2027:
752:) remains, consisting of a rectangular footprint and vertical block covered in tile. The facades are built in granite masonry that is slightly staggered closer to the ground. The design is trimmed with chamfered merlons, battlements with gargoyles and machicolations to the corners. It is four stories, or approximately 30 metres (98 ft) in height, with the first floor considerably taller than the remaining: it is about 12 metres (39 ft)tall. This section is marked by grooves where other buildings abutted the structure, some stones with identifiable inscriptions.
465:
2032:
2022:
429:
72:
358:
350:
1146:
679:
to the trapdoor access to the battlement with a metal structure; repairs to the interior and exterior parapets; treatment of cracks and joints; weather-proofing of the battlements; repairs to all staircases, pavements, landings, handrails, and tiling floors; the repair of the main gate, execution of a second gate in glass, replacement of windows and frames; and the substitution of the electrical system.
334:
449:
645:(DGMEN) began the first efforts to recuperate the Castle's remains in 1942–1943, with remodelling of the keep tower, roofing the space and coverage, assessment of pavements, replacement of doors and frames, the clearing of space around the courtyard, including the demolition of existing local structures, and replacing cornerstones that were damaged.
342:
476:
Although reliable information about the evolution of Braga's early defences is lacking, it is known that, from the 11th century, a second wall was under construction, to the south and to the west, complementing the old Roman wall in the north. Furthermore, it is known that in 1145, Archbishop John of
214:
The old castle, today demolished, had an approximate rectangular plan, with towers on each vertex. Of the walls of the city, only the gate, tower of
Santiago, tower of São Sebastião and Porta Nova remain (the latter being completely remodeled in a Rococo style and completely different stylistically).
678:
were destroyed. As a result, there was an expanded attempt to recuperate, clean, and repair existing damage to the site, which included: the repair of the roofing, including reinforcement of existing structures; the placement of an undulating asphalt sub-tile and then re-tiling the coverage; repair
391:
discovered a defensive wall, consisting of polygonal plan, reinforced by small semi-circular turrets, dating to the 3rd century. Recent information points to polygonal plan, defined by rectilinear lines that crossed the structure, with an area between 40 and 50 hectares, punctuated by semi-circular
687:
From the 13th century, the city walls had an approximately circular plan. A combination of archaeological evidence and documents allows for the walls' general lines to be reconstructed, but the exact location of the gates (of which there were at least four) and the towers are unknown. Beginning at
648:
In 1956, the roof was repaired, including the substitution of broken tiles, repairs to the battlements, frames, and substitution of broken windows, while another group of public works was made to transition the structure for reuse, such as the installation of an electrical system, arrangement and
543:
for public work on the castle and archiepiscopal. But, by 1400, even those concessions were not enough for the project, necessitating the order by the archbishop to bring all stone that was encountered in the outskirts of the city for the construction. As of 10 February 1402, the jurisdiction and
582:
on 12 March 1472, to restore the authority over the city and jurisdiction to archbishop Luís Pires. Inevitably, the Church began the reconstruction of the defenses; by 1477, the wall tower, alongside the Gate of São Tiago, was already underway, requiring the collection of taxes on the sale of
575:. Between 1456 and 1459, during the Cortes of Lisbon, there was a new denunciation against the uncompleted project, whose budget had already been squandered. As the walls began to deteriorate, the blame fell to Aires Ferreira, a squire in the House of the Duke of Braganza.
728:
The principal remnants of the Castle, the keep tower, is located in the centre of the historic city of Braga, encircled by various buildings which were constructed in the spaces of the demolished castle. It is situated on the fringes of the building of the
495:
ordered the construction of the castle, as noted by
Monseigneur José Augusto Ferreira, and a year later the budget was applied to the project. In 15 years, the first documented reference to the new castle appeared, but by 1350, under the reign of King
526:
King
Ferdinand restored the wall in 1378, adding three towers to the perimeter defenses. By 1380, three master masons continued to work on the site (João Mouro, Pero Senascais, or Senaschais, and João Pedreiro). Yet, by 31 August 1398, the archbishop
760:, which is also repeated in the western facade of the tower. There are cracks on the second and third floors towards the southeast facade. The roof includes arched windows along each of the facades, with the southeast and northwest twinned.
