Secession - Knowledge (XXG)

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majority population to abolish the federation and implement a system which resulted in the occupation of the former South Cameroons territory by French-speaking Cameroon administrators. In 1984, Cameroon heightened tensions by returning to its name at independence, "Republic of Cameroun", which did not include the territory of the former British Southern Cameroons or Ambazonia. For more than fifty years the English-speaking people of the Former British Southern Cameroons made multiple attempts both nationally and internationally to get the Cameroon government to address these issues and possibly return to the previously agreed federation at independence. In 2016, after all these attempts failed, Cameroon engaged in a military crackdown, including cutting the internet in the English-speaking regions. In response, the people of Southern Cameroon declared on October 1, 2017, the restoration of their UN state of Southern Cameroons, which they called the "

447: 1842: 303:, on June 20, 1816: "In your letter to Fisk, you have fairly stated the alternatives between which we are to choose: 1, licentious commerce and gambling speculations for a few, with eternal war for the many; or, 2, restricted commerce, peace, and steady occupations for all. If any State in the Union will declare that it prefers separation with the first alternative, to a continuance in union without it, I have no hesitation in saying, 'let us separate.' I would rather the States should withdraw, which are for unlimited commerce and war, and confederate with those alone which are for peace and agriculture." 3279: 2256: 2752: 2108:, and it comprised both Sicily and continental Southern Italy. The Kingdom came to an end in 1861, being annexed to the newborn Kingdom of Italy. However, the patriotic feelings shared among the southern Italian population is more ancient, starting in 1130 with the Kingdom of Sicily, which was composed by both the island and south Italy. According to the neo-Bourbonic movements the Italian regions which should secede are 284:, Fourth Annual Message to Congress on the State of the Union December 3, 1860: "The fact is that our Union rests upon public opinion, and can never be cemented by the blood of its citizens shed in civil war. If it cannot live in the affections of the people, it must one day perish. Congress possesses many means of preserving it by conciliation, but the sword was not placed in their hand to preserve it by force." 1625: 156:, states respond violently to secessionist movements if the potential state poses a greater threat than the would-be secessionist movement. States perceive a future war with a potential new state as likely if the ethnic group driving the secessionist struggle has deep identity division with the central state, and if the regional neighborhood is violent and unstable. 2407: 3008: 1568: 2397:

but achieved only 0.14% (2622 votes) of the general vote. The reality today is that although South Islanders have a strong identity rooted in their geographic region, secession does not carry any real constituency; the party was not able to field any candidates in the 2008 election, as they had less

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On 7 February 2011, the referendum commission published the final results, with 98.83% voting in favour of independence. While the ballots were suspended in 10 of the 79 counties for exceeding 100% of the voter turnout, the number of votes was still well over the requirement of 60% turnout, and the

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with populous foreign empires. Like the others – the United Kingdom, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and formerly Germany and the Ottoman Empire – its populous states abroad have all seceded, in most cases been granted independence. These secessionist

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but had been denied by the Russian emperor. However, with the country still at war and under great pressure, Lenin allowed Finland to secede. Its peripheral location made it difficult to defend and less strategically important than Russia's other territories, so he conceded sovereignty to the Finns

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Some theories of secession emphasize a general right of secession for any reason ("Choice Theory") while others emphasize that secession should be considered only to rectify grave injustices ("Just Cause Theory"). Some theories do both. A list of justifications may be presented supporting the right

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A simultaneous referendum was supposed to be held in Abyei on whether to join Southern Sudan but it has been postponed because of conflict over demarcation and residency rights. In October 2013, a symbolic referendum was held in which 99.9% of voters in Abyei voted to join Southern Sudan. However,

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or the independent Republic of Cameroon as a federation of two equal states. While the Northern Cameroons voted to join Nigeria, the Southern Cameroons voted to integrate into the Republic of Cameroon, but they did so without a formal Treaty of Union on record at the UN. In 1972, Cameroon used its

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in the case before the bar) "was as complete, as perpetual, and as indissoluble as the union between the original States. There was no place for reconsideration or revocation, except through revolution or through consent of the States." Current secession movements still exist, the most notable

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which wanted to leave could not participate in the withdrawal discussions of the European Council or of the Council of Ministers. There was much discussion about such self-determination by minorities before the final document underwent the unsuccessful ratification process in 2005. In 2007 the

2228:). Although some Okinawan people have sought independence from Japan since they were annexed by Japan in 1879, and especially after 1972 when the islands were transferred from U.S. rule to Japan, their activism and movement have been consistently supported by single digit of Okinawan people. 1198:. Eventually they were slowly forced back, and made a reunification peace with the Empire. This was not considered a secessionist war, even if it could have resulted in an independent republic if the Empire had been defeated. After the Empire agreed to aid Santa Catarina's economy by taxing 387:

Democratic Secessionism: the right of secession, as a variant of the right of self-determination, is vested in a "territorial community" which wishes to secede from "their existing political community"; the group wishing to secede then proceeds to delimit "its" territory by the

240:, Buchanan outlined limited rights to secession under certain circumstances, mostly related to oppression by people of other ethnic or racial groups, and especially those previously conquered by other people. In his collection of essays from secession scholars, 1162:

and tried to secede from the Portuguese and Brazilian Empires. In each attempt, the rebels were crushed, the leaders shot and their territory divided. Nevertheless, they kept revolting until Pernambuco's territory was a little fraction of what it was before.

2779: 48:). A secession attempt might be violent or peaceful, but the goal is the creation of a new state or entity independent of the group or territory from which it seceded. Threats of secession can be a strategy for achieving more limited goals. 181:

Other scholars have linked secession to resource discoveries and extraction. David B. Carter, H. E. Goemans, and Ryan Griffiths find that border changes among states tend to conform to the borders of previous administrative units.

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National secessionist movements advocate for the claim that a population within a state is a nation that has the right to form its own nation-state. Movements that work towards political secession may describe themselves as being

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do not recognize the right to self-determination through secession in their constitutions. Many expressly forbid it. However, there are several existing models of self-determination through greater autonomy and through secession.

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and Ryan Griffiths link increased numbers of secessions to an international system that is more favorable for new states. For example, new states can obtain assistance from international organizations such as the

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and Afghan Federations. The name Baloch Liberation Army first became public in the summer of 2000, after the organization claimed credit for a series of bomb attacks in markets and removal of railways lines.

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since the 1990s. Reasons cited for Southern Brazil's secession movement are taxation, due to it being one of the wealthiest regions in the country; political disputes with the northernmost states of Brazil;

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is not a sovereign state but an association of sovereign states formed by treaty; as such, leaving it, which is possible by simply denouncing the treaty, is not secession. Nonetheless, the 2003 draft of the

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The Secessionism of Threatened Cultures: if a minority culture is threatened within a state that has a majority culture, the minority needs a right to form a state of its own which would protect its culture.

1392:. The union proved contentious, however, resulting in a legislative deadlock between English and French legislators. The difficulties of the union, among other factors, led in 1867 to the formation of the 356:

Escape from "discriminatory redistribution", i.e. tax schemes, regulatory policies, economic programs, and similar policies that distribute resources away to another area, especially in an undemocratic

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Communitarian Secessionism: any group with a particular "participation-enhancing" identity, concentrated in a particular territory, which desires to improve its members' political participation has a

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Cultural Secessionism: any group which was previously in a minority has a right to protect and develop its own culture and distinct national identity through seceding into an independent state.

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and Enrico Spolaore argue that greater levels of free trade and peace have reduced the benefits of being part of a larger state, thus motivating nations within larger states to seek secession.

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that it wishes to withdraw, upon which withdrawal negotiations begin; if no other agreement is reached, the treaty ceases to apply to the withdrawing state two years after such notification.

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refused to recognize this incorporation. Therefore, the resulting civil war and eventual 1999 East Timorese vote for complete separation are better described as an independence movement.

6498: 3370: 1714: 5057:: "The Somali Republic shall have the following boundaries. (a) North; Gulf of Aden. (b) North West; Djibouti. (c) West; Ethiopia. (d) South south-west; Kenya. (e) East; Indian Ocean." 3353: 384:: individual liberty to form political associations and private property rights together justify right to secede and to create a "viable political order" with like-minded individuals. 5752: 2697:. The Cape Party contested their first elections on 22 April 2009. They finished the Western Cape provincial elections in 2019 with 9,331 votes, or 0.45% of votes, gaining no seats 431:"Threat of anarchy" because smaller and smaller entities may choose to secede until there is chaos, although this is not the true meaning of the political and philosophical concept 164:

According to political scientist Bridget L. Coggins, the academic literature contains four potential explanations for the drastic increase in secessions during the 20th century:

2801: 6432: 6362: 3375: 602: 5180: 4283:, Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1987. One of several popular books they wrote about canton-based constitutional alternatives that include an explicit right to secession. 709:

in 1998 ruled that only both a clear majority of the province and a constitutional amendment confirmed by all participants in the Canadian federation could allow secession.

2499:. Because the union depended on the two countries sharing a king, it was dissolved. After negotiations, Sweden agreed to mutual independence on October 26 and on April 14. 531:

National secession (seceding entirely from the national state) versus local secession (seceding from one entity of the national state into another entity of the same state)

2763: 1260:. The South Region in 2016 voted in an unofficial referendum called "Plebisul" in which 95% of voters supported secession and the creation of an independent South Region. 5463: 5144: 2755: 655: 1520:

does not view East Turkistan as a part of China but rather an occupied country, so it does not view independence from China as "secession" but rather "decolonization".

