Aging brain - Knowledge (XXG)

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hypothesis has not been wholly supported. While some studies have found that older adults have a more difficult time encoding and retrieving information when their attention is divided, other studies have not found meaningful differences from younger adults. Similarly, one might expect older adults to do poorly on tasks of sustained attention, which measure the ability to attend to and respond to stimuli for an extended period of time. However, studies suggest that sustained attention shows no decline with age. Results suggest that sustained attention increases in early adulthood and then remains relatively stable, at least to the middle of the eighth decade of life. More research is needed on how normal aging impacts attention after age eighty.

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does not decline over the lifespan. For example, in one study 92% of normal elderly adults (65–84 years) presented with perfect or near perfect orientation. However some data suggest that mild changes in orientation may be a normal part of aging. For example, Sweet and colleagues concluded that "older persons with normal, healthy memory may have mild orientation difficulties. In contrast, younger people with normal memory have virtually no orientation problems" (p. 505). So although current research suggests that normal aging is not usually associated with significant declines in orientation, mild difficulties may be a part of normal aging and not necessarily a sign of a particular pathology.

1823: 1896: 2025: 1749:(NIA) began in 1986 and followed a group of 678 Roman Catholic sisters and recorded the effects of aging. The researchers used autobiographical essays collected as the nuns joined their Sisterhood. Findings suggest that early idea density, defined by number of ideas expressed and use of complex prepositions in these essays, was a significant predictor of lower risk for developing Alzheimer's disease in old age. Lower idea density was found to be significantly associated with lower brain weight, higher 807: 841: 1085: 148: 137: 280: 706: 409: 1487:: it is about 15 years younger than expected in a centenarian. By contrast, all brain regions and brain cells appear to have roughly the same epigenetic age in subjects who are younger than 80. These findings suggest that the cerebellum is better protected from aging effects, which in turn could explain why the cerebellum exhibits fewer neuropathological hallmarks of age related dementias compared to other brain regions. 670:(reviewed in Bernstein et al.). Increasing DNA damage with age has been reported in the brains of the mouse, rat, gerbil, rabbit, dog, and human. Young 4-day-old rats have about 3,000 single-strand breaks and 156 double-strand breaks per neuron, whereas in rats older than 2 years the level of damage increases to about 7,400 single-strand breaks and 600 double-strand breaks per neuron. 2068:, and spatial skills. Meanwhile, for children in families of high SES, small changes in parental income were associated with small changes in surface area within these regions. With respect to global cortical thickness, low SES children showed a curvilinear decrease in thickness with age while those of high SES demonstrated a steeper linear decline, suggesting that 519: 1787:, which has shown new anti-aging properties when injected into mice outside the hypothalamus, while causing the opposite effect when injected into the hypothalamus. It'll be some time before this can be applied to humans in a meaningful way, as more studies on this pathway are necessary to understand the mechanics of GnRH's anti-aging properties. 2003:, 11.0–11.2 %). At the same time, frequency of the neuroprotective ε2 allele was also highest for Caribbean Latinos (5.2–8.6 %) and lowest for those of mainland heritage (2.9–3.9 %). Among mainland Latinos, the most prevalent is the "median" ε3 allele: 85.2–86.2 % compared to 73.9–81.5% among Caribbean Latinos. 237:, which in turn would affect the ability of the brain to alter its structure or function (i.e. its plastic nature). Due to the complexity of the brain, with all of its structures and functions, it is logical to assume that some areas would be more vulnerable to aging than others. Two circuits worth mentioning here are the 1686:

Intellectual quotients derived from psychometric testing have been identified as valuable proxy measures of cognitive reserve, with higher scores relative to the mean being associated with slower rates of cognitive decline. However, the rate of decline in some cognitive subdomains, such as processing

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reactions and changes in the cerebral microvasculature. The exact impact of each of these mechanisms in affecting cognitive aging is unknown. Oxidative stress is the most controllable risk factor and is the best understood. The online Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary defines oxidative stress as,

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make it difficult to distinguish the normal patterns of aging. One of the important differences between normal aging and pathological aging is the location of neurofibrillary tangles. Neurofibrillary tangles are composed of paired helical filaments (PHF). In normal, non-demented aging, the number of

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Indigenous populations are often understudied in research. Reviews of current literature studying natives in Australia, Brazil, Canada, and the United States from participants aged 45 to 94 years old reveal varied prevalence rates for cognitive impairment not related to dementia, from 4.4% to 17.7%.

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Iram, Tal; Kern, Fabian; Kaur, Achint; Myneni, Saket; Morningstar, Allison R.; Shin, Heather; Garcia, Miguel A.; Yerra, Lakshmi; Palovics, Robert; Yang, Andrew C.; Hahn, Oliver; Lu, Nannan; Shuken, Steven R.; Haney, Michael S.; Lehallier, Benoit; Iyer, Manasi; Luo, Jian; Zetterberg, Henrik; Keller,

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The ability of an individual to demonstrate attenuated cognitive signs of aging despite an aging brain is called cognitive reserve. This hypothesis suggests that two patients might have the same brain pathology, with one person experiencing noticeable clinical symptoms, while the other continues to

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Behavioral flexibility can refer to efficiently and appropriately adapting to different situations and changing environmental demands, including the speed of adaptation, and to the capacity to develop solutions to novel problems or novel solutions to old problems. Studies indicate late-stage aging,

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evaluations. While research has primarily focused on levels of orientation among clinical populations, a small number of studies have examined whether there is a normal decline in orientation among healthy aging adults. Results have been somewhat inconclusive. Some studies suggest that orientation

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Minhas, Paras S.; Latif-Hernandez, Amira; McReynolds, Melanie R.; Durairaj, Aarooran S.; Wang, Qian; Rubin, Amanda; Joshi, Amit U.; He, Joy Q.; Gauba, Esha; Liu, Ling; Wang, Congcong; Linde, Miles; Sugiura, Yuki; Moon, Peter K.; Majeti, Ravi; Suematsu, Makoto; Mochly-Rosen, Daria; Weissman, Irving

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is a broad construct that refers to "the cognitive ability that allows us to deal with the inherent processing limitations of the human brain by selecting information for further processing". Since the human brain has limited resources, people use their attention to zone in on specific stimuli and

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is the interaction between social and economic factors. It has been demonstrated that socio-demographic factors can be used to predict cognitive profiles within older individuals to some extent. This may be because families of higher socioeconomic status (SES) are equipped to provide their

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is defined as the awareness of self in relation to one's surroundings. Often orientation is examined by distinguishing whether a person has a sense of time, place, and person. Deficits in orientation are one of the most common symptoms of brain disease, hence tests of orientation are included in

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appear more predominantly in the left versus right hemisphere, and were confined to posterior language cortices. Certain language functions such as word retrieval and production were found to be located to more anterior language cortices, and deteriorate as a function of age. Sowell et al., also

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studies have reported age-related regional decreases in cerebral volume. Regional volume reduction is not uniform; some brain regions shrink at a rate of up to 1% per year, whereas others remain relatively stable until the end of the life-span. The brain is very complex, and is composed of many

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If older adults have fewer attentional resources than younger adults, we would expect that when two tasks must be carried out at the same time, older adults' performance will decline more than that of younger adults. However, a large review of studies on cognition and aging suggest that this

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Boehme, Marcus; Guzzetta, Katherine E.; Bastiaanssen, Thomaz F. S.; van de Wouw, Marcel; Moloney, Gerard M.; Gual-Grau, Andreu; Spichak, Simon; Olavarría-Ramírez, Loreto; Fitzgerald, Patrick; Morillas, Enrique; Ritz, Nathaniel L.; Jaggar, Minal; Cowan, Caitlin S. M.; Crispie, Fiona; Donoso,

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For certain demographics, the effects of normal cognitive aging are especially pronounced. Differences in cognitive aging might be tied to the lack of or reduced access to medical care and, as a result, suffer disproportionately from negative health outcomes. As the global population grows,

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white matter, has also been noted. Although these levels were studied in the normal human brain, the parietal and basal ganglia regions are often affected in degenerative brain diseases associated with aging and it has therefore been suggested that brain glutamate may be useful as a

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profiles of the healthy aging index - a score that assesses neurocognitive function, among other correlates of health through the years - are associated with cardiovascular disease. Healthy cardiovascular function is critical for maintaining neurocognitive efficiency into old age.

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children with resources early on to facilitate cognitive development. For children in families of low SES, relatively small changes in parental income were associated with large changes in brain surface area; these losses were seen in areas associated with language, reading,

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is only pertinent if accompanied by health span extension, and, more importantly, by preserving brain health and cognition, finding rejuvenating approaches that act simultaneously in peripheral tissues and in brain function is a key strategy for development of

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Lipnicki, Darren M.; Crawford, John D.; Dutta, Rajib; Thalamuthu, Anbupalam; Kochan, Nicole A.; Andrews, Gavin; Lima-Costa, M. Fernanda; Castro-Costa, Erico; Brayne, Carol; Matthews, Fiona E.; Stephan, Blossom C. M. (2017-03-21). Miller, Bruce L. (ed.).

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Crosson, B., Garcia, A., Mcgregor, K., & Wierenga, C. E. (2013). The Impact of Aging on Neural Systems for Language. In M. F. G. Sandra Koffler, Joel Morgan, Ida Sue Baron (Ed.), Neuropsychology, Volume 1 (pp. 149–187). Oxford University Press.

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Tao Liu; Wei Wen; Wanlin Zhu; Nicole A Kochan; Julian N Trollor; Simone Reppermund; Jesse S Jin; Suhuai Luo; Henry Brodaty; Perminder S Sachdev (2011). "The relationship between cortical sulcal variability and cognitive performance in the elderly".

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different areas and types of tissue, or matter. The different functions of different tissues in the brain may be more or less susceptible to age-induced changes. The brain matter can be broadly classified as either grey matter, or white matter.

998:, although the ratio of these receptors did not show age-related changes. The loss of dopamine with age is thought to be responsible for many neurological symptoms that increase in frequency with age, such as decreased arm swing and increased 848:

In addition to the structural changes that the brain incurs with age, the aging process also entails a broad range of biochemical changes. More specifically, neurons communicate with each other via specialized chemical messengers called

798:, involved in waste clearance, may be important for maintaining brain health and its transport efficiency appears to be declining with aging. Factors in the circulation have been shown to modulate ageing and to rejuvenate the brain. 3004:

Pini, Lorenzo; Pievani, Michela; Bocchetta, Martina; Altomare, Daniele; Bosco, Paolo; Cavedo, Enrica; Galluzzi, Samantha; Marizzoni, Moira; Frisoni, Giovanni B. (1 September 2016). "Brain atrophy in Alzheimer's Disease and aging".

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Radford, Kylie; Lavrencic, Louise M.; Delbaere, Kim; Draper, Brian; Cumming, Robert; Daylight, Gail; Mack, Holly A.; Chalkley, Simon; Bennett, Hayley; Garvey, Gail; Hill, Thi Yen (2019-08-13). Anstey, Kaarin; Peters, Ruth (eds.).

2048:- higher education is associated with later diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment as neuropathological load increases. Currently there are no known studies to identify a characteristic pattern of cognitive decline with age in 7184:

González, Hector M.; Tarraf, Wassim; Vásquez, Priscilla; Sanderlin, Ashley H.; Rosenberg, Natalya I.; Davis, Sonia; Rodríguez, Carlos J.; Gallo, Linda C.; Thyagarajan, Bharat; Daviglus, Martha; Khambaty, Tasneem (July 2018).

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Møllgård, Kjeld; Beinlich, Felix R. M.; Kusk, Peter; Miyakoshi, Leo M.; Delle, Christine; Plá, Virginia; Hauglund, Natalie L.; Esmail, Tina; Rasmussen, Martin K.; Gomolka, Ryszard S.; Mori, Yuki; Nedergaard, Maiken (2023).

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Yamamoto, M.; Suhara, T.; Okubo, Y.; Ichimiya, T.; Sudo, Y.; Inoue, Y.; Takano, A.; Yasuno, F.; Yoshikawa, K.; Tanada, S. (2001). "Age-related decline of serotonin transporters in living human brain of healthy males".

1252:, vary in predictable patterns with age. For example, behavioral changes associated with age include compromised performance on tasks related to word retrieval, comprehension of sentences with high syntactic and/or 224:

refers to the brain's ability to change structure and function. This ties into the common phrase, "if you don't use it, you lose it," which is another way of saying, if you do not use it, your brain will devote less

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Francisco; Halitzki, Evelyn; Neto, Marta C.; Sichetti, Marzia; Golubeva, Anna V.; Fitzgerald, Rachel S.; Claesson, Marcus J.; Cotter, Paul D.; O’Leary, Olivia F.; Dinan, Timothy G.; Cryan, John F. (August 2021).

