642:. Anaemia is often a cause of dyspnea. Menstruation, particularly if excessive, can contribute to anaemia and to consequential dyspnea in women. Headaches are a symptom of dyspnea in patients with anaemia. Some patients report a numb sensation in their head, and others have reported blurred vision caused by hypotension behind the eye due to a lack of oxygen and pressure; these patients have reported severe head pains, which can lead to permanent brain damage. Symptoms can include loss of concentration, focus, fatigue, language faculty impairment, and memory loss.
915:
851:, the abdominal muscles and the accessory breathing muscles.As the brain receives its plentiful supply of afferent information relating to ventilation, it is able to compare it to the current level of respiration as determined by the efferent signals. If the level of respiration is inappropriate for the body's status then dyspnea might occur. There is also a psychological component to dyspnea, as some people may become aware of their breathing in such circumstances but not experience the typical distress of dyspnea.
324:. On a pathophysiological basis the causes can be divided into: (1) an increased awareness of normal breathing such as during an anxiety attack, (2) an increase in the work of breathing and (3) an abnormality in the ventilatory or respiratory system. Ischemic strokes, hemorrhages, tumors, infections, seizures, and traumas at the brain stem can also cause shortness of breath, making them the only neurological causes of shortness of breath.
347:. Patients with COPD and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) have a mild onset and gradual progression of dyspnea on exertion, punctuated by acute exacerbations of shortness of breath. In contrast, most asthmatics do not have daily symptoms, but have intermittent episodes of dyspnea, cough, and chest tightness that are usually associated with specific triggers, such as an upper respiratory tract infection or exposure to allergens.
651:
pharmacological interventions. Nonpharmacological interventions that showed improvement in breathlessness include fans, behavioral and pyschoeducational approaches, exercise and pulmonary rehabilitation. Integrative medicine options include acupuncture/acupressure/reflexology, meditation and music therapy, with acupuncture/reflexology found to have a beneficial effect.
51:
788:
It is thought that three main components contribute to dyspnea: afferent signals, efferent signals, and central information processing. It is believed the central processing in the brain compares the afferent and efferent signals; and dyspnea results when a "mismatch" occurs between the two: such as
155:
defines it as "a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity", and recommends evaluating dyspnea by assessing the intensity of its distinct sensations, the degree of distress and discomfort involved, and its burden or impact
1142:
For people with severe, chronic, or uncontrollable breathlessness, non-pharmacological approaches to treating breathlessness may be combined with medication. For people who have cancer that is causing the breathlessness, medications that have been suggested include opioids, benzodiazepines, oxygen,
3201:
F.M.E.; Studnicka, M.; Janson, C.; Cherkaski, H.H.; El Biaze, M.; Mahesh, P.A.; Cardoso, J.; Burney, P.; Hartl, S.; Janssen, D.J.A.; Amaral, A.F.S. (April 2024). "Association between lung function and dyspnoea and its variation in the multinational Burden of
Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study".
1159:
in the United States. Of these individuals, approximately 51% are admitted to the hospital and 13% are dead within a year. Some studies have suggested that up to 27% of hospitalized people develop dyspnea, while in dying patients 75% will experience it. Acute shortness of breath is the most common
1073:
may alleviate symptoms in some people, such as those with COPD, but will not cure the underlying disease. Fan therapy to the face has been shown to relieve shortness of breath in patients with a variety of advanced illnesses including cancer. The mechanism of action is thought to be stimulation of
3200:
Müller, A.; Wouters, E.F.; Koul, P.; Welte, T.; Harrabi, I.; Rashid, A.; Loh, L.C.; Al
Ghobain, M.; Elsony, A.; Ahmed, R.; Potts, J.; Mortimer, K.; Rodrigues, F.; Paraguas, S.N.; Juvekar, S.; Agarwal, D.; Obaseki, D.; Gislason, T.; Seemungal, T.; Nafees, A.A.; Jenkins, C.; Dias, H.B.; Franssen,
1146:
Ensuring that the balance between side effects and adverse effects from medications and potential improvements from medications needs to be carefully considered before prescribing medication. The use of systematic corticosteriods in palliative care for people with cancer is common, however the
650:
Shortness of breath is common in people with cancer and may be caused by numerous different factors. In people with advanced cancer, periods of time with severe shortness of breath may occur, along with a more continuous feeling of breathlessness. Treatments include both nonpharmacological and
1086:
are beneficial in emergently reducing the symptom severity of shortness of breath due to both cancer and non cancer causes; long-acting/sustained-release opioids are also used to prevent/continue treatment of dyspnea in palliative setting. There is a lack of evidence to recommend
4301:
4286:
761:
is an inflammatory disease of unknown etiology that generally presents with dry cough, fatigue, and shortness of breath, although multiple organ systems may be affected, with involvement of sites such as the eyes, the skin and the joints.
3334:
515:, tightness in the chest, and a non productive cough. Inhaled corticosteroids are the preferred treatment for children, however these drugs can reduce the growth rate. Acute symptoms are treated with short-acting bronchodilators.
