299:
provisions that are forced upon
Internet users by the operators of online games and platforms. However, the ruling turned out to be an outlier because later court disputes over objectionable EULAs were almost uniformly ruled in favor of Internet firms as long as users had a chance to read the terms
258:
were presented by Linden Lab on a "take-it-or-leave-it-basis." However, he limited this holding by noting that a claim of unconscionability for a contract will only succeed if there are no "reasonably available market alternatives" available to the weaker party. This worked in Bragg's favor in the
504:, Virtually Blind (Jun. 1, 2007) ("Bottom line is that this is a pretty extraordinary decision which, assuming it survives an almost certain appeal, will likely be cited as the seminal decision in virtual law for the foreseeable future.").
752:
177:. Linden Lab conducted an investigation and then closed Bragg's account completely. In the process, Bragg's virtual assets within the game were dissolved; Bragg claimed that those assets were worth between US $ 4,000 and $ 6,000.
213:
166:, terminated the account of user Marc Bragg when it discovered that Bragg had found a way to acquire land in the virtual world at a lower-than-market price by manipulating in-game auctions. This was deemed an act of
130:
43:
300:
of service with an obvious opportunity to accept or reject the terms before continuing to use the site or software. On the other hand, this ruling is often cited in later cases involving specific disputes within
835:
745:
589:
636:
1481:
991:
669:
650:
759:
1437:
1147:
939:
582:
350:
1476:
1430:
1283:
842:
1095:
1120:
575:
1471:
1050:
724:
717:
188:
because Linden Lab was headquartered in
California. Linden Lab also claimed that the dispute should not be heard in court at all but should go to
629:
380:
500:
470:
291:
community" were restored. At the time of the district court ruling, some commentators believed that it could become an important precedent on
1253:
932:
766:
33:
1466:
533:
Quinn, Peter J. (2010). "A Click Too Far: The
Difficulty in Using Adhesive American Law License Agreements to Govern Virtual Worlds".
731:
180:
Bragg filed suit, originally at the West
Chester District Court in Pennsylvania in 2006. Linden Lab argued that the case should be
828:
791:
643:
866:
946:
807:
514:
Winter, Cory S. (2008). "The Rap on
Clickwrap: How Procedural Unconscionability is Threatening the E-Commerce Marketplace".
251:
and is itself evidence of defendants' scheme to deprive
Plaintiff (and others) of both their money and their day in court."
231:
Having thus determined that his court had jurisdiction, Robreno then denied Linden Lab's attempt to force the dispute into
1338:
894:
1370:
1288:
485:
1303:
984:
1321:
1195:
925:
688:
598:
272:
236:
174:
138:
134:
108:
1246:
738:
1326:
1298:
1140:
661:
622:
1332:
977:
880:
853:
780:
284:
1293:
1079:
240:
1364:
1057:
888:
217:
185:
142:
116:
141:, though it did not ultimately gain influence as a precedent. The ruling also clarified the matter of
1486:
1239:
699:
613:
181:
396:
1278:
1186:
1013:
876:
1113:
1088:
998:
814:
292:
244:
209:
193:
112:
96:
72:
552:
Horowitz, Steven J. (2008). "Bragg v. Linden's Second Life: A Primer in
Virtual World Justice".
267:
was unique in that it allowed participants to retain property rights in virtual land. Thus, the
333:
1215:
1206:
1131:
1009:
426:
296:
248:
184:
to federal court due to the facts of the case, and claimed that courts in
Pennsylvania lacked
76:
243:
for which users like Bragg were given no opportunity to negotiate. Bragg had argued that the
220:
in the dispute, because the company had engaged in nationwide marketing efforts to publicize
1343:
1154:
1023:
968:
918:
905:
411:
255:
225:
1424:
1412:
1161:
821:
800:
80:
1358:
1176:
1041:
1030:
861:
260:
1460:
1386:
909:
301:
224:
and the virtual world was available to customers in
Pennsylvania. This satisfied the
157:
79:
under contract law; a plaintiff's participation in an online virtual world serves as
501:
Bragg v. Linden Update: Defendants' Motions to
Dismiss and Compel Arbitration Denied
471:
Bragg v. Linden Update: Defendants' Motions to Dismiss and Compel Arbitration Denied
133:. The case resulted in an important early ruling on the enforceability of an online
32:
679:
145:
for a dispute involving a user of a website that originates in a different region.
