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her scent on the young early on. However, young try to steal a suckle from any female that passes through the cluster. Through examining the genotypes of female-pup nursing pairs sampled from colonies in Texas, it has been measured that nursing is partially selective along genetic lines, with approximately 17% of mothers nursing pups that were not their offspring, ostensibly due to the difficulty of consistently locating and selectively nursing their own pups in extremely large colonies. A mother will nurse her young daily, and by 4–7 weeks old they are full grown, fully weaned, and independent.
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occupancy by humans and compass orientation". Caves, though, need to have enough wall and ceiling space to fit millions of bats. Before buildings, free-tailed bats in the
Southeastern United States probably roosted in the hollows of trees such as red mangrove, black mangrove, white mangrove, and cypress. However, most bats in Florida seem to prefer buildings and other man-made structures over natural roosts. Caves in Florida tend to be occupied mostly by the
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889:, purchased the property. Because of a reduction by more than 95% of the original 20 million bat population to 600,000, as a result of vandalism, pollution, and uncontrolled tourism, the organization decided to buy the property to place it under conservation. Other species of high ecological value that inhabit the cavern are also being protected. Similarly,
431:, giving them the name "free-tailed" bats. Their ears are wide, rounded, and large compared to their heads, nearly meeting at the front of the face, but distinctly not joined at the midline and projecting anterodorsally from just before the muzzle to the back of the head. They use their large ears to help them find prey using
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says."These bats are indeed flying very fast at times, but this is based on their ground speed," says Anders
Hedenström at the University of Lund in Sweden. "Since they did not measure winds at the place and time where the bats are flying, one can therefore not exclude that the top speeds are not bats flying in a gust."
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from private ownership in 1992. BCI planned to revert any land changes that were a result of farming or ranching in order to conserve the biodiversity and wildlife there. Preserving the land around
Bracken Cave was important, as it is home to the world's largest bat colony, and any human encroachment
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once a year, which typically lasts five weeks in the spring. The gestation period of the bat lasts 11–12 weeks, with only one young being born. A number of pups are left in "creches", while their mothers roost elsewhere. The female uses vocalizations and scent to identify her pup. The mother imprints
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During the breeding season, females aggregate into maternity roosts. The size of these roosts depends on the environment, with caves having the larger roosts. Mating can occur in an aggressive or passive form. In the aggressive form, the male controls the female's movements, keeping her away from the
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The onset of evening emergence from caves and the end of returns at dawn tend to correlate with sunset and sunrise, respectively, with dawn returns ending increasingly later in correlation to sunrise throughout the summer season. Reproductive females tended to emerge earlier in the evening and return
426:
Mexican free-tailed bats are typically 9 cm (3.5 in) in length and weigh around 7–12 g (0.25–0.42 oz) with females tending to be slightly heavier than males by 1-2 grams for increased fat storage to use during gestation and nursing. Their tails are almost half their total length
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that his team and he had detected
Mexican free-tailed bats emitting ultrasonic vocalizations that had the effect of jamming the echolocation calls of a rival bat species hunting moths. The 'jamming' call led to an increased chance of the rival missing its prey, which the Mexican free-tailed bat was
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for navigation and detecting prey. Traveling calls are of a brief but constant frequency. However, they switch modulated frequency calls between 40 and 75 kHz if they detect something. Typically, the frequency range of their echolocation is between 49 and 70 kHz, but can be between 25 and
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But not everyone is convinced. Graham Taylor at the
University of Oxford says that errors in estimating bat speed by measuring the distance moved between successive positions could be huge. "So I think it would be premature to knock birds off their pedestal as nature's fastest fliers just yet," he
770:
