302:
1043:
becoming common and is referred to as surgical navigation, computer-assisted surgery, navigated surgery, stereotactic navigation. Similar to a car or mobile Global
Positioning System (GPS), image-guided surgery systems, like Curve Image Guided Surgery and StealthStation, use cameras or electromagnetic fields to capture and relay the patient's anatomy and the surgeon's precise movements in relation to the patient, to computer monitors in the operating room. These sophisticated computerized systems are used before and during surgery to help orient the surgeon with three-dimensional images of the patient's anatomy including the tumor. Real-time functional brain mapping has been employed to identify specific functional regions using
492:
533:, curettes, dissectors, distractors, elevators, forceps, hooks, impactors, probes, suction tubes, power tools, and robots. Most of these modern tools have been in medical practice for a relatively long time. The main difference of these tools in neurosurgery, were the precision in which they were crafted. These tools are crafted with edges that are within a millimeter of desired accuracy. Other tools, such as hand held power saws and robots have only recently been commonly used inside of a neurological operating room. As an example, the University of Utah developed a device for computer-aided design / computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) which uses an image-guided system to define a cutting tool path for a robotic
214:, in order to become neurosurgeon one must have MBBS degree. After obtaining MBBS degree, there are two pathways to become a neurosurgeon in India. One pathway is to do general general surgery residency of 3 years, followed by neurosurgical residency of 3 years, other pathway is to direct neurosurgical residency of years post MBBS. Most of the medical colleges and teaching hospitals in the country provide post general surgery 3 years neurosurgery course. Some of the institutes and hospitals in the country provide 6 years of post MBBS neurosurgical residency. The recognized degree in India for neurosurgery is
219:
country on whether 3 years are enough for neurosurgery, with many neurosurgeons advocating minimum of 6 years of neurosurgery training. Neurosurgery is one of the most competitive specialty in the country, but also has high drop out rates due to stressful exhaustive training easily demanding more than 70 hours of work in a week at high volume center. Also, that said competitive seats at times remain vacant as there are not many takes due to it being highly demanding job, similar or more pay for less hours of work in other specialty, high risk of being sued, high mortality and poor prognosis of patients.
546:
504:
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769:
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1154:. Generally once a disc is removed it is replaced by an implant which will create a bony fusion between vertebral bodies above and below. Instead, a mobile disc could be implanted into the disc space to maintain mobility. This is commonly used in cervical disc surgery. At times instead of disc removal a Laser discectomy could be used to decompress a nerve root. This method is mainly used for lumbar discs.
4501:
4511:
45:
4491:
5621:
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5167:
1042:
is instituted with high level of accuracy as in the case of
Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's disease. Using the combination method of open and stereotactic surgery, intraventricular hemorrhages can potentially be evacuated successfully. Conventional surgery using image guidance technologies is also
444:
of 1949. Some patients improved in some ways after the operation, but complications and impairments – sometimes severe – were frequent. The procedure was controversial from its initial use, in part due to the balance between benefits and risks. It is mostly rejected as a
239:
must then complete foundation training lasting two years; this is a paid training program in a hospital or clinical setting covering a range of medical specialties including surgery. Junior doctors then apply to enter the neurosurgical pathway. Unlike most other surgical specialties, it currently has
1633:
and the only specialty that involves invasive intervention in the activity of the living brain. The brain ensures the structural and functional integrity of the body and the implementation of all the main life processes of the body. Therefore, neurosurgery faces a wide range of bioethical issues and
1137:
covers the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine. Some indications for spine surgery include spinal cord compression resulting from trauma, arthritis of the spinal discs, or spondylosis. In cervical cord compression, patients may have difficulty with gait, balance issues, and/or numbness and tingling
846:
which focuses on neurosurgery. Anesthesia is not used during the middle of an "awake" brain surgery. Awake brain surgery is where the patient is conscious for the middle of the procedure and sedated for the beginning and end. This procedure is used when the tumor does not have clear boundaries and
218:
certification as
Doctorate of Neurosurgery (DrNB Neurosurgery) or MCh degree awarded by medical colleges, which both are deemed equivalent. After award of degree, a neurosurgeon may practice independently as consultant in the country or may pursue further fellowship. There is ongoing debate in the
201:
In different countries, there are different requirements for an individual to legally practice neurosurgery, and there are varying methods through which they must be educated. In most countries, neurosurgeon training requires a minimum period of seven years after graduating from medical school.
626:
Specialized branches have developed to cater to special and difficult conditions. These specialized branches co-exist with general neurosurgery in more sophisticated hospitals. To practice advanced specialization within neurosurgery, additional higher fellowship training of one to two years is
1169:
Surgery of the peripheral nervous system is also possible, and includes the very common procedures of carpal tunnel decompression and peripheral nerve transposition. Numerous other types of nerve entrapment conditions and other problems with the peripheral nervous system are treated as well.
1331:
Pain following brain surgery can be significant and may lengthen recovery, increase the amount of time a person stays in the hospital following surgery, and increase the risk of complications following surgery. Severe acute pain following brain surgery may also increase the risk of a person
891:, now India, used "samohine" to sedate a patient while removing a small tumor, and awoke the patient by pouring onion and vinegar in the patient's mouth. The combination of carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen, was a form of neuroanesthesia adopted in the 18th century and introduced by
659:– the removal of part or all of one of the lobes, or one of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain; those two procedures, when possible, are also very, very rarely used in oncological neurosurgery or to treat very severe neurological trauma, such as stab or gunshot wounds to the brain)
650:
to stop or lessen seizure spread and activity, and the surgical removal of functional, physiological and/or anatomical pieces or divisions of the brain, called epileptic foci, that are operable and that are causing seizures, and also the more radical and rare partial or total
284:, radiosurgery, neurovascular surgery, skull-base surgery, peripheral nerve and complex spinal surgery. Fellowships typically span one to two years. In the U.S., neurosurgery is a very small, highly competitive specialty, constituting only 0.5 percent of all physicians.
471:
A survey done in 2010 on 100 most cited works in neurosurgery shows that the works mainly cover clinical trials evaluating surgical and medical therapies, descriptions of novel techniques in neurosurgery, and descriptions of systems classifying and grading diseases.
662:
Oncological neurosurgery also called neurosurgical oncology; includes pediatric oncological neurosurgery; treatment of benign and malignant central and peripheral nervous system cancers and pre-cancerous lesions in adults and children (including, among others,
459:
discovered that electrical signals transmitted through an animal's brain. In 1950 Jose
Delgado invented the first electrode that was implanted in an animal's brain (bull), using it to make it run and change direction. In 1972 the
491:
1923:
1578: – pioneer of cerebello-pontine angle tumor surgery. World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies coined a medal of honor bearing Samii's name which would be given to outstanding neurosurgeons every two years.
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1008:
the neurosurgeon opens the skull, creating a large opening to access the brain. Techniques involving smaller openings with the aid of microscopes and endoscopes are now being used as well. Methods that utilize small
3679:
2972:
Filosto, Massimiliano; Tomelleri, Giuliano; Tonin, Paola; Scarpelli, Mauro; Vattemi, Gaetano; Rizzuto, Nicolò; Padovani, Alessandro; Simonati, Alessandro (2007). "Neuropathology of mitochondrial diseases".
396:(1849–1925) performed the first primary brain tumor removal, which differs from Macewen's operation in that Bennett operated on the exposed brain, whereas Macewen operated outside of the "brain proper" via
1165:
Surgery for chronic pain is a sub-branch of functional neurosurgery. Some of the techniques include implantation of deep brain stimulators, spinal cord stimulators, peripheral stimulators and pain pumps.
298:
Neurosurgery, or the premeditated incision into the head for pain relief, has been around for thousands of years, but notable advancements in neurosurgery have only come within the last hundred years.