555:(although an entity secedes, the rest of the state retains its structure) versus dissolution (all political entities dissolve their ties and create several new states) 3110:

in which voters were asked "Should Scotland be an independent country?" took place in September 2014. It saw "no" win, as 55.3% of voters voted against independence.

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Institutional empowerment, where the growing inability of empires and ethnic federations to maintain colonies and member states increases the likelihood of success.

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The idea gained popularity in the early half of the 2020s, with polling suggesting that 58% of Western Cape Voters want a referendum on independence in July 2021.

446: 6402: 4819:"'The dictatorship of the democracy'? The Council of People's Commissars as Bolshevik-Left Socialist Revolutionary coalition government, December 1917-March 1918" 3579: 3247:

example of which is the Hawaiian sovereignty movement which formed after the illegal annexation of the Kingdom(Republic) of Hawaii by the United States under the

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The treaty introduced an exit clause for members who wish to withdraw from the Union. This formalised the procedure by stating that a member state may notify the

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was granted independence from France as the Republic of Cameroon and was admitted into the United Nations. The more advanced democratic and self-ruling people of

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outlined the ability of a state to voluntarily withdraw from the EU. The European Constitution did propose such a provision and, after the failure to ratify the

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this resolution was non-binding. As of February 2024, an official referendum still has not taken place. Abyei currently holds "special administrative status".

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Secession theorists have described a number of ways in which a political entity (city, county, canton, state) can secede from the larger or original state:

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than 500 paying members, a requirement by the New Zealand Electoral commission. The party is treated more as a "joke" party than any real political force.

859: 125: 2085:, which polls show is Sicily's most popular party, has also publicly expressed the intention to start working for a possible secession from Italy if the 763:, but under current understanding of international law they have a mere "remedial" right to secession in extreme cases of abuse of their rights, because 735: 1841: 1125: 1934:. They are supported by Pakistan, which has allegedly funded many terrorist, separatist outfits with the goal of destabilizing India, according to the 244:, professor David Gordon challenges Buchanan, making a case that the moral status of the seceding state is unrelated to the issue of secession itself. 6027: 1482:

has long sought sovereignty from mainland China. It maintains its own currency and military, despite no longer being recognized internationally. The

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contained an express state right to secede from the union under a number of procedural conditions. It was eliminated in the 1974 constitution of the

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Minority secession (a minority of the population or territory secedes) versus majority secession (a majority of the population or territory secedes)

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to 15 January 2011, on whether the region should remain a part of Sudan or become independent. The referendum was one of the consequences of the

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as a potential colonial capital) in the 1870s. Other secession (or territorial separation) movements arose and these advocated the secession of

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whites in Natal advocated either secession or a loose federation. There were also calls for secession, with Natal and the eastern part of the

5647: 5510: 5127: 5050: 4988: 4955: 4912: 4565: 4087: 3965: 3564: 3107: 2639: 1908: 1692: 1668: 1143:, Bahia, and Maranhão, where the people were unhappy with the Empire (these provinces were Portuguese bastions in the Independence War). The 690: 538:

secession (seceding entity is completely surrounded by the original state) versus peripheral secession (along a border of the original state)

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Economic enfranchisement of an economically oppressed class that is regionally concentrated within the scope of a larger national territory.

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In 2008, a political movement calling for the return to independence of the Cape resurged in the shape of the political organisation, the

2039: 1136:'s independence, reasserted the rule of both nations over their land and some important points like free navigation in the Silver River. 416:"Protecting legitimate expectations" of those who now occupy territory claimed by secessionists, even in cases where that land was stolen 6582: 6177: 3662: 2326: 2264: 1915: 1648: 1629: 1464: 998: 853: 798: 454: 377:

Political scientist Aleksander Pavkovic describes five justifications for a general right of secession within liberal political theory:

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Carter, David B.; Goemans, H. E. (2011). "The Making of the Territorial Order: New Borders and the Emergence of Interstate Conflict".

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of the late 1940s; it was active for around 60 years. Today, the MIS no longer exists, though many other parties have emerged. One is

2022: 1850: 1708: 1517: 1020: 726: 722: 610: 513: 6478: 6458: 6420: 4756: 4732: 4687: 4330: 4245: 4168: 4044: 3689: 3636: 3608: 3452: 2394: 1990: 929: 624: 5162: 1297:. The conflict, known as the "Anglophone Crisis", is deeply rooted in the October 1, 1961 incomplete decolonization of the former 654:

into joining. However, the Party eliminated the right to secession in later years, and had anti-secession clause written into the

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as early as 1865. The desire for South Island independence was one of the main factors in moving the capital of New Zealand from

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seceded. The Federal Republic was formally dissolved in 1840, all but one of the states having seceded amidst general disorder.

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where secession is sought in order to annex the territory to another state because of common ethnicity or prior historical links

6493: 5471: 4072:"The Small State in International Relations" from Small States and Shelter Theory: Iceland's External Affairs (Routledge, 2019) 2809: 2512: 2472: 2260: 1939: 1532: 79: 4624: 2535:

militant secessionist organization. The stated goals of the organization include the establishment of an independent state of

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Several scholars argue that changes in the international system have made it easier for small states to survive and prosper.

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and the forces of the Donetsk People's Republic when the Ukrainian Government attempted to reassert control over the oblast.

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from Serbia on February 17, 2008, and was recognized by around 100 countries, with the rest considering it remaining under

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organizations, which have a very deep influence over Sicily's public and private institutions. The Sicilian branch of the

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claimed to have seceded from Australia in 1970, although its status was not recognised by Australia or any other country.

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Allen Buchanan, who supports secession under limited circumstances, lists arguments that might be used against secession:

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Coggins, Bridget (2011). "Friends in High Places: International Politics and the Emergence of States from Secessionism".

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Roeder, Philip G. 2018. National secession: persuasion and violence in independence campaigns. Cornell University Press.

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also declared independence, after which the federation broke up, causing the separation of the remaining two countries

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have express or implied rights to secession. Switzerland allows for the secession from current and the creation of new

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April, and controlled the City Council, prosecutor's office, and police station since 27 April. The Government of the

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has the right to secede from the Principality by a vote of a majority of the citizens residing in that municipality.

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passed in 2005, formalized the long-standing policy of the People's Republic of China to use military means against

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of the rights and moral justification for secession began to develop as recently as the 1980s. American philosopher

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soon followed. Despite the Soviet central government's refusal to recognize the independence of the republics, the

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of the late 1960s. Pictures of the famine caused by Nigerian blockade garnered sympathy for the Biafrans worldwide.

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Negotiated consent, where home states and the international community increasingly consent to secessionist demands.

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Ethnonational mobilization, where ethnic minorities have been increasingly mobilized to pursue states of their own.

60: 31: 4533: 2592:. Having established its own local government in Somalia in 1991, the region's self-declared independence remains 1753:

in a non-binding referendum, and finally left the European Union on January 31, 2020. This is informally known as

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In Southern Italy, several movements have expressed a will to secede from Italy. This newborn ideology is called

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only upon vote of a majority of the country as a whole; the previous two-thirds majority vote for secession via

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Preservation of "liberal purity" (or "conservative purity") by allowing less (or more) liberal regions to secede

6415: 6387: 3569: 3099: 2476: 2431: 1808: 1428: 1147:, in Bahia, was an Islamic slave revolt. These three rebellions were bloodily crushed by the Empire of Brazil. 731: 643: 323:

Recognition of the will of the majority to secede, in keeping with consent as an important democratic principle

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There is no consensus on the definition of political secession despite many political theories on the subject.

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between both, as they were both weakened, lacking manpower and politically fragile. The peace treaty accepted

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was under the control of the House of Bourbon. The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was created in 1816 after the

1777:. Unsuccessful attempts at greater autonomy or peaceful secession had already been made during the preceding 6526: 5776: 5744: 5534: 4716: 4598: 4484:"In Pursuit of Sovereignty and Self-determination: Peoples, States and Secession in the International Order" 3559: 3539: 3267: 3075: 2419: 1528: 1381: 1210: 947: 939: 880:

However, settlers agitated to divide the colonies throughout the later part of the century; particularly in

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seceded after the non-Socialist Senate proposed that Parliament declare Finland's independence, which was

2682:. In 1993, prior to South Africa's first elections under universal suffrage and the end of apartheid, some 1388:). The intent was to provide each group with its own colony. In 1841, the two Canadas were merged into the 344:

Preservation of culture, language, etc. from assimilation or destruction by a larger or more powerful group

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Relative strength, where increasingly powerful secessionist movements are more likely to achieve statehood.

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of all Brazilian regions. Over a series of five revolts (1645–1654, 1710, 1817, 1824, 1848), the province

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followed the Soviet Union in including the right of secession in its 1931 constitution in order to entice

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The threat of secession is sometimes used as a strategy to gain greater autonomy within the original state

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passed by Congress in 1898. Many international organizations consider Hawaii under American occupation.

3079: 2856: 2619: 2480: 2390: 2244: 2203: 2149: 1904: 1896: 1791: 1413: 1341: 1294: 1250: 1187: 1151: 869:(NSW) was progressively divided up by the British government as new settlements were formed and spread. 479:(political entities with substantial reserved powers which have agreed to join) versus secession from a 425:"Minimization of strategic bargaining" by making it difficult to secede, such as by imposing an exit tax 94: 2089:

would not collaborate in shifting the nation's administrative organization from a unitary country to a

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Other occasional secessionist movements have included anti-Confederation movements in the 19th century

775:, respectively, generally leaving rights to secession to the internal legislation of sovereign states. 335:

when larger group presents lethal threat to minority or the government cannot adequately defend an area

273:, Donald W. Livingston and various authors in David Gordon's "Secession, State and Liberty", includes: 5237:"Cape Independence: Lobby group says recent survey 'places intense pressure' on DA to hold referendum" 1811:. As to France's contiguous state, these have few present representatives at the national level, see: 6577: 6483: 6342: 6332: 6302: 6078: 5853: 4699:

Paul D. Elliot, The East Timor Dispute, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 27, No.