Mexican free-tailed bats are nocturnal foragers and begin feeding after dusk. They travel 50 km in a quick, direct flight pattern to feed. This species flies the highest among bats, at altitudes around 3,300 m (10,800 ft). Bats appear to be most active in late morning and afternoon
502:
The
Mexican free-tailed bat ranges from the southern half of the continental United States through most of Mexico, and through most of Central America into South America. Their range in South America is less understood where they live in the eastern Brazilian highlands and coast, the northeastern
443:
bats in possessing deep wrinkles on the upper lip and in having a Z-shaped upper third molar, which is used for grinding insects. These individuals possess canines which are larger in males than in females. The wings are elongated and narrow with pointed tips, making them well-equipped for quick,
622:
bats spend around 60% of their active time foraging while aerial, mostly hunting at heights of 6–15 m (20–49 ft). Individuals will fly 50 km (31 mi) in one night to reach foraging areas. The loose, wrinkled skin around the mouth is thought to aid in expanding the mouth during
560:
into
Jalisco, Sinaloa, and Sonora. Some bats that summer in Kansas, Oklahoma, eastern New Mexico, and Texas migrate southward to South Texas and Mexico. Some bat populations in other areas of North America do not migrate, but are residents and may make seasonal changes in roost sites. While this
523:
Mexican free-tailed bats roost primarily in caves. However, they also roost in buildings of any type as long as they have access to openings and dark recesses in ceilings or walls. The bats can make roosting sites of buildings regardless of "age, height, architecture, construction materials,
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and gopher snakes may also prey on them, but at a lesser extent. Certain types of beetles prey on neonate and juvenile bats that have fallen to the ground. This species seems to have a low incidence of rabies, at least in the United States. They do, however, contain certain pesticides.
696:. The fungus, now suspected to have spread from accidental transportation by human cave workers, is thought to cause frequent arousals during bat hibernation, causing an individual to use fat stores much more quickly and die of starvation before the end of winter. WNS can affect
933:
Hundreds of tons of guano were mined in Texas annually between 1900 and 1980. In the early 20th century, bat guano was Texas' largest mineral export, before oil. In 1863, a gun powder factory opened near San
Antonio, the saltpeter of which was provided by local guano mines.
758:
53:
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dissolved in blood plasma increase with increasing levels of dissolved ammonia, providing the bats with a buffer against pH change. This allows the bats to filter out a large majority of inhaled ammonia before it reaches toxic levels in the blood.
444:
straight flight patterns. Their fur color ranges from dark brown to gray. The
Mexican free-tailed bat's large feet have distinct long, white bristles. These bristles, namely those on digits one and five and the toes, as well as on the edge of the
880:
Though abundant and widespread, some local populations have prompted protection and conservation efforts. For instance, during the spring and summer, one of the largest
Mexican free-tailed bat populations inhabits Cueva de la Boca, a cave near
763:
922:. It is the largest urban colony in North America, with an estimated 1,500,000 bats. Each night they eat 10,000 to 30,000 lb (4,500 to 13,600 kg) of insects. Each year, they attract 100,000 tourists who come to watch them. In
614:. They usually catch flying prey in flight. Large numbers of Mexican free-tailed bats fly hundreds of meters above the ground in Texas to feed on migrating insects. The consumption of insects by these bats can be quite significant.
846:
then able to eat itself. Earlier researchers had discovered some 15 types of social calls made by Mexican free-tailed bats and reported that they could adjust their calls to avoid interfering with others in range of their calls.
778:
of 160 km/h (99 mph), measured by an aircraft tracking device. The measurement methodology did not simultaneously record wind speed and ground speed, so the observations could have been affected by strong
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515:, Texas, with nearly 20 million bats; the bats from this colony congregate in huge numbers at altitudes between 180 and 1,000 m (590 and 3,280 ft), and even as high as 3,000 m (9,800 ft).
565:
bats have copious numbers of sebaceous glands covering their entire bodies. These glands leave a trace of a lasting scent to which other bats are sensitive. This odor is crucial to marking habitual roosts.
577:
Bats ranging eastward from East Texas do not migrate, but local shifts in roost usage often occur seasonally. Also, a regional population that ranges from Oregon to California, has a year-round residence.