510:
is the most common reason for presenting to the emergency room with shortness of breath. It is the most common lung disease in both developing and developed countries affecting about 5% of the population. Other symptoms include
253:
Other definitions describe it as "difficulty in breathing", "disordered or inadequate breathing", "uncomfortable awareness of breathing", and as the experience of "breathlessness" (which may be either acute or chronic).
3371:
993:, while useful to rule out a pulmonary embolism in those who are at low risk, is not of much value if it is positive, as it may be positive in a number of conditions that lead to shortness of breath. A low level of
712:
Interstitial lung disease presents with gradual onset of shortness of breath typically with a history of a predisposing environmental exposure. Shortness of breath is often the only symptom in those with
4401:
3916:
Dy, Sydney M.; Gupta, Arjun; Waldfogel, Julie M.; Sharma, Ritu; Zhang, Allen; Feliciano, Josephine L.; Sedhom, Ramy; Day, Jeff; Gersten, Rebecca A.; Davidson, Patricia M.; Bass, Eric B. (2020-11-19).
3135:
Dy, Sydney M.; Gupta, Arjun; Waldfogel, Julie M.; Sharma, Ritu; Zhang, Allen; Feliciano, Josephine L.; Sedhom, Ramy; Day, Jeff; Gersten, Rebecca A.; Davidson, Patricia M.; Bass, Eric B. (2020-11-19).
464:
973:
A number of scales may be used to quantify the degree of shortness of breath. It may be subjectively rated on a scale from 1 to 10 with descriptors associated with the number (The
Modified
3342:
1143:
and steroids. Results of recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses found opioids were not necessarily associated with more effectiveness in treatment for patients with advanced cancer.
327:
The tempo of onset and the duration of dyspnea are useful in knowing the etiology of dyspnea. Acute shortness of breath is usually connected with sudden physiological changes, such as
2879:
1061:
interventions. Persons with neurological/neuromuscular abnormalities may have breathing difficulties due to weak or paralyzed intercostal, abdominal and/or other muscles needed for
3720:
Matsushima, Eisuke; Inoguchi, Hironobu; Uchitomi, Yosuke; Zenda, Sadamoto; Ogawa, Asao; Kinoshita, Hiroya; Sekimoto, Asuko; Kobayashi, Masamitsu; Yamaguchi, Takuhiro (2018-10-01).
3395:
Saracino A (October 2007). "Review of dyspnoea quantification in the emergency department: is a rating scale for breathlessness suitable for use as an admission prediction tool?".
3363:
2774:
4394:
386:
are important both for diagnosis and directing treatment. Treatment involves measures to decrease the oxygen requirement of the heart and efforts to increase blood flow.
3481:"Effect of palliative oxygen versus medical (room) air in relieving breathlessness in patients with refractory dyspnea: a double-blind randomized controlled trial"
792:
Afferent signals are sensory neuronal signals that ascend to the brain. Afferent neurons significant in dyspnea arise from a large number of sources including the
4387:
1069:
techniques, volume augmentation such as breath stacking, education about body position and ventilation patterns and movement strategies to facilitate breathing.
836:
causing bronchoconstriction (limiting airflow) and muscle fatigue leading to ineffective respiratory muscle action could all contribute to a feeling of dyspnea.
4076:
611:. It must always be considered in those with acute onset of shortness of breath owing to its high risk of mortality. Diagnosis, however, may be difficult and
3848:
Feliciano, Josephine L.; Waldfogel, Julie M.; Sharma, Ritu; Zhang, Allen; Gupta, Arjun; Sedhom, Ramy; Day, Jeff; Bass, Eric B.; Dy, Sydney M. (2021-02-25).
3931:
3158:
2977:
978:
3759:
2638:
In addition, dyspnea may occur in febrile and hypoxic states and in association with some psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and panic disorder.
3895:
2394:
4023:
3039:
997:
is useful in ruling out congestive heart failure; however, a high level, while supportive of the diagnosis, could also be due to advanced age,
536:
of acute onset and shortness of breath not improved with oxygen. Physical findings may include absent breath sounds on one side of the chest,
4763:
3990:
2435:
1293:
452:
305:
263:
204:
2883:
423:. It affects between 1 and 2% of the general United States population and occurs in 10% of those over 65 years old. Risk factors for
160:. Distinct sensations include effort/work to breathe, chest tightness or pain, and "air hunger" (the feeling of not enough oxygen). The
3780:
Naqvi F, Cervo F, Fields S (August 2009). "Evidence-based review of interventions to improve palliation of pain, dyspnea, depression".
2441:
679:. It is more common among people with relatively small lungs. Around 2/3 of women experience shortness of breath as a part of a normal
2799:
2766:
2611:
2374:
2337:
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2225:
2151:
2077:
1997:
1923:
1879:
1808:
1728:
1655:
1611:
1543:
1279:
424:
362:
and difficulty catching the breath. It however may atypically present with shortness of breath alone. Risk factors include old age,
3722:"Fan Therapy Is Effective in Relieving Dyspnea in Patients With Terminally Ill Cancer: A Parallel-Arm, Randomized Controlled Trial"
3078:
Haywood, Alison; Duc, Jacqueline; Good, Phillip; Khan, Sohil; Rickett, Kirsty; Vayne-Bossert, Petra; Hardy, Janet R. (2019-02-20).