1073:
Repair of craniofacial disorders and disturbance of cerebrospinal fluid circulation is done by neurosurgeons who also occasionally team up with maxillofacial and plastic surgeons. Cranioplasty for
3069:
2839:
1013:
in conjunction with high-clarity microscopic visualization of neural tissue offer excellent results. However, the open methods are still traditionally used in trauma or emergency situations.
834:
started to look at the damaged tissue for the cause. This was conjoined with the emergence of microscopy and started the current understanding of how the tissue of the human body is studied.
588:
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790:
focused on the disease of the brain, spinal cord, and neural tissue. This includes the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Tissue analysis comes from either surgical
2645:
1886:
1427:
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1907:
1146:. Power drills and special instruments are often used to correct any compression problems of the spinal canal. Disc herniations of spinal vertebral discs are removed with special
244:
exams with sufficient amounts of experience and practice behind them. Neurosurgery remains consistently amongst the most competitive medical specialties in which to obtain entry.
4533:
1127:
A common procedure performed in neurosurgery is the placement of ventriculo-peritoneal shunt (VP shunt). In pediatric practice this is often implemented in cases of congenital
596:
584:
830:
While pathology has been studied for millennia only within the last few hundred years has medicine focused on a tissue- and organ-based approach to tissue disease. In 1810,
468:
that allowed deaf people to hear was marketed for commercial use. In 1998 researcher Philip
Kennedy implanted the first Brain Computer Interface (BCI) into a human subject.
3649:
2589:
1848:
268:(PGY-1-7). Most, but not all, residency programs have some component of basic science or clinical research. Neurosurgeons may pursue additional training in the form of a
3595:
3147:
Duan, Zhaoliang; Yuan, Zhi-Yong; Liao, Xiangyun; Si, Weixin; Zhao, Jianhui (2011). "3D Tracking and
Positioning of Surgical Instruments in Virtual Surgery Simulation".
2018:
592:
1763:
1423:
798:. Common tissue samples include muscle fibers and nervous tissue. Common applications of neuropathology include studying samples of tissue in patients who have
722:
580:
3565:
1604:, MD was among the first to introduce the surgical microscope into neurosurgical procedures in 1957 and published first textbook on Microneurosurgery in 1969.
301:
5529:
1038:
neurosurgeons can approach a minute target in the brain through a minimal opening. This is used in functional neurosurgery where electrodes are implanted or
1818:
555:
114:
3066:"Awake Brain Surgery (Intraoperative Brain Mapping) | Imaging Services | Johns Hopkins Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring Unit (IONM)"
4963:
4000:
2678:
2084:
Andrushko, Valerie A.; Verano, John W. (September 2008). "Prehistoric trepanation in the Cuzco region of Peru: A view into an ancient Andean practice".
3238:
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232:
106:
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is the condition of spinal disc degeneration and arthritis that may compress the spinal canal. This condition can often result in bone-spurring and
1062:, chordomas, and the repair of cerebrospinal fluid leaks. Ventricular endoscopy is used in the treatment of intraventricular bleeds, hydrocephalus,
369:, both experts in their field at the time, attempted their own methods, to no avail, in curing Henri. In China, Hua Tuo created the first general
4877:
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729:
611:. The other global organisations being the World Academy of Neurological Surgery (WANS) and the World Federation of Skull Base Societies (WFSBS).
2359:
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1870:
1787:
441:
3632:
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2217:
2200:
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2068:
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687:, tumors of the meninges and intracranial spaces, secondary metastases to the brain, spine, and nerves, and peripheral nervous system tumors)
293:
3522:
4240:
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2860:
529:
The main advancements in neurosurgery came about as a result of highly crafted tools. Modern neurosurgical tools, or instruments, include
3174:
Swift, James; Coon, William; Guger, Christoph; Brunner, Peter; Bunch, M; Lynch, T; Frawley, T; Ritaccio, Anthony; Schalk, Gerwin (2018).
2392:
1337:
261:
2547:
Ponce FA, Lozano AM (February 2010). "Highly cited works in neurosurgery. Part I: the 100 top-cited papers in neurosurgical journals".
1340:), which have been shown to reduce pain for up to 24 hours following surgery. Low-quality evidence supports the use of the medications
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4958:
3271:
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to reduce post-operative pain. Low-quality evidence also supports scalp blocks and scalp infiltration to reduce postoperative pain.
4494:
2219:
The Tale of the
Dueling Neurosurgeons: The History of the Human Brain as Revealed by True Stories of Trauma, Madness, and Recovery
1019:
is utilized in many aspects of neurological surgery. Microvascular techniques are used in EC-IC bypass surgery and in restoration
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after residency, or, in some cases, as a senior resident in the form of an enfolded fellowship. These fellowships include
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1558: – known as one of the founding fathers of modern neurosurgery, world's first professor of neurosurgery.
619:
General neurosurgery involves most neurosurgical conditions including neuro-trauma and other neuro-emergencies such as
5544:
4726:
2446:""Violence, mental illness, and the brain – A brief history of psychosurgery: Part 1 – From trephination to lobotomy""
847:
the surgeon wants to know if they are invading on critical regions of the brain which involve functions like talking,
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190:
3467:"Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of acute postoperative pain in adults following brain surgery"
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388:(1848–1924) performed the first successful brain tumor removal. On November 25, 1884, after English physician
2666:
1070:. Endonasal endoscopy is at times carried out with neurosurgeons and ENT surgeons working together as a team.
389:
5625:
2864:
1336:
headache. Approaches to treating pain in adults include treatment with nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (
5315:
5026:
5021:
4759:
4525:
4171:
4145:
3249:
2834:
M Giantini Larsen BS, Alexandra; Vishwas
Karhade BE, Aditya; J Cote BS, David; R. Smith MD, Timothy (2016).
1591:
1254:
1244:
1117:
811:
664:
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725:(NSQIP), the most common surgeries performed by neurosurgeons in between 2006 and 2014 were the following:
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2779:"Neurosurgical Coverage: Essential, Desired, or Irrelevant for Good Patient Care and Trauma Center Status"
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its own independent training pathway which takes around eight years (ST1-8); before being able to sit for
50:
31:
1452:– Former neurosurgeon who killed or maimed nearly every patient he operated on before being incarcerated.
5647:
5613:
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5175:
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4863:
4704:
4669:
4414:
4300:
4273:
4246:
4198:
4152:
3847:
1505:
819:
269:
887:, and alcohol were used to put patients to sleep during trepanning. In 972 CE, two brother surgeons in
437:
2535:
851:, vision, and hearing. It will also be conducted for procedures which the surgeon is trying to combat
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265:
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110:
96:
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1391:
1387:
1097:
776:
446:
129:
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1131:. The most common indication for this procedure in adults is normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH).
1124:, stenting, clot retrieval, embolization, and diagnostic angiography are endovascular procedures.
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5458:
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1696:
1610:– Established the Vatican's Commission on Biomedical Ethics in 1981 after his appointment to the
1397:
1216:
1067:
706:
643:
608:
358:
88:
2943:
2119:
Al-Rodhan, N. R.; Fox, J. L. (1986-07-01). "Al-Zahrawi and
Arabian neurosurgery, 936-1013 AD".
1526: – first woman to occupy a chair of neurosurgery at an American medical school (
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2136:
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1915:
1878:
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1635:
1587:
1548: – known as one of the founding fathers of modern neurosurgery, and pioneer of
1419:
1309:
1260:
1059:
981:
Various
Imaging methods are used in modern neurosurgery diagnosis and treatment. They include
927:
852:
429:
401:
125:
2777:
Esposito, Thomas J.; Reed, R. Lawrence; Gamelli, Richard L.; Luchette, Fred A. (2005-01-01).