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González, Hector M.; Tarraf, Wassim; Jian, Xueqiu; Vásquez, Priscilla M.; Kaplan, Robert; Thyagarajan, Bharat; Daviglus, Martha; Lamar, Melissa; Gallo, Linda C.; Zeng, Donglin; Fornage, Myriam (December 2018).

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Noble, Kimberly G; Houston, Suzanne M; Brito, Natalie H; Bartsch, Hauke; Kan, Eric; Kuperman, Joshua M; Akshoomoff, Natacha; Amaral, David G; Bloss, Cinnamon S; Libiger, Ondrej; Schork, Nicholas J (May 2015).

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Tao Liu; Wei Wen; Wanlin Zhu; Julian Trollor; Simone Reppermund; John Crawford; Jesse S Jin; Suhuai Luo; Henry Brodaty; Perminder Sachdev (2010). "The effects of age and sex on cortical sulci in the elderly".

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processes. Research focused on discovering the genetic component in developing Autosomal Dominant (AD) has also contributed greatly to the understanding the genetics behind normal or "non-pathological" aging.

693:). They concluded that DNA damage may reduce the expression of selectively vulnerable genes involved in learning, memory and neuronal survival, initiating a pattern of brain aging that starts early in life. 7516:

O'Dwyer, Laurence; Lamberton, Franck; Bokde, Arun L. W.; Ewers, Michael; Faluyi, Yetunde O.; Tanner, Colby; Mazoyer, Bernard; O'Neill, Desmond; Bartley, Máiréad; Collins, Rónán; Coughlan, Tara (2012-07-02).

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Ota, M.; Yasuno, F.; Ito, H.; Seki, C.; Kozaki, S.; Asada, T.; Suhara, T. (2006). "Age-related decline of dopamine synthesis in the living human brain measured by positron emission tomography with L-DOPA".

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function relatively normally. Studies of cognitive reserve explore the specific biological, genetic and environmental differences which make some people more resistant to cognitive decline than others.

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and individual differences in cognition in healthy elderly people. In 'normal aging', the brain is undergoing oxidative stress in a multitude of ways. The main contributors include protein oxidation,

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Rapp, Stephen R.; Espeland, Mark A.; Manson, Joann E.; Resnick, Susan M.; Bryan, Nick R.; Smoller, Sylvia; Coker, Laura H.; Phillips, Lawrence S.; Stefanick, Marcia L.; Sarto, Gloria E. (August 2013).

1865:, whose discovery was reported around 2023, likely plays a role in cerebrospinal fluid functions and, as both a protective barrier and a host of immune cells that monitor the brain for infection and 3913:

Kaasinen, V.; Vilkman, H.; Hietala, J.; Någren, K.; Helenius, H.; Olsson, H.; Farde, L.; Rinne, J. O. (2000). "Age-related dopamine D2/D3 receptor loss in extrastriatal regions of the human brain".

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Frank, Sebastian M.; Becker, Markus; Qi, Andrea; Geiger, Patricia; Frank, Ulrike I.; Rosedahl, Luke A.; Malloni, Wilhelm M.; Sasaki, Yuka; Greenlee, Mark W.; Watanabe, Takeo (5 December 2022).

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due to larger absolute brain size and neuronal density. As a result, women tend to manifest symptoms of cognitive decline at lower thresholds than men do. This effect seems to be moderated by

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deficits impact older adults' attentional abilities. In other words, impaired hearing or vision may make it more difficult for older adults to do well on tasks of visual and verbal attention.

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Habes M, Janowitz D, Erus G, Toledo JB, Resnick SM, Doshi J, Van der Auwera S, Wittfeld K, Hegenscheid K, Hosten N, Biffar R, Homuth G, Völzke H, Grabe HJ, Hoffmann W, Davatzikos C (2016).

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profile of healthy older adults. However, research suggests that the aging process is associated with several structural, chemical, and functional changes in the brain as well as a host of

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Holland, Thomas Monroe; Agarwal, Puja; Wang, Yamin; Dhana, Klodian; Leurgans, Sue E.; Shea, Kyla; Booth, Sarah L.; Rajan, Kumar; Schneider, Julie A.; Barnes, Lisa L. (22 November 2022).

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Compared to other tissues in the body, the brain is deemed unusually sensitive to oxidative damage. Increased oxidative damage has been associated with neurodegenerative diseases, mild

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Lee, Juneyoung; Venna, Venugopal R.; Durgan, David J.; Shi, Huanan; Hudobenko, Jacob; Putluri, Nagireddy; Petrosino, Joseph; McCullough, Louise D.; Bryan, Robert M. (9 November 2020).

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Harris SE, Deary IJ, MacIntyre A, et al. (October 2006). "The association between telomere length, physical health, cognitive ageing, and mortality in non-demented older people".

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Sweet, J.J.; Such, Y.; Leahy, B.; Abramowitz, C.; Nowinski, C.J. (1999). "Normative clinical relationships between orientation and memory: Age as an important moderator variable".

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Aging entails many physical, biological, chemical, and psychological changes and the brain is no exception to this phenomenon. These various changes have attempted to be mapped by

7459:"Age-related cognitive decline and associations with sex, education and apolipoprotein E genotype across ethnocultural groups and geographic regions: a collaborative cohort study" 6103:

Di Giosia, Paolo; Stamerra, Cosimo Andrea; Giorgini, Paolo; Jamialahamdi, Tannaz; Butler, Alexandra E.; Sahebkar, Amirhossein (May 2022). "The role of nutrition in inflammaging".

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Ding, Xiao-Qi; Maudsley, Andrew A.; Sabati, Mohammad; Sheriff, Sulaiman; Schmitz, Birte; Schütze, Martin; Bronzlik, Paul; Kahl, Kai G.; Lanfermann, Heinrich (15 August 2016).

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accumulates with age in the mammalian brain. This DNA damage includes the oxidized nucleoside 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), single- and double-strand breaks, DNA-protein

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and that is held to be associated with aging." Hence oxidative stress is the damage done to the cells by free radicals that have been released from the oxidation process.

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reported that these anterior language cortices were found to mature and decline earlier than the more posterior language cortices. It has also been found that the width of

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Riley KP, Snowdon DA, Desrosiers MF, Markesbery WR (2005). "Early life linguistic ability, late life cognitive function, and neuropathology: Findings from the Nun Study".

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Gazes, Yunglin; Lee, Seonjoo; Fang, Zhiqian; Mensing, Ashley; Noofoory, Diala; Nazario, Geneva Hidalgo; Babukutty, Reshma; Habeck, Christian; Stern, Yaakov (2021-02-23),

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Kent, K.; Charlton, K. E.; Netzel, M.; Fanning, K. (June 2017). "Food-based anthocyanin intake and cognitive outcomes in human intervention trials: a systematic review".

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in mice test subjects, which showed increased activation as mice test subjects aged in the study. This activation not only affects aging, but affects a hormone known as

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around the world that age-induced cognitive deficits may not be due to neuronal loss or cell death, but rather may be the result of small region-specific changes to the

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replicates, the telomeric DNA component shortens. As telomere length is partly inheritable, there are individual differences in the age of onset of cognitive decline.

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Davis, P.; Morris, J.; et al. (1991). "The distribution of tangles, plaques, and related immunohistochemical markers in healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease".

7643:"Discriminant power of socio-demographic characteristics and mood in distinguishing cognitive performance clusters in older individuals: a cross-sectional analysis" 7076:

Yeri, Ashish; Murphy, Rachel A; Marron, Megan M; Clish, Clary; Harris, Tamara B; Lewis, Gregory D; Newman, Anne B; Murthy, Venkatesh L; Shah, Ravi V (2017-12-14).

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It is worth noting that there are factors other than true attentional abilities that might relate to difficulty paying attention. For example, it is possible that

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Chappus-McCendie, Hillary; Chevalier, Laurie; Roberge, Claude; Plourde, Mélanie (30 August 2019). "Omega-3 PUFA metabolism and brain modifications during aging".

5287: 1558: 7078:"Metabolite Profiles of Healthy Aging Index Are Associated With Cardiovascular Disease in African Americans: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study" 2012:

These results can be interpreted in the context of culturally biased neurocognitive tests, preexisting health conditions, poor access to healthcare, lower

1538: 1301: 7831: 7053: 574:. As the non-demented individual ages, there is a general increase in the density of tangles, but no significant difference in where tangles are found. 359:, reported that the first 6 decades of an individual's life were correlated with the most rapid decreases in grey matter density, and this occurred over 2144: 2084: 1687:

speed, may be less affected by premorbid IQ. The degree of association between IQ and cognitive reserve may vary between different types of dementia.

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Mou, Yi; Du, Yu; Zhou, Lixing; Yue, Jirong; Hu, Xianliang; Liu, Yixin; Chen, Sao; Lin, Xiufang; Zhang, Gongchang; Xiao, Hengyi; Dong, Birong (2022).

2949:"Physiological neuronal decline in healthy aging human brain — An in vivo study with MRI and short echo-time whole-brain 1H MR spectroscopic imaging" 7286:"Apolipoprotein E genotypes among diverse middle-aged and older Latinos: Study of Latinos-Investigation of Neurocognitive Aging results (HCHS/SOL)" 4534:

Hopp, G.A.; Dixon, R.A.; Grut, M.; Bacekman, L. (1997). "Longitudinal and psychometric profiles of two cognitive status tests in very old adults".

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Wong, D. F.; et al. (1984). "Effects of age on dopamine and serotonin receptors measured by positron tomography in the living human brain".

3330: 490:, 2003; morph). A 46% decrease in spine number and spine density has been reported in humans older than 50 compared with younger individuals. An 5890:

Denis, Isabelle; Potier, Brigitte; Heberden, Christine; Vancassel, Sylvie (March 2015). "Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and brain aging".

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Iyo, M.; Yamasaki, T. (1993). "The detection of age-related decrease of dopamine, D1, D2 and serotonin 5-HT2 receptors in living human brain".

3548:"Gut Microbiota Interact With the Brain Through Systemic Chronic Inflammation: Implications on Neuroinflammation, Neurodegeneration, and Aging" 2531: 1862: 6576:"Association of a functional polymorphism in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene with memory decline and incidence of dementia" 4440: 3850: 3437: 2134: 7586:"Educational Attainment, MRI Changes, and Cognitive Function in Older Postmenopausal Women from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study" 5411: 2814:

Sowell ER, Peterson BS, Thompson PM, Welcome SE, Henkenius AL, Toga AW (March 2003). "Mapping cortical change across the human life span".

2180: 1245: 2087:"had about 2 fewer years of cognitive aging over a 10-year period compared with non-users" despite it having nearly no conditions for the 1547:

does not allow to stop and reverse aging. However, one may potentially delay the effects and severity of its symptoms. While there is no

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Wang Y, Chan GL, Holden JE, et al. (September 1998). "Age-dependent decline of dopamine D1 receptors in human brain: a PET study".

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from around brain cells of young mice into aged brains rejuvenates aspects of the brain, proving that it play a role in brain aging and

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alterations. Evidence in support of this idea from animal work has also suggested that this cognitive deficit is due to functional and

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for it. One proposed mechanism for the observed age-related plasticity deficits in animals is the result of age-induced alterations in

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de Souza-Talarico, Juliana N.; de Carvalho, Anna P.; Brucki, Sonia M.D.; Nitrini, Ricardo; Ferretti-Rebustini, Renata E.de.L. (2016).

4547: 1941: 1712: 7859:"Association Between Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Use and Memory Decline: Findings From the Health and Retirement Study" 6435:

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Heckner, Marisa K.; Cieslik, Edna C.; Eickhoff, Simon B.; Camilleri, Julia A.; Hoffstaedter, Felix; Langner, Robert (1 August 2021).

3058:"Advanced brain aging: relationship with epidemiologic and genetic risk factors, and overlap with Alzheimer disease atrophy patterns" 2033: 41:, including changes all individuals experience and those of illness (including unrecognised illness). Usually this refers to humans. 6009:

Gardener, Samantha L.; Rainey-Smith, Stephanie R.; Weinborn, Michael; Bondonno, Catherine P.; Martins, Ralph N. (3 September 2021).