4882:
1103:
736:
404:
may have symptoms such as a fever, dry cough, loss of smell and taste, and in moderate to severe cases, shortness of breath.
4605:
3324:
Harrison's
Principles of Internal Medicine (Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, et al. (eds)) (16th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
249:
A subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity.
4005:
Murray and Nadel's
Textbook of Respiratory Medicine, 4th Ed. Robert J. Mason, John F. Murray, Jay A. Nadel, 2005, Elsevier
1131:
740:
496:
4769:
3850:"Pharmacologic Interventions for Breathlessness in Patients With Advanced Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
2625:
1092:
817:
697:
Anaphylaxis typically begins over a few minutes in a person with a previous history of the same. Other symptoms include
420:
4788:
2742:
1106:
provide key tools for the management of breathlessness. Potentially beneficial approaches include active management of
615:
is often used to assess the clinical probability. Treatment, depending on severity of symptoms, typically starts with
4261:
3281:
157:
914:
4705:
994:
981:
breathlessness scale suggests five grades of dyspnea based on the circumstances and severity in which it arises.
751:
can all cause an individual to experience shortness of breath. Shortness of breath can also occur as a result of
668:
537:
242:
196:
152:
4239:
789:
when the need for ventilation (afferent signaling) is not being met by physical breathing (efferent signaling).
4316:
3917:
3136:
1070:
1062:
824:
in the chest wall signal the stretch and tension of the respiratory muscles. Thus, poor ventilation leading to
771:
706:
569:
484:
412:
401:
200:
1147:
effectiveness and potential adverse effects of this approach in adults with cancer has not been well studied.
230:. The best treatment to relieve or even remove shortness of breath typically depends on the underlying cause.
2973:
4783:
355:
3665:"Optimal intensity and type of leg exercise training for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
179:
if it occurs in unexpected situations, when resting or during light exertion. In 85% of cases it is due to
4700:
4505:
4235:
1459:
do not follow one clear pattern as to whether the /niː/ syllable or the one preceding it is stressed; the
840:
752:
729:
676:
808:. Chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies and medulla supply information regarding the blood gas levels of O
4495:
4379:
4172:
3946:
3173:
2705:
American Heart
Society (1999). "Dyspnea mechanisms, assessment, and management: a consensus statement".
336:
297:
293:
269:
4600:
4210:
3849:
2753:, Fourth Edition by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Ologies & -Isms. The Gale Group 2008
1164:
care visit an emergency department. Up to 70% of adults with advanced cancer also experience dyspnoea.
479:; thus this condition should be ruled out. In an acute exacerbation treatment is with a combination of
4665:
4631:
4542:
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3721:
1156:
1123:
1037:
The primary treatment of shortness of breath is directed at its underlying cause. Extra supplemental
931:
612:
600:
588:
561:
533:
289:
3035:
4305:
3080:"Systemic corticosteroids for the management of cancer-related breathlessness (dyspnoea) in adults"
1022:
963:
947:
848:
820:
are sensitive to pulmonary interstitial edema, while stretch receptors signal bronchoconstriction.
587:
classically presents with an acute onset of shortness of breath. Other presenting symptoms include
432:
221:
50:
4124:
3000:
Wills CP, Young M, White DW (February 2010). "Pitfalls in the evaluation of shortness of breath".
1126:, pacing techniques, energy conservation techniques, learning exercises to control breathing, and
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4610:
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4435:
4414:
4410:
3420:
3150:
1195:
943:
844:
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744:
584:
340:
273:
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4327:
3986:
3887:
3869:
3830:
3789:
3751:
3743:
3702:
3684:
3645:
3627:
3606:
Puhan, Milo A.; Gimeno-Santos, Elena; Cates, Christopher J.; Troosters, Thierry (2016-12-08).
3510:
3461:
3412:
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3117:
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3017:
2955:
2861:
2722:
2617:
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2580:
2536:
2431:
1115:
1046:
1042:
797:
714:
660:
379:
111:
3982:
3975:
3591:
Frownfelter, Donna; Dean, Elizabeth (2006). "23". In Donna
Frownfelter; Mary Massery (eds.).
3558:
Frownfelter, Donna; Dean, Elizabeth (2006). "22". In Donna
Frownfelter; Mary Massery (eds.).
3543:
Frownfelter, Donna; Dean, Elizabeth (2006). "22". In Donna
Frownfelter; Mary Massery (eds.).
4856:
4554:
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Cardiac tamponade presents with dyspnea, tachycardia, elevated jugular venous pressure, and
557:
480:
225:
188:
67:
3608:"Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"
2844:
Sarkar S, Amelung PJ (September 2006). "Evaluation of the dyspneic patient in the office".
1471:
of how major dictionaries pronounce and transcribe them (less-used variants are omitted):
1468:
4843:
4835:
4752:
4747:
4670:
4559:
4066:
3959:
3234:
Ibrahim, Wanis H.; Gheriani, Heitham A.; Almohamed, Ahmed A.; Raza, Tasleem (2007-03-01).