755:
On the first floor, to the northeast, is an arched door that gives access to the interior. A staircase, consisting of two flights, provides egress to the intermediary landing. The door is surmounted by a coat-of-arms of the king
649:
painting of the door, construction of a new staircase, and the re-landscaping of the terrain around it, including leveling the terrain, paving with gravel and planting flowerbeds. The tower, thus, became the headquarters for the
325:, in 1985, one property owner constructed over the foundations of one part of the wall, while in March 1990, there was a collapse of one part of the ancient wall, during the demolition of the old Facho garment factory.
281:, with the destruction of the Souto Gate, followed by the Eastern and São Bento Gates, still in the 19th century. After the beginning of the 20th century, many other lines of the castle were destroyed between the
548:
of the Sé Cathedral, on the free transfer of the stone, from the tower of Carapeços, the king sent stone free-of-charge from the older buildings whose restoration was not likely to be concluded.
484:
The first documented reference to a walled keep occurred on 12 June 1161, in a transfer to the Church of São João do Souto, that included the walled spaces, and which passed metres from the
563:
procurators continued to complain that the population continued to pay for the city walls, whose construction was suspended. They attributed these complaints to the King's uncle,
317:. Still, further, there still exists the Gate of São Tiago, even if partially altered due to the construction in the second half of the 18th century, through the addition of the
1686:
1105:
1074:
1051:
1028:
1005:
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the project had not yet been completed: the king ordered the use of residuals for the work on a new wall, abandoning the old Roman line of defenses in the north.
2068:
1134:
909:
404:
as the capital of their kingdom due to its strategic importance and settlement. However, the early settlements floundered with successive conquest, under the
1090:
Fontes, Luís
Fernando de Oliveira; Lemos, Francisco Sande; Leite, José Manuel Freitas (2001), "A muralha de Bracara Augusta e a cerca medieval de Braga",
634:
The destruction of the castle and walls continued to 1905 when the jailhouse (installed in the castle) was demolished, while the keep tower was spared.
668:
New landscaping around the keep tower occurred in 1971, which resulted in the placement of pavement stone, and installation of exterior illumination.
763:
The interior of the tower is divided into individual spaces on each floor, linked by wooden staircase, with parquet floors and wooden ceilings.
2073:
1551:
1112:
867:
2078:
704:, touching the castle wall. After which, the walls continued southwest and then south, northwest and again north, passing through the
1636:
2026:
1991:
1366:
1996:
657:) in 1957. A year later, on the celebration of the commemorations associated with the establishment of the Portuguese monarchy (
1986:
1211:
208:
1861:
1441:
638:
309:). Few remnants of the medieval lines remain today. The ancient wall can be seen in some of the backyards of homes along the
91:
551:
On 20 December 1421, the king determined that the
Moorish residents that did not respect the contract between the prelate,
1871:
1326:
2063:
1936:
1556:
1286:
1120:
572:
564:
488:. Around 1210, the walled compound was likely expanded, since documented references referred to road and gate of Souto.
1127:
914:(in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: IGESPAR-Instituto Gestão do Patrimonio Arquitectónico e Arqueológico, archived from
1966:
1681:
1486:
1150:
1171:
587:. Already around 1594, the map of Braga included the distinctive image of the castle and wall at its maximum extent.
915:
199:. While, in fact, the only remains of this structure are the various gates and towers along its perimeter, the main
1826:
1711:
1656:
1476:
1396:
1246:
515:. When Henry finally abandoned the castle, he order the city be put to flame. The tomb of Cabido, then referred to
1951:
1541:
1471:
1466:
1381:
1271:
692:(an 18th-century construction that replaced one of the older gates), the wall followed north-northeast along the
1881:
1036:
Oliveira, Eduardo Pires de (1985), "Documentos para a História do Museu de D. Diogo de Sousa. II. (1905-1918)",
870:(in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico. Archived from
1891:
1781:
1721:
1456:
1446:
1376:
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with the destruction of the Souto Gate, and progressing, around 1867, to the Gate of São Marcos (or São João).