2384:
599:), 6 Affiliate Societies, and 119 National Neurosurgical Societies, representing some 50,000
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3195:
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3176:"Passive functional mapping of receptive language areas using electrocorticographic signals"
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1792:
1754:
1717:
1695:
Debatable bioethical issues of improving human brain activity with the help of artificial
1607:
1569:
1565:
1545:
1415:
1341:
1291:
1221:
1001:. Some neurosurgery procedures involve the use of intra-operative MRI and functional MRI.
768:
680:
656:
647:
425:
405:
385:
166:
2642:"Technology increases precision, safety during neurosurgery | Penn State University"
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3017:
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1455:
1437:
843:
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783:
772:
676:
604:
393:
228:
178:
1027:
spine surgery utilizes microscopes or endoscopes. Procedures such as microdiscectomy,
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of the vertebrae of the spine in order to make room for the compressed nerve tissue.
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3810:
3741:
3482:
2165:
BioMEMS and Biomedical Nanotechnology: Volume III: Therapeutic Micro/Nanotechnology
2045:
Neurosurgery is a small specialty, constituting only 0.5 percent of all physicians.
1517:
1488:– leading English neurosurgeon and pioneer of neurosurgical advancements in Ukraine
1461:
1443:
1271:) – this involves the use of specially developed minimally invasive
1063:
1039:
962:
892:
568:
497:
A doctor performing Stereotactic Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, a non-invasive procedure
342:
277:
177:
concerned with the surgical treatment of disorders which affect any portion of the
2887:"Post mortem sampling of the brain and other tissues in neurodegenerative disease"
2250:
1908:"Telangana: No takers for 40 super speciality seats despite zero percentile rider"
337:
performed surgical treatments of head injuries, skull fractures, spinal injuries,
3191:
2614:"Neurosurgical Instruments,Neurosurgery Instrument, Neurosurgeon, Surgical Tools"
949:
920:
916:
579:, is composed of 130 member societies: consisting of 5 Continental Associations (
5428:
5275:
4892:
4798:
4754:
4639:
4629:
4606:
4578:
4283:
4228:
4125:
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3773:
3136:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1–428.
1671:
1575:
1497:
1465:
1380:– developed "awake" craniotomy for complex aneurysms and vascular malformations.
1298:
1234:
1210:
1139:
1121:
1093:
1028:
864:
750:
739:
672:
564:
397:
370:
326:
235:) takes four to six years depending on the student's route. The newly qualified
186:
182:
44:
4371:
3666:
3650:"The role of bioethics in the neurosurgical treatment of psychiatric disorders"
3465:
Galvin, Imelda M.; Levy, Ron; Day, Andrew G.; Gilron, Ian (November 21, 2019).
2608:
2606:
1996:
5589:
5290:
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4256:
4223:
3995:
3945:
3930:
3925:
3918:
3903:
3893:
3109:
3092:
3033:
2986:
2586:"Neurosurgery surgical power tool - All medical device manufacturers - Videos"
2560:
2414:
2300:
2283:
1744:
1479:
1446: – known as one of the founding fathers of modern Neurosurgery.
1407:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1333:
1272:
1248:
1182:
1010:
822:, and any disorder that has neural deterioration in the brain or spinal cord.
745:
735:
572:
465:
334:
330:
322:
241:
27:
Medical specialty of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system.
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3490:
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2462:
2140:
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1882:
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in neurosurgery, and for founding the first neurosurgery intensive care unit.
627:
expected from the neurosurgeon. Some of these divisions of neurosurgery are:
349:
on depressed skull fractures. Simple forms of neurosurgery were performed on
17:
5534:
5225:
4897:
4830:
4825:
4444:
4186:
4181:
4045:
4023:
3898:
3862:
3312:"Laminectomy - Health Encyclopedia - University of Rochester Medical Center"
3160:
2886:
2729:
2704:
1965:
1948:
848:
787:
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384:: In 1879, after locating it via neurological signs alone, Scottish surgeon
306:
236:
3508:
3407:
3272:"Neuroradiology Patients & Families: Washington University Radiologist"
3209:
3118:
3051:
2994:
2918:
2820:
2568:
2522:
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2105:
1983:
Kirkpatrick, Douglas B. (1984). "The first primary brain-tumor operation".
1054:
is commonly utilized by neurosurgeons when appropriate. Techniques such as
2331:
2309:
2148:
2004:
1681:
Controversial bioethical and legal issues of surgery for the treatment of
1077:
is performed by pediatric neurosurgeons with or without plastic surgeons.
5443:
4780:
4699:
4685:
4616:
3950:
3727:
2701:"About the Foundation | World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies"
1630:
1549:
1361:
1113:
876:
868:
807:
632:
433:
412:
354:
281:
146:
3648:
Jiménez-Ponce, F.; García-Muñoz, L.; Carrillo-Ruiz, J. D. (2015-01-01).
1641:
Neurosurgery has the following applied scientific and ethical problems:
1120:, strokes, and spinal malformations, and vasospasms. Techniques such as
231:, students must gain entry into medical school. The MBBS qualification (
4429:
3889:
3857:
3750:
3588:"First-ever human head transplant is now possible, says neuroscientist"
3134:
Neuroradiology Companion: Methods, Guidelines, and Imaging Fundamentals
2497:""The Missing Manuscript of Dr. Jose Delgado's Radio Controlled Bulls""
2284:"Alexander Hughes Bennett (1848-1901): Rickman John Godlee (1849-1925)"
2097:
1778: – Medical neurological procedure to check for intracranial bruits
1186:
1147:
957:
795:
668:
69:
971:
3091:
Chivukula, Srinivas; Grandhi, Ramesh; Friedlander, Robert M. (2014).
2060:
A History of the Brain: From Stone Age surgery to modern neuroscience
1700:
1440: – known as one of the fathers of modern Neurosurgery.
1365:
1287:
1268:
1178:
Conditions treated by neurosurgeons include, but are not limited to:
1023:. The clipping of an aneurysm is performed under microscopic vision.
791:
530:
150:
2783:
Transactions of the ... Meeting of the American Surgical Association
2751:
373:
called mafeisan, which he used on surgical procedures on the brain.
5166:
2580:
2578:
2536:
http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2005_Groups/03/hist.htm
2019:"Ensuring an Adequate Neurosurgical Workforce for the 21st Century"
392:(1848–1901) used Macewen's technique to locate it, English surgeon
1230:
1112:
utilize endovascular image guided procedures for the treatment of
1085:
884:
767:
544:
300:
211:
1841:"Brain Surgeon: Job Description, Salary, Duties and Requirements"
1674:
and the huge number of possible technologies and tools for their
318:
4983:
4979:
4529:
3700:
1368:
following surgery, based on very low-quality medical evidence.
3696:
1620: – known as the father of microneurosurgery.
1275:
techniques (functional, stereotactic neurosurgery) such as
1614:
and was famous for his head transplants on living monkeys.
875:, a physician, pharmacologist, and botanist, detailed how
1699:, for instance neurocomponents (artificial impulse quasi-
1536: – a pioneer of stereotactic Neurosurgery.
1464: – Swedish neurosurgeon who developed the
3335:
2836:
Most Common Neurosurgical Procedures & Complications
1688:
Bioethical discussions regarding the instrumentation of
1474: – pediatric neurosurgeon at Melbourne's
1428:
United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
1312:, capillary telangectasias) of the brain and spinal cord
1031:, and artificial disc replacement rely on microsurgery.
867:(460–370 BCE) made accounts of using different wines to
638:
Stereotactic neurosurgery, functional neurosurgery, and
256:, a neurosurgeon must generally complete four years of
2861:"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology"
2222:. New York: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 25–40.
2195:(in Spanish). Greenhaven Publishing LLC. p. 142.
1410: – retired pediatric neurosurgeon from
1185:
and other central nervous system infections including
3614:
3612:
2168:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 97.
