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rotor as the rotor switches positions. This eliminates the "pop" heard or felt with a traditional rotary valve. Other designs use a larger diameter rotor to accommodate port tubing with a circular or constant-area cross-section, which helps with perceived "stuffiness" of valves; earlier designs used narrow elliptical tubes to fit into a smaller diameter rotor. German maker
Meinlschmidt have patented an "Open Flow" rotor with self-lubricating spiral channels in the rotor spindle and open, circular ports.
287:
392:
the valve is engaged, which bend only 45° and arise through the top of the valve casing, instead of through the rotor plane. The S.E. Shires "Tru-Bore" valve is similar but uses a completely straight path in the default position, as well as simpler manufacturing and improved reliability. Earlier three-port valve designs, such as the Miller valve and the Selmer "K" valve, use a taller cylinder to deflect the air though two S-shaped knuckles, rather than emerging through the top of the valve casing.
31:
62:
53:. Each valve pressed diverts the air stream through additional tubing, individually or in conjunction with other valves. This lengthens the vibrating air column thus lowering the fundamental tone and associated harmonic series produced by the instrument. Valves in brass instruments require regular maintenance and lubrication to ensure fast and reliable movement.
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In a Stölzel valve, the air enters through the bottom of the valve casing, up through the hollow bottom end of the piston, and through a port to the valve loop. The air is then led through an oblique port in the piston to a short tube connecting the valves where it is then directed through the second
382:
Hagmann valve, in default (A) and engaged (B) positions, top (above) and side view (below). 1. air flow, from mouthpiece; 2. air flow, to bell; 3. air flow to and from valve tubing; 4. valve casing; 5. valve cap; 6. straight-path valve port; 7. valve ports, to tubing emerging at the top of the valve
188:
in 1838 and patented in 1839. They are sometimes called PĂ©rinet valves after the inventor. They work by diverting air obliquely through ports in the stock of the valve, so that a loop of tubing is included in the air stream, thus lowering the pitch. The stock of the valve is cylindrical and moves up
391:
Several other designs of rotary valve have arisen from attempts to create air paths through the valve that avoid the tight kinks in the tubing caused by the traditional rotor ports. In the most widely adopted of these, the
Hagmann valve, the rotor has three ports: one straight through, and two when
233:
on brass instruments in 1832. The rotary valve works using a short circular rotor (also known as a stock, or "plug") housed in a larger cylindrical valve casing, and rotating on a spindle. Elbow-shaped ports or "knuckles" in the rotor direct the airflow into an extra length of valve tubing when the
237:
Many other innovations in traditional rotary valve design and manufacture have taken place since the late 20th century to improve their resistance and other playing characteristics. Willson Rotax and CAIDEX valves and
Greenhoe valves use vents between the ports to allow air to escape through the
529:
359:
Axial flow valves are an alternative for the traditional rotary valve found on trombones with valve attachments. Patented by Orla Ed Thayer in 1978, it uses a conical rotor with the spindle axis parallel to the tubing, and deflecting the direction of the airflow by only 28° or less. Several
101:
valve and out the bottom. This type of valve, however, had inherent problems. It forced the air to double back on itself and the 90 degree turns disrupted the bore, causing significant undesired back-pressure. These problems were improved upon later by the double-piston valve.
360:
subsequent patents attempted to address its reliability and leakage problems using spring tensioners and lighter rotor materials, and a 2011 patent greatly improved the action, stability and reliability of the valve by mounting bearings at both ends of the rotor spindle.
145:, that make the instrument harder to play. At first, the two pistons were operated by a lever connected with braces, but the later Vienna model of these valves was operated by long rods connecting the pistons to spring-loaded keys on the other side of the instrument.
199:
invented instruments with six independent piston valves (three for each hand), but only the most dexterous musicians were able to play them. The long lengths of extra tubing used by each of the six valves also made the instruments heavy and cumbersome to play.
594:
203:
Modern valve brass instruments not using either rotary or Vienna valves use this type of valve in a set of three configured to lower the instrument by two, one, and three half-steps respectively, which in combination lower the instrument pitch by up to a
354:
Axial flow valve in default (A) and engaged (B) positions. 1. airflow, from mouthpiece; 2. airflow, to bell; 3. valve tubing; 4. valve casing; 5. conical rotor; 6. input (a) and return (b) valve ports; 7. spindle axis of
269:
valves are usually rotary, although the desire to maintain "openness" through the valve section by eliminating 90° bends in the valve and tubing has led to many radical valve designs since the 1970s, such as the Thayer
234:
rotor is rotated 90° and thus lowering the pitch. The ports can be cut or drilled from a rotor made from a solid piece of brass, or sometimes they can be short pieces of tubing brazed into an assembled or cast rotor.