3186:
2795:
2746:
1014:
967:
959:
927:
821:
778:
608:
383:
328:
317:
281:
161:
3809:"Putting evidence into practice: evidence-based interventions for cancer-related dyspnea"
634:
that develops gradually usually presents with exertional dyspnea, fatigue, weakness, and
3137:"Interventions for Breathlessness in Patients With Advanced Cancer: A Systematic Review"
296:, listed 497 distinct causes in October 2010. The most common cardiovascular causes are
4465:
4310:
4162:
3882:
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3664:
3640:
3607:
3505:
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walks slower than most on the level, or stops after 15 minutes of walking on the level
793:
616:
436:
371:
212:
4015:
3738:
3496:
2938:
Torres M, Moayedi S (May 2007). "Evaluation of the acutely dyspneic elderly patient".
4876:
4861:
4717:
3408:
3154:
1297:
1026:
829:
782:
774:
639:
443:, and infections. Treatment efforts are directed towards decreasing lung congestion.
301:
44:
Dyspnea, dyspnoea, breathlessness, difficulty (in/of) breathing; respiratory distress
3424:
4849:
4830:
4500:
4485:
4480:
4422:
3680:
3623:
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2651:
100 Questions & Answers About Cancer
Symptoms and Cancer Treatment Side Effects
2399:
1464:
1107:
672:
620:
529:
524:
440:
367:
344:
332:
313:
277:
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is usually expressed but is sometimes silent depending on the word. The following
1065:. Some physical therapy interventions for this population include active assisted
568:
may be heard on exam. A chest x-ray can be useful to differentiate pneumonia from
208:
17:
4321:
4070:
3210:
2576:
1309:
1222:
989:
A number of labs may be helpful in determining the cause of shortness of breath.
463:, frequently have chronic shortness of breath and a chronic productive cough. An
4810:
4430:
4351:
4264:
2718:
1010:
935:
825:
758:
725:
664:
635:
573:
116:
4332:
3528:
Frownfelter, Donna; Dean, Elizabeth (2006). "8". In Willy E. Hammon III (ed.).
2951:
2818:
Frownfelter, Donna; Dean, Elizabeth (2006). "8". In Willy E. Hammon III (ed.).
2532:
2176:
2099:
1945:
1833:
1753:
1676:
908:
with minimal activity such as getting dressed, too dyspneic to leave the house
770:
Different physiological pathways may lead to shortness of breath including via
4816:
4802:
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4737:
4695:
4655:
4362:
4295:
3013:
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359:
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3259:
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2182:
2105:
2031:
1951:
1839:
1759:
1682:
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1506:
1240:
1206:
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4522:
3977:
SuperFreakonomics: Tales of Altruism, Terrorism, and Poorly Paid Prostitutes
3825:
3808:
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2093:
2013:
1939:
1827:
1747:
1670:
1119:
1088:
1018:
939:
735:
Neurological conditions such as spinal cord injury, phrenic nerve injuries,
698:
680:
619:; the presence of ominous signs (low blood pressure) may warrant the use of
549:
476:
456:
416:
321:
285:
184:
148:
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1565:
1500:
1216:
1200:
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DiSalvo, WM.; Joyce, MM.; Tyson, LB.; Culkin, AE.; Mackay, K. (Apr 2008).
2726:
2563:
Schrijvers D, van Fraeyenhove F (2010). "Emergencies in palliative care".
4722:
4710:
4660:
4574:
4510:
4475:
4450:
4114:
3663:
Zainuldin, Rahizan; Mackey, Martin G.; Alison, Jennifer A. (2011-11-09).
2170:
2019:
1456:
955:
565:
512:
492:
395:
375:
192:
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Shortness of breath is the primary reason 3.5% of people present to the
4675:
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4455:
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1234:
1111:
1083:
990:
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1494:
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1038:
833:
631:
604:
507:
468:
309:
180:
292:, and psychiatric systems may be the cause. DiagnosisPro, an online
3918:"Interventions for Breathlessness in Patients With Advanced Cancer"
3479:
Abernethy AP; McDonald CF; Frith PA; et al. (September 2010).
1029:
is the imaging study of choice to evaluate for pulmonary embolism.
4727:
4537:
3236:"Paradoxical vocal cord motion disorder: past, present and future"
2678:
Zuberi, T.; et al. (2009). "Acute breathlessness in adults".
2291:
2025:
1228:
1066:
913:
839:
Efferent signals are the motor neuronal signals descending to the
801:
596:
553:
268:
While shortness of breath is generally caused by disorders of the
934:. Signs and symptoms that represent significant severity include
2880:"Differential Diagnosis for Dyspnea: Poisoning (Specific Agent)"
659:
Other important or common causes of shortness of breath include
472:
428:
4383:
2427:
Dyspnea: Mechanisms, Measurement, and Management, Third Edition
922:
The initial approach to evaluation begins by assessment of the
2363:
2264:
2140:
2128:
1912:
1797:
1717:
1600:
1532:
1334:
1268:
847:. Other respiratory muscles include the external and internal
144:
136:
88:
4166:
1520:
4204:
1897:
1894:
1856:
1850:
884:
dyspnea when walking up an incline or hurrying on the level
415:
frequently presents with shortness of breath with exertion,
2366:
2329:
2326:
2267:
2252:
2246:
2217:
2214:
2196:
2143:
2122:
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1989:
1986:
1968:
1915:
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1603:
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1369:
1366:
1337:
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91:
2707:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
2205:
2057:
1859:
1001:, acute coronary syndrome, or a large pulmonary embolism.