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from various component kingdoms with varying languages, cultures and legislations. Spain has several

2836: 2536: 2393:, with a pro-South agenda, fielded only five candidates (4.20% of electoral seats) candidates in the 2183: 1919: 1874: 1825: 1594: 1456: 1432: 1264: 1206: 1175: 1094: 1074: 874: 821: 552: 225: 5093: 3852:"Between Dissolution and Blood: How Administrative Lines and Categories Shape Secessionist Outcomes" 2255: 1047: 6572: 6314: 6287: 6093: 6073: 5987: 5949: 5924: 5684: 3534: 3524: 3259: 3248: 3173: 3091: 3060: 3056: 3048: 3024: 2721: 2559: 2345: 2302: 2086: 2066: 1986: 1922:

who advocate for a Muslim state, in opposition to the Indian establishment. They are mostly in the

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The Lugansk Parliamentary Republic was proclaimed on 27 April 2014. before being succeeded by the

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independence of Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom without joining the Republic of Ireland

1202:'s products (like dry meat), the rebels reunited with the Empire and joined its military ranks. 989:

in March 1938. The secession only took place once Nazi Germany had been defeated by the Allies.

437:"Distributive justice" arguments posit that that wealthier areas cannot secede from poorer ones 5211: 6307: 6215: 5954: 5848: 5818: 5661: 5653: 5643: 5592:

Negotiating Nationalism: Nation-Building, Federalism, and Secession in the Multinational State

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Anthony H. Birch, "Another Liberal Theory of Secession". Political Studies 32, 1984, 596–602.

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party, known as Londependence, was established in June 2019. Their calls increased after the

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announced its support for a referendum, and granted the governorship to independence leader

2667: 2635: 2563: 2334: 2280: 2276: 2034: 1743: 1720: 1644: 1601: 1544: 1380:(a new colony intended to accommodate the many new English-speaking settlers, including the 1306: 1254: 1195: 1105: 1027: 889: 829: 671: 318: 288: 270: 104: 2662:(now Eswatini) later became independent states in the 1960s. Following the election of the 419:"Self defense" if losing part of the state would make it difficult to defend the rest of it 6109: 6032: 6022: 5934: 5917: 5838: 5813: 5627: 5054: 4881: 4513: 3472: 3311: 3095: 2985: 2631: 2221: 1994: 1931: 1609: 1424: 1302: 1238: 917: 837: 772: 768: 598: 586: 213: 203: 5726: 5502: 4508:, 1st Global Conference on Federalism and the Union of European Democracies, March 2004. 4483: 4374: 2263:

after independence, noting losses to the US (red, white and orange) and the secession of

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Secession And International Law: Conflict Avoidance – regional Appraisals

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Enhanced efficiency when the state or empire becomes too large to administer efficiently

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offered the first systematic account of the subject in the 1990s and contributed to the

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are most widely publicised. However, all independence movements/parties are opposed by

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held secession could occur "through revolution, or through consent of the States". The

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has expressed a will to turn the region into a sovereign country. Also, the island of

434:"Preventing wrongful taking" such as the state's previous investment in infrastructure 6556: 6002: 5902: 5868: 5798: 5731: 5613: 5542:

Secession: The Morality Of Political Divorce From Fort Sumter To Lithuania And Quebec

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Postcolonial conflict and the question of genocide: the Nigeria-Biafra War, 1967–1970

4965: 4392:

Secession: The Morality of Political Divorce From Fort Sumter to Lithuania and Quebec

4185:

Secession: The Morality of Political Divorce From Fort Sumter to Lithuania and Quebec

4097: 4067: 3945: 3930: 3883: 3734: 3323: 3169: 3147: 3016: 2900: 2687: 2671: 2520: 2090: 2043: 2006: 1958: 1866: 1846: 1409: 1369: 913: 746: 594: 521: 480: 476: 300: 254: 238:

Secession: The Morality of Political Divorce From Fort Sumter to Lithuania and Quebec

186: 153: 5531:

Justice, Legitimacy, and Self-Determination: Moral Foundations for International Law

4575: 4555: 4241: 3836: 3242:

that unilateral secession was not permitted, saying that the union between a state (

2337:

formally established from the formal creation of a federal state in 1581 by several

329:

Dissolution of such a union when goals for which it was constituted are not achieved

6141: 6037: 6017: 6012: 5977: 5418: 4712: 4628: 4292: 4145: 3432: 2941:, several groups of people declared the independence of several Ukrainian regions: 2933:

organized by pro-Russian separatists. A line to enter a polling place, 11 May 2014.

2832: 2643: 2589: 2508: 2464: 2371: 2363: 2341: 2279:), after animosity between the Mexican government and the American settlers of the 1556: 1377: 1365: 978: 934:

Secession movements have surfaced several times in Western Australia (WA), where a

813: 764: 517: 332: 266: 75: 5335: 3766: 3749: 5617: 5351: 5336:"Abyei Arbitration (Government of Sudan/Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army)" 5310: 5284: 4650: 4448: 4420: 3266:

merged in 1990; tensions led to a 1994 southern secession which was crushed in a

1416:). The federal framework did not eliminate all tensions, however, leading to the 366:

Provision of superior constitutional systems which allow flexibility of secession

6531: 6068: 5992: 3509: 3447: 3442: 3263: 3196: 3159: 3118: 2876: 2683: 2623: 2439: 2191: 2074: 2029: 1927: 1684: 1576: 1405: 1257: 885: 833: 558: 497: 393: 370: 258: 5715: 5639: 4505: 3658: 2430:

that ended with the state returning to Nigeria. In 1999, at the beginning of a

1765:

Finland successfully and peacefully seceded from the newly-formed and unstable

1237:. Additionally, there is an ethnic divide as the South Region is predominately 422:"Protecting majority rule" and the principle that minorities must abide by them 17: 6541: 6146: 6088: 6053: 5944: 5939: 5876: 5843: 5785: 5111: 4922: 4034: 3914: 3867: 3812: 3718: 3467: 3412: 3319: 3168:

has supporters of an independent or semi-autonomous city-state since the 2016

2907: 2767: 2694: 2651: 2574: 2524: 2383: 2117: 1982: 1974: 1636: 1624: 1310: 1121: 1051: 1012: 1004: 905: 825: 809: 548: 472: 195: 90: 5740:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 584–585. 5665: 5359: 4998: 4856: 4842: 4818: 4137: 4129: 4016: 3922: 3875: 3820: 3785: 3726: 3684:. Cornell Studies in Security Affairs. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 3220:

during the first half of the 19th century, and secession was declared by the

1435:

of 1885, and various small separatist movements in Alberta particularly (see

1209:

has been the centre of a secessionist movement led by an organization called

6131: 5577: 4834: 4223: 4079: 3529: 2880: 2659: 2609: 2495:

had failed to fulfil his constitutional duties. He was therefore removed as

2374:, was amongst the first people to make this call, which was voted on by the 2241: 2175: 2167: 1862: 1640: 1524: 1468: 1282: 1227: 1199: 986: 970: 942:

passed with a two-thirds majority. The referendum had to be ratified by the

771:

is a territorial and diplomatic claim and not one of self-determination and

628: 457: 428:"Soft paternalism" because secession will be bad for secessionists or others 353:

Rectification of past injustices, especially past conquest by a larger power

262: 233: 44:. The process begins once a group proclaims an act of secession (such as a 5261:"Referendum in Southern Sudan. UNMIS - United Nations Mission in the Sudan" 4937: 4116:

Lake, David A.; O’mahony, Angela (2004). "The Incredible Shrinking State".

2618:, four self-governing colonies in the south of Africa were merged into the 4947: 4403:

Steven Yates, "When Is Political Divorce Justified" in David Gordon, 1998.

2406: 1186:

favoured the conservatives, the liberals took the Capital and declared an

6126: 5997: 5823: 5311:"Thousands in contested Abyei vote to join South Sudan, risking tensions" 3427: 3402: 3331: 3299: 3143: 3071: 2690:

again considered secession as did some politicians in the Cape Province.

2679: 2647: 2615: 2484: 2379: 2199: 2195: 2129: 2113: 1946: 1688: 1497: 1286: 1079: 1008: 966: 909: 505: 483:(a state governed as a single unit with few powers reserved to sub-units) 6162: 5164:

Launching Democracy in South Africa: The First Open Election, April 1994

3828: 3776: 3094:. Later pro-independence parties have had lesser electoral success. The 3007: 2614:

In 1910, following the British Empire's defeat of the Afrikaners in the

2531:(also Baloch Liberation Army or Boluchistan Liberation Army) (BLA) is a 2170:

has been seeking the independence of the region known to separatists as

541:

Secession by contiguous units versus secession by non-contiguous units (

6058: 5553:

Contextualizing Secession: Normative Studies in Comparative Perspective

5467: 5393: 4008: 3335: 3295: 3283: 3012: 2973: 2797:

the right to secede from the Union. In 1990, after free elections, the

2771: 2655: 2578: 2290:

seceded from Mexico on January 17, 1840. It rejoined Mexico on November

2224:(a branch of modern Okinawan) people had their own state historically ( 2171: 2133: 1970: 1966: 1954: 1858: 1696: 1680: 1639:(also known as East Timor) has been described as having "seceded" from 1531:

has placed on the national security agenda in 2017 which is called the

1385: 1357: 1314: 1267:, which seeks to become a country independent from the rest of Brazil. 1133: 974: 310: 5462:

Smout, Alistair; MacLellan, Kylie; Holton, Kate (September 19, 2014).