4791: 4168: 3974: 2455: 233:. The changes in the organism's abilities to handle calcium will ultimately influence neuronal firing and the ability to propagate 6437:"Verbal intelligence is a more robust cross-sectional measure of cognitive reserve than level of education in healthy older adults" 1052:

receptor in the frontal cortex was also found, as well as a decreased binding capacity of the serotonin transporter (5-HHT) in the

7947: 6321:"Young versus aged microbiota transplants to germ-free mice: increased short-chain fatty acids and improved cognitive performance" 4688:

Cognition in aging and age related disease. In P. R. Hof & C. V. Mobbs (Eds.), Handbook of the neuroscience of aging (249-256)

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Bernstein H, Payne CM, Bernstein C, Garewal H, Dvorak K. (2008) Cancer and aging as consequences of un-repaired DNA damage. In:

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Advances in MRI technology have provided the ability to see the brain structure in great detail in an easy, non-invasive manner

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like the Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition (STAC) in 2009. The STAC model looks at factors like neural changes to the

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Benton, A.L.; Eslinger, P.; Damasio, A. (1981). "Normative observations on neuropsychological test performances in old age".

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Mandavilli BS, Rao KS (1996). "Accumulation of DNA damage in aging neurons occurs through a mechanism other than apoptosis".

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Piccolo, Luciane R.; Merz, Emily C.; He, Xiaofu; Sowell, Elizabeth R.; Noble, Kimberly G. (2016-09-19). Zuo, Xi-Nian (ed.).

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Lu T, Pan Y, Kao SY, Li C, Kohane I, Chan J, Yankner BA (2004). "Gene regulation and DNA damage in the ageing human brain".

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experienced a relative 51% less decline in memory compared to a reference group after adjusting for demographic factors and

607:"physiological stress on the body that is caused by the cumulative damage done by free radicals inadequately neutralized by 5176:

Horvath S, Mah V, Lu AT, Woo JS, Choi OW, Jasinska AJ, Riancho JA, Tung S, Coles NS, Braun J, Vinters HV, Coles LS (2015).

5387:"How old is your brain, really? AI-powered analysis accurately reflects risk of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease" 5116:"Memory Decline and Behavioral Inflexibility in Aged Mice Are Correlated With Dysregulation of Protein Synthesis Capacity" 3429: 3258:

Whalley LJ, Deary IJ, Appleton CL, Starr JM (November 2004). "Cognitive reserve and the neurobiology of cognitive aging".

1869:, appears to be substantially involved in major brain diseases and brain aging. It is "the host for a large population of 1663: 1619: 1060:. Postmortem studies on humans have indicated decreased binding capacities of serotonin and a decrease in the number of S 4805:"The Aging Brain and Executive Functions Revisited: Implications from Meta-analytic and Functional-Connectivity Evidence" 7641:

Santos, Nadine Correia; Moreira, Pedro Silva; Castanho, Teresa Costa; Sousa, Nuno; Costa, Patrício Soares (2016-01-12).

7137:"Patterns of relationships between cardiovascular disease risk factors and neurocognitive function in African Americans" 5942: 4862: 1029: 878: 443:. Moreover, neuronal density appears to decrease, white matter microstructure gets altered and energy metabolism in the 387:

appear exempt from this decrease in grey matter density over time. Age effects on grey matter density in the posterior

5727:; Evans, D. A. (2004). "Social resources and cognitive decline in a population of older African Americans and whites". 4751:

Carrier, J. S. A.; Cheyne, A.; Solman, G. J. F.; Smilek, D. (2010). "Age trends for failures of sustained attention".

2149: 1746: 1642: 6876: 7353:"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Prevalence and Associated Factors in Indigenous Populations: A Systematic Review" 1895: 1354:

Autosomal Dominant (AD) - Autosomal dominant is a pattern of inheritance characteristic of some genetic disorders. "

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Zhang Guo, Guo; Li, Juxue; Purkayastha, Purkayastha; Tang, Yizhe; Zhang, Hai; Yin, Ye; Li, Bo; et al. (2013).

6011:"Intake of Products Containing Anthocyanins, Flavanols, and Flavanones, and Cognitive Function: A Narrative Review" 4606:"A normative community based study of mini-mental state in elderly adults: The effect of age and educational level" 1504: 974:, and lateral thalamus. One study also indicated a significant inverse correlation between dopamine binding in the 690: 559: 5833:"Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and the brain: a review of the independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA" 5555:

Krivanek, Taylor J.; Gale, Seth A.; McFeeley, Brittany M.; Nicastri, Casey M.; Daffner, Kirk R. (1 January 2021).

4384:"Age-related glutamate and glutamine concentration changes in normal human brain: 1H MR spectroscopy study at 4 T" 942:

receptor density has also been shown to occur with age. Significant age-related declines in dopamine receptors, D

881:(PET) in living human subjects have shown a significant age-related decline in dopamine synthesis, notably in the 7917: 6291: 4230: 2037: 1394: 1265: 1107:

that tends to decrease with age. Studies have shown older subjects to have lower glutamate concentration in the

951: 754: 85: 61: 57: 6715: 245:

circuits. It has been suggested that age-related cognitive decline is due in part not to neuronal death but to

7187:"Metabolic Syndrome and Neurocognition Among Diverse Middle-Aged and Older Hispanics/Latinos: HCHS/SOL Results" 5497:

Baker, L.D.; Frank, L.L.; Foster-Schubert, K.; Green, P.S.; Wilinson, C.W.; McTiernan, A.; et al. (2010).

3062: 2650: 2598: 1921: 1657:

of the latter, complementing similar results of a 2020 study. Diet and other factors influence the microbiome.

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Marcusson, J.; Oreland, L.; Winblad, B. (1984). "Effect of age on human brain serotonin (S-1) binding sites".

2024: 1319:

and/or late-life dementias, decreases behavioral flexibility and impair deliberation about courses of action.

746: 343:, whereas white matter volume was found to increase from age 19–40, and decline after this age. Studies using 5943:"Association of Dietary Intake of Flavonols With Changes in Global Cognition and Several Cognitive Abilities" 1711:

and their offspring to identify protective factors against the negative effects of aging. In particular, the

1216:

are especially vulnerable to age-related decline. A number of studies utilizing a variety of methods such as

2139: 2088: 2077: 1089: 874: 854: 674: 344: 226: 81: 73: 6195:

Braidy, Nady; Liu, Yue (November 2020). "Can nicotinamide riboside protect against cognitive impairment?".

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of individuals ranging from 26 to 106 years of age. This led to the identification of a set of genes whose

6976: 4456:

Alverzo JP (2006). "A review of the literature on orientation as an indicator of level of consciousness".

2109: 2045: 2013: 1761: 1754: 1605: 1508: 1411: 1342: 1312: 857:, that exhibit a marked alteration in different regions of the brain as part of the normal aging process. 817: 578: 542: 538: 530: 460: 77: 69: 3719:

Benveniste, Helene; Liu, Xiaodan; Koundal, Sunil; Sanggaard, Simon; Lee, Hedok; Wardlaw, Joanna (2019).

2764:

Hof PR, Morrison JH (October 2004). "The aging brain: morphomolecular senescence of cortical circuits".

2226: 2154: 1908: 1904: 1623: 1544: 1516: 1338: 1233: 1084: 1025: 1003: 999: 774: 762: 563: 393: 4661: 2331:"Age-associated bidirectional modulation of gene expression in single identified R15 neuron of Aplysia" 4332:"Regional variations and the effects of age and gender on glutamate concentrations in the human brain" 3112:

Gabrieli, J.; Hedden, T. (2004). "Insights into the ageing mind: a view from cognitive neuroscience".

2481:"Regional Brain Changes in Aging Healthy Adults: General Trends, Individual Differences and Modifiers" 1964:

but also is associated with lower neurocognitive function during midlife. This take place even though

689:

sequences of these particular genes accumulated oxidative DNA damage, including 8-OHdG, with age (see

7719: 7530: 7297: 6939: 6900: 6820: 6754: 6668:"Hypothalamic programming of systemic ageing involving IKK-[bgr], NF-[kgr]B and GnRH" 6495: 5416: 5339: 5328:"Anatomically interpretable deep learning of brain age captures domain-specific cognitive impairment" 4908: 4900: 4816: 4114: 3789: 3504: 2060: 1953: 1632: 1548: 1359: 1334: 1213: 1141: 908: 901: 894: 615: 599: 464: 3664:"Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Changes in Healthy Ageing and Alzheimer's Disease: A Narrative Review" 2572: 585:. However, unlike tangles, plaques have not been found to be a consistent feature of normal aging. 7968: 2065: 1843: 1628: 1496: 1431: 1378: 1333:

Variation in the effects of aging among individuals can be attributed to both genetic, health, and

1277: 886: 840: 791: 769:

could be disturbed by increasing age. According to a review, neuroinflammatory changes, "including

686: 491: 246: 4604:

Ishizaki, J.; Meguro, K.; Ambo, H.; Shimada, M.; Yamaguchi, S.; Harasaka, C.; et al. (1998).

7904: 7688: 7388: 6963: 6862: 6648: 6228: 6177: 6128: 6085: 5991: 5923: 5813: 5752: 4944: 4516: 4491:

Brotchie, J.; Brennan, J.; Wyke, M. (1985). "Temporal orientation in the presenium and old age".

4255: 4138: 4080: 4034: 3986: 3938: 3701: 3528: 3474: 3407: 3361: 3283: 3237: 3189: 3137: 3038: 2929: 2885: 2839: 2789: 2737: 2691: 2114: 1835: 1827: 1700: 1601: 1594: 1574: 1479:

is the youngest brain region (and probably body part) in centenarians according to an epigenetic

1362:" means that a single copy of the mutated gene (from one parent) is enough to cause the disorder. 1244:

Changes in performance on verbal tasks, as well as the location, extent, and signal intensity of

1221: 1189: 1021: 979: 813: 620: 355:

gyri as being especially vulnerable to age-related losses in grey matter of older adults. Sowell

230: 178: 151: 1499:, detection systems and software systems to measure biological age of the brain. For example, a 147: 1358:" means that the gene in question is located on one of the numbered, or non-sex, chromosomes. " 7896: 7878: 7813: 7795: 7755: 7737: 7680: 7672: 7623: 7605: 7566: 7548: 7498: 7480: 7438: 7380: 7372: 7333: 7315: 7224: 7206: 7166: 7148: 7117: 7099: 7057: 6955: 6930: 6854: 6836: 6788: 6770: 6697: 6640: 6605: 6553: 6545: 6476: 6458: 6417: 6399: 6358: 6340: 6278: 6270: 6220: 6212: 6169: 6120: 6077: 6042: 5983: 5965: 5915: 5907: 5872: 5854: 5805: 5797: 5744: 5705: 5656: 5638: 5594: 5576: 5528: 5479: 5373: 5355: 5279: 5260: 5207: 5155: 5137: 5096: 5078: 5004: 4986: 4936: 4928: 4844: 4787: 4768: 4733: 4665: 4627: 4586: 4551: 4508: 4473: 4436: 4413: 4361: 4309: 4247: 4210: 4174: 4164: 4130: 4105: 4072: 4026: 3978: 3930: 3892: 3856: 3846: 3823: 3805: 3758: 3740: 3693: 3685: 3644: 3626: 3587: 3569: 3520: 3466: 3433: 3399: 3353: 3275: 3229: 3181: 3129: 3089: 3030: 3022: 2986: 2968: 2921: 2877: 2831: 2781: 2729: 2683: 2631: 2564: 2512: 2461: 2451: 2419: 2401: 2362: 2311: 2293: 2254: 2246: 2207: 2124: 2041: 1949: 1866: 1677: 1563:

Staying intellectually engaged, i.e. reading and mental activities (such as crossword puzzles)

1425: 1328: 1212:. Studies done, have found that memory functions, more specifically those associated with the 1209: 825: 821: 795: 750: 628: 571: 507: 483: 1345:. The search for genetic factors has always been an important aspect in trying to understand 7886: 7870: 7803: 7787: 7745: 7727: 7662: 7654: 7613: 7597: 7556: 7538: 7488: 7470: 7428: 7420: 7364: 7323: 7305: 7214: 7198: 7156: 7107: 7089: 6947: 6844: 6828: 6778: 6762: 6687: 6679: 6632: 6595: 6587: 6537: 6501: 6466: 6448: 6407: 6389: 6348: 6332: 6260: 6204: 6159: 6112: 6069: 6032: 6022: 5973: 5957: 5899: 5862: 5844: 5787: 5779: 5736: 5695: 5687: 5646: 5630: 5584: 5568: 5518: 5510: 5469: 5461: 5363: 5347: 5308: 5300: 5271: 5250: 5240: 5197: 5189: 5145: 5127: 5086: 5068: 5035: 4994: 4978: 4918: 4834: 4826: 4760: 4725: 4657: 4617: 4578: 4543: 4500: 4465: 4403: 4395: 4351: 4343: 4299: 4291: 4239: 4202: 4122: 4064: 4018: 3970: 3922: 3884: 3813: 3797: 3748: 3732: 3675: 3634: 3618: 3577: 3559: 3512: 3458: 3391: 3345: 3267: 3221: 3173: 3121: 3079: 3071: 3014: 2976: 2960: 2913: 2869: 2823: 2773: 2721: 2673: 2665: 2621: 2613: 2554: 2546: 2502: 2492: 2409: 2393: 2352: 2342: 2301: 2285: 2238: 2197: 2189: 2069: 1972: 1903:

In the United States, Black and African American demographics disproportionately experience

1750: 1728: 1704: 1638: 1528: 1484: 1437: 1309: 1225: 1183: 1104: 1069: 975: 850: 829: 828:. The motor functions of dopamine are linked to a separate pathway, with cell bodies in the 594: 554: 479: 384: 380: 234: 158: 6378:"The Potential Effects of Probiotics and ω-3 Fatty Acids on Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation" 2040:

tend to show more microstructural damage than females with MCI, but seem to have a greater

1907:

with age. This has many downstream effects, but the most prominent of these is the toll on

7243: 7038: 5674:

Hall, C.B.; Lipton, R. B.; Sliwinski, M.; Katz, M. J.; Derby, C. A.; Verghese, J. (2009).