2351:
2317:
1977:
1785:
1705:
1699:
1632:
1585:
1517:
1424:
1389:
1357:
1322:
1253:
73:
4206:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
2751:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
832:
leading to interstitial edema (impairing gas exchange),
4118:
3941:– via Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
3168:– via Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
1377:), as are those with the stress on the first syllable (
1244:). The most common pronunciation in medical English is
705:, and gastrointestinal upset. The primary treatment is
4230:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4220:
3295:
Bokhari, SRA; Zulfiqar, H; Mansur, A (January 2021).
2375:
2360:
2338:
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2226:
2211:
2152:
2137:
2116:
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1998:
1983:
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1714:
1702:
1693:
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1612:
1597:
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1529:
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Preponderance of transcriptions (major dictionaries)
1473:
1430:
1427:
1398:
1392:
1363:
1360:
1331:
1325:
1280:
1265:
1256:
238:
Dyspnea, in medical terms, is "shortness of breath".
85:
76:
4268:
2604:
Dyspnea, Orthopnea, and Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
2354:
2320:
2255:
2249:
2208:
2202:
2131:
2125:
2060:
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2042:
1980:
1974:
1965:
1962:
1903:
1862:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1708:
1696:
1638:
1629:
1591:
1582:
1523:
1421:
1395:
1386:
1354:
1319:
1259:
1250:
1194:, which literally means "disordered breathing". Its
431:
intake, medication noncompliance, cardiac ischemia,
147:), is an uncomfortable feeling of not being able to
79:
70:
4688:
4624:
4588:
4530:
4521:
4421:
4342:
4272:
2357:
2314:
2258:
2243:
2199:
2193:
2134:
2119:
2054:
1971:
1906:
1853:
1791:
1711:
1626:
1594:
1526:
1418:
1383:
1351:
1328:
1262:
1045:; however, this has no effect in those with normal
110:
82:
57:
40:
35:
3974:
3576:Frownfelter, Donna; Dean, Elizabeth (2006). "32".
900:stops after a few minutes of walking on the level
1296:on the /niː/ syllable. But pronunciations with a
1210:) are familiar from other medical words, such as
1091:, nebulised opioids, the use of gas mixtures, or
1013:is useful to confirm or rule out a pneumothorax,
572:. As the cause is usually a bacterial infection,
467:presents with increased shortness of breath and
100:
3580:. Vol. 4. Mosby Elsevier. pp. 569–81.
3562:. Vol. 4. Mosby Elsevier. pp. 368–71.
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
1130:. The use of a fan may possibly be beneficial.
843:. The most important respiratory muscle is the
4061:
4059:
4395:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
3593:Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy
3578:Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy
3560:Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy
3545:Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy
3530:Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2820:Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy
2424:Donald A. Mahler; Denis E. O'Donnell (2014).
8:
3973:Stephen J. Dubner; Steven D. Levitt (2009).
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
2519:Shiber JR, Santana J (May 2006). "Dyspnea".
4157:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4093:
3669:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3612:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3547:. Vol. 4. Mosby Elsevier. p. 368.
3390:
3388:
3084:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2933:
2822:. Vol. 4. Mosby Elsevier. p. 139.
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
4527:
4402:
4388:
4380:
4269:
3036:"Anemia Affects Body...And Maybe The Mind"
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2905:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
2796:"Dyspnea – General Practice Notebook"
2761:
2759:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
1057:Individuals can benefit from a variety of
918:Signs of respiratory distress illustration
876:no dyspnea except with strenuous exercise
49:
32:
4244:, Oxford University Press, archived from
3925:
3881:
3824:
3737:
3696:
3639:
3504:
3455:
3267:
3218:
3144:
3111:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2649:Kelvin, Joanne Frankel; Tyson, Leslie B.
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
4120:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
1122:strategies, such as physical and mental
858:
3571:
3569:
3444:Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England)
2974:"How Is Asthma Treated and Controlled?"
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2416:
2395:List of terms of lung size and activity
962:, pronounced use of accessory muscles (
4198:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4182:
3955:
3944:
3726:Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
3182:
3171:
358:frequently presents with retrosternal
304:while common pulmonary causes include
3981:. New York: William Morrow. pp.
2749:, retrieved on Dec 12, 2009. Citing:
720:Panic attacks typically present with
690:. The gold standard for diagnosis is
453:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
447:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
306:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
264:List of causes of shortness of breath
205:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
7:
4072:Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary
3042:from the original on 21 October 2020
3866:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.37632
2628:from the original on 27 April 2018
946:, altered mental status, unstable
924:airway, breathing, and circulation
576:are typically used for treatment.
400:People that have been infected by
101:§ Etymology and pronunciation
25:
3739:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.07.001
1104:Non-pharmacological interventions
4213:from the original on 2015-09-25.
