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In April 2021, BrainGate became the first technology to transmit wireless commands from a human brain to a computer. The clinical study used two participants with spinal cord injuries. The study used a transmitter connected to the subject's brain motor cortex to transmit the signals. The accuracy and
197:
Clinical trials began in 2009 under the name "BrainGate2 Neural
Interface System". As of October 2014, Stanford University, Massachusetts General Hospital, Case Western Reserve University (Ohio) and Providence VA Medical Center were actively recruiting participants for the ongoing BrainGate2 clinical
107:
Cyberkinetics later spun off the device manufacturing to
Blackrock Microsystems, who now manufactures the sensors and the data acquisition hardware. The BrainGate Company purchased the intellectual property and related technology from Cyberkinetics and continues to own the intellectual property
74:
firing in specific areas of the brain, for example, the area that controls arm movement. The sensor translates that activity into electrically charged signals, which are then sent to an external device and decoded in software. The decoder connects to and can use the brain signals to control an
184:
several years earlier were able to control robotic arms for reaching and grasping. One participant, Cathy
Hutchinson, was able to use the arm to drink coffee from a bottle, the first time she was able to drink unaided in 15 years. This took place on site at The Boston Home in
189:, a specialized residence where Ms. Hutchinson resided. The study included researchers at Brown University, the Department of Veterans Affairs, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and the German Aerospace Center.
164:
In July 2009, a second clinical trial, dubbed "BrainGate2", was initiated by researchers at
Massachusetts General Hospital, Brown University, and the Providence VA. In November 2011, researchers from the
78:
In addition to real-time analysis of neuron patterns to relay movement, the BrainGate array is also capable of recording electrical data for later analysis. A potential use of this feature would be for a
335:
Hochberg LR, Serruya MD, Friehs GM, Mukand JA, Saleh M, Caplan AH, Branner A, Chen D, Penn RD, Donoghue JP (July 2006). "Neuronal ensemble control of prosthetic devices by a human with tetraplegia".
153:, showed that a human with tetraplegia was able to control a cursor on a computer screen just by thinking, enabling him to open emails, and to operate devices such as a television. One participant,
132:, involved the implantation of the array in the peripheral nerves of the subject in order to successfully bring about both motor and sensory functionality, i.e. bi-directional signalling.
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75:
external device, such as a robotic arm, a computer cursor, or even a wheelchair. In essence, BrainGate allows a person to manipulate objects in the world using only the mind.
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140:
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302:
Warwick, K, Gasson, M, Hutt, B, Goodhew, I, Kyberd, P, Andrews, B, Teddy, P and Shad, A: "The
Application of Implant Technology for Cybernetic Systems",
38:. The Braingate technology and related Cyberkinetic’s assets are now owned by privately held Braingate, Co. The sensor, which is implanted into the
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1098:
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684:
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Hochberg LR, Bacher D, Jarosiewicz B, Masse NY, Simeral JD, Vogel J, Haddadin S, Liu J, Cash SS, van der Smagt P, Donoghue JP (May 2012).
58:
In its current form, BrainGate consists of a sensor implanted in the brain and an external decoder device, which connects to some kind of
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The first reported experiments involving the implantation of the microelectrode array in one human subject were carried out in 2002 by
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657:"BrainGate2: Feasibility Study of an Intracortical Neural Interface System for Persons With Tetraplegia (BrainGate2)"
421:"BrainGate2: Feasibility Study of an Intracortical Neural Interface System for Persons With Tetraplegia (BrainGate2)"
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system, currently under development and in clinical trials, designed to help those who have lost control of their
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436:"Stanford joins BrainGate team developing brain-computer interface to aid people with paralysis"
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Neural
Prosthetics Translational Laboratory joined the trial as a second site. This trial is
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BrainGate was originally developed by researchers in the
Department of Neuroscience at
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speed of typing and movement was reported to be identical to that of wired solutions.