507:. They are absent in much of the Amazon rainforest. They are also found in the Caribbean, and are native to all of the Greater Antilles and 11 of the Lesser Antilles. The largest known colony is found at
863:
other bats in the roost. He also tends to vocalize when mating. During passive copulation, the males simply flies to a female in her roost and quietly mounts her with no resistance. This species is a
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Mexican free-tailed bats in southeastern Nevada, southwestern Utah, western Arizona, and southeastern California come together to migrate southwest to southern California and
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802:; from 22 to 99 metric tons per cave and over 18,700 metric tons are produced annually. The concentrated waste generates high levels of toxic ammonia in the air of a cave.
700:, but has yet to be greatly introduced to their habitat due to their preference for more arid caves. WNS has low prevalence in the subtropical and tropical regions where
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breeder and both sexes copulate with multiple partners. Females become sexually mature at about 9 months, while males take even longer, at two years. Females enter
930:. It is the home to 250,000 bats and also attracts viewers. The Mexican free-tailed bat is the official flying mammal of the state of Texas, as well as Oklahoma.
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Wood, William F.; Szewczak, Joseph M. (2007). "Volatile Antimicrobial Compounds in the Pelage of the Mexican Free-tailed Bat, Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana".
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528:. Caves in Florida tend to have pools of water on the floor and the free-tailed bats do not need as much relative humidity as the southeastern myotis.
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Gual-Suárez, Fernando; Ramos-H., Daniel; GarcĂa, Falco; PĂ©rez-Montes, L. Ernesto; Narro Delgado, Alonso; MedellĂn, Rodrigo A. (8 August 2024).
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is found in such a concentration that its antimicrobial activity can inhibit the growth of two fungal pathogens that cause ringworm (
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Mikula, P.; Morelli, F.; LuÄŤan, R. K.; Jones, D. N.; Tryjanowski, P. (2016). "Bats as prey of diurnal birds: a global perspective".
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1426:"Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis: Molossidae, Chiroptera) at high altitude: Links to migratory insect populations"
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would be detrimental to their population. BCI also protects the land from artificial light pollution, which can distress the bats.
556:. Bats in southeastern Utah, southwestern Colorado, western New Mexico, and eastern Arizona travel through the western edge of the
2709:
2580:
1344:
Glass, Bryan P. (1982). "Seasonal Movements of Mexican Freetail Bats Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana Banded in the Great Plains".
643:
One individual bat was recorded to have lived eight years, based on dentition. Predators of the bat include large birds such as
1799:
McCracken, Gary F.; Safi, Kamran; Kunz, Thomas H.; Dechmann, Dina K. N.; Swartz, Sharon M.; Wikelski, Martin (9 November 2016).
627:
requires free water sources to maintain water balance: individuals from the arid environment of New Mexico tend to have thicker
2794:
676:
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Bassett, JE (1982). "Habitat aridity and intraspecific differences in the urine concentrating ability of insectivorous bats".
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from the less arid California, revealing that urine concentrating abilities and water use varies geographically with aridity.
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Svoboda, P. L.; Choate, J. R. (1987). "Natural History of the Brazilian Free-Tailed Bat in the San Luis Valley of Colorado".
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Certain chemicals in the fur of these bats have antimicrobial activity against common mammalian skin pathogens. The chemical
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migration is extremely extensive, a way must exist for these bats to continuously congregate in the same roosts every year.
336:
over 99 mph (160 km/h). It also flies the highest among bats, at altitudes around 3,300 m (10,800 ft).
2784:
2619:
2017:
Loughry, W. J.; McCracken, G. F. (1991). "Factors Influencing Female-Pup Scent Recognition in Mexican Free-Tailed Bats".
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individuals have genetic adaptation for withstanding or countering these high levels of ammonia. The bats' content of CO
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1079:[By Mr. Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. Read at the Natural History Society of Paris on Friday, 5 March 1824].