441:
366:
1419:
1263:
232:
216:
rejected Linden Lab's argument that his court and others in Pennsylvania lacked
189:
162:
1407:
1353:
707:
153:
567:
200:
EULA. Bragg's efforts to resist the move to federal court were unsuccessful.
1391:
703:
456:
753:
Arizona Cartridge Remanufacturers Ass'n Inc. v. Lexmark International Inc.
1348:
214:
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
167:
131:
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
44:
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
156:(owned by the corporate entity Linden Research, Inc.), an online
836:
Atlantic Marine Construction Co. v. United States District Court
746:
In re Zappos.com, Inc., Customer Data Security Breach Litigation
1235:
571:
1231:
287:
in which Bragg's full "privileges and responsibilities to the
129:, 487 F. Supp. 2d 593 (E.D. Pa. 2007), was a ruling at the
263:
available to Bragg at the time, Judge Robreno noted that
637:
Kansas City Wholesale Grocery Co. v. Weber Packing Corp.
259:
present case. Although there were numerous other online
239:
containing this requirement had been constructed as a
412:
Rosedale's Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction
247:
in the EULA was "both procedurally and substantively
304:
platforms in which property can be bought and sold.
1400:
1379:
1312:
1271:
1205:
1185:
1175:
1130:
1105:
1078:
1071:
1040:
1008:
967:
960:
904:
875:
852:
790:
698:
678:
660:
612:
605:
102:
92:
87:
65:
57:
49:
39:
23:
992:Douglas v. U.S. District Court ex rel Talk America
670:Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Co. v. United States
651:Lefkowitz v. Great Minneapolis Surplus Store, Inc
1148:Helene Curtis Industries, Inc. v. United States
760:Step-Saver Data Systems, Inc. v. Wyse Technology
381:Virtual Land Dispute Spills Over Into Real World
1438:Amaretto Ranch Breedables, LLC v. Ozimals, Inc.
940:G. L. Christian and Associates v. United States
457:Linden's Opposition to Bragg's Motion to Remand
228:that are necessary for personal jurisdiction.
1247:
583:
8:
1482:United States personal jurisdiction case law
1431:Molotov Alva and His Search for the Creator
843:Salsbury v. Northwestern Bell Telephone Co.
1254:
1240:
1232:
1182:
1096:Lenawee County Board of Health v. Messerly
1075:
964:
609:
590:
576:
568:
31:
20:
344:
342:
325:
323:
321:
319:
317:
271:EULA was found to be unenforceable under
1121:SCO Group, Inc. v. DaimlerChrysler Corp.
630:Gottlieb v. Tropicana Hotel & Casino
1051:Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co.
725:Ticketmaster Corp. v. Tickets.com, Inc.
313:
160:service provider known for the popular
354:, Second Life Insider (Jan. 27, 2007).
351:Bragg vs Linden Lab - The Story So Far
283:Bragg and Linden Lab later reached an
275:due to its unconscionable provisions.
933:Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc.
767:Bowers v. Baystate Technologies, Inc.
427:Linden's Motion to Compel Arbitration
7:
560:(1): 223–242 – via HeinOnline.
541:(4): 757–789 – via HeinOnline.
522:(1): 249–292 – via HeinOnline.
554:Ohio Northern University Law Review
535:Wisconsin International Law Journal
489:, Second Life Blogs (Oct. 4, 2007).
1477:United States arbitration case law
732:Nguyen v. Barnes & Noble, Inc.
279:Impact and subsequent developments
83:for jurisdiction by a local court.
14:
474:, Virtually Blind (Jun. 1, 2007).
867:Jacob & Youngs, Inc. v. Kent
829:King v. Trustees of Boston Univ.
644:Ever-Tite Roofing Corp. v. Green
254:Robreno agreed, noting that the
71:An Internet company's mandatory
16:2007 United States civil action
1472:2007 in United States case law
1445:Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc.
947:Kellogg Bridge Co. v. Hamilton
808:Wood v. Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon
774:Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc.
454:Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc.
439:Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc.
424:Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc.
409:Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc.
394:Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc.
378:Law Offices of Marc S. Bragg,
364:Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc.
330:Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc.
126:Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc.
25:Bragg v. Linden Research, Inc.
1:
1339:Metaverse Shakespeare Company
895:MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co.