3346:. Montenegro peacefully separated from its union with Serbia in 2006. 1567: 326:

Increased ease for states to join with others in an experimental union

6210: 5982: 5912: 4557:

National Secession: Persuasion and Violence in Independence Campaigns

4421:

The Constitutional Right of Secession in Political Theory and History

3681:

Secession and Security: Explaining State Strategy against Separatists

3343: 3315: 3165: 3133: 2872: 2739:

The predetermined date for the creation of an independent state was 9

2515:, negotiations to form a new government floundered, resulting in the 2423: 2152:. The major movements and parties which believe in this ideology are 2125: 2121: 2109: 1878: 1754: 1691:

independence from Ethiopia. Following the United Nations observation

1613: 1590: 1586: 1479: 1353: 946:, which declined to act, on the grounds that it would contravene the 862: 702: 567:

Secession of better-off regions versus secession of worse-off regions

490: 461: 110: 41: 4882:"Opinion Polls among Residents of the Okinawa Prefecture (Japanese)" 844:

movements instead of, or in addition to, being secession movements.

347:

Furtherance of diversity by allowing diverse cultures to keep their

4905:

The American Occupation of Japan and Okinawa: Literature and Memory

3993:"Membership Has Its Privileges: The Changing Benefits of Statehood" 3128:

within the European Union. It is also represented at all levels of

3055:

have long called for the secession of Northern Ireland to join the

2972:. The Lugansk forces have successfully occupied vital buildings in 1795:

movements generally took place at similar stages by continent. See

5681:

Autonomy, Self Governance and Conflict Resolution (Kindle Edition)

5657: 3277: 3243: 3114: 3006: 2925: 2895:

cantons formed a separate alliance because of moves to change the

2828: 2405: 2254: 2137: 1985:

is rarely considered secessionist as its goal is to overthrow the

1950: 1840: 1623: 1566: 1505: 674:"). Burma still allows "local autonomy under central leadership". 663: 659: 651: 509: 445: 100: 5394:"Federalization supporters in Luhansk proclaim people's republic" 2312:

approved in 1840 a declaration of independence, establishing the

597:

has dictated whether a minority can secede. In the United States

5725: 5131: 2540: 2061:(Movimento Indipendentista Siciliano, MIS) has its roots in the 2014: 1672: 1372:

and institutions and is now part of the provinces of Quebec and

1253:

and other European groups. In contrast, the rest of Brazil is a

236:

classification of the literature on secession. In his 1991 book

51:

Notable examples of secession, and secession attempts, include:

6166: 5748: 4651:"Brazil's Lula charged as 'top boss' of Petrobras graft scheme" 3172:

in which Londoners voted overwhelmingly to remain in the EU. A

5441:"Luhansk regional council backs referendum on region's status" 5013:"Balochistan Liberation Army | Mapping Militant Organizations" 4721:

Out of the ashes: destruction and reconstruction of East Timor

1139:

Three rather disorganized secessionist rebellions happened in

5198: 2040:

Politics of Khūzestān Province: Arab politics and separatism

1336:

Throughout Canada's history, there has been tension between

1289:. Less than a month beforehand, tensions had escalated into 1263:

There is also a push for secession movement in the state of

5419:"Ukraine crisis: Pro-Russia activists take Luhansk offices" 3154:

and separation from England, giving the county significant

2758:

in Eurasia in the decades following the end of the Cold War

2554:

Provinces of Papua New Guinea § The Bougainville issue

2032:

and independence movement for free separated Balochistan, (

1086:

occurred, which resulted in the Belgian secession from the

4770:"Article 50 TEU: Withdrawal of a Member State from the EU" 4506:

Sixth Scholarly Panel: Cultural Identity in the New Europe

4375:

Secession, Majority Rule and Equal Rights: a Few Questions

2456:

Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905

160:

Explanations for the 20th century increase in secessionism

5585:

Statehood and Secession: Lessons from Spain and Catalonia

1739:, that provision was then included in the Lisbon Treaty. 1493:

in the event peaceful means become otherwise impossible.

1034:, "Peace Force") is the name of the military wing of the 253:

to secede, as described by Allen Buchanan, Robert McGee,

5583:

López Martín, Ana Gemma and Perea Unceta, José Antonio,

4163:. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 133. 3371:

List of historical autonomist and secessionist movements

3158:, whilst remaining within the United Kingdom as a fifth 1938:, though the country denies any direct involvement. The 1749:

On June 23, 2016, the United Kingdom voted to leave the

1715:

2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum

5048:

The Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic

3944:

Thorhallsson, Baldur; Steinsson, Sverrir (2017-05-24),

3330:

and seceding entities and among other ethnic groups in

3216:

Discussions and threats of secession often surfaced in

3184:, gaining a representative, bucking the national trend. 2362:

Secession movements have surfaced several times in the

738:, establishing a mechanism for withdrawal from the EU. 593:

In liberal constitutional democracies the principle of

5094:"The Signs Say Somaliland, but the World Says Somalia" 4325:. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. pp. 17–49. 3603:. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 3. 2434:, other secessionist movements emerged, including the 1313:, they were directed to either join the federation of 601:

acknowledged that secession might be possible through

493:

although this is decolonisation rather than secession.

4449:

Creating New States: Theory and Practice of Secession

4369: 4367: 4242:

How can We Construct a Political Theory of Secession?

3629:

Creating New States: Theory and Practice of Secession

981:

on April 27, 1945. This took place after seven years

5383:, Switzerland Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. 4979:

Moses, A. Dirk; Heerten, Lasse, eds. (6 July 2017).

4161:

On the Way to Statehood: Secession and Globalisation

3376:

List of active autonomist and secessionist movements

2585:

consider it to be the successor state of the former

2283:. It was later annexed by the United States in 1845. 723:

voluntary withdrawal of member states from the union

27:

Formal withdrawal of a group from a political entity

6449: 6431: 6401: 6361: 6323: 6224: 6201: 6102: 6046: 5965: 5890: 5867: 5784: 5493:Hiro, Dilip (2019-03-01), "Saudi-Iranian Détente", 5285:"South Sudan referendum: 99% vote for independence" 4884:. Asahi Shinbun Digital. Asahi Shinbun. 12 May 2017 4443: 4441: 3132:and has often been the second largest party in the 2042:), and Balochistan People's Party (BPP) supporting 5551:Coppieters, Bruno; Richard Sakwa, Richard (eds.), 4347:"Full text of "The writings of Thomas Jefferson;"" 2764:Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia 2329:, commonly referred to historiographically as the 1309:were instead limited to two choices. Through a UN 369:Minimizing the size of political entities and the 5171:, Lawrence Schlemmer, Yale University Press, 1996 4459: 4457: 3631:. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing. p. 6. 1527:has a secessionist movement in the city that the 113:leaving Nigeria (and returning, after losing the 5464:"Scotland stays in UK, but Britain faces change" 5112:"UN in Action: Reforming Somaliland's Judiciary" 4625:"400 Banga Sena activists held at Bangla border" 3899:"The Historical Origins of Territorial Disputes" 3750:"Regional resources and democratic secessionism" 2949:was declared to be independent from Ukraine on 7 2732:majority vote for secession is not in question. 5716:Secession (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) 5602:Secessionism: Identity, Interest, and Strategy 4281:After Apartheid: The Solution for South Africa 3991:Fazal, Tanisha M.; Griffiths, Ryan D. (2014). 3580:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 2596:by any country or international organization. 2577:is an autonomous region, which is part of the 1773:, who had sought refuge in Finland during the 6178: 5760: 5497:, Oxford University Press, pp. 141–162, 5036:No Winner Seen in Somalia's Battle With Chaos 3897:Abramson, Scott F.; Carter, David B. (2016). 3191:is a party formed in 2020 that seeks to make 2778:. On December 18, 1917, it was recognized by 2182:. Some organizations separately work for the 1737:Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe 1011:organisation, which supports the making of a 8: 4676:Perspectives on contemporary ethnic conflict 4587: 4585: 4560:. Cornell University Press. pp. 23–25. 4068:"The small state in international relations" 3748:Gehring, Kai; Schneider, Stephan A. (2020). 2953:April 2014, comprising the territory of the 2871:, operated a de facto independent state for 2827:Present-day Spain (known officially as "the 1942:reached at its peak influence in the 1990s. 1767:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 1301:(UNGA Resolution 1608). On January 1, 1960, 4627:. Indiainfo.com. 2003-02-18. Archived from 4482:Pavkovic, Aleksandar; Radan, Peter (2003). 4159:Pavkovic, Aleksandar; Radan, Peter (2008). 3650: 3648: 3627:Pavkovic, Aleksandar; Radan, Peter (2007). 3601:The Ashgate Research Companion to Secession 3599:Pavkovic, Aleksandar; Radan, Peter (2013). 1916:Indian Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir 1508:are the focus of secessionist calls by the 214:proclamations on self-determination in 1918 40:is the formal withdrawal of a group from a 6185: 6171: 6163: 5767: 5753: 5745: 4745:Self-determination and national minorities 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 2776:voted by the Parliament on 6 December 1917 2471:in the 16th century, entered into a loose 2245:was expelled from the Malaysian federation 1930:sometimes patrols, having bases along the 1869:in 1830, leaving the similarly tumultuous 1525:Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong 736:Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union 5612:Sorens, Jason (2008). "Secessionism". In 5560:Secession: International Law Perspectives 5145:Secession Talked by Some Anti-Republicans 4451:, p. 222, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007. 4244:, paper presented October 5, 2006 to the 3775: 3765: 3350:Kosovo unilaterally declared independence 3086:. It has representation at all levels of 2422:seceded from Nigeria and established the 2023:Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI) 1857:After a decade of tumultuous federalism, 1608:and in 1983 declared independence as the 1589:, in an attempt to annex the island with 216:created a surge in secessionist demands. 5674:Separatism: Democracy and Disintegration 4649:Spagnuolo, Sergio (September 15, 2016). 4526:"The Reform of the Constitution in 2003" 3950:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics 3304:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 2750: 2562:has made several efforts to secede from 1420:in the latter half of the 20th century. 1068:On August 25, 1830, during the reign of 1036:Parbatya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti 745:held in 2003, every municipality in the 668:Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma 460:with the Declaration of Independence of 4936:Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (2020-08-07). 4594:"Dhaka seeks proof, Delhi readies maps" 4311:, Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1980. 3591: 3391:List of U.S. county secession proposals 3003:Potential breakup of the United Kingdom 2762:On November 15, 1917, the day in which 2726:Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement 2710:referendum took place in Southern Sudan 2316:. The Republic rejoined Mexico in 1843. 2059:Movement for the Independence of Sicily 1845:Map showing the shrinking territory of 1604:, who in the following year formed the 1174:was undergoing a (at that time common) 987:annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany 789:List of historical separatist movements 4768:Poptcheva, Eva-Maria (February 2016). 3958:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.484 3386:List of U.S. state secession proposals 3180:in which most Londoners voted for the 3082:and direct Scottish membership in the 2822:Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain 1023:. The group is led by Kalidas Baidya. 725:, although the representatives of the 4028: 4026: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3565:South Carolina Exposition and Protest 1693:1993 Eritrean independence referendum 1124:declared independence and joined the 7: 4903:Molasky, Michael S. (8 March 2001). 4033:Alesina, Alberto (7 November 2003). 3673: 3671: 3622: 3620: 3505:East Turkestan Independence Movement 3195:an independent state under the name 2799:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic 2005:Active secession movements include: 1797:decolonization of the Ottoman Empire 1649:East Timor was occupied by Indonesia 1514:East Turkestan Independence Movement 858:During the 19th century, the single 785:Lists of active separatist movements 5694:, Cambridge University Press, 2005. 5562:, Cambridge University Press, 2006. 5309:Gridneff, Ilya (October 31, 2013). 4939:A History of the Republic of Biafra 4197:Gordon, David (February 28, 2002). 3663:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2327:United Provinces of the Netherlands 1727:December 2009, no provision in the 1610:Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 1465:Federal Republic of Central America 1352:(including parts of what are today 1160:ousted the Dutch West India Company 1038:- the United People's Party of the 854:Proposals for new Australian States 755:have a range of different forms of 6499:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata 5624:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 5503:10.1093/oso/9780190944650.003.0009 4447:Aleksandar Pavković, Peter Radan, 4323:The Secession Tradition in America 4222:Gordon, David (December 5, 2012). 2442:formed as a Political wing of the 2194:with Austria. Lega Nord governing 1709:Withdrawal from the European Union 1669:Eritrean People's Liberation Front 1667:Following the May 1991 victory of 1637:Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste 1518:East Turkistan Government in Exile 658:before and after the founding the 25: 5676:, Rowman & Littlefield, 1998. 4246:International Studies Association 3903:American Political Science Review 3453:Nullification (U.S. Constitution) 3063:. A minority have supported the 2910:. This effort was crushed in the 2847:, the most notable ones being in 2833:central state in the French model 2275:seceded from Mexico in 1836 (see 2174:, which includes lands along the 2071:Sicilian independentist movements 1991:Communist Party of India (Maoist) 1936:Indian Research and Analysis Wing 1628:September 1999 demonstration for 1606:Turkish Federated State of Cyprus 1414:British colonies in North America 1042:aims are to create an indigenous 930:Secessionism in Western Australia 888:) in the 1860s and 1890s, and in 5594:, Oxford University Press, 2006. 5569:, Routledge & K. Paul, 1957. 5470:– Special Report. Archived from 4751:, Oxford University Press, 2000 4268:Cities and the Wealth of Nations 2999:Separatism in the United Kingdom 2869:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam 2791:Constitution of the Soviet Union 1997:to be made up swathes of India. 1945:Other secessionist movements in 1600:to protect the interests of the 1549:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1332:Secessionist movements of Canada 1120:, the Platinean nationalists in 999:United People's Democratic Front 131:Finland leaving the Soviet Union 6522:Historical separatist movements 5775:Autonomous types of first-tier 5606:McGill-Queen's University Press 5555:, Oxford University Press, 2003 5381:A Brief Survey of Swiss History 5181:Party Wants the Cape to Secede" 4299:, Routledge & K. Paul, 1957 4279:Frances Kendall and Leon Louw, 3033:proclaimed independence in 1916 2939:Russian intervention in Ukraine 2261:Territorial evolution of Mexico 1769:in 1917. The latter was led by 1547:declared independence from the 1533:Hong Kong independence movement 1455:After the 1823 collapse of the 1285:declared its independence from 1021:People's Republic of Bangladesh 865:in eastern mainland Australia, 662:. The 1947 Constitution of the 5128:SOUTH AFRICA: Cry of Secession 4942:. Cambridge University Press. 4425:Journal of Libertarian Studies 4118:Journal of Conflict Resolution 3381:List of unrecognized countries 3328:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 3212:Secession in the United States 2756:Changes in national boundaries 2581:. Those who call the area the 2063:Sicilian Independence Movement 2011:Assyrian independence movement 1851:Panama separated from Colombia 1849:from 1824 to 1890 (red line). 