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1121:"First molecular insights into the evolution of free-tailed bats in the subfamily Molossinae (Molossidae, Chiroptera)"
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733:. Two other common skin disease-causing microbes that are inhibited by the hair's concentration of nonanal include
1244:"Ultraviolet-induced photoluminescent bristles on the feet of the Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis)"
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2415:
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102:
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1745:"Roosting ecology and variation in adaptive and innate immune system function in the Brazilian free-tailed bat (
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1503:"Timing and variation in the emergence and return of Mexican free-tailed bats, Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana"
1401:
1380:
1077:"Par M. Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. Lu á la Société d'histoire naturelle de Paris le vendredi 5 mars 1824"
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has increased in prevalence since 2006, mostly affecting species of bats that roost underground such as the
586:
Mexican free-tailed bats are primarily insectivores. They hunt their prey using echolocation. The bats eat
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352:
41:
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Williams, T. C.; Ireland, L. C.; Williams, J. M. (1973). "High Altitude Flights of the Free-Tailed Bat,
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Allen, L. C.; Turmelle, A. S.; Mendonça, M. T.; Navara, K. J.; Kunz, T. H.; McCracken, G. F. (2009).
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McCracken, G. F.; Gillam, E. H.; Westbrook, J. K.; Lee, Y. F.; Jensen, M. L.; Balsley, B. B. (2008).
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347:. Its proclivity towards roosting in huge numbers at relatively few locations makes it vulnerable to
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bats are thought to swarm in spiraling motions within caves to ventilate ammonia and renew the air.
988:
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Barquez, R.; Diaz, M.; Gonzalez, E.; Rodriguez, A.; Incháustegui, S.; Arroyo-Cabrales, J. (2015).
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946:, an experimental incendiary weapon that used Mexican free-tailed bats as a dispersal mechanism
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later at dawn to gather the extra nutrients they require for reproduction and offspring care.
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Systematic Results of the Study of North American Land Mammals to the Close of the Year 1900
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328:, so named because its tail can be almost half its total length and is not attached to its
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17:
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332:. It has been claimed to have the fastest horizontal speed of any animal, reaching top
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Baker, R. J., Genoways, H. H. (1978). "Zoogeography of Antillean bats", pp. 53–97 in
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Untamed Science interview with a bat specialist at the Congress Street Bridge Colony
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Gillam, Erin H.; McCracken, Gary F. (2007). "Variability in the echolocation of
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between June and September. Free-tailed bats are more active in warm weather.
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in spite of its abundance. For instance, up to 1.5 million bats reside under
2502:
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114:
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designated the Mexican free-tailed bat the state mammal (flying) in 1995.
2394:
1801:"Airplane tracking documents the fastest flight speeds recorded for bats"
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Dusk emergence of bats at the Congress Avenue Bridge in Austin, Texas
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1981:
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2109:"Postnatal Growth and Development in the Mexican Free-Tailed Bat (
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Washington Post.com: "Mexican Bats Find Cross-Border Benefactors"
2179:"Preserving Bracken Cave and the largest bat colony in the world"
1564:
Bats of Puerto Ricoo: An Island Focus and a Caribbean Perspective
2322:
Bat Conservation International: Mexican free-tailed bats webpage
2054:"Communal Nursing in Mexican Free-Tailed Bat Maternity Colonies"
607:
587:
2494:
2375:
1858:"Speedy bat flies at 160 km/h, smashing bird speed record"
1562:
Gannon, M.; Kurta, A.; Rodriquez-Duran, A.; Willig, M. (2005).
1305:
Glass BP (1982). "Seasonal movements of Mexican free-tail bats
926:, Texas, a colony is living under the Waugh Street Bridge over
910:, a colony of Mexican free-tailed bats summers (they winter in
885:, Mexico. In 2006, the Mexican environmental conservation NGO,
503:
Andes, the coast of Peru and northern Chile, and the center of
2247:"Senate Selects Bat as States Flying Mammal | Oklahoma Senate"
611:
309:
154:
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40 kHz if something crosses their path while in flight.