370:
2001:
1791:
539:. By 20 November, of the same year, the same archbishop solicited Cabido 2000 corner stones from the tower of
559:
fine, which was then applied to the construction of the walls. Yet, even by the Cortes of Lisbon (1446), the
1576:
1461:
1251:
1216:
508:
464:
1941:
1831:
1706:
1571:
1481:
1181:
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Oliveira, Eduardo Pires de; Costa, Luís (1978), "O progresso em Braga. I – Através das actas camarárias",
604:
1676:
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properties in the city. Between 1505 and 1532, archbishop Diogo de Sousa ordered the construction of the
218:
Its perimeter barely exceeded 2,000 metres (6,600 ft), and was delimited (today) in the east by the
2006:
1976:
1896:
1371:
1361:
1301:
1866:
1846:
1351:
1306:
1186:
671:
The association ASPA settled in the keep tower in 1982, sharing the space with the
Historical Society.
1013:
Santos, A. F. dos (1983), "Património cultural: Dificuldades que tem um reino velho para emendar-se",
944:
Luís
Fernando de Oliveira Fontes, Francisco Sande Lemos, José Manuel Freitas Leite (2001), pp. 128–129
935:
Luís
Fernando de Oliveira Fontes, Francisco Sande Lemos, José Manuel Freitas Leite (2001), pp. 125–126
1971:
1816:
1641:
1581:
1546:
1531:
1521:
1421:
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579:
2044:
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1981:
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1631:
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1311:
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1276:
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1206:
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734:
658:
612:
497:
437:
188:
54:
76:
The remnants of the Castle of Braga, the Keep Tower, peeking out from behind the buildings of the
1956:
1911:
1841:
1796:
1691:
1626:
1606:
1526:
1506:
1411:
1406:
1336:
1316:
1241:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1176:
1161:
689:
596:
532:
1761:
1746:
1621:
1611:
871:
607:, the Jesuits altered the tower alongside the Gate of São Tiago, constructing the Chapel of the
417:
2011:
1961:
1836:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1756:
1701:
1671:
1646:
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1561:
1451:
1391:
1356:
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1068:
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2021:
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971:(in Portuguese), vol. 10–11, Coimbra, Portugal, January–February 1906, pp. 435–445
868:"Castelo de Braga, designadamente a Torre de Menagem (restos) (IPA.00001114/PT010303410009)"
393:
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50:
428:
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1856:
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1536:
1516:
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1401:
1341:
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On 23 June 1910, a decree classified the keep and some sections of the medieval wall as a
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58:
1886:
1851:
1496:
1321:
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71:
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1946:
1085:(in Portuguese), vol. III, Lisbon, Portugal: Distrito de Braga, 1993, p. 25
675:
147:
Associação para a Defesa, Estudo e
Divulgação do Património Cultural e Natural (ASPA)
594:
gate, which was extended with Rococo arch/decoration in 1773, becoming known as the
333:
544:
defences were transferred to the archbishops by the Crown. After a feud with the
528:
413:
665:), the Portuguese Mocidade erected a commemorative plaque alongside the tower.
106:
93:
590:
Sometime in the 17th century, Archbishop José de Bragança reconstructed the
448:
341:
337:
A medieval map showing the concentric ring of the city walls and keep towers
204:
17:
195:) is a historical fortification and defensive line encircling the city of
1145:
405:
384:
62:
866:
Sereno, Isabel; Dordio, Paulo; Gonçalves, Joaquim; Basto, Sónia (2010).