3301: 2507: 1996: 1965: 1961: 1929: 1777: 1612: 1449: 1405: 1389: 1367: 1197: 1193: 1146: 1048:, and frontal cerebral cortex, decline with age. A decreased binding capacity of the 5-HT 1041: 991: 959: 931: 682: 664: 632: 582: 577:

The other main neurodegenerative contributor commonly found in the brain of patients with

499: 476: 472: 468: 448: 376: 258: 221: 195: 170: 136: 113: 101: 97: 7409:"Factors Associated with the High Prevalence of Dementia in Older Aboriginal Australians" 6636: 6146:

Moore, Katie; Hughes, Catherine F.; Ward, Mary; Hoey, Leane; McNulty, Helene (May 2018).

4399: 3662:

Graff, Barnaby J.; Harrison, Stephanie L.; Payne, Stephen J.; El-Bouri, Wahbi K. (2023).

1715:

gene is linked to prevention of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. Specifically,

7723: 7534: 7301: 6943: 6824: 6758: 5343: 4904: 4729: 4118: 3793: 3622: 3508: 3462: 2202: 2175: 853:. Several studies have identified a number of these neurotransmitters, as well as their 7973: 7891: 7858: 7808: 7775: 7750: 7707: 7618: 7585: 7561: 7518: 7493: 7458: 7433: 7408: 7328: 7285: 7219: 7186: 7161: 7136: 7112: 7077: 6849: 6808: 6783: 6742: 6692: 6667: 6600: 6575: 6497:

IQ moderation of cognitive decline supports cognitive reserve and not brain maintenance

6471: 6436: 6412: 6377: 6353: 6320: 6037: 6010: 5978: 5867: 5832: 5740: 5700: 5675: 5651: 5618: 5589: 5556: 5523: 5498: 5474: 5449: 5368: 5327: 5255: 5231: 5226: 5202: 5150: 5115: 5091: 5056: 4999: 4966: 4839: 4804: 4408: 4383: 4356: 4331: 4304: 4279: 4243: 3818: 3777: 3753: 3720: 3639: 3606: 3582: 3547: 3349: 3084: 3057: 2981: 2948: 2559: 2414: 2357: 2330: 2306: 2273: 2119: 2073: 1855: 1646: 1532: 1346: 1253: 1249: 1205: 1201: 1171: 1033: 955: 758: 678: 503: 348: 306: 141: 109: 105: 45: 6541: 5619:"Hallmarks of Brain Aging: Adaptive and Pathological Modification by Metabolic States" 4967:"Cognitive and behavioural flexibility: neural mechanisms and clinical considerations" 4206: 3926: 3177: 1507:

estimated brain age with relatively high accuracy, including detecting early signs of

794:

was shown to decrease 0.3-0.5% per year in healthy ageing. An efficiently functioning

705: 439:

Age-related decrease in gray matter volume was the largest contribution to changes in

408: 279: 7957: 7908: 6967: 6925: 6866: 6249:"Microbiota from young mice counteracts selective age-associated behavioral deficits" 6232: 6132: 5995: 5927: 5817: 5724: 4948: 4469: 4068: 4022: 3705: 3225: 2964: 2917: 2873: 2695: 2072:

is more efficient in the latter group. This trend was especially evident in the left

2000: 1988: 1971:

Among different Latin heritages, frequency of the dementia-predisposing ε4 allele of

1957: 1800: 1500: 1419: 1386: 1116: 1112: 1096:

facilitates reuptake of glutamate and decreases extracellular glutamate concentration

388: 368: 352: 299: 292: 199: 7692: 7392: 7352: 6652: 6181: 5756: 5676:"Cognitive activities delay onset of memory decline in persons who develop dementia" 4520: 4259: 4142: 4084: 4038: 3990: 3942: 3478: 3411: 3193: 3042: 2843: 2793: 2550: 1882:

diversifies, and grays, there is an increasing need to understand these inequities.

1776:

may be connected to our overall aging bodies. They focused on the activation of the

7776:"Family income, parental education and brain structure in children and adolescents" 7642: 6741:

L.; Longo, Frank M.; Rabinowitz, Joshua D.; Andreasson, Katrin I. (February 2021).

6089: 4889:"Efficient learning in children with rapid GABA boosting during and after training" 3532: 3331:"Evidence of increased oxidative damage in subjects with mild cognitive impairment" 3287: 3241: 3141: 2933: 2889: 2741: 2092: 1945: 1925: 1811: 1803: 1796: 1773: 1724: 1650: 1570: 1512: 1305: 1229: 1120: 1108: 870: 741: 644: 603: 550: 440: 364: 285: 250: 203: 162: 50: 7658: 6336: 3365: 2617: 1381:

regions in the genome. Genes that are down-regulated over the age of 40 include:

1111:

compared to younger subjects. A significant age-related decline especially in the

7874: 7732: 7543: 7475: 7368: 6208: 5961: 5903: 5691: 3395: 6877:"Giving an old mouse cerebrospinal fluid from a young mouse improves its memory" 6505: 5783: 5514: 5465: 5057:"Aging impairs deliberation and behavioral flexibility in inter-temporal choice" 4622: 4605: 2289: 2049: 1831: 1708: 1586: 1578: 1458: 1065: 963: 806: 766: 624: 608: 526: 522: 360: 238: 187: 121: 34: 7519:"Sexual Dimorphism in Healthy Aging and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A DTI Study" 7310: 6832: 6766: 6453: 6265: 6248: 5634: 5245: 5177: 4982: 2777: 2532:"Differential aging of the brain: Patterns, cognitive correlates and modifiers" 2382:"How Does it STAC Up? Revisiting the Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition" 2193: 6574:

Sanders, Amy; Wang, Cuiling; Katz, Mindy; Derby, Carol; Barzilai, Nir (2011).

6164: 6147: 6116: 6027: 5499:"Effects of aerobic exercise on mile cognitive impairment: A controlled trial" 5275: 4923: 4913: 4888: 4821: 4582: 4347: 4295: 3888: 3564: 3271: 3018: 2860: 2397: 1912: 1720: 1476: 1453: 1415: 1374: 1236:

are especially affected by age-related processes resulting in memory changes.

1093: 660: 656: 636: 444: 125: 7882: 7799: 7741: 7676: 7609: 7552: 7484: 7376: 7319: 7210: 7152: 7103: 6840: 6774: 6549: 6462: 6403: 6344: 6274: 6216: 5969: 5911: 5858: 5849: 5801: 5642: 5580: 5359: 5141: 5132: 5082: 5073: 4990: 4932: 4178: 3860: 3809: 3744: 3689: 3630: 3605:

Yin, Fei; Sancheti, Harsh; Patil, Ishan; Cadenas, Enrique (1 November 2016).

3573: 3026: 2972: 2687: 2405: 2347: 2297: 2250: 2242: 396:

not only increases with age, but also with cognitive decline in the elderly.

7708:"Age-Related Differences in Cortical Thickness Vary by Socioeconomic Status" 7094: 6951: 6743:"Restoring metabolism of myeloid cells reverses cognitive decline in ageing" 5351: 5326:

Yin, Chenzhong; Imms, Phoebe; Cheng, Mingxi; et al. (10 January 2023).

5040: 5023: 4126: 2669: 2497: 2480: 2465: 2381: 1917: 1870: 1740: 1658: 1654: 1590: 1480: 1371: 1273: 1217: 1159: 1125: 1100: 1015: 770: 242: 191: 7922:

Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health via medicalxpress.com

7900: 7817: 7759: 7684: 7627: 7570: 7502: 7442: 7384: 7337: 7228: 7170: 7121: 7061: 6959: 6926:"A mesothelium divides the subarachnoid space into functional compartments" 6858: 6792: 6701: 6644: 6609: 6591: 6557: 6480: 6421: 6362: 6282: 6224: 6173: 6148:"Diet, nutrition and the ageing brain: current evidence and new directions" 6124: 6081: 6046: 5987: 5919: 5876: 5809: 5748: 5709: 5660: 5598: 5532: 5483: 5377: 5283: 5264: 5211: 5159: 5100: 5008: 4940: 4848: 4772: 4716:

Light, L.L. (1991). "Memory and aging: Four hypotheses in search of data".

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Development of the nervous system in humans § Adult neural development

558:

tangles in each affected cell body is relatively low and restricted to the

510:

of old animals (27–32 years old) compared with young ones (6–9 years old).

482:

decrease in size and/or number in specific regions and layers of human and

375:

and lateral brain surfaces. It is also worth noting that areas such as the

17: 7135:

Sims, Regina; Madhere, Serge; Callender, Clive; Campbell, Alfonso (2008).

5193: 4737: 4631: 4590: 4555: 4512: 4504: 4251: 4134: 4076: 4030: 3982: 3470: 3233: 2635: 518: 6809:"Young CSF restores oligodendrogenesis and memory in aged mice via Fgf17" 4830: 4548:

10.1002/(sici)1097-4679(199711)53:7<673::aid-jclp5>3.0.co;2-j

2678: 2626: 1992: 1976: 1780: 1582: 1355: 1295: 1057: 1053: 1028:(5-HTT), have also been shown to occur with age. Studies conducted using 971: 967: 890: 882: 866: 833: 640: 567: 546: 166: 65: 6683: 5297:

has been checked and does not affect the cited material, please replace

3801: 3516: 1873:, the number of which increases in response to inflammation and aging". 7424: 6526:"Intelligence, Cognitive Reserve, and Dementia: Time for Intervention?" 6394: 6376:

Hutchinson, Ashley N.; Tingö, Lina; Brummer, Robert Jan (August 2020).

6292:"Gut bacteria from young mice reverse signs of brain aging in old mice" 5792: 5572: 5294: 3975:

10.1002/(SICI)1098-2396(199809)30:1<56::AID-SYN7>3.0.CO;2-J

3075: 2712:

Barnes, C.; Burke, S. (2006). "Neural plasticity in the ageing brain".

1551:

of efficacy, the following are reported as delaying cognitive decline:

1188:

Many different types of memory have been identified in humans, such as

1073: 1045: 995: 935: 865:

An overwhelming number of studies have reported age-related changes in

340: 327: 174: 38: 7667: 7601: 7202: 6073: 3736: 3721:"The Glymphatic System and Waste Clearance with Brain Aging: A Review" 3680: 3663: 2274:"Large artery stiffness and brain health: insights from animal models" 1604:, smoking cessation, limiting alcohol use, brain protection, treating 4764: 2174:

Gaspar-Silva, Filipa; Trigo, Diogo; Magalhaes, Joana (24 June 2023).

2096: 2036:(MMSE) tend to decline at slightly faster rates with age. Males with 1980: 1807: 1716: 1398: 1315:

boosting as a major potential explanation-component for why that is.

1269: 667: 495: 254: 207: 117: 7791: 7244:"National Vital Statistics Reports: United States Life Tables, 2020" 5055:

Breton, Yannick-André; Seeland, Kelsey D.; Redish, A. David (2015).

3125: 2725: 765:

appear to be linked and interact with aging, e.g. as gut microbiota

447:

gets altered. General cortical atrophy occurs in aging and e.g. the

88:, there are few informative studies on the molecular biology of the 2827: 2028:

Life expectancy in the USA by race and sex, with calculated sex gap

1158:

Many older adults notice a decline in their attentional abilities.

