28:
265:
Strong pair generation can be achieved by colliding head-on this electron beam with a second laser of intensity above 10 W/cm. In this configuration at this level of intensity, theoretical studies predict that several hundreds of pico-Coulombs of antimatter could be produced. This experimental setup could even be one of the most prolific positron yield factory. This all-optical scenario may be preliminary tested with lower laser intensities of the order of 10 W/cm.
191:(German for 'empty room' or 'cavity'). Scientists would fire a high-energy laser at the inner surface of this hohlraum to create a thermal radiation field. They would then direct the photon beam from the first stage of the experiment through the centre of the hohlraum, causing the photons from the two sources to collide and form electrons and positrons. It would then be possible to detect the formation of the electrons and positrons when they exited the can.
1541:
20:
260:. The resulting electron bunch is then made to interact with a second high-power laser in order to study QED processes. The feasibility of an all-optical multi-photon Breit–Wheeler pair production scheme has first been proposed theoretically in Implementation of this scheme is restricted to multi-beam short-pulse extreme-intensity laser facilities such as the CILEX-Apollon and
227:. Researchers were able to conduct the multi-photon Breit–Wheeler process using electrons to first create high-energy photons, which then underwent multiple collisions to produce electrons and positrons, all within the same chamber. Electrons were accelerated in the linear accelerator to an energy of 46.6 GeV before being sent head-on into a Neodymium (Nd:glass)
199:
foils or gas jets. The forthcoming short-pulse extremely intense lasers, laser interaction with solid target will be the place of strong radiative effects driven by the nonlinear inverse quantum scattering. This effect, negligible so far, will become a dominant cooling mechanism for the extremely relativistic electrons accelerated above the 100
198:
In 2016, a second novel experimental setup was proposed theoretically to demonstrate and study the Breit–Wheeler process by colliding two high-energy photon sources (composed of non-coherent hard x-ray and gamma-ray photons) generated from the interaction of two extremely intense lasers on solid thin
264:
systems (CPA titanium sapphire technology at 0.8 micrometer, duration of 15–30 femtoseconds). The generation of electron beams of few GeV and few nanocoulomb is possible with a first laser of 1 petawatt combined with the use of tuned and optimized gas-jet density profiles such as two-step profiles.
211:
The multiphoton Breit–Wheeler process has already been observed and studied experimentally. One of the most efficient configurations to maximize the multiphoton Breit–Wheeler pair production consists on colliding head-on a bunch of gamma photon with a counter-propagating (or with a slight collision
186:
proposed a relatively simple way to physically demonstrate the Breit–Wheeler process. The collider experiment that the physicists proposed involves two key steps. First, they would use an extremely powerful high-intensity laser to accelerate electrons to nearly the speed of light. They would then
251:
solutions that would significantly enhance process efficiencies (inverse nonlinear
Compton and nonlinear Breit–Wheeler pair creation) leading to several orders of magnitude higher antimatter production, enabling higher-resolution measurements, additional mass-shift, as well as nonlinear and spin
536:
Direct production of electron–positron pairs in two-photon collisions, the Breit–Wheeler process, is one of the basic processes in the universe. However, it has never been directly observed in the laboratory because of the absence of intense enough γ-ray
157:
on antimatter and pair annihilation. In 1928, Paul Dirac's work proposed that electrons could have positive and negative energy states following the framework of relativistic quantum theory but did not explicitly predict the existence of a new particle.
239:
527 nanometers and duration 1.6 picoseconds. In this configuration, it has been estimated that photons of energy up to 29 GeV were generated. This led to the yield of 106 ±14 positrons with a broad energy spectrum in the GeV level (peak around 13 GeV).