568:
536:
374:
1040:(in Portuguese), vol. Série II, Braga, Portugal, pp. 179–194
1092:
Mil anos de fortificações na Península Ibérica e no Magreb (500-1500)
733:
and in proximity to the Church of the Third Order of Saint
Francis (
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397:
379:
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332:
196:
1083:
Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico Classificado, Inventário
622:
The demolish of the walls began around 1858, starting around the
433:
200:
1116:
655:
Delegation of the Historical Society of Portuguese Independence
1017:(in Portuguese), vol. 6, Braga, Portugal, pp. 49–65
651:
Delegação da Sociedade Histórica da Independência de Portugal
567:, who was the project's comptroller, and public works in the
1063:(in Portuguese), vol. 8, Braga, Portugal, pp. 5–34
994:(in Portuguese), vol. 1, Braga, Portugal, pp. 3–52
27:
Historical fortification around the city of Braga, Portugal
1059:
Marques, José (1986), "O Castelo de Braga (1350-1450)",
353:
A 19th-century engraving of gate and tower of the castle
513:"a great place, but badly circled, with only one tower"
503:
Between 1369 and 1371, during the first battles of the
531:
Martinho Pires da Charneca obtained license from King
962:(in Portuguese), vol. 2ª Série, Lisbon, Portugal
731:
Escola Comercial e Industrial Bartolomeu dos Mártires
387:. Archaeological work completed researchers from the
511:, Henry II of Castile took the city, which was then
345:
A 17th-century engraving of the walled city of Braga
1094:(in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 121–132
643:
Direcção Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais
277:The demolition of the grounds began in 1858 in the
211:, is the only true remnant of the medieval castle.
174:
166:
161:
151:
143:
135:
130:
122:
85:
34:
1687:Castle of Monforte (Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo)
1128:
911:Castelo de Braga (restos da Torre de Menagem)
555:and population, should be obliged to pay 100
8:
1135:
1121:
1113:
1104:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1073:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1050:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1027:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1004:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
981:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
31:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
481:an imposing house within the city walls.
700:) and looped around southeast along the
463:
361:A similar 19th century engraving of the
297:(whose houses abutted the wall, between
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
777:
744:Of the old castle only the keep tower (
1097:
1066:
1043:
1020:
997:
974:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
578:These continued problems forced King
535:to repair the castle and nominate an
268:Praça do Conselheiro Torres e Almeida
7:
2069:National monuments in Braga District
432:The main remnant of the Castle, the
369:Writing in the mid-2nd century, the
696:(its northernmost extent being the
507:between Castile and forces of King
1552:Castle of Freixo de Espada-à-Cinta
25:
1637:Castle of Mau Vizinho (Vila Real)
674:On 29 September 1996, the keep's
2030:
2025:
2020:
1997:Castle of Vila Verde dos Francos
1144:
967:"Defeza d'um Castelo medieval",
468:The Chapel of Senhora da Torre (
70:
1987:Castle of Vila Nova de Cerveira
1992:Castle of Vila Nova de Foz Côa
1862:Castle of Santa Maria da Feira
1442:Castelo de Torre de Coelheiros
1367:Castle of Carrazeda de Ansiães
624:Largo do Barão de São Martinho
1:
472:), constructed by the Jesuits
365:showing the main castle tower
279:Largo do Barão de S. Martinho
2074:Tourist attractions in Braga
1937:Castelo de Torre de Moncorvo
1287:Castle of Atouguia da Baleia
565:Afonso, 1st Duke of Braganza