623:. Most level 1 hospitals have this kind of practice.
3554:"Dr. Robert J. White, famous neurosurgeron [
1494: – invented the Mayfield skull clamp.
1400: – known as one of the developers of
5497:
5359:
5299:
5174:
5035:
4944:
4911:
4839:
4797:
4779:
4735:
4683:
4648:
4614:
4605:
4577:
4387:
4325:
4086:
4014:
3969:
3878:
3749:
3734:
956:
942:
926:
910:
905:
138:
80:
75:
63:
58:
1564: – known for his pioneering use of
1458: – known as the first neurosurgeon.
983:computer assisted imaging computed tomography (CT)
549:World Academy of Neurological Surgery's conference
428:that involves severing connections in the brain's
3225:Principles and practice of pediatric neurosurgery
3016:van den Tweel, Jan G.; Taylor, Clive R. (2010).
2838:(Report). Cushing Neurosurgery Outcomes Center.
2162:Desai, Tejal; Bhatia, Sangeeta N. (2007-05-26).
1542: – invented the Ommaya reservoir.
3552:Segall, Grant; Dealer, The Plain (2010-09-16).
3227:(3rd ed.), Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
3223:Albright, L.; Pollack, I.; Adelson, D. (2015),
2501:Journal of Undergraduate Neuroscience Education
2385:"Lobotomy: Definition, Procedure & History"
1692:, through the use of experimental technologies;
603:worldwide. It has a consultative status in the
325:since before European colonization. During the
2235:"HUA Tuo: The First Neurosurgeon in the World"
1766: – Scientific and educational association
1500:– First neurosurgeon in the world to perform
607:. The official Journal of the Organization is
341:, subdural effusions and headache. During the
321:appear to have practiced a procedure known as
4995:
4541:
3712:
3654:Revista Médica del Hospital General de México
2026:American Association of Neurological Surgeons
1978:
1976:
1764:American Association of Neurological Surgeons
1663:Limited access to expensive medical services;
723:National Surgical Quality Improvement Program
8:
5530:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
1815:"Neurological Surgery Specialty Description"
1424:2016 Republican Party presidential candidate
635:and performing carotid endarterectomy (CEA).
276:, trauma/neurocritical care, functional and
37:
3471:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1942:
1940:
1478:. Primarily known for separating conjoined
631:Vascular neurosurgery includes clipping of
556:World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies
115:Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons
5002:
4988:
4980:
4964:National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
4611:
4548:
4534:
4526:
4001:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
3746:
3719:
3705:
3697:
3093:"A brief history of early neuroanesthesia"
1294:patients and cranial/peripheral nerve pain
1213:(brain hemorrhages, skull fractures, etc.)
404:became the first to successfully remove a
4342:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
3665:
3498:
3397:
3199:
3108:
3041:
2810:
2512:
2471:
2461:
2299:
2086:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1964:
1670:" due to the complexity of neurosurgical
1092:treatment. Radiosurgical methods such as
705:(for cancer, seizures, bleeding, stroke,
233:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
107:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
3627:] (in Ukrainian). Akademperiodyka.
1806:
1247:, interdepartmental, and intracellular
730:Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion
487:
3336:"How Neurosurgeons Treat Chronic Pain"
2239:Translational Neuroscience and Clinics
1788:List of neurologists and neurosurgeons
1634:a significant selection of the latest
902:
642:(the latter includes partial or total
442:Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
400:. On March 16, 1907, Austrian surgeon
36:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
2681:from the original on 14 November 2018
1851:from the original on 29 December 2019
1584:– Uganda's first female neurosurgeon.
871:patients while trepanning. In 60 CE,
709:or congenital neurological disorders)
445:treatment now and non-compliant with
294:History of neurology and neurosurgery
7:
5620:
4480:
4241:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
2425:from the original on 3 December 2021
1821:from the original on 12 October 2020
1732:of experimental research results in
1629:Neurosurgery is a part of practical
1084:along with radiation oncologists in
4490:
2495:C.Marzullo, Timothy (Spring 2017).
2288:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians
1418:, and pioneer in the separation of
967:
786:is a specialty within the study of
432:. The originator of the procedure,
4377:Medical Scientist Training Program
3541:from the original on 18 July 2023.
3421:Greenberg., Mark S. (2010-01-01).
3243:Division of Biology and Medicine,
3072:from the original on 28 April 2021
2795:10.1097/01.sla.0000179624.50455.db
1871:"Since 2018, PGI sees 14 drop-out"
1784: – Global health subspecialty
1720:of research protocols for testing
1666:The industry-specific problem of "
1243:Intracerebral hemorrhage, such as
453:History of electrodes in the brain
25:
5510:Development of the nervous system
2758:from the original on 9 April 2016
2057:Wickens, Andrew P. (2014-12-08).
1772: – Professional organization
1770:Congress of Neurological Surgeons
1508:, first in South Asia to perform
345:, doctors and surgeons performed
49:Stereotactic guided insertion of
5619:
5608:
5607:
5165:
4821:Intervertebral disc annuloplasty
4675:Intracranial pressure monitoring
4509:
4499:
4489:
4479:
4470:
4469:
2903:10.1111/j.1365-2559.2004.01794.x
2450:Surgical Neurology International
2444:Miguel A, Faria (5 April 2013).
1949:"History of brain tumor surgery"
1817:. American Medical Association.
1747:
1150:. This procedure is known as a
779:, higher magnification, HE stain
718:According to an analysis by the
514:
502:
490:
482:Modern neurosurgical instruments
43:
4510:
3682:from the original on 2024-06-02
3598:from the original on 2013-07-01
3586:Mims, Christopher (July 2013).
3568:from the original on 2021-02-28
3558:] and ethicist, dies at 84"
3346:from the original on 2021-04-22
2954:from the original on 2021-04-13
2925:from the original on 2022-06-23
2842:from the original on 2022-07-03
2752:"World Neurosurgery, Home page"
2648:from the original on 2013-09-04
2620:from the original on 2007-05-13
2592:from the original on 2022-01-24
2415:""A brief history of lobotomy""
2413:Nouri, Aria (20 October 2011).
2395:from the original on 2023-09-24
2338:from the original on 2021-11-13
2265:from the original on 2024-01-04
1926:from the original on 2023-07-04
1889:from the original on 2023-07-04
424:, a neurosurgical treatment of
4367:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
3801:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
3483:10.1002/14651858.CD011931.pub2
3364:Cutts, Steven (January 2007).
3298:The cerebrospinal fluid shunts
3018:"A brief history of pathology"
2360:"Cyber Museum of Neurosurgery"
2189:Gillard, Arthur (2012-10-19).
1612:Pontifical Academy of Sciences
1600: – along with
1404:surgery for movement disorder.
1390:neurosurgeon who invented the
1304:Vascular malformations (i.e.,
1080:Neurosurgeons are involved in
1058:are used in pituitary tumors,
842:Neuroanesthesia is a field of
646:– severing part or all of the
93:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
1:
5351:Social cognitive neuroscience
4959:Mini–mental state examination
3531:Neurological Society of India
2726:"Journal: World Neurosurgery"
2251:10.18679/CN11-6030_R.2015.008
1645:Ethical and legal aspects of
1422:(joined at the head); former
816:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
577:non governmental organization
5326:Molecular cellular cognition
4712:Multiple subpial transection
4347:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
4114:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
3625:Modern problems of bioethics
3370:Postgraduate Medical Journal
3301:New York: Nova Medical. 2016
3192:10.1016/j.clinph.2018.09.007
2133:10.1016/0090-3019(86)90070-4
1512:, first in India to perform
1056:endoscopic endonasal surgery
991:positron emission tomography
720:American College of Surgeons
714:Commonly performed surgeries
5545:Neurodevelopmental disorder
5520:Neural network (biological)
5515:Neural network (artificial)
4727:Anterior temporal lobectomy
3132:Castillo, Mauricio (2005).