1782:rather than try to defend it. 1657:International Court of Justice 1461:Captaincy-General of Guatemala 1230:; and the impeachment of then- 741:As a result of the successful 625:Western Australia could secede 93:during the 1990s, causing its 1: 5495:Cold War in the Islamic World 4470:Cornell University Law School 4199:Secession, State, and Liberty 4074:, Routledge, pp. 13–23, 4066:Thorhallsson, Baldur (2018), 3767:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.104073 3678:Butt, Ahsan I. (2017-11-15). 3575:Tibetan Independence Movement 3354:United Nations administration 3222:Confederate States of America 1891:Separatist movements of India 1671:forces against the communist 1510:Tibetan independence movement 1443:generally (see, for example, 1320:Federal Republic of Ambazonia 1226:with state-owned oil company 1172:Province of Rio Grande do Sul 965:After being liberated by the 873:(Vic) was formed in 1851 and 747:Principality of Liechtenstein 496:Recursive secession, such as 487:Colonial wars of independence 242:Secession, State, and Liberty 57:Confederate States of America 5690:Wellman, Christopher Heath, 5352:10.1017/cbo9780511675812.004 5092:Lacey, Marc (June 5, 2006). 5038:New York Times, June 2, 2009 3997:International Studies Review 3946:"Small State Foreign Policy" 3288:Croatian War of Independence 2674:breaking away following the 2622:. The four regions were the 2216:Ryukyu independence movement 1816:Alsace independence movement 1677:Eritrean War of Independence 1293:between separatists and the 1190:, fighting their way to the 248:Justifications for secession 6517:Active separatist movements 4321:Livingston, Donald (1998). 3952:, Oxford University Press, 3850:Griffiths, Ryan D. (2015). 3754:Journal of Public Economics 3485:Balochistan Liberation Army 3234:United States Supreme Court 3189:Northern Independence Party 3150:call for the creation of a 2937:In 2014 after the start of 2891:In 1847, seven disaffected 2722:Khartoum central government 2640:High Commission Territories 2638:. Three other territories, 2579:Federal Republic of Somalia 2529:Balochistan Liberation Army 2436:Indigenous People of Biafra 2418:Between 1967 and 1970, the 2102:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1932:nearby international border 1630:independence from Indonesia 1418:Quebec sovereignty movement 1058:Belgium and the Netherlands 719:European Union Constitution 408:Arguments against secession 192:International Monetary Fund 148:According to the 2017 book 103:leaving Mexico, during the 46:declaration of independence 6604: 6583:Changes in political power 5640:10.4135/9781412965811.n277 5443:. kyivpost.com. 5 May 2014 4817:Douds, Lara (2017-01-13). 4554:Roeder, Philip G. (2018). 4435:4 (Fall 2003), pp. 39–100. 4429:Ludwig von Mises Institute 4201:. Transaction Publishers. 3856:International Organization 3801:International Organization 3707:International Organization 3209: 3108:referendum on independence 2996: 2916:Swiss Federal Constitution 2819: 2678:in 1960 on establishing a 2603: 2551: 2453: 2355: 2288:Republic of the Rio Grande 2213: 2188:secession or reunification 1979:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency 1911:to secede from the Union. 1895:Pakistan seceded from the 1888: 1712: 1706: 1593:. Almost immediately, the 1346:Constitutional Act of 1791 1329: 1299:British Southern Cameroons 1274: 1192:Province of Santa Catarina 1182:"cold" war. After Emperor 1092: 1088:Kingdom of the Netherlands 1072:, the nationalistic opera 1061: 996: 955:Principality of Hutt River 927: 912:district also in NSW, and 851: 799:Secessionist organizations 792: 782: 697:. In the case of proposed 660:People's Republic of China 607:United States Constitution 578: 373:through right to secession 32:Secession (disambiguation) 29: 6512: 5859:List of federal countries 5558:Kohen, Marcelo G. (ed.), 5421:. BBC News. 29 April 2014 5340:International Law Reports 4592:Seema Guha (2004-01-07). 4472:Supreme Court collection. 3915:10.1017/S0003055416000381 3868:10.1017/S0020818315000077 3813:10.1017/S0020818311000051 3719:10.1017/S0020818311000105 3555:Scottish Secession Church 2970:Lugansk People's Republic 2947:Donetsk People's Republic 2931:Donetsk status referendum 2782:. It was followed by the 2666:government in 1948, some 2517:Bangladesh Liberation War 2376:Parliament of New Zealand 2358:South Island Independence 1993:'s commanders idealise a 1920:paramilitary nationalists 1871:United States of Colombia 1733:law of the European Union 1463:was organized into a new 1374:Newfoundland and Labrador 1362:Newfoundland and Labrador 1342:French-speaking Canadians 1241:, populated primarily by 1031: 743:constitutional referendum 629:Commonwealth of Australia 133:in 1917, setting off the 5567:The Breakdown of Nations 4983:. Taylor & Francis. 4857:"UNPO: West Balochistan" 4682:, Lexington Books, 2006 4512:January 5, 2009, at the 4468:, 74 U.S. 700 (1868) at 4394:, Chapter 3, pp. 87–123. 4297:The Breakdown of Nations 4187:, West View Press, 1991. 4130:10.1177/0022002704267766 3570:Texas Secession Movement 3232:. However, in 1869, the 3100:Scottish Socialist Party 2879:in eastern and northern 1647:was terminated in 1975, 1429:Anti-Confederation Party 1104:In 1825, soon after the 793:See also the categories 732:Treaty on European Union 679:constitutions of Austria 6527:Independence referendum 5737:Encyclopædia Britannica 5722:Fleming, Walter Lynwood 5535:Oxford University Press 4835:10.1111/1468-2281.12170 4224:"Is Secession a Right?" 4080:10.4324/9780429463167-2 3560:Second Vermont Republic 3540:New York City secession 3090:and forms the devolved 3076:Scottish National Party 2959:military confrontations 2718:2005 Naivasha Agreement 2513:1970 national elections 2483:, on June 7, 1905, the 2184:independence of Venetia 1723:entered into force on 1 1602:ethnic Turkish minority 1598:invaded northern Cyprus 1529:Chinese Communist Party 1412:(later joined by other 1382:United Empire Loyalists 1211:The South is My Country 1015:/separate homeland for 985:, which began with the 948:Australian Constitution 940:Federation of Australia 938:for secession from the 916:in the eastern part of 707:Supreme Court of Canada 644:Chinese Communist Party 220:Philosophy of secession 152:by political scientist 150:Secession and Security, 6338:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5809:Corporative federalism 5804:Cooperative federalism 5201:, Monday, May 11, 1953 5150:Saskatoon Star-Phoenix 5135:, Monday, May 11, 1953 3515:European Free Alliance 3340:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3308:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3291: 3020: 2934: 2905:centralized government 2897:cantons of Switzerland 2845:secessionist movements 2831:") was assembled as a 2810:Soviet Union dissolved 2759: 2583:Republic of Somaliland 2415: 2368:Premier of New Zealand 2281:Coahuila y Tejas State 2268: 1926:since 1989, where the 1854: 1790:France was one of the 1645:Portuguese sovereignty 1632: 1572: 1445:Western Canada Concept 1394:Canadian Confederation 1364:) was divided in two: 1207:South Region of Brazil 1108:managed to defeat the 1040:Chittagong Hill Tracts 759:and have the right of 757:indigenous sovereignty 500:decolonising from the 464: 315:freedom of association 261:, Frances Kendall and 5794:Asymmetric federalism 5692:A Theory of Secession 5626:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 5574:Theories of Secession 4948:10.1017/9781108887748 4727:, ANU E Press, 2003, 4488:Macquarie Law Journal 4373:Aleksandar Pavkovic, 3545:Orania, Northern Cape 3490:Black Liberation Army 3281: 3178:2019 General Election 3080:Scottish independence 3059:. This is opposed by 3010: 2929: 2802:declared independence 2754: 2620:Union of South Africa 2481:constitutional crisis 2479:in 1814. Following a 2432:new democratic regime 2409: 2395:1999 General Election 2391:NZ South Island Party 2258: 2202:is home to a notable 1905:Constitution of India 1897:British-Indian Empire 1844: 1792:European Great Powers 1627: 1612:, recognized only by 1570: 1555:troops crushed it in 1295:Cameroon Armed Forces 1218:revolving around the 1205:In modern times, the 1093:Further information: 795:Separatism by country 691:Saint Kitts and Nevis 449: 78:in 1991, causing its 6588:Partition (politics) 5854:Symmetric federalism 5685:Taylor & Francis 5216:www.elections.org.za 5189:, December 24, 1993. 5068:"The World Factbook" 4743:Thomas D. Musgrave, 4717:Dionísio Babo Soares 4576:10.7591/j.ctt21h4x5m 4504:Xenophon Contiades, 4379:Macquarie University 3078:(SNP) campaigns for 2766:was declared by the 2204:nationalist movement 2073:is to fight against 1899:in what is known as 1875:Republic of Colombia 1826:Corsican nationalism 1683:(formerly known as " 1557:Operation Grand Slam 1457:First Mexican Empire 1433:North-West Rebellion 1222:'s involvement in a 1188:independent Republic 1154:was one of the most 1095:Partition of Belgium 1075:La muette de Portici 900:in northern central 648:ethnic nationalities 226:political philosophy 30:For other uses, see 6474:Indian subcontinent 6388:Denmark (Greenland) 6094:Territorial dispute 6074:Military occupation 5988:Dependent territory 5950:Supranational union 5925:Multinational state 5704:Publications, 2006. 5634:. pp. 455–56. 5265:peacekeeping.un.org 5212:"Results Dashboard" 4823:Historical Research 4796:businessinsider.com 4606:on February 3, 2013 4036:The Size of Nations 3550:Secession of Quebec 3535:League of the South 3525:Hartford Convention 3326:ensued between the 3249:Newlands Resolution 3174:London independence 3136:(Welsh Parliament). 3092:Scottish government 3057:Republic of Ireland 3027:withdrew from the 3025:Republic of Ireland 2780:Council of People's 2539:free of Pakistani, 2487:declared that King 2314:Republic of Yucatán 2310:Congress of Yucatán 2294:6 of the same year. 2154:Unione Mediterranea 1987:government of India 1983:eastern rural India 1877:), which also lost 1831:Occitan nationalism 1821:Breton independence 1496:Western regions of 1491:Taiwan independence 1026:The Shanti Bahini ( 779:Secession movements 769:sovereign statehood 575:Rights to secession 293:William H. Crawford 6489:Republic of Venice 6459:All-Russian Empire 6152:Tribal sovereignty 5898:Composite monarchy 5199:Cape Party Website 5098:The New York Times 5053:2009-03-25 at the 4798:. Business Insider 4792:"Business Insider" 4381:Law Journal, 2003. 4009:10.1111/misr.12099 3520:Free State Project 3294:On June 25, 1991, 3292: 3286:tank in Karlovac, 3230:American Civil War 3126:Welsh independence 3021: 2957:. There have been 2935: 2760: 2587:British Somaliland 2533:Baloch nationalist 2523:seceded, becoming 2485:Norwegian Storting 2463:, having left the 2444:Republic of Biafra 2424:Republic of Biafra 2416: 2412:Nigerian Civil War 2410:A girl during the 2386:in the same year. 2366:of New Zealand. A 2269: 2186:or Veneto and the 2106:Congress of Vienna 2087:central government 2083:Five Star Movement 2077:and all the other 2027:Khūzestān Province 2017:movement in 1876, 1995:Communist republic 1963:Khalistan movement 1940:Kashmir insurgency 1855: 1775:Russian Revolution 1675:regime during the 1633: 1573: 1485:Anti-Secession Law 1437:Alberta separatism 1402:Province of Canada 1390:Province of Canada 1384:, and now part of 1350:Province of Quebec 1194:and declaring the 1184:Pedro II of Brazil 1082:. Soon after, the 1064:Belgian Revolution 1007:) is a separatist 944:British Parliament 882:central Queensland 818:self-determination 761:self-determination 753:Indigenous peoples 639:was insufficient. 