1284:Businesses and organizations
384:, PR Newswire (May 8, 2006).
985:Harris v. Blockbuster, Inc.
1503:
1467:United States contract law
1322:Avatar Orchestra Metaverse
1196:Drennan v. Star Paving Co.
1016:(unwritten & informal)
926:Seixas and Seixas v. Woods
689:Ellefson v. Megadeth, Inc.
599:United States contract law
204:District court proceedings
175:End User License Agreement
135:End User License Agreement
109:United States contract law
961:Defense against formation
739:ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg
107:
70:
30:
1327:Avatar Repertory Theater
1141:United States v. Spearin
662:Implied-in-fact contract
623:Leonard v. Pepsico, Inc.
442:Bragg's Motion to Remand
1333:Big Brother Second Life
978:Morrison v. Amway Corp.
854:Substantial performance
781:Feldman v. Google, Inc.
285:out of court settlement
1365:The Second Life Herald
1058:Buchwald v. Paramount
889:De Cicco v. Schweizer
486:Resolution of Lawsuit
218:personal jurisdiction
186:personal jurisdiction
143:personal jurisdiction
139:American contract law
117:Personal jurisdiction
614:Offer and acceptance
241:contract of adhesion
1187:Promissory estoppel
1072:Cancelling Contract
516:Widener Law Journal
498:Benjamin Duranske,
468:Benjamin Duranske,
334:487 F. Supp. 2d 593
293:arbitration clauses
235:, finding that the
208:In May 2007, Judge
61:487 F. Supp. 2d 593
1359:Second Life Ballet
1114:Stoddard v. Martin
1089:Sherwood v. Walker
999:McMichael v. Price
815:Kirksey v. Kirksey
718:Specht v. Netscape
606:Contract formation
245:arbitration clause
210:Eduardo C. Robreno
194:arbitration clause
170:that violated the
113:Arbitration clause
97:Eduardo C. Robreno
73:arbitration clause
1454:
1453:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1216:Britton v. Turner
1207:Unjust enrichment
1171:
1170:
1132:Misrepresentation
1067:
1066:
1010:Statute of frauds
956:
955:
397:Notice of Removal
336:(E.D.Penn. 2007).
122:
121:
1494:
1344:Patriotic Nigras
1256:
1249:
1242:
1233:
1183:
1155:Laidlaw v. Organ
1076:
1024:Buffaloe v. Hart
1012:(written) &
969:Illusory promise
965:
919:Hawkins v. McGee
906:Implied warranty
610:
592:
585:
578:
569:
562:
561:
549:
543:
542:
530:
524:
523:
511:
505:
496:
490:
481:
475:
466:
460:
451:
445:
444:(Nov. 20, 2006).
436:
430:
429:(Nov. 14, 2006).
421:
415:
414:(Nov. 14, 2006).
406:
400:
391:
385:
376:
370:
361:
355:
346:
337:
327:
256:terms of service
226:minimum contacts
88:Court membership
35:
21:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1425:Ginko Financial
1413:Philip Rosedale
1396:
1375:
1314:
1308:
1267:
1260:
1230:
1221:
1201:
1167:
1162:Smith v. Bolles
1126:
1101:
1063:
1036:
1004:
952:
900:
871:
848:
822:Angel v. Murray
801:Hamer v. Sidway
786:
694:
674:
656:
601:
596:
566:
565:
551:
550:
546:
532:
531:
527:
513:
512:
508:
497:
493:
482:
478:
467:
463:
459:(Dec. 7, 2006).
452:
448:
437:
433:
422:
418:
407:
403:
399:(Nov. 7, 2006).
392:
388:
377:
373:
369:(Oct. 4, 2006).