256:Avenida de São Miguel o Anjo
1967:Castle of Viana do Alentejo
1682:Castle of Monforte (Chaves)
1487:Castle of Celorico da Beira
519:, which was also named the
412:invaders and the Christian
394:period of Iberian migration
2095:
1712:Castle of Montemor-o-Velho
1657:Castle of Miranda do Douro
1477:Castle Fortress of Almeida
1397:Castelo de Montemor-o-Novo
716:, before returning to the
714:Largo de São Miguel-o-Anjo
706:Campo e Torre de São Tiago
617:Capela da Senhora da Torre
491:It was in 1300, that King
373:astronomer and geographer
319:Capela da Senhora da Torre
2079:Castles in Braga District
2039:
2018:
1952:Tower of Ferreira de Aves
1557:Castle of Freixo de Numão
1542:Fernandine Walls of Porto
1472:Castle of Castelo Rodrigo
1467:Castle of Castelo de Vide
1382:Castelo de Idanha-a-Velha
1272:Castle of Amieira do Tejo
1212:Castle of Alfândega da Fé
1157:
69:
48:
39:
1892:Castle of Senhora da Luz
1782:Castle of Pena de Aguiar
1722:Castle of Moreira de Rei
1457:Castle of Castelo Melhor
1447:Castelo de Torres Vedras
1377:Castle of Castelo Branco
1172:Castle of Alcácer do Sal
958:"A cidadella de Braga",
663:Comemorações Henriquinas
248:Rua de Jerónimo Pimentel
107:41.5513111°N 8.4238389°W
1872:Castle of Santo Estêvão
1827:Castelo de Porto de Mós
1577:Castle of Idanha-a-Nova
1462:Castle of Castelo Mendo
1252:Castle of Alter Pedroso
1247:Castle of Alter do Chão
1038:Cadernos de Arqueologia
1942:Castle of Torres Novas
1482:Castle of Castro Marim
1182:Castle of Alcantarilha
749:
738:
710:Largo das Carvalheiras
662:
616:
605:1755 Lisbon earthquake
473:
461:
445:
441:
366:
354:
346:
338:
252:Campo das Carvalheiras
192:
112:41.5513111; -8.4238389
2007:Castle of Vilar Maior
2002:Castle of Vila Viçosa
1977:Castle of Vidigueiras
1897:Castle of Sernancelhe
1792:Castle of Penas Róias
1372:Castle of Castelo Bom
1362:Castle of Campo Maior
1302:Castle of Azinhalinho
960:Ilustração Portugueza
908:IGESPAR, ed. (2012),
609:Our Lady of the Tower
521:São tiago da Cavidade
470:Our Lady of the Tower
467:
451:
431:
360:
352:
344:
336:
244:Largo de Paulo Orósio
1972:Castle of Vidigueira
1817:Castle of Portalegre
1582:Castelo de Juromenha
1547:Castle of Folgosinho
1532:Castle of Evoramonte
1422:Castelo de Portuzelo
1417:Castelo de Pirescoxe
1387:Castelo de Longroiva
1217:Castle of Alfeizerão
739:Igreja dos Terceiros
458:Tower of Saint James
392:towers . During the
2064:Castles in Portugal
2045:Castles in Portugal
1982:Castle of Vila Flor
1882:Castle of São Ramão
1832:Castle of Rebordãos
1787:Castle of Penamacor
1717:Castle of the Moors
1707:Castle of Montalvão
1697:Castelo de Monsaraz
1667:Castle of Mogadouro
1662:Castle of Mirandela
1652:Castle of Messejana
1572:Castle of Guimarães
1432:Castelo de Sesimbra
1427:Castelo de Ranhados
1312:Castle of Barbacena
1282:Castle of Arronches
1277:Castle of Arraiolos
1232:Castle of Aljustrel
1207:Castle of Alfaiates
1167:Castle of Alandroal
1151:Castles in Portugal
874:on 12 November 2013
573:Entre Douro e Minho
541:Quintã de Carapeços
477:Braga promised the
389:University of Minho
260:Largo da Porta Nova
226:(keep and castle),
178:Granite, Wood, Tile
139:Portuguese Republic
103: /
1957:Castle of Trancoso
1912:Castle of Sortelha
1867:Castle of Santarém
1842:Castle of Redondos
1797:Castle of Penedono
1692:Castle of Monsanto
1627:Castle of Marialva
1607:Castle of Linhares
1527:Castle of Estremoz
1507:Castle of Curutelo
1412:Castelo de Palmela
1407:Castelo de Oleiros
1352:Castle of Bragança
1337:Castle of Bemposta
1327:Castle of Belmonte
1317:Porto Pim bartizan
1307:Castle of Balsamão
1242:Castle of Almourol
1202:Castle of Alenquer
1197:Castle of Alegrete
1192:Castle of Alcoutim
1187:Castle of Alcobaça
1177:Castle of Alcanede
1162:Castle of Abrantes
718:Arco da Porta Nova
702:Rua dos Capelistas
694:Rua dos Biscainhos
690:Arco da Porta Nova
597:Arco da Porta Nova
474:
462:
454:Torre de São Tiago
446:
367:
363:Largo de São Tiago
355:
347:
339:
303:Praça do Município
291:Rua dos Biscainhos
287:Rua dos Biscainhos
283:Arco da Porta Nova
272:Rua dos Capelistas
264:Rua dos Biscainhos
220:Praça da República
2051:
2050:
2012:Castle of Vinhais
1962:Castle of Valongo
1837:Castle of Redondo
1777:Castle of Paderne
1772:Castle of Outeiro
1767:Castle of Ourique
1757:Castle of Ouguela
1702:Montalegre Castle
1672:Castle of Moinhos
1647:Castle of Mertola
1642:Castle of Melgaço
1597:Castle of Lanhoso
1562:Castle of Geraldo
1522:Castle of Esporão
1452:Castelo de Veiros
1392:Castelo de Montel
1357:Castle of Caminha
1227:Castle of Aljezur
639:National Monument
408:tribes, southern
323:Rua de São Marcos
315:Rua de São Marcos
307:Rua de São Marcos
236:Largo de Santiago
228:Rua de São Marcos
209:São João do Souto
203:, located in the
182:
181:
16:(Redirected from
2086:
2034:
2029:
2024:
1932:Castelo de Tomar
1927:Castle of Terena
1922:Castle of Tavira
1907:Castle of Silves
1877:São Jorge Castle
1822:Castle of Portel
1812:Castle of Pombal
1807:Castle of Pinhel
1802:Castle of Penela
1752:Castle of Óbidos
1742:Castle of Noudar
1737:Castle of Mourão
1677:Castle of Monção
1632:Castle of Marvão
1602:Castle of Leiria
1592:Castle of Lamego
1567:Castle of Guarda
1512:Castle of Degebe
1492:Castle of Chaves
1437:Castelo de Sines
1332:Castle of Belver
1262:Castle of Alvito
1237:Castle of Almada
1222:Castle of Algoso
1149:
1148:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1095:
1086:
1078:
1072:
1064:
1055:
1049:
1041:
1032:
1026:
1018:
1009:
1003:
995:
986:
980:
972:
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750:Torre de Menagem
442:Torre de Menagem
193:Castelo de Braga
131:Site information
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1917:Castle of Soure
1902:Castle of Serpa
1857:Castle of Salir
1847:Castle of Ródão
1762:Castle of Ourém
1747:Castle of Numão
1732:Castle of Moura
1622:Castle of Lousã
1617:Castle of Lousa
1612:Castle of Loulé
1587:Castle of Lagos
1537:Castle of Faria
1517:Castle of Elvas
1502:Castle of Crato
1402:Castelo de Nisa
1347:Castle of Braga
1342:Castle of Borba
1267:Castle of Alvor
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295:Rua do Alcaide
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224:Rua do Castelo
222:, west by the
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916:the original
910:
876:. Retrieved
872:the original
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223:
219:
217:
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205:civil parish
184:
183:
162:Site history
152:Open to
98:8°25′25.82″W
95:41°33′4.72″N
77:
41:
29:
18:Braga Castle
969:Arte e Vida
414:Reconquista
377:wrote that
311:Rua do Anjo
289:, and from
232:Rua do Anjo
170:2nd Century
110: /
86:Coordinates
2058:Categories
767:References
746:Portuguese
735:Portuguese
712:, and the
659:Portuguese
613:Portuguese
603:After the
592:Porta Nova
585:Porta Nova
561:Bracarense
438:Portuguese
406:Visigothic
385:Roman rule
201:keep tower
189:Portuguese
2042:Also See:
509:Ferdinand
274:(walls).
175:Materials
1100:citation
1069:citation
1046:citation
1023:citation
1000:citation
977:citation
878:13 March
630:Republic
580:Afonso V
424:Medieval
321:. Along
144:Operator
80:in Braga
63:Portugal
61:in
952:Sources
569:comarca
537:alcalde
498:Pedro I
436:tower (
416:of the
410:Moorish
375:Ptolemy
329:History
157:Private
922:28 May
708:, the
641:. The
553:cabido
546:Cantor
533:John I
400:chose
396:, the
126:Castle
55:Cávado
1061:Mínia
1015:Mínia
992:Mínia
772:Notes
758:Denis
493:Denis
398:Suebi
371:Greek
197:Braga
167:Built
136:Owner
59:Norte
51:Braga
1106:link
1075:link
1052:link
1029:link
1006:link
983:link
924:2012
880:2016
724:Keep
688:the
557:reis
452:The
434:keep
313:and
305:and
301:and
293:and
285:and
270:and
123:Type
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