4175:from the original on 2015-09-25.
3409:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2007.00999.x
3284:from the original on 2016-11-08.
3038:. Johns Hopkins medicine. 2006.
2980:from the original on 2012-09-04.
2802:from the original on 2011-06-13.
2347:
2310:
2236:
2189:
2112:
2038:
1958:
1890:
1846:
1766:
1689:
1622:
1578:
1513:
1414:
1379:
1347:
1315:
1246:
66:
4127:from the original on 2014-01-11
4079:from the original on 2020-10-10
4026:from the original on 2022-04-21
3934:from the original on 2021-05-23
3898:from the original on 2021-05-23
3762:from the original on 2021-08-29
3374:from the original on 2022-07-03
3161:from the original on 2021-05-23
2777:from the original on 2020-03-26
2444:from the original on 2023-01-14
1118:, etc.), and implementation of
164:is often assumed to be a sign.
27:Feeling of difficulty breathing
3681:10.1002/14651858.CD008008.pub2
3624:10.1002/14651858.CD005305.pub4
3595:. Vol. 4. Mosby Elsevier.
3532:. Vol. 4. Mosby Elsevier.
3440:"The MRC breathlessness scale"
3397:Emergency Medicine Australasia
3096:10.1002/14651858.CD012704.pub2
2907:, 20th edition (2018), p. 1943
1099:Non-pharmacological techniques
1:
4262:Shortness Of Breath (Dyspnea)
4209:, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,
3497:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61115-4
1132:Cognitive behavioural therapy
741:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
497:positive pressure ventilation
4168:Stedman's Medical Dictionary
3240:Postgraduate Medical Journal
3211:10.1016/J.PULMOE.2024.03.005
2577:10.1097/PPO.0b013e3181f28a8d
1093:cognitive-behavioral therapy
970:) and absent breath sounds.
818:juxtacapillary (J) receptors
421:paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
4203:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt,
2719:10.1164/ajrccm.159.1.ats898
1168:Etymology and pronunciation
1082:Systemic immediate release
1041:is effective in those with
560:, shortness of breath, and
219:
4899:
4241:Oxford Dictionaries Online
3438:Williams, N (2017-08-01).
3002:Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am
2952:10.1016/j.cger.2007.01.007
2903:D. L. Kasper et al. (ed),
2606:. Butterworth Publishers.
2533:10.1016/j.mcna.2005.11.006
540:, and tracheal deviation.
522:
393:
261:
158:activities of daily living
4706:Precordial catch syndrome
4606:Cheyne–Stokes respiration
3297:Sarcoidosis in StatPearls
3014:10.1016/j.emc.2009.09.011
2858:10.1016/j.pop.2006.06.007
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1138:Pharmacological treatment
995:brain natriuretic peptide
954:, intercostal indrawing,
860:MRC breathlessness scale
669:interstitial lung disease
538:jugular venous distension
243:American Thoracic Society
197:interstitial lung disease
153:American Thoracic Society
48:
3252:10.1136/pgmj.2006.052522
2598:Mukerji, Vaskar (1990).
2430:. CRC Press. p. 3.
1447:In English, the various
1160:reason people requiring
1071:Pulmonary rehabilitation
1047:blood oxygen saturations
570:congestive heart failure
532:presents typically with
413:Congestive heart failure
408:Congestive heart failure
201:congestive heart failure
4883:Breathing abnormalities
4789:Charcot–Leyden crystals
3826:10.1188/08.CJON.341-352
2692:10.1093/innovait/inp055
1455:words commonly used in
737:Guillain–Barré syndrome
599:. Risk factors include
356:Acute coronary syndrome
351:Acute coronary syndrome
4506:Whispered pectoriloquy
3954:Cite journal requires
3927:10.23970/ahrqepccer232
3364:"Unit V - Respiration"
3181:Cite journal requires
3146:10.23970/ahrqepccer232
1074:the trigeminal nerve.
919:
753:vocal cord dysfunction
730:diagnosis of exclusion
677:pulmonary hypertension
489:-adrenoceptor agonists
455:(COPD), most commonly
433:abnormal heart rhythms
251:
3457:10.1093/occmed/kqx086
2653:. 2nd Edition. 2011.
1134:may also be helpful.
1124:relaxation techniques
917:
816:and H. In the lungs,
728:. They are however a
475:is a risk factor for
427:include high dietary
337:myocardial infarction
298:myocardial infarction
294:medical expert system
276:, others such as the
262:Further information:
247:
4784:Curschmann's spirals
4632:Respiratory distress
4471:Pleural friction rub
3813:Clin. J. Oncol. Nurs
1157:emergency department
932:physical examination
601:deep vein thrombosis
589:pleuritic chest pain
562:pleuritic chest pain
534:pleuritic chest pain
439:, pulmonary emboli,
425:acute decompensation
245:defines dyspnea as:
167:Dyspnea is a normal
4368:Shortness of breath
4236:Oxford Dictionaries
4075:, Merriam-Webster,
2521:Med. Clin. North Am
1078:Palliative medicine
1023:computed tomography
964:sternocleidomastoid
861:
849:intercostal muscles
841:respiratory muscles
222:Psychogenic disease
125:Shortness of breath
36:Shortness of breath
4825:pulmonary embolism
4797:chronic bronchitis
4637:Respiratory arrest
4616:Ataxic respiration
4611:Kussmaul breathing
4601:Biot's respiration
4596:Agonal respiration
4492:Elicited findings
4436:Respiratory sounds
4415:respiratory system
4411:Signs and symptoms
4343:External resources
4171:, Wolters Kluwer,
3788:(8): 8–10, 12–14.