212:
angle, the co-propagating configuration being the less efficient configuration) ultra-high intensity laser pulse. To first create the photons and then have the pair production in an all-in-one setup, the similar configuration can be used by colliding
255:
The extreme intensities expected to be available in future multi-petawatt laser systems will allow all-optical, laser–electron collision experiments where the electron beam is generated from direct laser interaction with a gas jet in a so-called
1061:
Cros, B.; Paradkar, B. S.; Davoine, X.; Chancé, A.; Desforges, F. G.; Dobosz-Dufrénoy, S.; Delerue, N.; Ju, J.; Audet, T. L. (2014-03-11). "Laser plasma acceleration of electrons with multi-PW laser beams in the frame of CILEX".
608:
Bamber, C.; Boege, S. J.; Koffas, T.; Kotseroglou, T.; Melissinos, A. C.; Meyerhofer, D. D.; Reis, D. A.; Ragg, W.; Bula, C. (1999-11-01). "Studies of nonlinear QED in collisions of 46.6 GeV electrons with intense laser pulses".
112:, is still a technological challenge. In many experimental configurations, pure Breit–Wheeler is dominated by other more efficient pair creation processes that screen pairs produced via this mechanism. The Dirac process (
123:
Although this mechanism is still one of the most difficult to be observed experimentally on Earth, it is of considerable importance for the absorption of high-energy photons travelling cosmic distances.
655:
Bamber, C.; Berridge, S. C.; Boege, S. J.; Bugg, W. M.; Bula, C.; Burke, D. L.; Field, R. C.; Horton-Smith, G.; Koffas, T. (1997-02-25). "Positron production in multiphoton light-by-light scattering".
187:
fire these electrons into a slab of gold to create a beam of photons a billion times more energetic than those of visible light. The next stage of the experiment involves a tiny gold can called a
179:
beams and the very weak probability of this mechanism. Recently, different teams have proposed novel theoretical studies on possible experimental configurations to finally observe it on Earth.
63:. It is the simplest mechanism by which pure light can be potentially transformed into matter. The process can take the form γ γ′ → e e where γ and γ′ are two light quanta (for example,
100:
This mechanism is theoretically characterized by a very weak probability, so producing a significant number of pairs requires two extremely bright, collimated sources of photons having
1181:
STAR Collaboration; Adam, J.; Adamczyk, L.; Adams, J. R.; Adkins, J. K.; Agakishiev, G.; Aggarwal, M. M.; Ahammed, Z.; Alekseev, I.; Anderson, D. M.; Aparin, A. (2021-07-27).
90:
pulse). In contrast with the linear process, this can take the form of γ + n ω → e e, where n represents the number of photons, and ω represents the coherent laser field.
1316:
1000:
Sokolov, Igor V.; Naumova, Natalia M.; Nees, John A.; Mourou, Gérard A. (2010-11-04). "Pair
Creation in QED-Strong Pulsed Laser Fields Interacting with Electron Beams".
220:
mechanism when interacting with the laser pulse. Still interacting with the laser, the photons then turn into multiphoton Breit–Wheeler electron–positron pairs.
552:
Ruffini, Remo; Vereshchagin, Gregory; Xue, She-Sheng (2010-02-01). "Electron–positron pairs in physics and astrophysics: From heavy nuclei to black holes".
31:
The nonlinear Breit–Wheeler process or multiphoton Breit–Wheeler is the creation of an electron-positron pair from the decay of a high-energy photon (
895:
Bula, C.; McDonald, K. T.; Prebys, E. J.; Bamber, C.; Boege, S.; Kotseroglou, T.; Melissinos, A. C.; Meyerhofer, D. D.; Ragg, W. (1996-04-22).
1309:
217:
93:
The inverse process, e e → γ γ′, in which an electron and a positron collide and annihilate to generate a pair of gamma photons, is known as
244:
224:
117:
23:
The Breit–Wheeler process is the creation of an electron–positron pair following the collision of two high-energy photons (gamma photons).