1652:Αxiological deficit due to
1482:twins, Trishna and Krishna.
1306:arteriovenous malformations
476:Modern surgical instruments
5669:
5072:Computational neuroscience
3667:10.1016/j.hgmx.2015.04.001
3621:Suchasni problemy bioetyky
2667:"Robotics in Neurosurgery"
2233:Zhang, Yuqi (2015-03-18).
1997:10.3171/jns.1984.61.5.0809
1332:developing a chronic post-
1297:Some forms of intractable
987:magnetic resonance imaging
291:
53:electrodes in neurosurgery
29:
5603:
5540:Neurodegenerative disease
5384:Evolutionary neuroscience
5163:
5017:
4946:Clinical prediction rules
4592:Decompressive craniectomy
4568:
4465:
3366:"Cubital tunnel syndrome"
3110:10.3171/2014.2.FOCUS13578
3034:10.1007/s00428-010-0934-4
2987:10.1007/s10540-007-9034-3
2561:10.3171/2009.12.JNS091599
2301:10.3322/canjclin.24.3.169
1625:Bioethics in neurosurgery
1582:Juliet Sekabunga Nalwanga
1510:stereotactic radiosurgery
1476:Royal Children's Hospital
1135:Neurosurgery of the spine
1109:Endovascular neurosurgery
1082:stereotactic radiosurgery
1006:conventional neurosurgery
999:stereotactic radiosurgery
968:
191:peripheral nervous system
111:Residency in Neurosurgery
97:Residency in Neurosurgery
42:
5505:Brain–computer interface
5454:Neuromorphic engineering
5379:Educational neuroscience
5286:Nutritional neuroscience
5191:Clinical neurophysiology
5087:Integrative neuroscience
4301:Transplantation medicine
4192:Clinical neurophysiology
4109:Obstetric anesthesiology
4029:Interventional radiology
3789:Digestive system surgery
3423:Handbook of neurosurgery
3382:10.1136/pgmj.2006.047456
3180:Clinical Neurophysiology
2463:10.4103/2152-7806.110146
1795: – Orthopedic screw
1728:in order to improve the
1654:professional deformation
1492:Frank Henderson Mayfield
1197:Cervical spinal stenosis
390:Alexander Hughes Bennett
382:History of tumor removal
280:surgery, surgical neuro-
5316:Behavioral neuroscience
4760:Amygdalohippocampectomy
4172:Intensive care medicine
4146:Mass gathering medicine
3991:Maternal–fetal medicine
3161:10.4304/jmm.6.6.502-509
2885:Love, S. (April 2004).
2549:Journal of Neurosurgery
1985:Journal of Neurosurgery
1966:10.3171/foc.2005.18.4.1
1947:Preul, Mark C. (2005).
1592:transsphenoidal surgery
1255:drug-resistant epilepsy
1245:subarachnoid hemorrhage
665:glioblastoma multiforme
621:intracranial hemorrhage
563:), founded in 1955, in
258:undergraduate education
5311:Affective neuroscience
5092:Molecular neuroscience
5047:Behavioral epigenetics
4919:Electroencephalography
4888:Magnetoencephalography
4562:central nervous system
3764:Cardiothoracic surgery
3425:. Greenberg Graphics.
3316:www.urmc.rochester.edu
2948:neuropathology-web.org
2728:. WFNS. Archived from
2192:Traumatic Brain Injury
1724:means of nerve tissue
1690:reconstructive surgery
1528:University of Michigan
1412:Johns Hopkins Hospital
1402:deep brain stimulation
1281:deep brain stimulation
1201:Lumbar spinal stenosis
1192:Spinal disc herniation
1158:is the removal of the
1138:in the hands or feet.
1021:carotid endarterectomy
995:magnetoencephalography
780:
703:Pediatric neurosurgery
550:
541:Organised neurosurgery
309:
274:pediatric neurosurgery
32:Neurosurgery (journal)
5374:Cultural neuroscience
5369:Consumer neuroscience
5211:Neurogastroenterology
5067:Cellular neuroscience
4864:Pneumoencephalography
4705:Bilateral cingulotomy
4670:Suboccipital puncture
4415:Personalized medicine
4274:Reproductive medicine
4199:Occupational medicine
4153:Evolutionary medicine
3523:"Past Presidents.pmd"
3149:Journal of Multimedia
1372:Notable neurosurgeons
771:
671:, brain stem cancer,
548:
361:fatally wounded him.
333:from 936 to 1013 AD,
305:Trepanned skull from
304:
264:, and seven years of
197:Education and context
30:For the journal, see
5653:Surgical specialties
5346:Sensory neuroscience
5186:Behavioral neurology
5157:Systems neuroscience
4873:Transcranial Doppler
4859:Cerebral angiography
4811:Spinal decompression
4435:Traditional medicine
4395:Alternative medicine
4262:Addiction psychiatry
4076:Transfusion medicine
4071:Medical microbiology
3986:Gynecologic oncology
3838:Reproductive surgery
3619:Moroz, V.A. (2009).
2294:(3): 169–170. 1974.
2063:. Psychology Press.
1776:Cranial auscultation
1683:psychiatric diseases
1658:professional burnout
1534:Hirotaro Narabayashi
1502:image-guided surgery
1432:Trump Administration
1286:Intractable pain of
1102:Novalis Radiosurgery
1045:electrocorticography
899:Neurosurgery methods
820:mitochondria disease
812:Huntington's disease
163:neurological surgery
5489:Social neuroscience
5389:Global neurosurgery
5266:Neurorehabilitation
5236:Neuro-ophthalmology
5221:Neurointensive care
5052:Behavioral genetics
4869:Echoencephalography
4635:Thalamic stimulator
4457:History of medicine
4440:Veterinary medicine
4247:Preventive medicine
4099:Adolescent medicine
3941:Infectious diseases
3097:Neurosurgical Focus
2671:Neurosurgical Focus
1953:Neurosurgical Focus
1782:Global neurosurgery
1598:Robert Wheeler Rand
1450:Christopher Duntsch
1388:Stanford University
1308:, venous angiomas,
1265:Parkinson's disease
1050:Minimally invasive
804:Alzheimer's disease
800:Parkinson's disease
777:Angiocentric glioma
707:cognitive disorders
693:Spinal neurosurgery
130:Magister Chirurgiae
39:
5565:Neuroimmune system
5459:Neurophenomenology
5399:Neural engineering
5122:Neuroendocrinology
5102:Neural engineering
4954:Glasgow Coma Scale
4722:Corpus callosotomy
4651:Ventricular system
4405:Molecular oncology
4362:Doctor of Medicine
4352:Master of Medicine
4269:Radiation oncology
4141:Emergency medicine
4094:Addiction medicine
4061:Clinical chemistry
4056:Clinical pathology
3848:Transplant surgery
3806:Orthopedic surgery
3784:Colorectal surgery
3296:Kombogiorgas, D.,
2975:Bioscience Reports
2216:Kean, Sam (2014).
2121:Surgical Neurology
2098:10.1002/ajpa.20836
1912:The Times of India
1875:The Times of India
1398:Alim-Louis Benabid
1386: –
1360:may also decrease
1327:Postoperative pain
1310:cavernous angiomas
1261:movement disorders
1222:Traumatic injuries
1217:Spinal cord trauma
1104:are used as well.