2358:
Pronatura Noreste Announces the Purchase of Cueva de la Boca
2335:
ARKive.org: Images/videos of the Brazilian free-tailed bat
1986:(Chiroptera: Molossidae) in a Large Highway Bridge Colony"
1279:
A field guide to mammals of North America, north of Mexico
2352:
1402:
10.1644/1545-1542(2005)86[599:VIDOTM]2.0.CO;2
1893:: Effects of geography and local acoustic environment".
456:
light. The function of this trait, if any, are unknown.
1956:"Bats sabotage rivals' senses with sound in food race"
1930:"Holy blocked bat signal! Bats jam each other's calls"
1281:. Vol. 4. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 136.
791:
Among bats that roost in great, concentrated numbers,
762:
A male displays and sings in the presence of females (
783:, and the bat's maximum air speed remains uncertain.
414:
of Africa and South Asia. These three species form a
2284:(3). Bats Conservation International. Archived from
1566:. Jamaica: The University of the West Indies Press.
2384:
2154:"Bracken Cave Preserve – Texas Hill Country Region"
1381:"Variation in Diet of the Mexican Free-Tailed Bat (
1225:"Brazilian Free-tailed Bat (Tadarida brasiliensis)"
835:On 6 November 2014, Aaron Corcoran, a biologist at
858:Free-tailed bats roosting at a cave in the Bahamas
2363:World of Wonder – Texas Bat Colonies (1995) video
2203:. Archived from the original on 12 November 2008.
2213:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2113:): Birth Size, Growth Rates, and Age Estimation"
1098:Smith Miller, Gerrit; Rehn, James A. G. (1901).
2760:Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands
1980:Keeley, Annika T. H.; Keeley, Brian W. (2004).
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989:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T21314A22121621.en
375:. Geoffroy placed it in the now-defunct genus
1975:
1973:
798:roosts produce large quantities of urine and
371:as a new species in 1824 by French zoologist
8:
2233:Texas State Library and Archives Commission
498:Bats flying near Frio Cave in Concan, Texas
418:believed to be about 18 million years old.
339:It is regarded as one of the most abundant
2372:
2107:Kunz, Thomas H.; Robson, Simon K. (1995).
1485:Animal Fact Sheet: Mexican Free-Tailed Bat
279:
76:
49:
40:
31:
2001:
1856:Photopoulos, Julianna (9 November 2016).
1832:
1775:
1649:
1639:
1441:
1400:
1136:
987:
1119:Ammerman, LK; Lee, DN; Tipps, T (2012).
686:(WNS) caused by infection by the fungus
540:Mexican free-tailed bats, emerging from
2308:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
2274:"The lives of Mexican free-tailed bats"
1529:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology
956:
810:and protein in respiratory mucus and CO
2755:Fauna of the Baja California Peninsula
2353:Bat Conservation International website
2206:
1954:Hogenboom, Melissa (7 November 2014).
1295:, F. B. Gill (ed.). Philadelphia: Acad
1104:. Society of Natural History. p.
1501:Lee, Y. F.; McCracken, G. F. (2001).
839:, North Carolina, reported online in
439:is distinguished among North American
27:Species of bat native to the Americas
7:
2775:Least concern biota of South America
2770:Least concern biota of North America
1928:Morell, Virginia (6 November 2014).
2700:IUCN Red List least concern species
2158:Texas Parks and Wildlife Department
2052:McCracken, Gary F. (9 March 1984).
1756:Journal of Comparative Physiology B
1675:Biochemical Systematics and Ecology
1430:Integrative and Comparative Biology
975:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
774:The species has been measured at a
391:. Molecular sequence data indicate
2765:Fauna of the Western United States
25:
2740:Mammals of the Dominican Republic
2367:Texas Archive of the Moving Image
2201:Congress Avenue Bridge Bat Colony
2185:. Bat Conservation International.