1002:. Changes in dopamine levels may also cause age-related changes in 335:, has noted that there is a decrease in grey matter volume between 2272:

Winder, Nick R.; Reeve, Emily H.; Walker, Ashley E. (2021-01-01).

2023: 1894: 1851: 1821: 517: 336: 146: 135: 30: 7266:"What is Driving Widening Racial Disparities in Life Expectancy?" 4280:"Effects of age and sex on brain glutamate and other metabolites" 1289: 1276:

were the only regions in a larger set of regions associated with

112:

suggest that as organisms age, there are distinct changes in the

2278:

American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology

1784: 210: 1956:, and abdominal obesity - which not only increases the risk of 1772:

In a 2013 study, it was suggested that the inflammation of the

922:

receptors has been shown, and more specifically a decrease of D

816:, dopamine is manufactured in nerve cell bodies located within 120:

level. This page is an overview of the changes associated with

7832:"SNAP Use Linked to Slower Decline in Memory for Older Adults" 5772:

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

5178:"The cerebellum ages slowly according to the epigenetic clock" 4011:

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

1304:

and takes longer or is more difficult with age. A study using

1280:, that consistently showed age differences in brain activity. 700: 403: 182: 7918:"Using SNAP benefits may slow memory decline in older adults" 5612: 5610: 5608: 4960: 4958: 4863:"Brain scans shed light on how kids learn faster than adults" 2176:"Ageing in the brain: mechanisms and rejuvenating strategies" 1649:

from young donor mice into aged recipient mice substantially

213:

connecting the neurons to each other and with the periphery.

6981:

University of Rochester Medical Center via medicalxpress.com

3329:

Keller JN, Schmitt FA, Scheff SW, et al. (April 2005).

1940:

In the US, the Latino demographic is most likely to develop

1920:, verbal learning, and cognitive set ability are related to 1366:

The human brain shows a decline in function and a change in

893:). Significant age-related decreases in dopamine receptors 6807:

Andreas; Zuchero, J. Bradley; Wyss-Coray, Tony (May 2022).

2032:

Compared to their male counterparts, women's scores on the

7948:

Instruments to Detect Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults

6197:

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care

5892:

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care

2380:

Reuter-Lorenz, Patricia A.; Park, Denise C. (2014-09-01).

2083:

A study showed that 50+ aged users of the dietary program

1968:

for Latinos in the US is higher than for white and black.

7003:"Scientists discover a new protective layer in the brain" 5557:"Promoting Successful Cognitive Aging: A Ten-Year Update" 4382:

Kaiser LG, Schuff N, Cashdollar N, Weiner MW (May 2005).

1764:

has begun. Its initial funding was also provided by NIA.

7037:

Arias, Elizabeth; Xu, Jiaquan; M.D, M. (8 August 2022).

5171: 5169: 2329:

Kadakkuzha, Beena M; Akhmedov, Komolitdin (2013-12-14).

914:

have also been highly reported. A general decrease in D

5391:

University of Southern California via medicalxpress.com

1991:, 12.6–17.5 %) and lowest among mainland Latinos ( 717: 685:

was altered after age 40. They further found that the

420: 5617:

Mattson, Mark P.; Arumugam, Thiruma V. (5 June 2018).

5022:

Audet, Jean-Nicolas; Lefebvre, Louis (1 August 2017).

2649:

Kolb, Bryan; Gibb, Robbin; Robinson, Terry E. (2003).

1854:

as a key target for potential therapeutics, including

6977:"Newly discovered anatomy shields and monitors brain" 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5227:"DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types" 1814:

or prevented via inhibition of their EP2 signalling.

1296:

Learning § Adult learning vs children's learning

100:) in the absence of neurodegenerative disease or the 6897:"Verjüngung der Gedächtnisleistung von alten Mäusen" 5723:

Barnes, L. L.; Mendes de Leon, C.F.; Wilson, R. S.;

5454:

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

1032:

methods on humans, in vivo, show that levels of the

467:

of neurons. Studies by Duan et al., have shown that

7590:

The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine

4154: 4152: 2080:- critical language and literacy supporting areas. 1370:. This modulation in gene expression may be due to 1290:§ Loss of neural circuits and brain plasticity 3778:"Ageing, neurodegeneration and brain rejuvenation" 4435:(4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4431:Lezak, M.D; Howieson, D.B.; Loring, D.W. (2004). 4325: 4323: 3164:Anderton BH (April 2002). "Ageing of the brain". 5443: 5441: 4662:10.1076/1385-4046(199911)13:04;1-y;ft495 3908: 3906: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 7242:Arias, Elizabeth; Xu, Jiaquan (8 August 2022). 6569: 6567: 5332:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3253: 3251: 1337:. As in so many other science disciplines, the 832:that manufacture and release dopamine into the 37:is a process of transformation of the brain in 7264:Hill, Latoya; Artiga, Samantha (23 May 2023). 5114:Yang, Wenzhong; Zhou, Xueyan; Ma, Tao (2019). 4377: 4375: 3377: 3375: 3324: 3322: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2450:(2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. 1641:also plays a role. Scientists have shown that 1341:debate is an ongoing conflict in the field of 1284:Changes in learning and behavioral flexibility 1128:of brain diseases that are affected by aging. 4273: 4271: 4269: 4050: 4048: 3432:, New York, Chapter 1, pp. 1-47. see pg. 18. 3207: 3205: 3203: 844:Dopamine and serotonin functions and pathways 56:Aging is a major risk factor for most common 8: 7357:Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders 6716:"Study reveals immune driver of brain aging" 5024:"What's flexible in behavioral flexibility?" 4681: 4679: 4098: 4096: 4094: 3956: 3954: 3952: 1842:A study showed that infusing the nourishing 217:Loss of neural circuits and brain plasticity 7032: 7030: 6580:Journal of the American Medical Association 4330:Sailasuta N, Ernst T, Chang L (June 2008). 4278:Chang L, Jiang CS, Ernst T (January 2009). 4004: 4002: 4000: 3841:Mobbs, Charles V.; Hof, Patrick R. (2009). 3107: 3105: 3103: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2658:Current Directions in Psychological Science 1256:demands, and production of such sentences. 1228:have supplied converging evidence that the 655:At least 25 studies have demonstrated that 7251:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 7054:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5412:"KI kann wahres Alter des Hirns bestimmen" 3490: 3488: 1826:The cerebrospinal fluid circulates in the 1600:Limiting stress, adequate sleep, managing 1566:Maintaining social and friendship networks 639:through many complex processes, including 268: 7890: 7807: 7749: 7731: 7666: 7617: 7560: 7542: 7492: 7474: 7432: 7327: 7309: 7218: 7160: 7111: 7093: 7001:Charuchandra, Sukanya (30 January 2023). 6848: 6782: 6691: 6599: 6470: 6452: 6411: 6393: 6352: 6264: 6163: 6036: 6026: 5977: 5866: 5848: 5791: 5699: 5650: 5588: 5522: 5473: 5367: 5254: 5244: 5201: 5149: 5131: 5090: 5072: 5039: 4998: 4922: 4912: 4838: 4820: 4621: 4407: 4355: 4303: 4163:. San Diego, California: Academic Press. 3817: 3752: 3679: 3638: 3581: 3563: 3083: 2980: 2707: 2705: 2677: 2625: 2558: 2530:Raz, Naftali; Rodrigue, Karen M. (2006). 2506: 2496: 2413: 2356: 2346: 2305: 2201: 2145:Reliability theory of aging and longevity 1585:-containing foods as well as potentially 602:has been attributed to oxidative stress, 181:expand as a function of age. More recent 6062:Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 4643: 4641: 3428:(Editors: Honoka Kimura And Aoi Suzuki) 2539:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 2095:of the food products purchased with the 1593:-containing ones as in, more generally, 1471:Epigenetic age analysis of brain regions 1083: 839: 805: 786: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2166: 990:receptors decline with age in both the 27:Degradation of functioning of the brain 5311:|...|checked=yes}} 4705:. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. p. 334. 4701:Banich, M. T.; Compton, R. J. (2011). 3845:. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. 1863:subarachnoidal lymphatic-like membrane 7082:The Journals of Gerontology: Series A 5424:from the original on 17 February 2023 5397:from the original on 17 February 2023 4610:The Journals of Gerontology: Series B 3843:Handbook of the neuroscience of aging 2597:Kolb, Bryan; Whishaw, Ian Q. (1998). 2135:List of life extension related topics 1495:There is research and development of 537:Age-related neuropathologies such as 498:reported a 50% loss in spines on the 84:. While much research has focused on 7: 7013:from the original on 30 January 2023 6637:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.06.019 6152:Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 4400:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.07.001 3166:Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 2181:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 1444:Genes that are upregulated include: 1064:receptors in the frontal cortex and 6987:from the original on 7 January 2023 4730:10.1146/annurev.ps.42.020191.002001 4571:Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology 3623:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.200 3463:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67041559.x 2448:The Handbook of Aging and Cognition 2225:Cummings, Jeffrey L. (2002-05-08). 1622:are under investigation, including 6441:Alzheimer's Research & Therapy 5741:10.1212/01.wnl.0000147473.04043.b3 4244:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb06098.x 3776:Wyss-Coray, Tony (November 2016). 3350:10.1212/01.WNL.0000156156.13641.BA 3306:Merriam-Webster Medical dictionary 2479:Raz, Naftali; et al. (2005). 1899:Life expectancy in the USA by race 1768:Hypothalamus inflammation and GnRH 631:DNA. Oxidative stress can damage 459:There is converging evidence from 347:have identified areas such as the 257:activity, chemical messengers, or 126:aging without concomitant diseases 25: 7046:National Vital Statistics Reports 7039:"United States Life Tables, 2020" 6542:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.1724 5450:"Cognitive reserve and lifestyle" 4809:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 3611:Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2446:Craik, F.; Salthouse, T. (2000). 737: 5448:Scarmeas, N.; Stern, Y. (2003). 4470:10.1111/j.1547-5069.2006.00094.x 4159:Wang, E.; Snyder, S. D. (1998). 2965:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.014 2918:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.015 2874:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.016 1533:Life extension § Strategies 704: 643:in DNA components. Each time a 486:cortex as a result of age (Duan 407: 278: 6015:Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 5837:Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 5120:Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 5061:Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 4965:Uddin, Lucina Q. (March 2021). 2651:"Brain plasticity and behavior" 2599:"Brain Plasticity and Behavior" 2551:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.07.001 2130:Timeline of senescence research 1667:may also have relevant effects. 1020:Decreasing levels of different 623:and oxidative modifications in 455:Age-related neuronal morphology 7413:Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 6999:News article about the study: 6873:News article about the study: 6289:News article about the study: 5561:Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 5409:News article about the study: 4650:The Clinical Neuropsychologist 4536:Journal of Clinical Psychology 4458:Journal of Nursing Scholarship 2508:11858/00-001M-0000-0025-8479-B 1119:, and to a lesser degree, the 982:also show that the number of D 1: 7946:National Institute on Aging: 7659:10.1080/13607863.2015.1128879 6894:Expert reviews of the study: 6337:10.1080/19490976.2020.1814107 4493:British Journal of Psychiatry 4433:Neuropsychological Assessment 4207:10.1016/S0024-3205(02)01745-9 3927:10.1016/S0197-4580(00)00149-4 3430:Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 3178:10.1016/S0047-6374(01)00426-2 2618:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.43 2034:mini–mental state examination 1810:in mice and that this can be 1701:Longitudinal research studies 1523:Delaying the effects of aging 1248:signal changes measured with 773:activation and production of 763:systemic chronic inflammation 529:destruction and formation of 400:Morphology and microstructure 7875:10.1212/WNL.0000000000201499 7733:10.1371/journal.pone.0162511 7544:10.1371/journal.pone.0037021 7476:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002261 7369:10.1097/WAD.0000000000000140 6901:Science Media Centre Germany 6209:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000691 5962:10.1212/WNL.0000000000201541 5904:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000141 5692:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181b04ae3 4069:10.1016/0006-8993(90)90423-9 4023:10.1016/0278-5846(93)90075-4 3396:10.1016/j.neulet.2006.07.055 3226:10.1016/0197-4580(91)90006-6 1954:elevated triglyceride levels 879:positron emission tomography 777:", occur with normal aging. 451:volume appears to decrease. 6524:Russ, Tom C. (2018-09-07). 6506:10.1101/2021.02.19.21251920 5784:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109662 5515:10.1001/archneurol.2009.307 5466:10.1076/jcen.25.5.625.14576 4971:Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4718:Annual Review of Psychology 4161:Handbook of the aging brain 3114:Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2714:Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2606:Annual Review of Psychology 2290:10.1152/ajpheart.00696.2020 2150:Sensory stimulation therapy 1747:National Institute on Aging 1440:release and recycling genes 253:factors such as changes in 206:consists of tightly packed 108:changes. Recent reports in 7990: 7915:University press release: 7311:10.1038/s41598-018-35573-3 6974:University press release: 6833:10.1038/s41586-022-04722-0 6767:10.1038/s41586-020-03160-0 6454:10.1186/s13195-021-00870-z 6266:10.1038/s43587-021-00093-9 5635:10.1016/j.cmet.2018.05.011 5384:University press release: 5246:10.1186/gb-2013-14-10-r115 4983:10.1038/s41583-021-00428-w 4336:Magnetic Resonance Imaging 4284:Magnetic Resonance Imaging 3426:New Research on DNA Damage 2778:10.1016/j.tins.2004.07.013 2194:10.1007/s00018-023-04832-6 1738: 1675: 1620:pharmacological strategies 1536: 1526: 1326: 1302:more efficient in children 1293: 1287: 1181: 1132:Neuropsychological changes 1013: 966:, medial temporal cortex, 938:. A general decrease in D 787:§ Cerebrospinal fluid 784: 735: 691:DNA damage theory of aging 592: 169:depletion, shrinkage, and 58:neurodegenerative diseases 7647:Aging & Mental Health 6165:10.1017/S0029665117004177 6117:10.1016/j.arr.2022.101596 6028:10.3389/fnagi.2021.640381 5276:10.1186/s13059-015-0649-6 4924:10.1016/j.cub.2022.10.021 4914:10.1101/2022.01.02.474022 4822:10.1101/2020.07.15.204941 4690:. London: Elsevier Press. 4623:10.1093/geronb/53b.6.p359 4583:10.1080/01688638108403111 4348:10.1016/j.mri.2007.06.007 4296:10.1016/j.mri.2008.06.002 4231:Journal of Neurochemistry 3889:10.1016/j.lfs.2006.02.017 3565:10.3389/fimmu.2022.796288 3272:10.1016/j.arr.2004.05.001 3019:10.1016/j.arr.2016.01.002 2398:10.1007/s11065-014-9270-9 2038:mild cognitive impairment 1505:magnetic resonance images 1395:NMDA R2A receptor subunit 1266:inferior frontal junction 1260:Brain activation patterns 1068:as well as a decrease in 952:anterior cingulate cortex 461:cognitive neuroscientists 277: 62:mild cognitive impairment 5850:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00052 5831:Dyall, Simon C. (2015). 5133:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00246 5074:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00041 3668:Cerebrovascular Diseases 3063:Translational Psychiatry 2348:10.1186/1471-2164-14-880 2243:10.1001/jama.287.18.2335 1922:diastolic blood pressure 1703:have recently conducted 1503:software using anatomic 930:receptor binding in the 810:Major dopamine pathways. 697:Immune system and fluids 589:Role of oxidative stress 272:Lobes of the human brain 7141:Ethnicity & Disease 6952:10.1126/science.adc8810 6105:Ageing Research Reviews 5352:10.1073/pnas.2214634120 4686:Kensinger, E.A (2009). 4127:10.1126/science.6334363 3552:Frontiers in Immunology 3260:Ageing Research Reviews 3007:Ageing Research Reviews 2766:Trends in Neurosciences 2670:10.1111/1467-8721.01210 2140:Neuropsychological test 1755:neurofibrillary tangles 1555:High level of education 1483:of tissue age known as 1145:almost all medical and 1090:glutamate transporter 1 889:regions (excluding the 820:and is released in the 531:neurofibrillary tangles 514:Neurofibrillary tangles 345:Voxel-based morphometry 152:Ventricles of the brain 74:cerebrovascular disease 7964:Central nervous system 6592:10.1001/jama.2009.1988 4703:Cognitive neuroscience 2386:Neuropsychology Review 2110:Aging movement control 2078:superior temporal gyri 2046:educational attainment 2029: 2014:educational attainment 1932:levels, respectively. 1900: 1850:identifying a protein 1839: 1762:Religious Orders Study 1745:A study funded by the 1448:Genes associated with 1412:long-term potentiation 1343:cognitive neuroscience 1220:, structural imaging, 1137:Changes in orientation 1097: 845: 837: 775:inflammatory cytokines 677:profiles of the human 673:Lu et al. studied the 534: 265:Thinning of the cortex 261:in cortical circuits. 154: 144: 7095:10.1093/gerona/glx232 7007:Advanced Science News 6625:Neurobiology of Aging 5503:Archives of Neurology 5303:|...}} 5194:10.18632/aging.100742 5041:10.1093/beheco/arx007 4505:10.1192/bjp.147.6.692 4388:Neurobiology of Aging 3915:Neurobiology of Aging 3214:Neurobiology of Aging 2498:10.1093/cercor/bhi044 2155:Neuroscience of aging 2099:(or coupon-credits). 2056:Socioeconomic factors 2027: 1975:gene was highest for 1944:- the combination of 1909:cardiovascular health 1905:metabolic dysfunction 1898: 1830:around the brain and 1825: 1624:nicotinamide riboside 1545:biomedical technology 1543:The current state of 1527:Further information: 1339:nature versus nurture 1335:environmental factors 1327:Further information: 1234:dopaminergic pathways 1232:and frontal-striatal 1087: 1026:serotonin transporter 1004:cognitive flexibility 950:were detected in the 843: 809: 564:parahippocampal gyrus 521: 150: 139: 5417:Deutschlandfunk Nova 4899:(23): 5022–5030.e7. 4831:10.1162/jocn_a_01616 4753:Psychology and Aging 3384:Neuroscience Letters 2061:Socioeconomic status 1633:intermittent fasting 1214:medial temporal lobe 1154:Changes in attention 616:cognitive impairment 600:Cognitive impairment 177:have found that the 82:Lou Gehrig's disease 7780:Nature Neuroscience 7724:2016PLoSO..1162511P 7535:2012PLoSO...737021O 7302:2018NatSR...817578G 6944:2023Sci...379...84M 6825:2022Natur.605..509I 6759:2021Natur.590..122M 6684:10.1038/nature12143 5344:2023PNAS..12014634Y 4905:2022CBio...32E5022F 4119:1984Sci...226.1393W 4113:(4681): 1393–1396. 3802:10.1038/nature20411 3794:2016Natur.539..180W 3517:10.1038/nature02661 3509:2004Natur.429..883L 2816:Nature Neuroscience 2227:"Alzheimer Disease" 2066:executive functions 1946:high blood pressure 1844:cerebrospinal fluid 1818:Cerebrospinal fluid 1795:A study found that 1629:Caloric restriction 1602:sensory impairments 1575:omega-3 fatty acids 1509:Alzheimer's disease 1497:biomarkers of aging 1432:Synaptic plasticity 1278:executive functions 1240:Changes in language 1022:serotonin receptors 792:Cerebral blood flow 747:Blood–brain barrier 738:§ Inflammation 641:telomere shortening 543:Parkinson's disease 539:Alzheimer's disease 492:electron microscopy 179:cerebral ventricles 140:Human brain in the 114:expression of genes 78:Parkinson's disease 70:Alzheimer's disease 7838:. 