Brick - Knowledge (XXG)

2761: 416:...the kilnmaster had to make sure that the temperature inside the kiln stayed at a level that caused the clay to shimmer with the colour of molten gold or silver. He also had to know when to quench the kiln with water so as to produce the surface glaze. To anonymous labourers fell the less skilled stages of brick production: mixing clay and water, driving oxen over the mixture to trample it into a thick paste, scooping the paste into standardised wooden frames (to produce a brick roughly 42 cm long, 20 cm wide, and 10 cm thick), smoothing the surfaces with a wire-strung bow, removing them from the frames, printing the fronts and backs with stamps that indicated where the bricks came from and who made them, loading the kilns with fuel (likelier wood than coal), stacking the bricks in the kiln, removing them to cool while the kilns were still hot, and bundling them into pallets for transportation. It was hot, filthy work. 2551: 2745: 1153: 2531: 524: 179: 2050: 2463: 2346: 2444: 2646: 766: 2428: 1551: 838:, and stirred with water to form a homogenous blend. Next, the tempers and binding agents are added in a ratio, roughly one part straw to five parts earth to reduce weight and reinforce the brick by helping reduce shrinkage. However, additional clay could be added to reduce the need for straw, which would prevent the likelihood of insects deteriorating the organic material of the bricks, subsequently weakening the structure. These ingredients are thoroughly mixed together by hand or by treading and are then left to ferment for about a day. 2705: 2725: 777: 2412: 2582: 1791: 978: 1527: 2334: 2515: 601: 2689: 2614: 1206: 2393: 2373: 1047: 1439: 2630: 2487: 1767: 2499: 2315: 2670: 1034:. Sheet metal or boards are used to route the airflow through the brick lattice so that fresh air flows first through the recently burned bricks, heating the air, then through the active burning zone. The air continues through the green brick zone (pre-heating and drying the bricks), and finally out the chimney, where the rising gases create suction that pulls air through the system. The reuse of heated air yields savings in fuel cost. 61: 1719: 2598: 851: 1172:, and are typically pale grey. They are made from a dry, small aggregate concrete which is formed in steel moulds by vibration and compaction in either an "egglayer" or static machine. The finished blocks are cured, rather than fired, using low-pressure steam. Concrete bricks and blocks are manufactured in a wide range of shapes, sizes and face treatments – a number of which simulate the appearance of clay bricks. 443: 2566: 1671: 1575: 1386: 713: 1599: 1497: 1743: 1695: 73: 1647: 1623: 2658: 432: 1094: 317: 49: 361:, finally emerges in the third century BC, when baked bricks of regular shape began to be employed for vaulting underground tombs. Hollow brick tomb chambers rose in popularity as builders were forced to adapt due to a lack of readily available wood or stone. The oldest extant brick building above ground is possibly 958:

holes reduces the volume of clay needed, and hence the cost. Hollow bricks are lighter and easier to handle, and have different thermal properties from solid bricks. The cut bricks are hardened by drying for 20 to 40 hours at 50 to 150 °C (120 to 300 °F) before being fired. The heat for drying is often

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to create a long cable of material of the desired width and depth. This mass is then cut into bricks of the desired length by a wall of wires. Most structural bricks are made by this method as it produces hard, dense bricks, and suitable dies can produce perforations as well. The introduction of such

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The mix is then kneaded with water and molded into rectangular prisms of a desired size. Bricks are lined up and left to dry in the sun for three days on both sides. After the six days, the bricks continue drying until required for use. Typically, longer drying times are preferred, but the average is

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In the United States, bricks have been used for both buildings and pavement. Examples of brick use in buildings can be seen in colonial era buildings and other notable structures around the country. Bricks have been used in paving roads and sidewalks especially during the late 19th century and early

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Blocks have a much greater range of sizes. Standard co-ordinating sizes in length and height (in mm) include 400×200, 450×150, 450×200, 450×225, 450×300, 600×150, 600×200, and 600×225; depths (work size, mm) include 60, 75, 90, 100, 115, 140, 150, 190, 200, 225, and 250. They are usable across this

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Some brickmakers create innovative sizes and shapes for bricks used for plastering (and therefore not visible on the inside of the building) where their inherent mechanical properties are more important than their visual ones. These bricks are usually slightly larger, but not as large as blocks and