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455:"Reach and grasp by people with tetraplegia using a neurally controlled robotic arm"
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685:"Scientists connect human brain to computer wirelessly for first time ever"
593:"People with paralysis control robotic arms using brain-computer interface"
541:"People with paralysis control robotic arms using brain-computer interface"
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The subsequent full clinical trial of BrainGate was led by researchers at
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Editor: ”Principles of Gender-Specific
Medicine”, Academic Press, 2017
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Paralyzed woman moves robotic arm using thought alone, CNET, May 2012
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and ran from 2004 to 2006, involving the study of four patients with
66:, formerly known as the Utah Array, which consists of 100 hair-thin
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244:
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253:"CyberKinetics' Brain-to-Computer Interface Gets a Second Chance"
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Stanford
University Neural Prosthetics Translational Laboratory
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511:"Paralysed woman moves robot with her mind - by Nature Video"
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147:. The results, published in a 2006 article in the journal
54:
Dummy unit illustrating the design of a BrainGate interface
62:
or other external object. The sensor is in the form of a
607:"The Boston Home Connection to a technology breakthrough"
277:
275:
176:
In May 2012, BrainGate researchers published a study in
157:, had a spinal cord injury, while another had advanced
283:"Neuroscience Research Systems Blackrock Microsystems"
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30:, or other bodily functions, such as patients with
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438:. Stanford School of Medicine. Archived from
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141:United States Department of Veterans Affairs
128:. The procedure, which was performed at the
83:to study seizure patterns in a patient with
70:that sense the electromagnetic signature of
180:demonstrating that two people paralyzed by
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763:
755:
556:"Mind-controlled robot arms show promise"
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407:"BrainGate - Turning thought into Action"
240:
214:– Describes human trials with BrainGate
683:Cuthbertson, Anthony (3 April 2021).
7:
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14:
251:Kirsner, Scott (12 August 2009).
112:Research and experimental results
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595:. Brown University. 16 May 2012.
554:Abbott, Alison (May 16, 2012).
521:from the original on 2021-12-22
137:Massachusetts General Hospital
1:
609:. 16 May 2012. Archived from
543:. Brown University. May 2012.
517:: Nature video. 16 May 2012.
32:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
306:, 60(10), pp1369-1373, 2003
139:, Brown University, and the
312:10.1001/archneur.60.10.1369
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927:Computational neuroscience
830:Intelligence amplification
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871:
568:10.1038/nature.2012.10652
187:Dorchester, Massachusetts
1133:Brain–computer interface
786:Brain–computer interface
212:Brain–computer interface
193:Current clinical trials
922:Cognitive neuroscience
108:related to BrainGate.
55:
1070:Simulation hypothesis
304:Archives of Neurology
53:
890:Electrocorticography
883:Scientific phenomena
855:Sensory substitution
99:in conjunction with
64:microelectrode array
865:Synthetic telepathy
613:on 15 November 2013
479:10.1038/nature11076
471:2012Natur.485..372H
442:on 9 December 2011.
357:10.1038/nature04970
349:2006Natur.442..164H
220:(neurotech company)
167:Stanford University
130:Radcliffe Infirmary
105:Cyberkinetics, Inc.
1080:Walk Again Project
999:J. C. R. Licklider
937:Neural engineering
735:Braingate Overview
720:BrainGate research
662:ClinicalTrials.gov
56:
36:spinal cord injury
1120:
1119:
1060:Human enhancement
989:Douglas Engelbart
917:Cognitive science
715:BrainGate Company
633:"Clinical Trials"
465:(7398): 372–375.
343:(7099): 164–171.
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1019:Miguel Nicolelis
958:Brain transplant
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840:Neuroprosthetics
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24:brain implant
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1065:Neurohacking
1034:Vernor Vinge
1024:Peter Kyberd
942:Neuroscience
850:Optogenetics
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793:Technologies
694:. Retrieved
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611:the original
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126:Peter Kyberd
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951:Speculative
910:Disciplines
145:tetraplegia
122:Mark Gasson
81:neurologist
1029:Steve Mann
1009:Matt Nagle
617:30 October
258:Boston.com
235:References
155:Matt Nagle
68:electrodes
60:prosthetic
46:Technology
994:Hugh Herr
860:Stentrode
825:Exocortex
820:Cyberware
815:Brainport
810:BrainGate
323:Legato, M
224:Neuralink
34:(ALS) or
20:BrainGate
1127:Category
1099:Category
576:61793032
519:Archived
497:22596161
365:16838014
206:See also
103:company
101:bio-tech
85:epilepsy
1111:Commons
696:5 April
668:5 April
638:5 April
525:5 April
515:YouTube
488:3640850
467:Bibcode
373:4347367
345:Bibcode
288:5 April
264:5 April
198:trial.
171:ongoing
91:History
72:neurons
977:People
963:Cyborg
892:(ECoG)
574:
560:Nature
495:
485:
459:Nature
371:
363:
337:Nature
218:Kernel
178:Nature
150:Nature
1053:Other
572:S2CID
392:Wired
369:S2CID
40:brain
28:limbs
22:is a
932:NBIC
698:2021
670:2021
640:2021
619:2012
527:2021
493:PMID
361:PMID
290:2021
266:2021
124:and
564:doi
483:PMC
475:doi
463:485
353:doi
341:442
308:doi
159:ALS
1129::
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