116:) has, on the other hand, been extensively verified. This is also the case for the multi-photon Breit–Wheeler, which was observed at the
94:
954:
1544:
1134:"Generation of high-energy electron–positron pairs in the collision of a laser-accelerated electron beam with a multipetawatt laser"
979:
Hartin, A.; Porto, S.; Moortgat-Pick, G. (2014-04-03). "Testing nonlinear-QED at the future linear collider with an intense laser".
97:
or the Dirac process for the name of the physicist who first described it theoretically and anticipated the Breit–Wheeler process.
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with more powerful laser technologies. The use of higher laser intensities (10 W/cm) is now easily achievable with short-pulse
1064:
Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
360:
A. I. Titov; B. Kämpfer; H. Takabe; A. Hosaka (10 April 2013). "Breit–Wheeler process in very short electromagnetic pulses".
175:, as of 2017, the pure Breit–Wheeler has never been observed in practice because of the difficulty in preparing colliding
261:
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1349:
172:
1426:
799:
O. J. Pike; F. Mackenroth; E. G. Hill; S. J. Rose (18 May 2014). "A photon–photon collider in a vacuum hohlraum".
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electrons. Depending on the laser intensity, these electrons will first radiate gamma photons via the so-called
896:
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195:
suggest that this technique is capable of producing of the order of 10 Breit–Wheeler pairs in a single shot.
1325:
183:
128:
127:
The photon–photon and the multiphoton Breit–Wheeler processes are described theoretically by the theory of
1502:
672:
192:
82:
in the literature, occurs when a high-energy probe photon decays into pairs propagating through a strong
1097:
Mourou, Gérard; Tajima, Toshiki (2011-07-01). "The
Extreme Light Infrastructure: Optics' Next Horizon".
83:
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Gould, Robert J.; Schréder, Gérard P. (1967-03-25). "Pair
Production in Photon–Photon Collisions".
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1421:
1183:"Measurement of ee Momentum and Angular Distributions from Linearly Polarized Photon Collisions"
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was also studied obtaining evidence enough to claim the first known observation of the process.
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in 1997 by colliding high-energy electrons with a counter-propagating terawatt laser pulse.
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Ribeyre, X.; d'Humières, E.; Jansen, O.; Jequier, S.; Tikhonchuk, V. T.; Lobet, M. (2016).
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Thomas, Alexander (June 2014). "Optical physics: Antimatter creation in an X-ray bath".
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101:
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Nikishov, A. I. (1961-08-01). "Absorption of High Energy
Photons in the Universe".
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113:
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1066:. Proceedings of the first European Advanced Accelerator Concepts Workshop 2013.
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1395:
1370:
920:
1083:
630:
507:
474:"Pair creation in collision of γ-ray beams produced with high-intensity lasers"
393:
320:
G. Breit; John A. Wheeler (15 December 1934). "Collision of Two Light Quanta".
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236:
154:
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873:
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756:
694:
638:
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447:
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Dirac, P. a. M. (July 1930). "On the
Annihilation of Electrons and Protons".
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32:
1271:"Colliding photons were spotted making matter. But are the photons 'real'?"
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56:
52:
774:"Scientists discover how to turn light into matter after 80-year quest"
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The photon–photon Breit–Wheeler process was described theoretically by
721:
268:
In July 2021 evidence consistent with the process was reported by the
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26:
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The aforementioned experiment may be reproduced in the future at
1247:"Collisions of Light Produce Matter/Antimatter from Pure Energy"
167:
Photon–photon Breit–Wheeler possible experimental configurations
1298:
420:
Mathematical
Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
1132:
Lobet, M.; Davoine, X.; d’Humières, E.; Gremillet, L. (2017).
955:""Supernova in a bottle" could help create matter from light"
203:
level at the laser-solid interface via different mechanisms.