623:in 1933 held that 621:British Parliament 581:Self-determination 516:seceding from the 465: 442:Types of secession 382:Anarcho-Capitalism 339:Self-determination 115:Nigerian Civil War 65:American Civil War 63:, setting off the 59:seceding from the 6568:International law 6550: 6549: 6421:Western Australia 6160: 6159: 5955:Continental union 5849:Fiscal federalism 5819:Ethnic federalism 5727:"Secession" 5649:978-1-4129-6580-4 5587:, Routledge, 2021 5540:Buchanan, Allen, 5529:Buchanan, Allen, 5512:978-0-19-094465-0 5346:: 348–699. 2011. 5235:Charles, Marvin. 5153:, 11 October 1960 4990:978-1-351-85866-3 4957:978-1-108-88774-8 4914:978-0-203-98168-9 4674:Santosh C. Saha, 4567:978-1-5017-2598-2 4089:978-0-429-46316-7 3967:978-0-19-022863-7 3495:Cape Independence 3463:Schism (religion) 3438:Intersectionality 3302:seceded from the 3218:American politics 3088:Scottish politics 3049:Irish republicans 2784:Finnish Civil War 2628:Orange Free State 2606:Cape Independence 2450:Norway and Sweden 2426:, which led to a 2301:was abandoned by 2019:Iranian Kurdistan 1924:Valley of Kashmir 1695:, Eritrea gained 1281:In October 2017, 1277:Anglophone Crisis 1128:, which led to a 1114:Portuguese Empire 1078:was performed in 924:Western Australia 699:Quebec separation 670:(officially the " 637:Western Australia 455:US Vice President 291:, in a letter to 287:Former President 135:Finnish Civil War 16:(Redirected from 6595: 6187: 6180: 6173: 6164: 6137:Stateless nation 6122:Decentralization 5973:Associated state 5834:Federal republic 5829:Federal monarchy 5769: 5762: 5755: 5746: 5741: 5729: 5672:Spencer, Metta, 5669: 5572:Lehning, Percy, 5516: 5515: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5474:on March 6, 2016 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5306: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5296: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5178: 5172: 5160: 5154: 5142: 5136: 5125: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5064: 5058: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5023: 5017:web.stanford.edu 5009: 5003: 5002: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4774: 4765: 4759: 4741: 4735: 4710: 4704: 4702: 4697: 4691: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4636: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4602:. 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However, the 1622: 1575:In 1974, Greek 1571:Northern Cyprus 1565: 1541: 1477: 1453: 1451:Central America 1425:Atlantic Canada 1334: 1328: 1303:French Cameroon 1279: 1273: 1224:kickback scheme 1102: 1097: 1066: 1060: 1001: 995: 983:under Nazi rule 963: 936:1933 referendum 932: 918:South Australia 902:New South Wales 877:(Qld) in 1859. 867:New South Wales 856: 850: 838:self-governance 801: 791: 783:Main articles: 781: 773:self-government 599:Abraham Lincoln 583: 577: 471:Secession from 444: 410: 250: 222: 204:Alberto Alesina 162: 143: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Breakaway state 15: 12: 11: 5: 6601: 6599: 6591: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6555: 6554: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6519: 6513: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6479:Ottoman Empire 6476: 6471: 6469:Czechoslovakia 6466: 6461: 6455: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6443: 6437: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6425: 6424: 6423: 6418: 6407: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6367: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6355: 6353:United Kingdom 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6329: 6327: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6311: 6310: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6279: 6278: 6273: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6230: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6218: 6213: 6207: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6192: 6190: 6189: 6182: 6175: 6167: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5930:Personal union 5927: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5910: 5908:Dynastic union 5905: 5900: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5882:Regional state 5879: 5873: 5871: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5790: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5779:administration 5774: 5772: 5771: 5764: 5757: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5732:Chisholm, Hugh 5718: 5711: 5710:External links 5708: 5706: 5705: 5702:United Nations 5695: 5688: 5679:Weller, Marc, 5677: 5670: 5648: 5632:Cato Institute 5614:Hamowy, Ronald 5609: 5598: 5595: 5588: 5581: 5570: 5563: 5556: 5549: 5546:Westview Press 5538: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5511: 5485: 5454: 5432: 5410: 5385: 5373: 5327: 5301: 5276: 5252: 5227: 5203: 5191: 5173: 5155: 5137: 5120: 5103: 5084: 5059: 5040: 5028: 5004: 4989: 4971: 4956: 4928: 4913: 4895: 4873: 4848: 4829:(247): 32–56. 4809: 4782: 4760: 4736: 4705: 4692: 4667: 4641: 4616: 4581: 4566: 4546: 4517: 4497: 4474: 4465:Texas v. White 4453: 4437: 4405: 4396: 4383: 4363: 4338: 4331: 4313: 4301: 4285: 4272: 4259: 4250: 4233: 4214: 4207: 4189: 4176: 4169: 4151: 4124:(5): 699–722. 4108: 4088: 4058: 4045: 4022: 3978: 3966: 3936: 3909:(4): 675–698. 3889: 3862:(3): 731–751. 3842: 3807:(2): 275–309. 3791: 3740: 3713:(3): 433–467. 3697: 3690: 3667: 3655:Allen Buchanan 3644: 3637: 3616: 3609: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3408:Bioregionalism 3405: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3275: 3272: 3256: 3253: 3239:Texas v. White 3210:Main article: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3202: 3201: 3200: 3185: 3163: 3137: 3130:Welsh politics 3111: 3084:European Union 3068: 3031:after Ireland 3029:United Kingdom 3015:depicting the 2994: 2993:United Kingdom 2991: 2990: 2989: 2982:Luhansk Oblast 2966: 2963:Ukrainian Army 2955:Donetsk Oblast 2923: 2920: 2912:Sonderbund War 2888: 2885: 2864: 2861: 2853:Basque Country 2841:19th centuries 2820:Main article: 2817: 2814: 2748: 2745: 2705: 2702: 2601: 2598: 2571: 2568: 2558:The island of 2552:Main article: 2549: 2546: 2504: 2501: 2497:King of Norway 2473:personal union 2469:Denmark–Norway 2454:Main article: 2451: 2448: 2420:Eastern Region 2403: 2400: 2353: 2350: 2331:Dutch Republic 2322: 2319: 2318: 2317: 2299:federal system 2295: 2284: 2252: 2249: 2233: 2230: 2226:Ryukyu Kingdom 2214:Main article: 2211: 2208: 2180:northern Italy 2100:, because the 2098:neo-Bourbonism 2054: 2051: 2002: 1999: 1977:. The violent 1961:(known as the 1889:Main article: 1886: 1883: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1787: 1784: 1779:Russian Empire 1762: 1759: 1751:European Union 1707:Main article: 1704: 1703:European Union 1701: 1699:independence. 1664: 1661: 1653:United Nations 1621: 1618: 1564: 1561: 1553:United Nations 1540: 1537: 1502:East Turkistan 1476: 1473: 1452: 1449: 1441:Western Canada 1398:federal system 1330:Main article: 1327: 1324: 1275:Main article: 1272: 1269: 1235:Dilma Rousseff 1220:Workers' Party 1168:Ragamuffin War 1101: 1098: 1084:Belgian Revolt 1062:Main article: 1059: 1056: 1048:Chacomas state 1017:Bengali Hindus 997:Main article: 994: 991: 962: 959: 928:Main article: 926: 925: 852:Main article: 849: 846: 842:decolonization 780: 777: 714:European Union 664:Union of Burma 616:Texas v. White 576: 573: 572: 571: 568: 565: 562: 556: 546: 539: 532: 529: 524:seceding from 508:seceding from 502:British Empire 494: 491:imperial state 484: 443: 440: 439: 438: 435: 432: 429: 426: 423: 420: 417: 409: 406: 405: 404: 401: 398: 389: 385: 375: 374: 367: 364: 361: 358: 354: 351: 345: 342: 336: 330: 327: 324: 321: 307: 304: 285: 282:James Buchanan 277:United States 249: 246: 230:Allen Buchanan 221: 218: 210:Woodrow Wilson 200:United Nations 179: 178: 175: 172: 169: 161: 158: 142: 139: 138: 137: 128: 126:United Kingdom 122:Irish Republic 118: 108: 98: 83: 68: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6600: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6558: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6511: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6448: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6433:South America 6430: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6400: 6394: 6393:United States 6391: 6389: 6386: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6363:North America 6360: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6322: 6316: 6313: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6264: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6223: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6200: 6195: 6188: 6183: 6181: 6176: 6174: 6169: 6168: 6165: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6003:Indirect rule 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5903:Dual monarchy 5901: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5869:Unitary state 5866: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5799:Confederation 5797: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5778: 5770: 5765: 5763: 5758: 5756: 5751: 5750: 5747: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5568: 5564: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5550: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5514: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5489: 5486: 5478:September 19, 5473: 5469: 5465: 5458: 5455: 5442: 5436: 5433: 5420: 5414: 5411: 5399: 5395: 5389: 5386: 5382: 5377: 5374: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5328: 5316: 5312: 5305: 5302: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5277: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5253: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5228: 5217: 5213: 5207: 5204: 5200: 5195: 5192: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5174: 5170: 5169:R. W. Johnson 5166: 5165: 5159: 5156: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5138: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5121: 5113: 5107: 5104: 5099: 5095: 5088: 5085: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5044: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5029: 5018: 5014: 5008: 5005: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4986: 4982: 4975: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4940: 4932: 4929: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4896: 4883: 4877: 4874: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4813: 4810: 4797: 4793: 4790:Payne, Adam. 4786: 4783: 4778: 4771: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4757:0-19-829898-6 4754: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4733:0-9751229-1-6 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4706: 4696: 4693: 4689: 4688:0-7391-1085-3 4685: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4668: 4656: 4652: 4645: 4642: 4631:on 2008-09-04 4630: 4626: 4620: 4617: 4605: 4601: 4600: 4599:The Telegraph 4595: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4559: 4558: 4550: 4547: 4536:on 2017-01-02 4535: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4498: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4478: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4339: 4334: 4332:1-56000-362-6 4328: 4324: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4305: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4269: 4266:Jane Jacobs, 4263: 4260: 4254: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4215: 4210: 4204: 4200: 4193: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4177: 4172: 4170:9780754673798 4166: 4162: 4155: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4109: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4059: 4048: 4046:9780262012041 4042: 4039:. MIT Press. 