14 November 2022 7425:10.3233/JAD-180573 7290:Scientific Reports 6395:10.3390/nu12082402 5573:10.3233/JAD-201462 5338:(2): e2214634120. 5225:Horvath S (2013). 5028:Behavioral Ecology 3302:"Oxidative stress" 3076:10.1038/tp.2016.39 2115:Hallmarks of aging 2050:transgender people 2030: 2016:, and/or old age. 2007:Indigenous Peoples 1942:metabolic syndrome 1901: 1840: 1828:subarachnoid space 1595:Mediterranean diet 1410:Genes involved in 1300:Learning is often 1268:and left anterior 1222:functional imaging 1190:declarative memory 1163:block out others. 1147:neuropsychological 1098: 980:Postmortem studies 846: 838: 716:. You can help by 621:lipid peroxidation 535: 419:. You can help by 231:calcium regulation 200:subcortical nuclei 155: 145: 132:Structural changes 102:neuropsychological 7836:Neurology Advisor 7602:10.2190/pm.46.2.a 7203:10.2337/dc17-1896 6881:medicalxpress.com 6819:(7910): 509–515. 6753:(7844): 122–128. 6720:medicalxpress.com 6678:(7448): 211–216. 6530:JAMA Network Open 6074:10.1111/jhn.12431 5735:(12): 2322–2326. 4442:978-0-19-511121-7 3852:978-0-12-374898-0 3788:(7628): 180–186. 3737:10.1159/000490349 3681:10.1159/000524797 3503:(6994): 883–891. 3438:978-1-60456-581-2 2491:(11): 1676–1689. 2237:(18): 2335–2338. 2125:Lifelong learning 2042:cognitive reserve 1997:Central Americans 1891:African Americans 1877:Aging disparities 1806:element of brain- 1799:are drivers of a 1678:Cognitive reserve 1672:Cognitive reserve 1559:Physical exercise 1426:Calcium signaling 1347:neuropathological 1329:Genetics of aging 1308:identified rapid 1210:procedural memory 1178:Changes in memory 877:. Studies using 851:neurotransmitters 826:prefrontal cortex 822:nucleus accumbens 796:glymphatic system 755:neurodegeneration 751:neuroinflammation 734: 733: 572:entorhinal cortex 560:olfactory nucleus 508:prefrontal cortex 484:non-human primate 480:pyramidal neurons 437: 436: 323: 322: 235:action potentials 227:somatotopic space 159:conceptual models 124:aging, including 92:(usually spelled 86:diseases of aging 16:(Redirected from 7981: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7912: 7894: 7869:(6): e595–e602. 7854: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7828: 7822: 7821: 7811: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7753: 7735: 7703: 7697: 7696: 7670: 7638: 7632: 7631: 7621: 7581: 7575: 7574: 7564: 7546: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7496: 7478: 7453: 7447: 7446: 7436: 7403: 7397: 7396: 7348: 7342: 7341: 7331: 7313: 7280: 7274: 7273: 7261: 7255: 7254: 7248: 7239: 7233: 7232: 7222: 7197:(7): 1501–1509. 7181: 7175: 7174: 7164: 7132: 7126: 7125: 7115: 7097: 7073: 7067: 7065: 7043: 7034: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7018: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6971: 6920: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6870: 6852: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6786: 6737: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6695: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6620: 6614: 6613: 6603: 6571: 6562: 6561: 6521: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6474: 6456: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6415: 6397: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6356: 6316: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6298:. 10 August 2021 6286: 6268: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6192: 6186: 6185: 6167: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6040: 6030: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5981: 5956:(7): e694–e702. 5947: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5870: 5852: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5795: 5767: 5761: 5760: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5703: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5654: 5629:(6): 1176–1199. 5614: 5603: 5602: 5592: 5552: 5537: 5536: 5526: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5477: 5445: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5381: 5371: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5304: 5289:Retraction Watch 5268: 5258: 5248: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5205: 5173: 5164: 5163: 5153: 5135: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5094: 5076: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5002: 4962: 4953: 4952: 4926: 4916: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4842: 4824: 4815:(9): 1716–1752. 4800: 4794: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4765:10.1037/a0019363 4748: 4742: 4741: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4683: 4674: 4673: 4645: 4636: 4635: 4625: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4411: 4379: 4370: 4369: 4359: 4327: 4318: 4317: 4307: 4275: 4264: 4263: 4238:(6): 1699–1705. 4225: 4219: 4218: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4156: 4147: 4146: 4100: 4089: 4088: 4052: 4043: 4042: 4006: 3995: 3994: 3958: 3947: 3946: 3910: 3901: 3900: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3821: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3756: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3683: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3642: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3585: 3567: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3492: 3483: 3482: 3446: 3440: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3379: 3370: 3369: 3335: 3326: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3255: 3246: 3245: 3209: 3198: 3197: 3161: 3146: 3145: 3109: 3098: 3097: 3087: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2984: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2811: 2798: 2797: 2761: 2746: 2745: 2709: 2700: 2699: 2681: 2655: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2629: 2603: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2578:on July 23, 2011 2577: 2571:. Archived from 2562: 2536: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2510: 2500: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2443: 2428: 2427: 2417: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2360: 2350: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2309: 2284:(1): H424–H431. 2269: 2263: 2262: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2205: 2171: 2070:synaptic pruning 1751:cerebral atrophy 1705:genetic analyses 1647:fecal microbiota 1621: 1529:Neuroenhancement 1485:epigenetic clock 1438:Synaptic vesicle 1404:Subunits of the 1310:neurotransmitter 1226:receptor binding 1184:Memory and aging 1105:neurotransmitter 976:occipital cortex 873:, and number of 830:substantia nigra 802:Chemical changes 729: 726: 708: 701: 595:Oxidative stress 555:arteriosclerosis 525:disorders cause 500:apical dendritic 473:dendritic spines 469:dendritic arbors 432: 429: 411: 404: 385:calcarine sulcus 383:surrounding the 381:occipital cortex 373:interhemispheric 311: 302: 295: 288: 282: 269: 222:Brain plasticity 21: 7989: 7988: 7984: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7979: 7978: 7954: 7953: 7943: 7938: 7926: 7924: 7916: 7856: 7855: 7851: 7841: 7839: 7830: 7829: 7825: 7792:10.1038/nn.3983 7772: 7771: 7767: 7718:(9): e0162511. 7705: 7704: 7700: 7640: 7639: 7635: 7583: 7582: 7578: 7515: 7514: 7510: 7469:(3): e1002261. 7455: 7454: 7450: 7419:(s1): S75–S85. 7405: 7404: 7400: 7350: 7349: 7345: 7282: 7281: 7277: 7263: 7262: 7258: 7246: 7241: 7240: 7236: 7183: 7182: 7178: 7134: 7133: 7129: 7075: 7074: 7070: 7041: 7036: 7035: 7028: 7016: 7014: 7000: 6990: 6988: 6975: 6938:(6627): 84–88. 6922: 6921: 6917: 6905: 6903: 6895: 6885: 6883: 6874: 6805: 6804: 6800: 6739: 6738: 6734: 6724: 6722: 6714: 6713: 6709: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6622: 6621: 6617: 6573: 6572: 6565: 6523: 6522: 6518: 6510: 6508: 6493: 6492: 6488: 6434: 6433: 6429: 6375: 6374: 6370: 6318: 6317: 6313: 6301: 6299: 6290: 6245: 6244: 6240: 6194: 6193: 6189: 6145: 6144: 6140: 6102: 6101: 6097: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6008: 6007: 6003: 5945: 5940: 5939: 5935: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5769: 5768: 5764: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5623:Cell Metabolism 5616: 5615: 5606: 5554: 5553: 5540: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5447: 5446: 5439: 5427: 5425: 5410: 5400: 5398: 5385: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5306: 5298: 5292: 5270:(Erratum: 5269: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5175: 5174: 5167: 5113: 5112: 5108: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5021: 5020: 5016: 4964: 4963: 4956: 4893:Current Biology 4886: 4885: 4881: 4871: 4869: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4784: 4780: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4685: 4684: 4677: 4647: 4646: 4639: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4533: 4532: 4528: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4455: 4454: 4450: 4443: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4381: 4380: 4373: 4329: 4328: 4321: 4277: 4276: 4267: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4171: 4158: 4157: 4150: 4102: 4101: 4092: 4054: 4053: 4046: 4008: 4007: 3998: 3960: 3959: 3950: 3912: 3911: 3904: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3853: 3840: 3839: 3835: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3494: 3493: 3486: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3423: 3419: 3381: 3380: 3373: 3333: 3328: 3327: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3257: 3256: 3249: 3211: 3210: 3201: 3163: 3162: 3149: 3126:10.1038/nrn1323 3111: 3110: 3101: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2813: 2812: 2801: 2763: 2762: 2749: 2726:10.1038/nrn1809 2711: 2710: 2703: 2653: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2601: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2534: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2485:Cerebral Cortex 2478: 2477: 2473: 2458: 2445: 2444: 2431: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2105: 2058: 2022: 2009: 2001:South Americans 1966:life expectancy 1962:type 2 diabetes 1938: 1930:HDL cholesterol 1893: 1888: 1879: 1820: 1793: 1778:protein complex 1770: 1743: 1737: 1698: 1693: 1680: 1674: 1643:transplantation 1613:anticholinergic 1541: 1535: 1525: 1513:neuroanatomical 1493: 1473: 1468: 1450:stress response 1406:GABA-A receptor 1368:gene expression 1331: 1325: 1323:Genetic changes 1298: 1292: 1286: 1262: 1242: 1198:semantic memory 1194:episodic memory 1186: 1180: 1156: 1139: 1134: 1082: 1063: 1051: 1042:caudate nucleus 1037: 1018: 1012: 992:caudate nucleus 989: 985: 960:temporal cortex 949: 945: 941: 932:caudate nucleus 929: 925: 921: 917: 912: 905: 898: 863: 812:As part of the 811: 804: 789: 783: 744: 730: 724: 721: 714:needs expansion 699: 675:transcriptional 665:malondialdehyde 653: 633:DNA replication 597: 591: 583:amyloid plaques 516: 504:pyramidal cells 457: 449:caudate nucleus 433: 427: 424: 417:needs expansion 402: 389:temporal cortex 377:cingulate gyrus 313: 312: 308: 305: 303: 298: 296: 291: 289: 284: 267: 259:gene expression 219: 134: 110:model organisms 98:British English 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7987: 7985: 7977: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7956: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7942: 7941:External links 7939: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7933: 7849: 7823: 7786:(5): 773–778. 7765: 7698: 7653:(5): 537–542. 7633: 7596:(2): 121–143. 7576: 7508: 7448: 7398: 7363:(3): 281–287. 7343: 7275: 7256: 7234: 7176: 7147:(4): 471–476. 7127: 7068: 7026: 7024: 7023: 6997: 6915: 6913: 6912: 6892: 6798: 6732: 6707: 6658: 6615: 6586:(2): 150–158. 6563: 6536:(5): e181724. 6516: 6486: 6427: 6368: 6331:(1): 1814107. 6311: 6309: 6308: 6259:(8): 666–676. 6238: 6203:(6): 413–420. 6187: 6158:(2): 152–163. 6138: 6095: 6068:(3): 260–274. 6052: 6001: 5933: 5898:(2): 139–146. 5882: 5823: 5762: 5725:Bienias, J. L. 5715: 5686:(5): 356–361. 5666: 5604: 5567:(3): 871–920. 5538: 5489: 5460:(5): 625–633. 5437: 5435: 5434: 5407: 5318: 5232:Genome Biology 5217: 5188:(5): 294–306. 5165: 5106: 5047: 5034:(4): 943–947. 5014: 4977:(3): 167–179. 4954: 4879: 4854: 4795: 4778: 4759:(3): 569–574. 4743: 4708: 4693: 4675: 4656:(4): 495–508. 4637: 4616:(6): 359–363. 4596: 4561: 4542:(7): 673–686. 4526: 4499:(6): 692–695. 4483: 4464:(2): 159–164. 4448: 4441: 4423: 4371: 4319: 4265: 4220: 4201:(7): 751–757. 4184: 4169: 4148: 4090: 4063:(2): 349–352. 4057:Brain Research 4044: 4017:(3): 415–421. 3996: 3948: 3921:(5): 683–688. 3902: 3883:(8): 730–736. 3866: 3851: 3833: 3768: 3731:(2): 106–119. 3711: 3654: 3597: 3538: 3484: 3457:(4): 1559–65. 3441: 3417: 3371: 3318: 3293: 3247: 3220:(4): 295–312. 3199: 3147: 3099: 3048: 2996: 2939: 2912:(3): 865–873. 2895: 2849: 2828:10.1038/nn1008 2799: 2772:(10): 607–13. 2747: 2701: 2641: 2589: 2545:(6): 730–748. 2522: 2471: 2456: 2429: 2392:(3): 355–370. 2372: 2321: 2264: 2217: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2120:Life extension 2117: 2112: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2089:sustainability 2057: 2054: 2021: 2018: 2008: 2005: 1958:cardiac events 1937: 1934: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1878: 1875: 1856:for anti-aging 1819: 1816: 1792: 1789: 1769: 1766: 1739:Main article: 1736: 1733: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1676:Main article: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1635: 1626: 1616: 1609: 1606:cardiovascular 1598: 1569:Maintaining a 1567: 1564: 1561: 1556: 1524: 1521: 1492: 1489: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1462: 1456: 1442: 1441: 1435: 1429: 1423: 1408: 1402: 1392: 1364: 1363: 1324: 1321: 1285: 1282: 1261: 1258: 1254:working memory 1250:functional MRI 1241: 1238: 1206:spatial memory 1202:working memory 1182:Main article: 1179: 1176: 1155: 1152: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1088:Expression of 1081: 1078: 1061: 1049: 1035: 1011: 1008: 987: 983: 956:frontal cortex 947: 943: 939: 927: 923: 919: 915: 910: 903: 896: 862: 859: 814:reward pathway 803: 800: 782: 779: 759:gut microbiota 749:permeability, 732: 731: 711: 709: 698: 695: 679:frontal cortex 652: 649: 593:Main article: 590: 587: 515: 512: 456: 453: 435: 434: 414: 412: 401: 398: 371:lobes on both 321: 320: 315: 314: 304: 297: 290: 283: 274: 273: 266: 263: 218: 215: 142:sagittal plane 133: 130: 116:at the single 106:neurocognitive 46:life extension 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7986: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7949: 7945: 7944: 7940: 7923: 7919: 7914: 7913: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7853: 7850: 7837: 7833: 7827: 7824: 7819: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7769: 7766: 7761: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7702: 7699: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7637: 7634: 7629: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7580: 7577: 7572: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7529:(7): e37021. 