35:) interacting with a strong electromagnetic field such as a
467:
465:
171:
Although the process is one of the manifestations of the
897:"Observation of Nonlinear Effects in Compton Scattering"
1138:
Physical Review
Special Topics: Accelerators and Beams
1475:
1409:
1363:
1332:
710:Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki
108:. Manufacturing such a source, for instance, a
1310:
16:Electron-positron production from two photons
8:
768:
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153:. It followed previous theoretical work of
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1303:
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59:pair is created from the collision of two
51:is a proposed physical process in which a
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676:
565:
489:
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276:although it was unclear if it was due to
309:
106:electron and positron rest mass energy
218:non-linear inverse Compton scattering
207:Multiphoton Breit–Wheeler experiments
7:
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603:
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231:laser of intensity 10 W/cm (maximal
223:This method was used in 1997 at the
1159:10.1103/physrevaccelbeams.20.043401
272:one of the four experiments at the
258:laser wakefield acceleration regime
235:amplitude of around 6×10 V/m), of
225:Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
118:Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
14:
1545:Template:Quantum mechanics topics
1540:
1539:
1417:Anomalous magnetic dipole moment
274:Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
1251:Brookhaven National Laboratory
1217:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.052302
1032:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.195005
95:electron–positron annihilation
1:
584:10.1016/j.physrep.2009.10.004
74:process, also referred to as
49:Breit–Wheeler pair production
953:Akshat Rathi (19 May 2014).
1340:Euler–Heisenberg Lagrangian
921:10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.3116
1593:
1084:10.1016/j.nima.2013.10.090
657:AIP Conference Proceedings
631:10.1103/PhysRevD.60.092004
508:10.1103/PhysRevE.93.013201
394:10.1103/PhysRevA.87.042106
80:strong field Breit–Wheeler
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1355:Path integral formulation
1099:Optics and Photonics News
440:10.1017/S0305004100016091
162:Experimental observations
72:multiphoton Breit–Wheeler
1523:Photon-photon scattering
866:10.1038/nphoton.2014.118
757:10.1103/PhysRev.155.1404
1577:Quantum electrodynamics
1467:Ward–Takahashi identity
1350:Gupta–Bleuler formalism
1326:Quantum electrodynamics
1187:Physical Review Letters
1111:10.1364/OPN.22.7.000047
1002:Physical Review Letters
901:Physical Review Letters
823:10.1038/nphoton.2014.95
344:10.1103/PhysRev.46.1087
249:titanium-sapphire laser
193:Monte Carlo simulations
184:Imperial College London
182:In 2014, physicists at
173:mass–energy equivalence
129:quantum electrodynamics
76:nonlinear Breit–Wheeler
1572:Hypothetical processes
104:close to or above the
40:
24:
1488:Breit–Wheeler process
1427:Klein–Nishina formula
84:electromagnetic field
45:Breit–Wheeler process
30:
22:
286:vacuum birefringence
1503:Delbrück scattering
1457:Vacuum polarization
1381:Faddeev–Popov ghost
1209:2021PhRvL.127e2302A
1150:2017PhRvS..20d3401L
1076:2014NIMPA.740...27C
1024:2010PhRvL.105s5005S
913:1996PhRvL..76.3116B
858:2014NaPho...8..429T
815:2014NaPho...8..434P
749:1967PhRv..155.1404G
669:1997AIPC..396..165B
623:1999PhRvD..60i2004B
576:2010PhR...487....1R
500:2016PhRvE..93a3201R
432:1930PCPS...26..361D
386:2013PhRvA..87d2106T
336:1934PhRv...46.1087B
280:photons or massive
1498:Compton scattering
298:Two-photon physics
41:
25:
1554:
1553:
1513:Møller scattering
1483:Bhabha scattering
1452:Uehling potential
1401:Virtual particles
907:(17): 3116–3119.
611:Physical Review D
478:Physical Review E
330:(12): 1087–1091.
114:pair annihilation
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931:. Archived from
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86:(for example, a
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1008:(19): 195005.
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852:(6): 429–431.
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809:(6): 434–436.
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712:(in Russian).
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426:(3): 361–375.
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1256:2021-10-10
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