
1889:Inner ear
1848:stapedius
1682:Ear canal
1655:antihelix
1637:Outer ear
1377:205388185
1071:123959777
981:1930-0433
935:page 1039
763:inner ear
743:outer ear
664:from the
398:Structure
351:from the
329:tetrapods
254:Inner ear
199:Ear canal
187:Outer ear
178:Human ear
2211:Ampullae
2191:Superior
2077:internus
2072:externus
1984:Claudius
1954:Modiolus
1844:Muscles
1786:Ossicles
1531:21804383
1420:21899785
1369:18296937
1293:45256115
1285:15949100
1250:18376162
1230:J Trauma
1196:22468244
1120:31750149
1063:31004197
999:36798057
912:tympanum
705:See also
658:surgical
633:tinnitus
614:swimming
446:and the
420:ossicles
361:ossicles
345:membrane
224:Ossicles
2289:Otology
2253:Anatomy
2144:Otolith
2127:Saccule
2115:Utricle
1934:Cochlea
1927:General
1794:Malleus
1692:Eardrum
1675:earlobe
1645:Auricle
1629:balance
1625:hearing
1539:3027628
1493:7558254
1455:3675893
1412:1487657
1328:8244609
1187:3102170
1111:6841851
990:9925837
699:Pacific
641:vertigo
624:), and
585:Rupture
552:), the
508:malleus
456:malleus
454:of the
452:process
438:Regions
373:malleus
369:cochlea
341:myringa
333:eardrum
325:anatomy
323:In the
278:Cochlea
271:Saccule
266:Utricle
229:Malleus
194:Auricle
101:D014432
73:Details
47:Eardrum
2239:Portal
2132:macula
2120:macula
1980:Cells
1833:Stapes
1660:tragus
1537:
1529:
1491:
1473:Injury
1453:
1418:
1410:
1375:
1367:
1326:
1291:
1283:
1248:
1194:
1184:
1143:
1118:
1108:
1069:
1061:
1020:
997:
987:
979:
943:(1918)
759:
749:
739:
618:diving
483:mucosa
481:, and
331:, the
239:Stapes
1816:Incus
1650:helix
1535:S2CID
1416:S2CID
1373:S2CID
1289:S2CID
1067:S2CID
933:from
695:Bajau
357:sound
234:Incus
148:[
84:Latin
1909:bony
1697:umbo
1627:and
1567:2016
1527:PMID
1489:PMID
1451:PMID
1408:PMID
1365:PMID
1324:PMID
1281:PMID
1246:PMID
1192:PMID
1141:ISBN
1116:PMID
1059:PMID
1018:ISBN
995:PMID
977:ISSN
693:The
597:and
577:, a
518:").
502:Umbo
495:umbo
475:skin
422:and
137:9595
125:6870
108:TA98
96:MeSH
2279:Ear
1519:doi
1481:doi
1443:doi
1439:113
1400:doi
1396:106
1355:doi
1316:doi
1273:doi
1269:119
1238:doi
1182:PMC
1174:doi
1106:PMC
1098:doi
1051:doi
1047:276
985:PMC
969:doi
662:pus
339:or
132:FMA
120:TA2
2265::
1556:.
1533:.
1525:.
1515:19
1513:.
1501:^
1487:.
1477:26
1475:.
1463:^
1449:.
1437:.
1414:.
1406:.
1394:.
1371:.
1363:.
1349:.
1345:.
1322:.
1312:14
1310:.
1287:.
1279:.
1267:.
1244:.
1234:64
1232:.
1190:.
1180:.
1170:63
1168:.
1164:.
1114:.
1104:.
1094:71
1092:.
1088:.
1065:.
1057:.
1045:.
993:.
983:.
975:.
965:18
963:.
959:.
635:,
628:.
616:,
477:,
470:.
434:.
394:.
2241::
1616:e
1609:t
1602:v
1569:.
1541:.
1521::
1495:.
1483::
1457:.
1445::
1422:.
1402::
1379:.
1357::
1351:7
1330:.
1318::
1295:.
1275::
1252:.
1240::
1198:.
1176::
1149:.
1122:.
1100::
1073:.
1053::
1026:.
1001:.
971::
765:.
755:.
745:.
548:(
541:3
539:V
534:(
312:e
305:t
298:v
152:]
41:.
34:.
20:)
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