220:
Rotary valve in default (A) and engaged (B) positions. 1. airflow, from mouthpiece; 2. airflow, to bell; 3. valve tubing; 4. valve casing; 5. internal rotor, or "plug"; 6. valve ports, or "knuckles"; 7. rotor
192:
A small PĂ©rinet valve integrated into a trombone mouthpiece, perpendicular to the shank in order to change the throat diameter to facilitate the upper register, was patented by
Charles E. Stacy in 1924.
1363:
642:, Shires, Stephen E., "Musical wind instrument, valves therefor, and methods of manufacturing same", issued 26 September 2006, assigned to S.E. Shires, Inc, class G10D9/04
141:. In this valve type, the simultaneous movement of two pistons bends the air flow in two right angles to introduce an additional valve loop. These turns cause constrictions in the
160:
While they have fallen out of favor compared to modern valves in almost all places, they are often called "Vienna valves" because they are still used almost exclusively in
573:, Patermann, Josef, "Brass wind musical instrument and rotary valve therefore", issued 6 April 2005, assigned to J. Meinlschmidt GmbH, class G10D9/04
1384:
707:
364:
use this design for their "Infinity Valve" on their "AF" trombones, replacing the older Thayer design on their now discontinued "T" designation trombones.
661:, Kirts, Herbert L., "Air flow valve for musical instrument", issued 14 March 1995, assigned to Selmer Corporation, class G10D9/04
480:
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700:
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172:–like timbre. The Vienna system was in common use in Germany on many brass instruments including trumpets up to 1850, and as
216:
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208:. Some instruments (e.g. the tuba and euphonium) add a fourth valve that further lowers the pitch by a perfect fourth.
134:
527:, Stacy, Charles E., "Duplex-aperture mouthpiece", issued 12 August 1924, assigned to Frank C. Olds
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in 1814. Until that point, there had been no successful valve design, and horn players had to stop off the
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129:, is a type of valve that preceded the modern single piston PĂ©rinet valve. It was first produced in a
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226:
1389:
829:
592:, Olsen, Michael L., "Precision axial flow valve", issued 22 March 2011, class G10D9/04
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82:
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The modern piston valve found in the majority of valved brass instruments today was invented by
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252:. In most European orchestras, particularly in Germany, they are also used for trumpets,
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almost always have rotary valves, and they are found on most orchestral F and CC
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The first of these types was the Stölzel valve, bearing the name of its inventor
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of the instrument, greatly compromising tone quality to achieve a partial
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List of euphonium, baritone horn and tenor horn manufacturers
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on valve trombones in
Belgium into the early 20th Century.
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Vienna horn, with three Vienna valves actuated by key rods
73:
were developed just after the start of the 19th century.
386:
Source: Figs. 1A–1E (prior art), Shires Tru-Bore patent.
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481:"Home | National Music Museum | Vermillion"
467:"Home | National Music Museum | Vermillion"
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313:Trombone valve attachments. Standard rotary valve,
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49:allowing the player to reach the notes of various
608:Woodwind & Brasswind (10 September 2013).
189:and down through a larger cylindrical casing.
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8:
549:. Courier Dover Publications. p. 259.
164:, Austria, where players prefer the smooth
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45:used to change the length of tubing of a
85:, who first applied these valves to the
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27:Pitch change method in many instruments
1385:Brass instrument parts and accessories
383:casing; 8. spindle axis of rotation.
7:
69:The first musical instruments with
229:is credited with the first use of
25:
611:Bach 42AF Infinity Valve Trombone
303:
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65:Trumpet valve bypass (depressed)
1282:Drum and bugle corps (classic)
34:Brass instrument piston valves
1:
1287:Drum and bugle corps (modern)
225:German musician and inventor
500:"Olds Trombone Mouthpieces"
135:Christian Friedrich Sattler
1406:
1349:Pitch of brass instruments
447:. Arizona State University
417:. Arizona State University
411:"Why Valves Were Invented"
371:
343:
616:Vincent Bach Corporation
546:Musical wind instruments
340:Thayer/Axial Flow valve
39:Brass instrument valves
18:Brass instrument valves
1133:Marching baritone horn
525:US patent 1504526A
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35:
1318:Classical trombonists
915:Double bell euphonium
659:US patent 5396825
640:US patent 7112735
590:US patent 7910815
571:EU patent 1424681
441:"Early Valve Designs"
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353:
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151:
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33:
625:– via YouTube.