3339:www.mywhatever.com
2940:Clin. Geriatr. Med
2745:2019-06-05 at the
1467:or list shows the
1292:expressed and the
960:tripod positioning
944:tracheal deviation
920:
868:Degree of dyspnea
859:
830:left heart failure
749:muscular dystrophy
745:multiple sclerosis
621:thrombolytic drugs
603:, recent surgery,
585:Pulmonary embolism
580:Pulmonary embolism
465:acute exacerbation
461:chronic bronchitis
341:pulmonary embolism
274:respiratory system
171:of heavy physical
18:Breathing problems
4870:
4869:
4684:
4683:
4377:
4376:
3992:978-0-06-088957-9
3854:JAMA Network Open
3220:20.500.11815/4902
3008:(1): 163–81, ix.
2946:(2): 307–25, vi.
2740:TheFreeDictionary
2437:978-1-4822-0869-6
2386:
2385:
1025:with intravenous
912:
911:
715:tachydysrhythmias
661:cardiac tamponade
638:. It may lead to
380:electrocardiogram
156:on the patient's
151:well enough. The
122:
121:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4890:
4555:Hyperventilation
4528:
4413:relating to the
4404:
4397:
4390:
4381:
4270:
4250:
4249:
4232:
4215:
4214:
4200:
4177:
4176:
4159:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4111:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4063:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4012:
4006:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3980:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3957:
3952:
3950:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3929:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3885:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3828:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3741:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3700:
3675:(11): CD008008.
3660:
3654:
3653:
3643:
3618:(11): CD005305.
3603:
3597:
3596:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3573:
3564:
3563:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3508:
3491:(9743): 784–93.
3476:
3470:
3469:
3459:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3392:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3341:. Archived from
3331:
3325:
3322:
3309:
3308:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3271:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3179:
3177:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3148:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3115:
3075:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3032:
3026:
3025:
2997:
2982:
2981:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2935:
2908:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2882:. Archived from
2876:
2870:
2869:
2841:
2824:
2823:
2815:
2804:
2803:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2771:www.uptodate.com
2763:
2754:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2675:
2654:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2560:
2545:
2544:
2516:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2421:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1483:Combining forms
1474:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1059:physical therapy
862:
779:mechanoreceptors
724:, sweating, and
722:hyperventilation
688:pulsus paradoxus
558:productive cough
548:The symptoms of
481:anticholinergics
360:chest discomfort
229:
226:Psychogenic pain
211:causes, such as
189:cardiac ischemia
98:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
72:
53:
33:
21:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4844:pulmonary edema
4836:Westermark sign
4753:Post-nasal drip
4748:Silhouette sign
4680:
4671:Mouth breathing
4620:
4584:
4560:Hypoventilation
4517:
4417:
4408:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4338:
4337:
4281:
4259:
4254:
4253:
4234:
4233:
4218:
4202:
4201:
4180:
4161:
4160:
4139:
4130:
4128:
4113:
4112:
4091:
4082:
4080:
4067:Merriam-Webster
4065:
4064:
4037:
4029:
4027:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3953:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3901:
3899:
3860:(2): e2037632.
3847:
3846:
3842:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3765:
3763:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3575:
3574:
3567:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3394:
3393:
3386:
3377:
3375:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3348:
3346:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3312:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3246:(977): 164–72.
3233:
3232:
3228:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3180:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3090:(2): CD012704.
3077:
3076:
3055:
3045:
3043:
3034:
3033:
3029:
2999:
2998:
2985:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2937:
2936:
2911:
2902:
2898:
2889:
2887:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2843:
2842:
2827:
2817:
2816:
2807:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2780:
2778:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2747:Wayback Machine
2738:
2734:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2677:
2676:
2657:
2648:
2644:
2631:
2629:
2614:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2562:
2561:
2548:
2518:
2517:
2456:
2447:
2445:
2438:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2391:
2377:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2313:
2309:
2278:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2192:
2188:
2157:
2153:
2115:
2111:
2080:
2041:
2037:
2000:
1961:
1957:
1926:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1849:
1845:
1814:
1810:
1769:
1765:
1734:
1730:
1692:
1688:
1657:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1581:
1577:
1546:
1516:
1512:
1417:
1413:
1382:
1378:
1350:
1346:
1318:
1314:
1282:
1249:
1245:
1196:combining forms
1170:
1153:
1140:
1120:self-management
1101:
1080:
1055:
1035:
1015:pulmonary edema
1007:
987:
928:medical history
857:
822:Muscle spindles
815:
811:
768:
766:Pathophysiology
703:throat swelling
657:
648:
629:
609:thromboembolism
607:, and previous
582:
546:
527:
521:
505:
488:
449:
410:
398:
392:
384:cardiac enzymes
353:
329:laryngeal edema
318:pulmonary edema
282:musculoskeletal
266:
260:
236:
162:tripod position
106:
69:
65:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4896:
4894:
4886:
4885:
4875:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4666:Breath holding
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4639:
4634:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4534:
4532:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4384:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4359:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4324:
4313:
4298:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:Classification
4258:
4257:External links
4255:
4252:
4251:
4248:on 2014-10-22.