1004:"Speedy Bat Smashes Speed Record"
61:Song of male, slowed eight times
367:The Mexican free-tailed bat was
101:
1081:Annales des sciences naturelles
463:Showing the bristles (photo by
2111:Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana
1616:"Bats and white-nose syndrome"
1383:Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana
1307:Tadarida brasiliensis mextcana
1012:Bat Conservation International
891:Bat Conservation International
546:Carlsbad Caverns National Park
465:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
373:Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
288:Mexican free-tailed bat range
1:
2078:10.1126/science.223.4640.1090
1907:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.12.006
1309:banded in the Great Plains".
1293:Zoogeography in the Caribbean
827:Mexican free-tailed bats use
1541:10.1016/0300-9629(82)90152-9
1379:McWilliams, Lisa A. (2005).
689:Pseudogymnoascus destructans
395:s closest relatives are the
1466:Do Bats Control Mosquitoes?
1346:The Southwestern Naturalist
714:Trichophyton mentagrophytes
663:. Mammal predators include
2816:
2272:Tuttle, Merlin D. (1995).
1805:Royal Society Open Science
1256:10.1007/s42991-024-00441-3
631:tissue layers compared to
2780:Mammals described in 1824
2745:Bats of the United States
1768:10.1007/s00360-008-0315-3
1695:10.1016/j.bse.2007.04.002
623:flight to catch insects.
353:just one bridge in Austin
300:Brazilian free-tailed bat
287:
278:
227:
222:
203:
196:
98:Scientific classification
96:
74:
65:
60:
48:
39:
34:
18:Brazilian free-tailed bat
2197:"Congress Avenue Bridge"
1040:, Observed with Radar".
379:with a binomial name of
35:Mexican free-tailed bat
2710:Bats of Central America
2337:(Tadarida brasiliensis)
2304:"Tadarida brasiliensis"
1641:10.1073/pnas.1204793109
1138:10.1644/11-mamm-a-103.1
918:10 blocks south of the
850:Mating and reproduction
427:and stretch beyond the
381:Nyctinomus brasiliensis
296:Mexican free-tailed bat
2795:Mammals of the Bahamas
1982:"The Mating System of
916:Congress Avenue Bridge
859:
837:Wake Forest University
767:
574:
549:
499:
471:The dental formula of
468:
387:had been collected in
2730:Bats of the Caribbean
2725:Bats of South America
2720:Bats of North America
2672:Paleobiology Database
2482:tadarida-brasiliensis
2443:tadarida-brasiliensis
2430:Tadarida_brasiliensis
2416:Tadarida brasiliensis
2386:Tadarida brasiliensis
2329:Tadarida brasiliensis
2229:"Texas State Symbols"
1984:Tadarida brasiliensis
1891:Tadarida brasiliensis
1747:Tadarida brasiliensis
1191:Tadarida brasiliensis
1189:Wilkins, K. (1989). "
1075:Geoffroy, I. (1824).
1038:Tadarida brasiliensis
982:: e.T21314A22121621.
968:Tadarida brasiliensis
857:
761:
736:Staphylococcus aureus
572:
558:Sierra Madre Oriental
539:
497:
473:Tadarida brasiliensis
462:
305:Tadarida brasiliensis
207:Tadarida brasiliensis
2785:Mammals of Argentina
2120:Journal of Mammalogy
2019:Journal of Mammalogy
1990:Journal of Mammalogy
1710:Journal of Mammalogy
1471:2 April 2015 at the
1389:Journal of Mammalogy
1125:Journal of Mammalogy
1042:Journal of Mammalogy
764:watch in slow motion
639:Health and mortality
422:Physical description
401:Sauromys petrophilus
308:) is a medium-sized
189:T. brasiliensis
2790:Mammals of Colombia
2327:Animal Diversity –
2070:1984Sci...223.1090M
2064:(4640): 1090–1091.