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In operation, new green bricks, along with roofing bricks, are stacked at one end of the brick pile. Historically, a stack of unfired bricks covered for protection from the weather was called a "hack". Cooled finished bricks are removed from the other end for transport to their destinations. In the

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For efficient handling and laying, bricks must be small enough and light enough to be picked up by the bricklayer using one hand (leaving the other hand free for the trowel). Bricks are usually laid flat, and as a result, the effective limit on the width of a brick is set by the distance which can

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As with the rail process, the BTK process is continuous. A half-dozen labourers working around the clock can fire approximately 15,000–25,000 bricks a day. Unlike the rail process, in the BTK process the bricks do not move. Instead, the locations at which the bricks are loaded, fired, and unloaded

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Concrete bricks are available in many colours and as an engineering brick made with sulfate-resisting Portland cement or equivalent. When made with adequate amount of cement they are suitable for harsh environments such as wet conditions and retaining walls. They are made to standards BS 6073, EN

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The colour of fired clay bricks is influenced by the chemical and mineral content of the raw materials, the firing temperature, and the atmosphere in the kiln. For example, pink bricks are the result of a high iron content, white or yellow bricks have a higher lime content. Most bricks burn to

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A bigger brick makes for a thicker (and thus more insulating) wall. Historically, this meant that bigger bricks were necessary in colder climates (see for instance the slightly larger size of the Russian brick in table below), while a smaller brick was adequate, and more economical, in warmer

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An oval or circular trench is dug, 6–9 metres (20–30 ft) wide, 2–2.5 metres (6 ft 7 in – 8 ft 2 in) deep, and 100–150 metres (330–490 ft) in circumference. A tall exhaust chimney is constructed in the centre. Half or more of the trench is filled with "green"

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would become the world's largest brick manufacturing region, with 130 brickyards lining the shores of the Hudson River from Mechanicsville to Haverstraw and employing 8,000 people. At its peak, about 1 billion bricks were produced a year, with many being sent to New York City for use in its

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inches which eases the calculation of the number of bricks in a given wall. The 2:1 ratio of modular bricks means that when they turn corners, a 1/2 running bond is formed without needing to cut the brick down or fill the gap with a cut brick; and the height of modular bricks means that a

2252: 2133:, were paved with bricks. Today, there are only about 20 blocks of brick-paved streets remaining (totalling less than 0.5 percent of all the streets in the city limits). Much like in Grand Rapids, municipalities across the United States began replacing brick streets with inexpensive 699:, UK, the use of improved masonry for the construction of tall structures up to 18 storeys high was made viable. However, the use of brick has largely remained restricted to small to medium-sized buildings, as steel and concrete remain superior materials for high-rise construction. 858:

Fired bricks are baked in a kiln which makes them durable. Modern, fired, clay bricks are formed in one of three processes – soft mud, dry press, or extruded. Depending on the country, either the extruded or soft mud method is the most common, since they are the most economical.

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conveniently be spanned between the thumb and fingers of one hand, normally about 100 mm (4 in). In most cases, the length of a brick is twice its width plus the width of a mortar joint, about 200 mm (8 in) or slightly more. This allows bricks to be laid

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eight to nine days spanning from initial stages to its application in structures. Unfired bricks could be made in the spring months and left to dry over the summer for use in the autumn. Mudbricks are commonly employed in arid environments to allow for adequate air drying.

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region, conforming to the 1:2:4, thickness, width, and length ratio. As the Indus civilization began its decline at the start of the second millennium BC, Harappans migrated east, spreading their knowledge of brickmaking technology. This led to the rise of cities like

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range as they are lighter than clay bricks. The density of solid clay bricks is around 2000 kg/m: this is reduced by frogging, hollow bricks, and so on, but aerated autoclaved concrete, even as a solid brick, can have densities in the range of 450–850 kg/m.

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need careful handling to avoid damage to brick and bricklayer. The bricks can be made in a variety of colours; white, black, buff, and grey-blues are common, and pastel shades can be achieved. This type of brick is common in Sweden as well as Russia and other

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Dry-pressed bricks – The dry-press method is similar to the soft-mud moulded method, but starts with a much thicker clay mix, so it forms more accurate, sharper-edged bricks. The greater force in pressing and the longer firing time make this method more

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Between 5000 and 4500 BC, Mesopotamia had discovered fired brick. The standard brick sizes in Mesopotamia followed a general rule: the width of the dried or burned brick would be twice its thickness, and its length would be double its width.