1068:neurocysticercosis
1060:craniopharyngiomas
1052:endoscopic surgery
1025:Minimally-invasive
781:
690:Skull base surgery
644:corpus callosotomy
609:World Neurosurgery
551:
438:António Egas Moniz
359:Gabriel Montgomery
310:
89:Doctor of Medicine
82:Education required
5635:
5634:
5484:Paleoneurobiology
5419:Neuroepistemology
5394:Neuroanthropology
5360:Interdisciplinary
5246:Neuropharmacology
5206:Neuroepidemiology
4977:
4976:
4775:
4774:
4523:
4522:
4357:Master of Surgery
4321:
4320:
4306:Tropical medicine
4252:Prison healthcare
4167:Hospital medicine
4131:Disaster medicine
4121:Aviation medicine
3936:Hospital medicine
3843:Surgical oncology
3828:Pediatric surgery
3822:
3769:Endocrine surgery
3634:978-966-615-333-6
3432:978-1-60406-326-4
3186:(12): 2517–2524.
3068:. 26 April 2022.
2677:(5). 1 May 2017.
2202:978-0-7377-7312-5
2175:978-0-387-25844-7
2070:978-1-317-74482-5
1734:clinical practice
1716:Ethical issue of
1647:clinical research
1588:Hermann Schloffer
1420:craniopagus twins
1239:peripheral nerves
1226:peripheral nerves
979:
978:
958:OPS-301 code
521:Aluminum headrest
464:, a neurological
430:prefrontal cortex
402:Hermann Schloffer
353:in 1559, after a
175:medical specialty
156:
155:
126:Master of Surgery
109:(M.B.B.S.) with
16:(Redirected from
5660:
5623:
5622:
5611:
5610:
5525:Detection theory
5409:Neurocriminology
5336:Neurolinguistics
5251:Neuroprosthetics
5169:
5132:Neuroinformatics
5082:Imaging genetics
5004:
4997:
4990:
4981:
4903:Microneurography
4789:Meningeal biopsy
4688:
4653:
4623:
4612:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4527:
4513:
4512:
4503:
4493:
4492:
4483:
4482:
4473:
4472:
4177:Medical genetics
4162:General practice
4039:Nuclear medicine
3914:Gastroenterology
3870:Vascular surgery
3820:
3747:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3698:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3669:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3527:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3502:
3462:
3445:
3444:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3401:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3274:. Archived from
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3248:. Archived from
3245:Brown University
3235:
3229:
3228:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3112:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3045:
3013:
3007:
3006:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2863:. Archived from
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2814:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2703:. Archived from
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2638:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2582:
2573:
2572:
2544:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2516:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2475:
2465:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2362:. Archived from
2356:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2303:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2028:. Archived from
2023:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1980:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1811:
1757:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1722:neuroengineering
1562:Joseph Ransohoff
1514:awake craniotomy
1472:Wirginia Maixner
1378:Saleem Abdulrauf
1316:Moyamoya disease
1277:ablative surgery
1118:carotid stenosis
1075:craniosynostosis
972:edit on Wikidata
952:
903:
697:Peripheral nerve
640:epilepsy surgery
518:
509:Puma Robotic Arm
506:
494:
462:cochlear implant
447:patients' rights
426:mental disorders
420:, was a form of
416:: also known as
367:Andreas Vesalius
260:, four years of
65:Activity sectors
47:
40:
21:
5668:
5667:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5599:
5585:Neurotechnology
5580:Neuroplasticity
5575:Neuromodulation
5570:Neuromanagement
5493:
5464:Neurophilosophy
5361:
5355:
5341:Neuropsychology
5302:
5295:
5256:Neuropsychiatry
5216:Neuroimmunology
5201:Neurocardiology
5177:
5170:
5161:
5152:Neurophysiology
5142:Neuromorphology
5097:Neural decoding
5038:
5031:
5013:
5008:
4978:
4973:
4940:
4936:Polysomnography
4924:Lumbar puncture
4907:
4835:
4793:
4771:
4743:Pituitary gland
4731:
4717:Hemispherectomy
4684:
4679:
4665:Ventriculostomy
4649:
4644:
4621:globus pallidus
4615:
4601:
4573:
4564:
4554:
4524:
4519:
4461:
4450:Chief physician
4383:
4328:
4317:
4311:Travel medicine
4296:Sports medicine
4279:Sexual medicine
4219:Palliative care
4214:Pain management
4158:Family medicine
4136:Diving medicine
4082:
4010:
3972:
3965:
3881:
3874:
3833:Plastic surgery
3779:General surgery
3759:Cardiac surgery
3740:
3738:
3730:
3725:
3695:
3694:
3685:
3683:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3618:
3617:
3610:
3601:
3599:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3571:
3569:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3538:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3464:
3463:
3448:
3433:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3349:
3347:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3320:
3318:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3281:
3279:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3255:
3253:
3252:on June 5, 2013
3237:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3075:
3073:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3022:Virchows Archiv
3015:
3014:
3010:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2957:
2955:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2928:
2926:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2870:
2868:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2845:
2843:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2710:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2682:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2651:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2632:
2623:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2604:
2595:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2530:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2426:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2398:
2396:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2369:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2350:
2341:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2268:
2266:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2038:
2036:
2035:on 11 July 2021
2032:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2012:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1929:
1927:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1892:
1890:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:Polyaxial screw
1755:Medicine portal
1753:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1718:standardization
1627:
1608:Robert J. White
1570:catheterization
1566:medical imaging
1546:Wilder Penfield
1416:hemispherectomy
1374:
1342:dexmedetomidine
1329:
1324:
1176:
1144:disc herniation
975:
948:
901:
861:
840:
838:Neuroanesthesia
828:
794:or post mortem
766:
755:Posterolateral
716:
681:medulloblastoma
657:hemispherectomy
648:corpus callosum
617:
543:
527:
526:
525:
522:
519:
510:
507:
498:
495:
484:
483:
478:
386:William Macewen
379:
315:
296:
290:
250:
225:
208:
199:
167:common parlance
143:
141:
83:
66:
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5666:
5664:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5640:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5617:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5595:Self-awareness
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5550:Neurodiversity
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5501:
5499:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5449:Neuromarketing
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5424:Neuroesthetics
5421:
5416:
5414:Neuroeconomics
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5365:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5307:
5305:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5261:Neuroradiology
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5241:Neuropathology
5238:
5233:
5231:Neuro-oncology
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5182:
5180:
5172:
5171:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5117:Neurochemistry
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5043:
5041:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5009:
5007:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4984:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4950:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4921:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4845:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4807:
4805:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4785:
4783:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4748:Hypophysectomy
4739:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4691:
4689:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4660:Cerebral shunt
4656:
4654:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4626:
4624:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4583:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4560:involving the
4555:
4553:
4552:
4545:
4538:
4530:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4507:
4497:
4487:
4477:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4391:
4389:
4388:Related topics
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4337:Medical school
4333:
4331:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4291:Sleep medicine
4288:
4287:
4286:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4238:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4155:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4104:Anesthesiology
4101:
4096:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4034:Neuroradiology
4031:
4020:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3971:Obstetrics and
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3886:
3884:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3855:
3853:Trauma surgery
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3816:Otolaryngology
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3755:
3753:
3744:
3742:subspecialties
3732:
3731:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3701:
3693:
3692:
3640:
3633:
3608:
3578:
3544:
3514:
3446:
3431:
3413:
3376:(975): 28–31.
3356:
3327:
3303:
3288:
3263:
3239:"Neurosurgery"
3230:
3215:
3166:
3155:(6): 502–509.
3139:
3124:
3083:
3057:
3008:
2981:(1–3): 23–30.
2964:
2935:
2897:(4): 309–317.
2891:Histopathology
2877:
2852:
2826:
2769:
2743:
2732:on 6 June 2014
2717:
2692:
2658:
2630:
2602:
2574:
2539:
2528:
2507:(2): R29–R35.
2487:
2436:
2405:
2376:
2348:
2323:
2275:
2225:
2208:
2201:
2181:
2174:
2154:
2111:
2076:
2069:
2049:
2010:
1972:
1936:
1914:. 2022-08-01.