1825:10.1098/rsos.160398
1817:2016RSOS....360398M
1687:2007BioSE..35..566W
1632:2012PNAS..109.6794F
920:Texas State Capitol
902:Economic importance
742:Cutibacterium acnes
684:White-nose syndrome
526:southeastern myotis
411:Tadarida aegyptiaca
349:habitat destruction
68:Conservation status
1934:new.sciencemag.org
1614:Fenton, B (2012).
1510:Zoological Studies
1464:Corrigan, Robert.
1443:10.1093/icb/icn033
860:
768:
677:eastern coachwhips
575:
550:
500:
469:
241:T. b. brasiliensis
231:T. b. antillularum
2687:
2686:
2659:Open Tree of Life
2378:Taxon identifiers
1626:(18): 6794–6795.
1601:10.1111/mam.12060
1475:texasmosquito.org
1277:Reid, F. (2006).
1248:Mammalian Biology
1195:Mammalian Species
1014:. 9 November 2016
887:Pronatura Noreste
787:Guano and ammonia
759:
726:Malassezia furfur
675:. Snakes such as
665:Virginia opossums
661:Mississippi kites
653:great horned owls
649:American kestrels
490:Range and ecology
357:Texas Legislature
292:
291:
251:T. b. cynocephali
91:
54:
16:(Redirected from
2807:
2735:Mammals of Haiti
2680:
2679:
2667:
2666:
2654:
2653:
2641:
2640:
2628:
2627:
2625:NHMSYS0000377301
2615:
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2373:
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2290:
2289:
2288:on 1 April 2023.
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2258:
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2049:
2043:
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2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
1977:
1968:
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1965:
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1951:
1945:
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1940:
1925:
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1918:
1895:Animal Behaviour
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1311:Southwestern Nat
1302:
1296:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1227:. Archived from
1221:
1215:
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1110:
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994:
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991:
961:
760:
694:little brown bat
542:Carlsbad Caverns
485:
484:
483:
480:
450:photoluminescent
393:T. brasiliensis'
283:
256:T. b. intermedia
246:T. b. constanzae
236:T. b. bahamensis
209:
106:
105:
85:
80:
79:
56:
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32:
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2132:10.2307/1382746
2115:
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2101:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2031:10.2307/1382150
2016:
2015:
2011:
2003:10.1644/BME-004
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1473:Wayback Machine
1463:
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1358:10.2307/3671136
1343:
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1323:10.2307/3671136
1304:
1303:
1299:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1275:
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1241:
1240:
1236:
1231:on 11 May 2000.
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1203:10.2307/3504148
1188:
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963:
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817:T. brasiliensis
813:
809:
804:T. brasiliensis
789:
753:
751:
702:T. brasiliensis
698:T. brasiliensis
645:red-tailed hawk
641:
633:T. brasiliensis
625:T. brasiliensis
620:T. brasiliensis
584:
563:T. brasiliensis
554:Baja California
534:
521:
492:
477:
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437:T. brasiliensis
424:
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2715:Bats of Mexico
2712:
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2705:Bats of Brazil
2702:
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2297:External links
2295:
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2253:. 8 March 2006
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2009:
1969:
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1811:(11): 160398.
1791:
1735:
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1681:(9): 566–568.
1665:
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1579:
1572:
1554:
1535:(4): 703–708.
1519:
1493:
1477:
1457:
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1395:(3): 599–605.
1371:
1352:(2): 127–133.
1336:
1317:(2): 127–133.
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747:
723:), as well as
669:striped skunks
640:
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423:
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397:sister species
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2278:Bats Magazine
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1762:(3): 315–23.
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1589:Mammal Review
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1516:(4): 309–316.
1515:
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1489:Desert Museum
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1197:(331): 1–10.