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in its accessibility guide for sidewalks and crosswalks. The Brick Industry Association maintains standards for making brick more accessible for disabled people, with proper and regular maintenance being necessary to keep brick accessible.

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Moulded bricks – These bricks start with raw clay, preferably in a mix with 25–30% sand to reduce shrinkage. The clay is first ground and mixed with water to the desired consistency. The clay is then pressed into steel moulds with a

645:, England, in 1855, patented a brick-making machine that was capable of producing up to 25,000 bricks daily with minimal supervision. His mechanical apparatus soon achieved widespread attention after it was adopted for use by the 368:

By the end of the third century BC in China, both hollow and small bricks were available for use in building walls and ceilings. Fired bricks were first mass-produced during the construction of the tomb of China's first Emperor,

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According to Lukas Nickel, the use of ceramic pieces for protecting and decorating floors and walls dates back at various cultural sites to 3000-2000 BC and perhaps even before, but these elements should be rather qualified as

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various red hues; as the temperature is increased the colour moves through dark red, purple, and then to brown or grey at around 1,300 °C (2,370 °F). The names of bricks may reflect their origin and colour, such as

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The transition from the traditional method of production known as hand-moulding to a mechanised form of mass-production slowly took place during the first half of the nineteenth century. The first brick-making machine was

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and the rise in factory building in England. For reasons of speed and economy, bricks were increasingly preferred as building material to stone, even in areas where the stone was readily available. It was at this time in

381:(25 AD-220 AD). Up until the Middle Ages, buildings in Central Asia were typically built with unbaked bricks. It was only starting in the ninth century CE when buildings were entirely constructed using fired bricks. 2724: 2462: 1489:, too small for the colder climate of Gdansk, it was notorious for being a chilly and drafty residence. Nowadays this is no longer an issue, as modern walls typically incorporate specialised insulation materials. 1492:

The correct brick for a job can be selected from a choice of colour, surface texture, density, weight, absorption, and pore structure, thermal characteristics, thermal and moisture movement, and fire resistance.

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771-3 or ASTM C55. Concrete bricks contract or shrink so they need movement joints every 5 to 6 metres, but are similar to other bricks of similar density in thermal and sound resistance and fire resistance.

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revealed the weaknesses of unreinforced brick masonry in earthquake-prone areas. During seismic events, the mortar cracks and crumbles, so that the bricks are no longer held together. Brick masonry with

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In Northwest Europe, bricks have been used in construction for centuries. Until recently, almost all houses were built almost entirely from bricks. Although many houses are now built using a mixture of

489:, stamping the bricks with the seal of the legion. The Romans used brick for walls, arches, forts, aqueducts, etc. Notable mentions of Roman brick structures are the Herculaneum gate of Pompeii and the 2041:), varying according to the use to which the brick are to be put. In England clay bricks can have strengths of up to 100 MPa, although a common house brick is likely to show a range of 20–40 MPa. 1019:

middle, the brick workers create a firing zone by dropping fuel (coal, wood, oil, debris, etc.) through access holes in the roof above the trench. The constant source of fuel maybe grown on the

357:. For the longest time builders relied on wood, mud and rammed earth, while fired brick and mudbrick played no structural role in architecture. Proper brick construction, for erecting walls and 124:

is a similar term referring to a rectangular building unit composed of clay or concrete, but is usually larger than a brick. Lightweight bricks (also called lightweight blocks) are made from

4966: 1293:– a type of hard, dense, brick used where strength, low water porosity or acid (flue gas) resistance are needed. Further classified as type A and type B based on their compressive strength 641:'Stiff-Plastic Brickmaking Machine' was patented in 1853. Bradley & Craven went on to be a dominant manufacturer of brickmaking machinery. Henry Clayton, employed at the Atlas Works in 550:

elements into brick building. Identifiable attributes included a low-pitched hipped or flat roof, symmetrical facade, round arch entrances and windows, columns and pilasters, and more.