1899:
1877:. 2021-04-09.
1862:
1832:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1730:implementation
1714:
1704:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1664:
1661:
1650:
1638:technologies.
1626:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1605:
1602:Theodore Kurze
1595:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1559:
1556:Ludvig Puusepp
1553:
1543:
1540:Ayub K. Ommaya
1537:
1531:
1524:Karin Muraszko
1521:
1520:spine surgery.
1495:
1489:
1483:
1469:
1459:
1456:Victor Horsley
1453:
1447:
1441:
1438:Harvey Cushing
1435:
1405:
1395:
1381:
1373:
1370:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1302:
1295:
1284:
1259:Some forms of
1257:
1253:Some forms of
1251:
1241:
1233:of the spine,
1228:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1203:
1194:
1189:
1175:
1172:
977:
976:
969:
966:
965:
960:
954:
953:
946:
940:
939:
930:
924:
923:
914:
908:
907:
900:
897:
863:The physician
860:
857:
844:anesthesiology
839:
836:
832:Thomas Hodgkin
827:
824:
784:Neuropathology
773:Histopathology
765:
764:Neuropathology
762:
761:
760:
753:
748:
743:
733:
715:
712:
711:
710:
700:
694:
691:
688:
677:pontine glioma
660:
636:
616:
615:Main divisions
613:
605:United Nations
542:
539:
524:
523:
520:
513:
511:
508:
501:
499:
496:
489:
486:
485:
481:
480:
479:
477:
474:
394:Rickman Godlee
378:
375:
357:accident with
314:
311:
292:Main article:
289:
286:
262:medical school
249:
246:
229:United Kingdom
224:
223:United Kingdom
221:
216:National Board
207:
204:
198:
195:
181:including the
179:nervous system
154:
153:
144:
139:
136:
135:
134:
133:
119:
118:
100:
99:
84:
81:
78:
77:
73:
72:
67:
64:
61:
60:
56:
55:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5665:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5628:
5627:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5606:
5605:
5602:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5479:Neurotheology
5477:
5475:
5474:Neurorobotics
5472:
5470:
5469:Neuropolitics
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5434:Neuroethology
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5358:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5331:Motor control
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5321:Chronobiology
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5298:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5281:Neurovirology
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5173:
5168:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5127:Neurogenetics
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5062:Brain-reading
5060:
5058:
5057:Brain mapping
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5034:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5012:
5005:
5000:
4998:
4993:
4991:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4943:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4695:Psychosurgery
4693:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4647:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4551:
4546:
4544:
4539:
4537:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4516:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4496:
4488:
4486:
4478:
4476:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4420:Public health
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4400:Allied health
4398:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4324:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4209:Oral medicine
4207:
4205:
4204:Ophthalmology
4202:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4066:Cytopathology
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4007:
4006:Urogynecology
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3909:Endocrinology
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3877:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3722:
3717:
3715:
3710:
3708:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3579:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3548:
3545:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3424:
3417:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3360:
3357:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3292:
3289:
3278:on 2010-06-02
3277:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3226:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3143:
3140:
3135:
3128:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3084:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2968:
2965:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2878:
2867:on 2021-01-25
2866:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2773:
2770:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2707:on 2020-08-04
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2555:(2): 223–32.
2554:
2550:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2437:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2406:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2366:on 2017-01-06
2365:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1991:(5): 809–13.
1990:
1986:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1711:transhumanism
1708:
1707:Cyborgization
1705:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1668:medical error
1665:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1624:
1619:
1618:Gazi Yaşargil
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1552:Neurosurgery.
1551:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1426:, and former
1425:
1421:
1417:
1414:, pioneer in
1413:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1384:John R. Adler
1382:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1206:Hydrocephalus
1204:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1129:hydrocephalus
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
973:
964:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
945:
941:
938:
934:
931:
929:
925:
922:
918:
915:
913:
909:
904:
898:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
858:
856:
854:
850:
845:
837:
835:
833:
825:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
778:
774:
770:
763:
758:
757:lumbar fusion
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
741:
737:
734:
731:
728:
727:
726:
724:
721:
713:
708:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
685:spinal cancer
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
661:
658:
654:
649:
645:
641:
637:
634:
630:
629:
628:
624:
622:
614:
612:
610:
606:
602:
601:neurosurgeons
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
557:
547:
540:
538:
536:
535:cranial drill
532:
517:
512:
505:
500:
493:
488:
475:
473:
469:
467:
463:
458:
457:Richard Caton
454:
450:
448:
443:
440:, shared the
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:psychosurgery
419:
415:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
376:
374:
372:
368:
364:
363:Ambroise Paré
360:
356:
352:
351:King Henri II
348:
344:
340:
339:hydrocephalus
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
312:
308:
303:
299:
295:
287:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
254:United States
248:United States
247:
245:
243:
238:
234:
230:
222:
220:
217:
213:
205:
203:
196:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
171:brain surgery
168:
164:
160:
152:
148:
145:
137:
131:
127:
124:
123:
122:
116:
112:
108:
105:
104:
103:
98:
94:
90:
87:
86:
85:
79:
74:
71:
68:
62:
57:
52:
46:
41:
33:
19:
18:Brain surgeon
5648:Neurosurgery
5624:
5612:
5560:Neuroimaging
5555:Neurogenesis
5439:Neurohistory
5404:Neurobiotics
5303:neuroscience
5271:Neurosurgery
5270:
5196:Epileptology
5178:neuroscience
5147:Neurophysics
5137:Neurometrics
5112:Neurobiology
5107:Neuroanatomy
5077:Connectomics
5011:Neuroscience
4969:CHADS2 score
4929:CSF tap test
4849:Neuroimaging
4803:spinal canal
4767:Brain biopsy
4597:Cranioplasty
4571:Neurosurgery
4570:
4425:Rural health
4410:Nanomedicine
3961:Rheumatology
3892: /
3811:Hand surgery
3796:Neurosurgery
3795:
3684:. Retrieved
3660:(1): 47–54.
3657:
3653:
3643:
3624:
3620:
3600:. Retrieved
3591:
3581:
3570:. Retrieved
3561:
3555:
3547:
3529:
3517:
3474:
3470:
3422:
3416:
3373:
3369:
3359:
3348:. Retrieved
3340:www.aans.org
3339:
3330:
3319:. Retrieved
3315:
3306:
3297:
3291:
3280:. Retrieved
3276:the original
3266:
3256:February 11,
3254:. Retrieved
3250:the original
3242:
3233:
3224:
3218:
3183:
3179:
3169:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3133:
3127:
3100:
3096:
3086:
3074:. Retrieved
3060:
3025:
3021:
3011:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2956:. Retrieved
2947:
2938:
2927:. Retrieved
2894:
2890:
2880:
2869:. Retrieved
2865:the original
2855:
2844:. Retrieved
2829:
2789:(3): 67–76.
2786:
2782:
2772:
2760:. Retrieved
2754:. Elsevier.
2746:
2734:. Retrieved
2730:the original
2720:
2709:. Retrieved
2705:the original
2695:
2683:. Retrieved
2674:
2670:
2661:
2650:. Retrieved
2622:. Retrieved
2594:. Retrieved
2552:
2548:
2542:
2531:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2427:. Retrieved
2418:
2408:
2397:. Retrieved
2389:Live Science
2388:
2379:
2368:. Retrieved
2364:the original
2340:. Retrieved
2326:
2291:
2287:
2278:
2267:. Retrieved
2242:
2238:
2228:
2218:
2211:
2191:
2184:
2164:
2157:
2127:(1): 92–95.