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322:South America
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271:T. b. muscula
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47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2750:Cave mammals
2385:
2336:
2328:
2311:. Retrieved
2286:the original
2281:
2277:
2267:
2255:. Retrieved
2251:oksenate.gov
2250:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2163:24 September
2161:. Retrieved
2157:
2148:
2123:
2119:
2110:
2102:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2022:
2018:
2012:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1960:. Retrieved
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1933:
1923:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1872:
1865:. Retrieved
1861:
1851:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1759:
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1713:
1709:
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1678:
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1016:. Retrieved
1007:
998:
979:
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967:
959:
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905:
895:Bracken Cave
879:
876:Conservation
861:
840:
834:
829:echolocation
826:
823:Echolocation
816:
803:
796:brasiliensis
795:
792:
790:
776:ground speed
773:
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548:, New Mexico
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509:Bracken Cave
501:
472:
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433:echolocation
425:
409:
406:South Africa
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270:
266:T. b. murina
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206:
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188:
187:
175:
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2607:NatureServe
2529:iNaturalist
2410:Wikispecies
1996:: 113–119.
1867:11 November
865:promiscuous
781:local gusts
596:dragonflies
513:San Antonio
511:, north of
454:ultraviolet
446:uropatagium
429:uropatagium
330:uropatagium
223:Subspecies
215:I. Geoffroy
2694:Categories
2257:6 November
2183:batcon.org
2126:(3): 769.
2025:(3): 624.
1962:8 November
1958:. BBC News
1939:8 November
1901:(2): 277.
1716:(2): 224.
1595:(3): 160.
1087:: 342–343.
1048:(4): 807.
1018:20 October
1008:batcon.org
951:References
377:Nyctinomus
312:native to
165:Molossidae
155:Chiroptera
2365:from the
2094:206572086
1264:1618-1476
883:Monterrey
720:T. rubrum
704:resides.
657:barn owls
604:true bugs
532:Migration
505:Argentina
369:described
326:Caribbean
183:Species:
121:Kingdom:
115:Eukaryota
2800:Tadarida
2612:2.102529
2599:13801768
2547:11165992
2395:Wikidata
2313:23 March
2209:cite web
2086:17830157
1915:53174117
1843:28018618
1786:19002470
1660:22517743
1469:Archived
1452:21669777
1411:86220457
944:Bat bomb
938:See also
749:Behavior
673:raccoons
441:Tadarida
385:holotype
363:Taxonomy
324:and the
176:Tadarida
161:Family:
145:Mammalia
135:Chordata
131:Phylum:
125:Animalia
111:Domain:
88:IUCN 3.1
2651:1505232
2586:1005262
2521:2433011
2401:Q913930
2140:1382746
2066:Bibcode
2058:Science
2039:1382150
1834:5180116
1813:Bibcode
1777:7087743
1730:1381461
1683:Bibcode
1651:3344961
1628:Bibcode
1549:6126307
1366:3671136
1331:3671136
1211:3504148
1062:1379076
924:Houston
893:bought
842:Science
709:nonanal
592:beetles
519:Habitat
482:3.1.2.3
479:1.1.1.3
341:mammals
318:Central
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171:Genus:
151:Order:
141:Class:
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2664:238412
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659:, and
610:, and
452:under
448:, are
389:Brazil
383:. The
355:. The
320:, and
2677:51982
2573:21314
2542:IRMNG
2534:41301
2469:54GGQ
2456:23438
2136:JSTOR
2116:(PDF)
2090:S2CID
2035:JSTOR
1911:S2CID
1752:(PDF)
1726:JSTOR
1506:(PDF)
1407:S2CID
1362:JSTOR
1327:JSTOR
1207:JSTOR
1058:JSTOR
800:guano
731:yeast
629:renal
608:wasps
600:flies
588:moths
416:clade
314:North
2646:OBIS
2638:9438
2633:NCBI
2568:IUCN
2555:ITIS
2516:GBIF
2503:EPPO
2451:BOLD
2315:2006
2259:2023
2215:link
2165:2020
2082:PMID
1964:2014
1941:2014
1869:2016
1839:PMID
1782:PMID
1656:PMID
1620:PNAS
1568:ISBN
1545:PMID
1448:PMID
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980:2015
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729:, a
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1998:doi
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1829:PMC
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