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are made mostly from slightly moistened local soils compressed with a mechanical hydraulic press or manual lever press. A small amount of a cement binder may be added, resulting in a

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were paved with an estimated 230,000 bricks, with the majority measuring 28x14x7 cm, following a 4:2:1 ratio. The use of fired bricks in Chinese city walls first appeared in the

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Tintner, Johannes; Roth, Kimberly; Ottner, Franz; Syrová-Anýžová, Zuzana; Žabičková, Ivana; Wriessnig, Karin; Meingast, Roland; Feiglstorfer, Hubert (20 March 2020).

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The term "frog" can refer to the indentation or the implement used to make it. Modern brickmakers usually use plastic frogs but in the past they were made of wood.

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of bricks and other construction equipment remained prohibitively expensive until the development of modern transportation infrastructure, with the construction of

4400: 3471: 1077:, which is a glaze material into which the bricks are dipped. Subsequent reheating in the kiln fuses the slip into a glazed surface integral with the brick base. 2411: 3927: 2333: 773:

Four basic types of brick are un-fired, fired, chemically set bricks, and compressed earth blocks. Each type is manufactured differently for various purposes.

561:, for example, Brick Renaissance is clearly recognisable in buildings equipped with terracotta reliefs by the artist Statius von Düren, who was also active at 1845:

inches (64 mm) more recently. In the United Kingdom, the usual size of a modern brick (from 1965) is 215 mm × 102.5 mm × 65 mm (

512:) flourished in places that lacked indigenous sources of rocks. Examples of this architectural style can be found in modern-day Denmark, Germany, Poland, and 1353:– type of handmade brick which was used for the majority of building work in London and South East England until the growth in the use of machine-made bricks 4161: 1101:

Calcium-silicate bricks are also called sandlime or flintlime bricks, depending on their ingredients. Rather than being made with clay they are made with

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is one founded in the late 19th or early 20th century. The term is used to refer to such institutions collectively to distinguish them from the older

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and built in the 1980s) the coating of hard-fired clay bricks forms a compression-resistant element together with the fill of non-reinforced concrete.

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Brick structures, how to build them ; practical reference data on materials, design, and construction methods employed in brick construction ...

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was noted for his extensive use of red bricks in his buildings and for using natural shapes like spirals, radial geometry and curves in his designs.

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are the raw ingredients in the recipe for a fired brick. They are the product of thousands of years of decomposition and erosion of rocks, such as

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compliant, but states that sidewalks must not have surface variances of greater than one inch. Due to the accessibility challenges of bricks, the

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20th century. The introduction of asphalt and concrete reduced the use of brick for paving, but they are still sometimes installed as a method of

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The other major kiln type is the Bull's Trench Kiln (BTK), based on a design developed by British engineer W. Bull in the late 19th century.

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that bright red brick was chosen for construction to make the buildings more visible in the heavy fog and to help prevent traffic accidents.

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binding the silicate material. The raw materials for calcium-silicate bricks include lime mixed in a proportion of about 1 to 10 with sand,

5019: 4073: 819:, or dung. Since these bricks are made up of natural materials and only require heat from the Sun to bake, mudbricks have a relatively low 2688: 874:, leading to a material that has properties of being highly chemically stable and inert. Within the clays and shales are the materials of 2969: 1085:

Chemically set bricks are not fired but may have the curing process accelerated by the application of heat and pressure in an autoclave.

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In the middle of the third millennium BC, there was a rise in monumental baked brick architecture in Indus cities. Examples included the

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There are thousands of types of bricks that are named for their use, size, forming method, origin, quality, texture, and/or materials.