4038: 4037: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4003:(1): 79–106. 4002: 3998: 3994: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3940: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3744: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3698: 3693: 3691:9781501713941 3687: 3683: 3682: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3638:9780754671633 3634: 3630: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3610:9780754677024 3606: 3602: 3595: 3592: 3585: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3345: 3342:, and later, 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3213: 3206:United States 3205: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3170:EU Referendum 3167: 3164: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3148:Mebyon Kernow 3145: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3018: 3017:Easter Rising 3014: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2921: 2919: 2918:was created. 2917: 2913: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2901:confederation 2898: 2894: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2757: 2753: 2746: 2744: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2711: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2691: 2689: 2688:KwaZulu-Natal 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2672:Cape Province 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2611: 2607: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2555: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2521:East Pakistan 2518: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2413: 2408: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2239: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2217: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2091:federal state 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2067:Nation Sicily 2064: 2060: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2007:Iranian Azeri 2000: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1910: 1909:Indian states 1906: 1903:. Today, the 1902: 1901:the Partition 1898: 1892: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1867:Gran Colombia 1865:seceded from 1864: 1860: 1852: 1848: 1847:Gran Colombia 1843: 1837:Gran Colombia 1836: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1631: 1626: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1578: 1569: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1543:In 1960, the 1538: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1486: 1481: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1459:, the former 1458: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1410:New Brunswick 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1333: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1278: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1255:multicultural 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1164: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1130:stagnated war 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1110:Cortes-Gerais 1107: 1099: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1065: 1057: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032:শান্তি বাহিনী 1029: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1000: 992: 990: 988: 984: 980: 977:seceded from 976: 972: 968: 960: 958: 956: 951: 949: 945: 941: 937: 931: 923: 922: 921: 919: 915: 914:Mount Gambier 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 884:(centered in 883: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 861: 855: 847: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 800: 796: 790: 786: 778: 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 748: 744: 739: 737: 733: 728: 724: 720: 715: 710: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 640: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 617: 612: 611:Supreme Court 608: 604: 600: 596: 595:majority rule 591: 588: 582: 574: 569: 566: 563: 560: 557: 554: 550: 547: 544: 540: 537: 533: 530: 527: 523: 522:South Ossetia 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 492: 488: 485: 482: 481:unitary state 478: 477:confederation 474: 470: 469: 468: 463: 459: 456: 452: 448: 441: 436: 433: 430: 427: 424: 421: 418: 415: 414: 413: 407: 402: 399: 396: 395: 390: 386: 383: 380: 379: 378: 372: 368: 365: 362: 359: 355: 352: 350: 346: 343: 340: 337: 334: 331: 328: 325: 322: 320: 316: 312: 309:The right to 308: 305: 302: 301:James Madison 298: 294: 290: 286: 283: 280: 276: 275: 274: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 255:Anthony Birch 247: 245: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 219: 217: 215: 211: 207: 205: 201: 197: 193: 188: 187:Tanisha Fazal 183: 176: 173: 170: 167: 166: 165: 159: 157: 155: 151: 146: 140: 136: 132: 129: 127: 123: 119: 116: 112: 109: 106: 102: 99: 96: 92: 88: 84: 81: 77: 73: 69: 66: 62: 58: 54: 53: 52: 49: 47: 43: 39: 33: 19: 6536: 6494:Soviet Union 6216:South Africa 6193: 6142:Subsidiarity 6083: 6038:Vassal state 6018:Puppet state 6013:Protectorate 5978:Client state 5735: 5697: 5691: 5680: 5673: 5623: 5618: 5601: 5591: 5584: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5541: 5530: 5494: 5488: 5476:. Retrieved 5472:the original 5457: 5445:. Retrieved 5435: 5423:. Retrieved 5413: 5401:. Retrieved 5397: 5388: 5376: 5343: 5339: 5330: 5320:February 14, 5318:. Retrieved 5314: 5304: 5293:. Retrieved 5291:. 2011-01-30 5288: 5279: 5268:. Retrieved 5264: 5255: 5244:. Retrieved 5240: 5230: 5219:. Retrieved 5215: 5206: 5194: 5186:Business Day 5184: 5176: 5163: 5158: 5148: 5140: 5130: 5123: 5106: 5097: 5087: 5075:. Retrieved 5071: 5062: 5043: 5031: 5020:. Retrieved 5016: 5007: 4980: 4974: 4938: 4931: 4904: 4898: 4886:. Retrieved 4876: 4864:. Retrieved 4860: 4851: 4826: 4822: 4812: 4802:December 20, 4800:. Retrieved 4795: 4785: 4776: 4763: 4744: 4739: 4720: 4713:James J. Fox 4708: 4695: 4675: 4670: 4660:February 14, 4658:. Retrieved 4654: 4644: 4633:. Retrieved 4629:the original 4619: 4608:. Retrieved 4604:the original 4597: 4556: 4549: 4538:. Retrieved 4534:the original 4529: 4520: 4500: 4491: 4487: 4477: 4464: 4399: 4391: 4386: 4354:. Retrieved 4350: 4341: 4322: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4296: 4293:Leopold Kohr 4288: 4280: 4275: 4267: 4262: 4253: 4236: 4227: 4217: 4198: 4192: 4184: 4179: 4160: 4154: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4101:, retrieved 4071: 4061: 4050:. Retrieved 4035: 4000: 3996: 3971:, retrieved 3949: 3939: 3906: 3902: 3892: 3859: 3855: 3845: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3777:10419/185534 3757: 3753: 3743: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3680: 3628: 3600: 3594: 3433:Independence 3348: 3293: 3282:A destroyed 3258: 3237: 3215: 3182:Labour Party 3121: 3053:nationalists 3035:and, as the 3022: 2961:between the 2936: 2890: 2883:until 2009. 2866: 2835:between the 2825: 2788: 2761: 2747:Soviet Union 2738: 2734: 2730: 2720:between the 2707: 2699: 2692: 2644:Bechuanaland 2613: 2600:South Africa 2594:unrecognized 2590:protectorate 2582: 2573: 2560:Bougainville 2557: 2509:Awami League 2506: 2465:Kalmar Union 2459: 2417: 2388: 2372:Julius Vogel 2364:South Island 2361: 2324: 2235: 2219: 2166: 2095: 2056: 2033: 2013:, Bakhtiary 2004: 1981:operates in 1944: 1913: 1894: 1856: 1789: 1764: 1748: 1741: 1718: 1666: 1634: 1605: 1595:Turkish Army 1581: 1577:irredentists 1574: 1542: 1522: 1495: 1483: 1478: 1454: 1422: 1378:Upper Canada 1366:Lower Canada 1344:. Under the 1335: 1291:open warfare 1280: 1262: 1216:2016 scandal 1204: 1180:conservative 1165: 1149: 1138: 1103: 1073: 1067: 1025: 1002: 979:Nazi Germany 964: 952: 933: 879: 857: 814:independence 802: 765:independence 751: 740: 727:member-state 711: 676: 656:Constitution 641: 614: 592: 584: 518:Soviet Union 466: 451:Hashim Thaçi 411: 392: 376: 333:Self-defense 267:Leopold Kohr 251: 241: 237: 223: 208: 184: 180: 163: 149: 147: 144: 124:leaving the 76:Soviet Union 74:leaving the 50: 37: 36: 6578:Sovereignty 6532:Irredentism 6298:Philippines 6069:Irredentism 6047:Development 6028:Trusteeship 5993:Direct rule 5966:Subordinacy 5777:subdivision 5398:TASS: World 4351:archive.org 4309:Human Scale 3659:"Secession" 3510:Essex Junto 3448:Micronation 3443:Irredentism 3423:Dissolution 3264:South Yemen 3260:North Yemen 3228:during the 3197:Northumbria 3160:home nation 3124:stands for 3119:Plaid Cymru 3011:A mural in 2887:Switzerland 2877:Tamil Eelam 2743:July 2011. 2704:South Sudan 2686:leaders in 2664:Nationalist 2624:Cape Colony 2537:Balochistan 2440:Nnamdi Kanu 2352:New Zealand 2321:Netherlands 2220:The ethnic 2192:South Tyrol 2075:Cosa Nostra 2030:Balochistan 1928:Indian Army 1918:hosts some 1719:Before the 1685:Medri Bahri 1582:coup d'état 1580:launched a 1467:. In 1838, 1406:Nova Scotia 1258:melting pot 1145:Malê Revolt 1046:orientated 898:New England 886:Rockhampton 834:sovereignty 559:Irredentism 534:Central or 394:prima facie 371:human scale 259:Jane Jacobs 95:dissolution 85:the former 80:dissolution 70:the former 6573:Separatism 6557:Categories 6542:Separatism 6504:Yugoslavia 6464:Bangladesh 6451:Historical 6196:by country 6194:Secessions 6147:Suzerainty 6089:Separatism 6064:Detachment 6054:Annexation 5945:Superstate 5940:Real union 5877:Devolution 5844:Federation 5786:Federalism 5658:2008009151 5619:Sessionism 5425:18 January 5295:2024-02-14 5270:2024-02-14 5246:2021-08-31 5221:2019-05-11 5022:2024-02-14 4923:1048580450 4888:22 January 4635:2008-06-30 4610:2008-06-30 4540:2017-01-02 4208:0765809435 4103:2020-05-02 4052:2020-05-02 3973:2020-05-02 3760:: 104073. 3586:References 3468:Separatism 3413:City state 3322:. 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