4216:
4178:
4163:Wolters Kluwer
4137:
4089:
4035:
4022:, 2022-04-21,
4007:
3998:
3991:
3965:
3956:|journal=
3908:
3840:
3799:
3772:
3732:(4): 493–500.
3712:
3655:
3598:
3583:
3565:
3550:
3535:
3520:
3471:
3430:
3403:(5): 394–404.
3384:
3355:
3326:
3310:
3287:
3226:
3192:
3183:|journal=
3127:
3053:
3027:
2983:
2965:
2909:
2896:
2871:
2825:
2805:
2787:
2755:
2732:
2697:
2655:
2642:
2612:
2590:
2546:
2454:
2436:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2307:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2186:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2109:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2035:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2006:
1955:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1843:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1763:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1686:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1575:
1562:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1510:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1313:) are common (
1169:
1166:
1152:
1149:
1139:
1136:
1100:
1097:
1079:
1076:
1054:
1051:
1034:
1031:
1006:
1003:
999:kidney failure
986:
983:
926:followed by a
910:
909:
906:
902:
901:
898:
894:
893:
890:
886:
885:
882:
878:
877:
874:
870:
869:
866:
856:
853:
813:
809:
794:carotid bodies
783:lung receptors
775:chemoreceptors
767:
764:
656:
653:
647:
644:
628:
625:
617:anticoagulants
581:
578:
564:. Inspiratory
545:
542:
523:Main article:
520:
517:
504:
501:
486:
448:
445:
437:kidney failure
409:
406:
394:Main article:
391:
388:
372:hyperlipidemia
352:
349:
259:
256:
235:
232:
213:panic disorder
120:
119:
114:
108:
107:
105:
104:
61:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4895:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4863:
4862:Golden S sign
4860:
4858:
4857:Hamman's sign
4855:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4770:Hoover's sign
4768:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4718:Nail clubbing
4716:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4405:
4400:
4398:
4393:
4391:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4256:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3969:
3966:
3961:
3948:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3912:
3909:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3819:(2): 341–52.
3818:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3773:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3599:
3594:
3587:
3584:
3579:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3539:
3536:
3531:
3524:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3450:(6): 496–97.
3449:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3345:on 2022-07-06
3344:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3227:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3196:
3193:
3188:
3175:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2886:on 2010-11-16
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2852:(3): 643–57.
2851:
2847:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2736:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2713:(1): 321–40.
2712:
2708:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2686:(5): 307–15.
2685:
2681:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2613:9780409900774
2609:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2571:(5): 514–20.
2570:
2566:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2527:(3): 453–79.
2526:
2522:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2420:
2417:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2371:
2344:
2343:
2334:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2272:
2233:
2232:
2222:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2148:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2074:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1887:
1886:
1876:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1805:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1725:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1652:
1619:
1618:
1608:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1540:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1469:preponderance
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1409:
1374:
1342:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1276:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1053:Physiotherapy
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1027:radiocontrast
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
984:
982:
980:
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
916:
907:
904:
903:
899:
896:
895:
891:
888:
887:
883:
880:
879:
875:
872:
871:
867:
864:
863:
854:
852:
850:
846:
842:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
807:
803:
799:
795:
790:
786:
784:
780:
776:
773:
765:
763:
760:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
731:
727:
723:
718:
716:
710:
708:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
673:panic attacks
670:
666:
662:
654:
652:
645:
643:
641:
640:heart failure
637:
633:
626:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
579:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
543:
541:
539:
535:
531:
526:
518:
516:
514:
509:
502:
500:
498:
495:and possibly
494:
490:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
446:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
407:
405:
403:
397:
389:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
350:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:heart failure
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
265:
257:
255:
250:
246:
244:
239:
233:
231:
227:
223:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
118:
115:
113:
109:
102:
96:
63:
62:
60:
58:Pronunciation
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
4850:Kerley lines
4842:
4831:Hampton hump
4823:
4809:
4795:
4776:
4762:
4549:
4501:Pectoriloquy
4486:Death rattle
4481:Bronchophony
4423:Auscultation
4361:
4350:
4326:
4315:
4300:
4285:
4260:
4246:the original
4240:
4205:
4167:
4129:, retrieved
4123:, Elsevier,
4119:
4081:, retrieved
4071:
4028:, retrieved
4019:
4010:
4001:
3976:
3968:
3947:cite journal
3936:. Retrieved
3911:
3900:. Retrieved
3857:
3853:
3843:
3816:
3812:
3802:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3764:. Retrieved
3729:
3725:
3715:
3672:
3668:
3658:
3615:
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