543:Carse, Adam (2002).
445:Horn Articles Online
415:Horn Articles Online
152:Valve trombone with
119:double-piston valve
105:Double-piston valve
1267:British brass band
1138:Marching euphonium
905:Subcontrabass tuba
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121:, also called the
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36:
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1328:Euphonium players
717:Brass instruments
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16:(Redirected from
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1323:Jazz trombonists
1303:(all) Trumpeters
1241:Axial flow valve
1153:Contrabass bugle
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346:Axial flow valve
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186:François Périnet
83:Heinrich Stölzel
47:brass instrument
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1162:Parts/technique
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1017:Soprano helicon
987:Baroque trumpet
982:Natural trumpet
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874:Alto/Tenor horn
758:Fanfare trumpet
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95:chromatic scale
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51:harmonic series
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782:Soprano cornet
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753:Pocket trumpet
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675:External links
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487:on 2012-04-25.
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372:Main article:
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1354:Brass section
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955:Tenor cornett
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869:Baritone horn
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374:Hagmann valve
368:Hagmann valve
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231:rotary valves
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180:PĂ©rinet valve
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174:Système Belge
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154:Système Belge
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77:Stölzel valve
76:
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71:piston valves
63:
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40:
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19:
1359:Horn section
1313:Horn players
1272:Balkan brass
1179:Rotary valve
1174:Piston valve
1168:
1105:Tibetan horn
972:Natural horn
950:Mute cornett
897:
861:
822:
788:
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730:
653:
619:. Retrieved
610:
603:
584:
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545:
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519:
507:. Retrieved
503:
493:
485:the original
475:
461:
449:. Retrieved
444:
419:. Retrieved
414:
404:
390:
362:Vincent Bach
358:
330:
322:
314:
267:F attachment
262:
258:Wagner tubas
240:
236:
224:
212:Rotary valve
202:
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173:
170:natural horn
159:
156:valves, 1910
153:
126:
123:Vienna valve
122:
118:
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80:
68:
57:Piston valve
38:
37:
816:Wagner tuba
811:Vienna horn
806:German horn
801:French horn
621:1 September
509:15 February
451:5 September
421:5 September
133:in 1821 by
127:pumpenvalve
87:French horn
1390:Air valves
1379:Categories
1262:Brass band
1211:Pedal tone
1201:Mouthpiece
1196:Embouchure
1148:Sousaphone
1143:Trombonium
1128:Mellophone
1063:Indigenous
1054:Jazzophone
1044:Saxotromba
1034:Sudrophone
1024:Ophicleide
945:Cornettino
928:Antiquated
879:Flugelhorn
830:Contrabass
738:Contrabass
396:References
197:Adolph Sax
1255:Ensembles
1236:Water key
1221:Valve oil
977:Post horn
910:Euphonium
889:Kuhlohorn
850:Superbone
614:(video).
355:rotation.
317:; Thayer
250:cimbassos
1231:Leadpipe
1120:Marching
1080:Vuvuzela
855:Cimbasso
824:Trombone
763:Firebird
264:Trombone
221:spindle.
1333:Tubists
1296:Players
1070:Alphorn
1049:Bazooka
1039:Saxtuba
1029:Serpent
1012:Helicon
1007:Sackbut
992:Buccina
940:Cornett
935:Clarion
884:Fiscorn
863:Saxhorn
845:Soprano
768:Flumpet
748:Piccolo
732:Trumpet
206:tritone
139:Leipzig
131:trumpet
1206:Falset
1169:Valves
1100:Sringa
1095:Shofar
1090:Carnyx
1002:Buccin
776:Cornet
724:Modern
665:
646:
596:
577:
553:
531:
323:center
256:, and
166:legato
162:Vienna
43:valves
1342:Other
1226:Crook
1186:Mutes
1110:Wazza
1085:Nyele
1075:Nabal
962:Cornu
796:Bugle
331:right
246:tubas
242:Horns
1216:Bore
967:Dord
899:Tuba
840:Alto
835:Bass
790:Horn
743:Bass
623:2022
551:ISBN
511:2024
453:2022
423:2022
315:left
274:and
248:and
168:and
143:bore
117:The
91:bell
41:are
137:of
125:or
1381::
631:^
502:.
443:.
431:^
413:.
329:,
325:;
321:,
278:.
260:.
97:.
709:e
702:t
695:v
559:.
513:.
469:.
455:.
425:.
333:.
20:)
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