7528: 7524: 7520: 7512: 7509: 7504: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7463:PLOS Medicine 7460: 7452: 7449: 7444: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7402: 7399: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7347: 7344: 7339: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7279: 7276: 7271: 7267: 7260: 7257: 7252: 7245: 7238: 7235: 7230: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7191:Diabetes Care 7188: 7180: 7177: 7172: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7131: 7128: 7123: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7072: 7069: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7040: 7033: 7031: 7027: 7012: 7008: 7004: 6998: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6973: 6972: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6932: 6927: 6919: 6916: 6902: 6898: 6893: 6882: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6802: 6799: 6794: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6736: 6733: 6721: 6717: 6711: 6708: 6703: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6662: 6659: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6619: 6616: 6611: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6520: 6517: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6498: 6490: 6487: 6482: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6431: 6428: 6423: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6372: 6369: 6364: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6315: 6312: 6297: 6293: 6288: 6287: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6242: 6239: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6191: 6188: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6142: 6139: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6099: 6096: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6056: 6053: 6048: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6005: 6002: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5944: 5937: 5934: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5886: 5883: 5878: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5827: 5824: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5766: 5763: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5719: 5716: 5711: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5670: 5667: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5539: 5534: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5493: 5490: 5485: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5423: 5420:(in German). 5419: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5382: 5379: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5322: 5319: 5310: 5302: 5296: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5266: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5233: 5228: 5221: 5218: 5213: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5172: 5170: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5110: 5107: 5102: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5051: 5048: 5042: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5018: 5015: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4880: 4868: 4864: 4858: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4792:9780199794317 4789: 4782: 4779: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4709: 4704: 4697: 4694: 4689: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4565: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4530: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4449: 4444: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4394:(5): 665–72. 4393: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4342:(5): 667–75. 4341: 4337: 4333: 4326: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4232: 4224: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4195:Life Sciences 4188: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4170:0-12-734610-4 4166: 4162: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3877:Life Sciences 3870: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3844: 3837: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3344:(7): 1152–6. 3343: 3339: 3332: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3266:(4): 369–82. 3265: 3261: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3064: 3059: 3052: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2862: 2853: 2850: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2822:(3): 309–15. 2821: 2817: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2679:2027.42/74427 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2652: 2645: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2627:2027.42/74427 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 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1943: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1897: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1871:myeloid cells 1868: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1837: 1834:, and in the 1833: 1829: 1824: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1797:myeloid cells 1790: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1775: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1725:heterozygotes 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1696:"Super Agers" 1695: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1671: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1577:, protective 1576: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1540: 1534: 1530: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1501:deep learning 1498: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1420:CaM Kinase II 1417: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1400: 1397:(involved in 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1387:AMPA receptor 1384: 1383: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1330: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1297: 1291: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1230:frontal lobes 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1185: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1161: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1143: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1117:basal ganglia 1115:gray matter, 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1079: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1059: 1055: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1017: 1009: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 937: 933: 913: 906: 899: 892: 888: 887:extrastriatal 884: 880: 876: 872: 871:binding sites 868: 860: 858: 856: 852: 842: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 808: 801: 799: 797: 793: 788: 780: 778: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 743: 739: 728: 719: 715: 712:This section 710: 707: 703: 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Retrieved 2573:the original 2542: 2538: 2525: 2488: 2484: 2474: 2447: 2389: 2385: 2375: 2338: 2335:BMC Genomics 2334: 2324: 2281: 2277: 2267: 2234: 2230: 2220: 2185: 2179: 2169: 2082: 2059: 2031: 2010: 1970: 1939: 1928:levels, and 1926:triglyceride 1902: 1880: 1867:inflammation 1860: 1847: 1841: 1838:of the brain 1804:inflammation 1794: 1791:Inflammation 1774:hypothalamus 1771: 1759: 1744: 1709:centenarians 1699: 1685: 1681: 1664:L. plantarum 1662: 1618:A number of 1608:risk factors 1587:anthocyanins 1579:antioxidants 1573:, including 1571:healthy diet 1542: 1517:neurological 1515:patterns of 1511:and varying 1494: 1474: 1443: 1365: 1332: 1317: 1306:neuroimaging 1299: 1263: 1243: 1218:histological 1187: 1169: 1165: 1157: 1140: 1109:motor cortex 1099: 1019: 864: 847: 790: 745: 742:Inflammaging 722: 718:adding to it 713: 672: 654: 645:somatic cell 635:and inhibit 613: 609:antioxidants 604:inflammatory 598: 576: 551:hypertension 536: 487: 458: 441:brain volume 438: 425: 421:adding to it 416: 356: 332: 331:. Bartzokis 326: 324: 318: 286:Frontal lobe 220: 204:White matter 190:consists of 163:white matter 156: 94:ageing brain 93: 89: 60:, including 55: 53:technology. 51:rejuvenating 43: 29: 7927:17 December 7842:17 December 7017:15 February 6991:15 February 6725:13 February 6388:(8): 2402. 5793:11143/15833 5428:17 February 5401:17 February 4872:17 December 4724:: 333–376. 3725:Gerontology 3617:: 108–122. 3451:J Neurochem 3070:(4): e775. 2582:January 28, 2093:healthiness 1950:blood sugar 1832:spinal cord 1801:maladaptive 1753:, and more 1721:homozygotes 1661:such as of 1651:rejuvenates 1615:medications 1466:Measurement 1459:Antioxidant 1192:(including 1142:Orientation 1103:is another 1066:hippocampus 964:hippocampus 869:synthesis, 767:homeostasis 661:cross-links 527:microtubule 523:Tau protein 251:biochemical 243:neocortical 239:hippocampal 192:cell bodies 188:Grey matter 122:human brain 90:aging brain 18:Brain aging 7969:Senescence 7958:Categories 7668:1822/46259 7066:— Table 19 6511:2024-08-17 6447:(1): 128. 6111:: 101596. 6021:: 640381. 5778:: 109662. 3558:: 796288. 2953:NeuroImage 2906:NeuroImage 2861:NeuroImage 2664:(1): 1–5. 2341:(1): 880. 2188:(7): 190. 2162:References 1985:Dominicans 1913:Metabolite 1848:inter alia 1836:ventricles 1659:Probiotics 1655:biomarkers 1639:microbiome 1591:flavanones 1537:See also: 1477:cerebellum 1454:DNA repair 1416:calmodulin 1375:DNA damage 1294:See also: 1288:See also: 1094:glial cell 1014:See also: 978:and age. 958:, lateral 785:See also: 771:microglial 736:See also: 725:March 2023 683:expression 657:DNA damage 651:DNA damage 465:morphology 445:cerebellum 428:March 2023 208:myelinated 173:thinning. 68:including 7909:253445156 7883:0028-3878 7863:Neurology 7800:1097-6256 7742:1932-6203 7677:1360-7863 7610:0091-2174 7553:1932-6203 7485:1549-1676 7377:0893-0341 7320:2045-2322 7211:1935-5548 7153:1049-510X 7104:1079-5006 6968:255440992 6867:248741220 6841:1476-4687 6775:1476-4687 6550:2574-3805 6463:1758-9193 6404:2072-6643 6382:Nutrients 6345:1949-0976 6296:New Atlas 6275:2662-8465 6233:221724061 6217:1363-1950 6133:247087388 5996:253800625 5970:0028-3878 5950:Neurology 5928:205780791 5912:1363-1950 5859:1663-4365 5818:169031411 5802:0278-5846 5729:Neurology 5680:Neurology 5643:1550-4131 5581:1387-2877 5360:0027-8424 5293:. If the 5142:1663-4365 5083:1663-4365 4991:1471-0048 4949:253571891 4933:0960-9822 4179:636693117 3861:299710911 3810:1476-4687 3745:0304-324X 3706:249236311 3690:1015-9770 3631:0891-5849 3574:1664-3224 3338:Neurology 3027:1568-1637 3013:: 25–48. 2973:1053-8119 2959:: 45–51. 2696:204347081 2688:0963-7214 2406:1573-6660 2298:0363-6135 2251:0098-7484 2076:and left 1979:Latinos ( 1977:Caribbean 1918:Attention 1760:In 1994, 1741:Nun Study 1735:Nun Study 1611:Avoiding 1583:flavonols 1581:and e.g. 1549:consensus 1481:biomarker 1372:oxidative 1356:Autosomal 1274:precuneus 1264:The left 1160:Attention 1101:Glutamate 1080:Glutamate 1016:Serotonin 1010:Serotonin 970:, medial 875:receptors 855:receptors 761:-induced 502:tufts of 494:study in 337:adulthood 307:Occipital 255:enzymatic 66:dementias 39:older age 7901:36351816 7818:25821911 7760:27644039 7712:PLOS ONE 7693:25603962 7685:26756965 7628:24552037 7571:22768288 7523:PLOS ONE 7503:28323832 7443:30507573 7393:24144093 7385:26840546 7338:30546063 7229:29716895 7171:19157252 7122:29253112 7062:35947823 7011:Archived 6985:Archived 6960:36603070 6859:35545674 6793:33473210 6702:23636330 6653:41770951 6645:15639312 6610:20068209 6558:30646136 6481:34253231 6422:32796608 6363:32897773 6283:37117767 6225:32925178 6182:46282736 6174:29316987 6125:35219904 6082:27730693 6047:34539375 5988:36414424 5920:25501348 5877:25954194 5810:31152862 5757:30469207 5749:15623694 5710:19652139 5661:29874566 5599:33935078 5533:20065132 5484:12815500 5422:Archived 5395:Archived 5378:36595679 5284:25968125 5265:24138928 5212:26000617 5160:31551760 5101:25870560 5009:33536614 4941:36384138 4849:32762523 4773:20677878 4670:10806463 4521:28550165 4478:16773920 4418:15708441 4366:17692491 4314:18687554 4260:36750403 4215:12074934 4143:24278577 4085:39023717 4039:20933930 3991:31445572 3943:40871554 3935:11016537 3897:16580023 3828:27830812 3763:29996134 3698:35640565 3649:27154981 3592:35464431 3525:15190254 3479:42442582 3412:24592571 3404:16919874 3358:15824339 3280:15541707 3194:43097130 3186:11869738 3134:14735112 3094:27045845 3043:42793845 3035:26827786 2991:27164326 2926:21397704 2882:20156569 2844:23799692 2836:12548289 2794:31680049 2786:15374672 2734:16371948 2569:16919333 2517:15703252 2466:44957002 2424:25143069 2367:24330282 2316:33164578 2259:11988038 2212:37354261 2203:10290611 2103:See also 2074:fusiform 1993:Mexicans 1812:reversed 1731:status. 1723:but not 1691:Research 1597:patterns 1399:learning 1379:promoter 1360:Dominant 1113:parietal 1070:affinity 1058:midbrain 1056:and the 1054:thalamus 1038:receptor 1024:and the 1000:rigidity 994:and the 972:thalamus 968:amygdala 891:midbrain 883:striatum 867:dopamine 861:Dopamine 834:striatum 824:and the 687:promoter 568:amygdala 547:diabetes 477:cortical 369:parietal 353:parietal 247:synaptic 175:CT scans 171:cortical 167:dopamine 7892:9946186 7809:4414816 7751:5028041 7720:Bibcode 7619:4544866 7562:3388101 7531:Bibcode 7494:5360220 7434:6700619 7329:6292877 7298:Bibcode 7270:kff.org 7220:6014545 7162:3804014 7113:6298181 6940:Bibcode 6931:Science 6906:22 June 6886:22 June 6850:9377328 6821:Bibcode 6784:8274816 6755:Bibcode 6693:3756938 6601:3047443 6472:8276413 6413:7468753 6354:7757789 6090:4344504 6038:8446387 5979:9969915 5868:4404917 5701:2725932 5652:6039826 5590:8293659 5524:3056436 5475:3024591 5369:9926270 5340:Bibcode 5309:erratum 5301:erratum 5295:erratum 5256:4015143 5203:4468311 5151:6737270 5126:: 246. 5092:4375985 5000:7856857 4909:bioRxiv 4901:Bibcode 4840:8630425 4817:bioRxiv 4738:2018397 4632:9826967 4591:7276195 4556:9356897 4513:3830331 4409:2443746 4357:2712610 4305:3164853 4252:6491674 4135:6334363 4115:Bibcode 4106:Science 4077:2407314 4031:8475323 3983:9704881 3963:Synapse 3819:5172605 3790:Bibcode 3754:6329683 3640:5094909 3583:9021448 3533:1867993 3505:Bibcode 3471:8858940 3311:24 June 3288:6629858 3242:4060446 3234:1961359 3142:9398942 3085:4872397 2982:4914466 2934:7489380 2890:8158316 2742:1784238 2636:9496621 2560:6601348 2415:4150993 2358:3909179 2307:7847068 2097:coupons 1948:, high 1936:Latinos 1519:aging. 1461:defence 1390:subunit 1172:sensory 1121:frontal 1074:putamen 1072:in the 1046:putamen 1040:in the 996:putamen 936:putamen 668:adducts 625:nuclear 496:monkeys 365:frontal 341:old age 328:in vivo 194:in the 33:of the 7907: 7899: 7889: 7881: 7816: 7806: 7798: 7758: 7748: 7740: 7691: 7683: 7675: 7626: 7616: 7608: 7569: 7559: 7551: 7501: 7491: 7483: 7441: 7431: 7391: 7383: 7375: 7336: 7326: 7318: 7227: 7217: 7209: 7169: 7159: 7151: 7120: 7110: 7102: 7060: 7056:: 51. 6966: 6958: 6865: 6857: 6847: 6839: 6813:Nature 6791: 6781: 6773: 6747:Nature 6700: 6690: 6672:Nature 6651: 6643: 6608: 6598: 6556: 6548: 6479: 6469: 6461: 6420: 6410: 6402: 6361: 6351: 6343: 6281: 6273: 6231: 6223: 6215: 6180: 6172: 6131: 6123: 6088: 6080: 6045: 6035: 5994: 5986: 5976: 5968: 5926: 5918: 5910: 5875: 5865: 5857: 5843:: 52. 5816: 5808: 5800: 5755: 5747: 5708: 5698: 5659: 5649: 5641: 5597: 5587: 5579: 5531: 5521: 5482: 5472: 5376: 5366: 5358: 5282: 5278:, 5263: 5253: 5210: 5200: 5158: 5148: 5140: 5099: 5089: 5081: 5067:: 41. 5007: 4997: 4989: 4947: 4939: 4931: 4911: 4847: 4837: 4819: 4790: 4771: 4736: 4668: 4630: 4589: 4554: 4519: 4511: 4476: 4439: 4416: 4406: 4364: 4354: 4312: 4302: 4258: 4250: 4213: 4177: 4167: 4141: 4133: 4083: 4075: 4037: 4029: 3989: 3981: 3941: 3933: 3895: 3859: 3849: 3826: 3816: 3808: 3782:Nature 3761: 3751: 3743: 3704: 3696: 3688: 3647: 3637: 3629: 3590: 3580: 3572: 3531: 3523: 3497:Nature 3477: 3469: 3436: 3410: 3402: 3366:398262 3364: 3356: 3286: 3278: 3240: 3232: 3192: 3184: 3140: 3132: 3092: 3082: 3041: 3033: 3025: 2989: 2979: 2971: 2932: 2924: 2888: 2880: 2842: 2834: 2792: 2784: 2740: 2732: 2694: 2686: 2634: 2567: 2557: 2515: 2464: 2454: 2422: 2412: 2404: 2365: 2355: 2314: 2304: 2296: 2257: 2249: 2210: 2200: 1999:, and 1981:Cubans 1808:ageing 1717:valine 1653:brain 1589:- and 1418:1 and 1385:GluR1 1270:cuneus 1224:, and 1208:, and 1126:marker 907:, and 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