2124:
2120:
2114:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2037:. Retrieved
2030:the original
2025:
2013:
1988:
1984:
1956:
1952:
1928:. Retrieved
1911:
1902:
1891:. Retrieved
1874:
1865:
1853:. Retrieved
1844:
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1809:
1726:regeneration
1640:
1628:
1518:laparoscopic
1462:Lars Leksell
1444:Walter Dandy
1330:
1273:stereotactic
1177:
1168:
1164:
1155:
1151:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1107:
1106:
1081:
1079:
1072:
1064:colloid cyst
1051:
1049:
1040:gene therapy
1035:
1033:
1017:Microsurgery
1016:
1015:
1011:craniotomies
1005:
1003:
980:
906:Neurosurgery
893:Humphry Davy
862:
841:
829:
782:
775:specimen of
717:
625:
618:
569:professional
560:
554:
552:
528:
470:
452:
451:
436:neurologist
417:
411:
410:
381:
380:
347:neurosurgery
343:Roman Empire
316:
297:
278:stereotactic
251:
226:
209:
200:
170:
162:
159:Neurosurgery
158:
157:
120:
101:
95:(D.O.) with
38:Neurosurgery
5429:Neuroethics
5276:Neurotology
4893:Myelography
4799:Spinal cord
4755:Hippocampus
4640:Pallidotomy
4630:Thalamotomy
4495:Wikiproject
4284:Venereology
4229:Neonatology
4126:Dermatology
3981:Gynaecology
3973:gynaecology
3956:Pulmonology
3774:Eye surgery
3736:Specialties
3076:12 February
3028:(1): 3–10.
2685:14 November
2092:(1): 4–13.
1855:29 December
1672:pathologies
1576:Majid Samii
1498:B. K. Misra
1486:Henry Marsh
1480:Bangladeshi
1466:Gamma Knife
1299:psychiatric
1249:hemorrhages
1235:spinal cord
1211:Head trauma
1156:Laminectomy
1140:Spondylosis
1122:angioplasty
1094:Gamma knife
1029:laminectomy
997:(MEG), and
963:5-01...5-05
873:Dioscorides
865:Hippocrates
751:Laminectomy
740:brain tumor
673:astrocytoma
565:Switzerland
455:: In 1878,
398:trepanation
371:anaesthesia
327:Middle Ages
323:trepanation
187:spinal cord
165:, known in
76:Description
5642:Categories
5590:Neurotoxin
5291:Psychiatry
4912:Diagnostic
4816:Discectomy
4587:Craniotomy
4558:procedures
4556:Tests and
4257:Psychiatry
4243:(PM&R)
4236:Phlebology
4224:Pediatrics
4051:Anatomical
4016:Diagnostic
3996:Obstetrics
3946:Nephrology
3931:Hematology
3926:Geriatrics
3919:Hepatology
3904:Cardiology
3894:Immunology
3686:2024-06-02
3602:2021-05-24
3572:2021-05-24
3350:2021-05-06
3321:2021-05-06
3282:2010-06-20
2958:2016-02-12
2944:"Dementia"
2929:2024-02-10
2871:2016-02-12
2846:2022-05-17
2711:2020-07-10
2652:2016-02-11
2624:2016-02-11
2596:2016-02-11
2429:3 December
2399:2018-06-28
2370:2016-02-11
2342:2016-02-11
2269:2021-03-31
1930:2023-07-04
1893:2023-07-04
1801:References
1430:under the
1408:Ben Carson
1392:Cyberknife
1358:pregabalin
1354:Gabapentin
1350:gabapentin
1346:pregabalin
1334:craniotomy
1263:(advanced
1183:Meningitis
1174:Conditions
1152:discectomy
1098:Cyberknife
1036:stereotaxy
912:ICD-10-PCS
855:seizures.
746:Discectomy
736:Craniotomy
667:and other
655:, or even
573:scientific
466:prosthetic
434:Portuguese
335:Al-Zahrawi
331:Al-Andalus
270:fellowship
242:consultant
142:employment
117:(F.R.C.S.)
91:(M.D.) or
59:Occupation
5535:Neurochip
5301:Cognitive
5226:Neurology
4898:Wada test
4883:Brain PET
4878:Brain MRI
4831:Rhizotomy
4826:Cordotomy
4445:Physician
4329:education
4187:Neurology
4182:Narcology
4046:Pathology
4024:Radiology
3899:Angiology
3863:Andrology
3676:0185-1063
3562:cleveland
3491:1469-493X
3441:892183792
3390:0032-5473
3103:(4): E2.
2911:0309-0167
2803:0066-0833
2332:"Surgery"
2259:207942533
2245:: 71–72.
2141:0090-3019
1920:0971-8257
1883:0971-8257
1825:4 October
1676:treatment
1636:treatment
1590:invented
1506:aneurysms
1301:disorders
1187:abscesses
1114:aneurysms
853:epileptic
849:cognition
796:autopsies
788:pathology
653:lobectomy
633:aneurysms
418:leucotomy
406:pituitary
307:Edinburgh
266:residency
237:physician
173:, is the
147:Hospitals
140:Fields of
128:(M.S.) /
5614:Category
5498:Concepts
5444:Neurolaw
5176:Clinical
4781:Meninges
4700:Lobotomy
4686:Cerebrum
4617:Thalamus
4475:Category
3951:Oncology
3882:medicine
3880:Internal
3728:Medicine
3680:Archived
3596:Archived
3566:Archived
3536:Archived
3509:31747720
3408:17267675
3344:Archived
3210:30342252
3119:24684332
3070:Archived
3052:20499087
3003:36830289
2995:17541738
2952:Archived
2923:Archived
2919:15049895
2840:Archived
2821:16135922
2756:Archived
2679:Archived
2646:Archived
2618:Archived
2590:Archived
2569:20078192
2523:28690447
2482:23646259
2423:Archived
2419:aaas.org
2393:Archived
2336:Archived
2318:45097428
2263:Archived
2106:18386793
1959:(4): 1.
1924:Archived
1887:Archived
1849:Archived
1819:Archived
1741:See also
1713:meaning;
1697:implants
1631:medicine
1594:in 1907.
1550:epilepsy
1362:vomiting
1322:Recovery
1148:rongeurs
1116:, AVMs,
928:ICD-9-CM
889:Paramara
877:mandrake
808:dementia
792:biopsies
413:Lobotomy
355:jousting
282:oncology
5626:Commons
5039:science
5027:History
5022:Outline
4854:Head CT
4841:Imaging
4515:Outline
4485:Commons
4430:Therapy
4327:Medical
3890:Allergy
3858:Urology
3751:Surgery
3500:6867906
3399:2599973
3201:6414063
3043:2895866
2812:1357744
2514:5480854
2473:3640229
2310:4210862
2149:3520907
2005:6387062
1845:Science
1701:neurons
1283:surgery
1047:(ECoG)
993:(PET),
989:(MRI),
950:D019635
881:henbane
859:History
826:History
699:surgery
669:gliomas
567:, as a
531:chisels
408:tumor.
313:Ancient
288:History
252:In the
227:In the
151:clinics
132:(M.Ch.)
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5362:fields
4505:Portal
4372:MD–PhD
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1366:nausea
1338:NSAIDs
1292:trauma
1288:cancer
1269:chorea
1231:Tumors
1160:lamina
1034:Using
869:sedate
732:(ACDF)
377:Modern
5037:Basic
4736:Other
4607:Brain
4579:Skull
4087:Other
3623:[
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3526:(PDF)
2999:S2CID
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2255:S2CID
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2022:(PDF)
1086:tumor
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885:opium
759:(PLF)
742:(CBT)
597:FLANC
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319:Incas
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3505:PMID
3487:ISSN
3475:2019
3437:OCLC
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3258:2016
3206:PMID
3115:PMID
3078:2016
3048:PMID
2991:PMID
2915:PMID
2907:ISSN
2817:PMID
2799:ISSN
2764:2014
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2565:PMID
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2478:PMID
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2065:ISBN
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