362:
358:
347:
340:
328:
315:
310:
281:
206:
151:
81:minimum contact
17:
12:
11:
5:
1500:
1498:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1244:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1211:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1191:
1189:
1180:
1177:Quasi-contract
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1092:
1084:
1082:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1046:
1044:
1042:Unconscionable
1038:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1031:Foman v. Davis
1027:
1019:
1017:
1014:Parol evidence
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
995:
988:
981:
973:
971:
962:
958:
957:
954:
953:
951:
950:
943:
936:
929:
922:
914:
912:
902:
901:
899:
898:
891:
885:
883:
873:
872:
870:
869:
864:
862:Lucy v. Zehmer
858:
856:
850:
849:
847:
846:
839:
832:
825:
818:
811:
804:
796:
794:
788:
787:
785:
784:
777:
770:
763:
756:
749:
742:
735:
728:
721:
713:
711:
696:
695:
693:
692:
684:
682:
676:
675:
673:
672:
666:
664:
658:
657:
655:
654:
647:
640:
633:
626:
618:
616:
607:
603:
602:
597:
595:
594:
587:
580:
572:
564:
563:
544:
525:
506:
491:
483:Marty Linden,
476:
461:
446:
431:
416:
401:
386:
371:
356:
338:
312:
311:
309:
306:
297:unconscionable
280:
277:
261:virtual worlds
249:unconscionable
205:
202:
150:
147:
120:
119:
105:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
85:
84:
77:unconscionable
68:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1499:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1387:OpenSimulator
1385:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1289:Corporate use
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1001:
1000:
996:
994:
993:
989:
987:
986:
982:
980:
979:
975:
974:
972:
970:
966:
963:
959:
949:
948:
944:
942:
941:
937:
935:
934:
930:
928:
927:
923:
921:
920:
916:
915:
913:
911:
910:caveat emptor
907:
903:
897:
896:
892:
890:
887:
886:
884:
882:
878:
874:
868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
857:
855:
851:
845:
844:
840:
838:
837:
833:
831:
830:
826:
824:
823:
819:
817:
816:
812:
810:
809:
805:
803:
802:
798:
797:
795:
793:
792:Consideration
789:
783:
782:
778:
776:
775:
771:
769:
768:
764:
762:
761:
757:
755:
754:
750:
748:
747:
743:
741:
740:
736:
734:
733:
729:
727:
726:
722:
720:
719:
715:
714:
712:
709:
705:
701:
697:
691:
690:
686:
685:
683:
681:
677:
671:
668:
667:
665:
663:
659:
653:
652:
648:
646:
645:
641:
639:
638:
634:
632:
631:
627:
625:
624:
620:
619:
617:
615:
611:
608:
604:
600:
593:
588:
586:
581:
579:
574:
573:
570:
559:
555:
548:
545:
540:
536:
529:
526:
521:
517:
510:
507:
503:
502:
495:
492:
488:
487:
480:
477:
473:
472:
465:
462:
458:
455:
450:
447:
443:
440:
435:
432:
428:
425:
420:
417:
413:
410:
405:
402:
398:
395:
390:
387:
383:
382:
375:
372:
368:
365:
360:
357:
353:
352:
348:Tateru Nino,
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
322:
320:
318:
314:
307:
305:
303:
302:virtual world
298:
294:
290:
286:
278:
276:
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270:
266:
262:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
203:
201:
199:
196:found in the
195:
192:, due to the
191:
187:
183:
178:
176:
173:
169:
165:
164:
159:
158:virtual world
155:
148:
146:
144:
140:
137:(EULA) under
136:
132:
128:
127:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
98:
95:
93:Judge sitting
91:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1363:
1331:
1262:
1214:
1194:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1119:
1112:
1094:
1087:
1056:
1049:
1029:
1022:
997:
990:
983:
976:
945:
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680:Mailbox rule
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53:May 30, 2007
24:
18:
1487:Second Life
1420:Anshe Chung
1315:communities
1264:Second Life
881:3rd parties
289:Second Life
269:Second Life
265:Second Life
233:arbitration
222:Second Life
198:Second Life
190:arbitration
172:Second Life
163:Second Life
1461:Categories
1408:Linden Lab
1354:Secondfest
1313:Events and
1179:obligation
1106:Illegality
710:agreements
708:Browsewrap
700:Shrinkwrap
308:References
295:and other
154:Linden Lab
149:Background
1392:RealXtend
1304:Libraries
1299:Education
704:Clickwrap
367:Complaint
1380:Software
1371:Wheelies
1349:SciLands
103:Keywords
58:Citation
1401:Related
1294:Economy
1272:Culture
1080:Mistake
877:Privity
212:of the
182:removed
168:hacking
66:Holding
50:Decided
879:&
40:Court
1279:Arts
237:EULA
75:is
1463::
908:,
706:,
702:,
558:34
556:.
539:27
537:.
520:18
518:.
341:^
332:,
316:^
115:,
111:,
1255:e
1248:t
1241:v
591:e
584:t
577:v
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