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In England, the length and width of the common brick remained fairly constant from 1625 when the size was regulated by statute at 9 x

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Starting in the 20th century, the use of brickwork declined in some areas due to concerns about earthquakes. Earthquakes such as the

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for three to fourteen hours to speed the chemical hardening. The finished bricks are very accurate and uniform, although the sharp

1117:. The materials are mixed and left until the lime is completely hydrated; the mixture is then pressed into moulds and cured in an 6399: 4289: 1906:

In the United States, modern standard bricks are specified for various uses; The most commonly used is the modular brick has the

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The ingredients are first harvested and added together, with clay content ranging from 30% to 70%. The mixture is broken up with

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Michigan | Success Stories | Preserve America | Office of the Secretary of Transportation | U.S. Department of Transportation

2711: 2680: 2284: 2027:(containing a pattern of large holes removing more than 25% of the brick's volume). Blocks may be solid, cellular or hollow. 2015:(less than 25% perforations by volume, although the brick may be "frogged," having indentations on one of the longer faces), 1407: 734: 4205:. Brick Industry Association. Technical Note 9A, Specifications for and Classification of Brick. Retrieved 28 December 2016. 2049: 3551: 2314: 6381: 6371: 5608: 5499: 5144: 3627: 2300: 2262: 2229: 1465:, bricks laid crossways. The headers tie the wall together over its width. In fact, this wall is built in a variation of 6376: 6190: 5715: 5578: 4986: 3511: 605: 523: 2597: 765: 684:, built in 1896 in Chicago, required exceptionally thick walls to maintain the structural integrity of its 17 storeys. 345:. These bricks were made of red clay, fired on all sides to above 600 °C, and used as flooring for houses. By the 6430: 6097: 5987: 5184: 3812: 3147: 2786: 2038: 4176: 1473:

where the successive layers of stretchers are displaced horizontally from each other by half a brick length. In true

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Dry-pressed – similar to soft mud method, but starts with a much thicker clay mix and is compressed with great force.

5275: 4731: 4605: 4570: 4311: 4232: 2276: 2233: 310: 2434: 1396: 723: 146:, have a history older than fired bricks, and have an additional ingredient of a mechanical binder such as straw. 6386: 6205: 5061: 4811: 4691: 2798: 646: 405: 290: 1442:

Comparison of typical brick sizes of assorted countries with isometric projections and dimensions in millimetres

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in a structure which increases stability and strength (for an example, see the illustration of bricks laid in

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The demand for high office building construction at the turn of the 20th century led to a much greater use of

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in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region, and are produced in bulk quantities.

1329:- a soft brick made near Chicago, Illinois with a range of colors, like buff yellow, salmon pink, or deep red 1066:

may be performed to change the colour of bricks to blend-in areas of brickwork with the surrounding masonry.

504:, after being introduced there from Northwestern Italy. An independent style of brick architecture, known as 4741: 2076: 2065:

Bricks are a versatile building material, able to participate in a wide variety of applications, including:

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bia.org. Technical Note 10, Dimensioning and Estimating Brick Masonry (pdf file) Retrieved 8 November 2016.

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Town, Hainan, China. This operation produces a pallet containing 42 bricks, approximately every 30 seconds.

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Extruded – made by being forced through an opening in a steel die, with a very consistent size and shape.

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and other materials, many houses are skinned with a layer of bricks on the outside for aesthetic appeal.

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The Mechanics Magazine and Journal of Engineering, Agricultural Machinery, Manufactures and Shipbuilding

3334:"The historical process of the masonry city walls construction in China during 1st to 17th centuries AD" 2398: 2157: 1986: 1169: 1147: 621: 119: 5982: 1205: 6304: 6002: 5725: 5623: 5509: 5109: 5094: 4635: 4630: 3601: 3345: 3215: 3054: 2840: 2206: 2177: 1326: 554: 358: 4214: 4196: 3653: 3628:"General information on the history of the brick | Scotland's Brick and Tile Manufacturing Industry" 2193: 1831:), but the depth has varied from about two inches (51 mm) or smaller in earlier times to about 938:

press. The shaped clay is then fired at 900–1,000 °C (1,650–1,830 °F) to achieve strength.

6256: 6130: 5849: 5805: 5693: 5545: 5484: 5240: 5225: 5220: 5114: 5048: 5005: 4796: 2837: – Roman construction technique using horizontal courses of tuff blocks alternated with bricks 2657: 2242: 2238: 2122: 1210: 954: 543: 509: 349:(3300 BC), fired bricks were being used to pave roads and as building foundations at Chengtoushan. 3770: 3577:"Italian Renaissance Revival Style 1890 - 1930 | PHMC > Pennsylvania Architectural Field Guide" 3233: 2019:(containing a pattern of small holes through the brick, removing no more than 25% of the volume), 600: 235:, Jordan Valley. These structures were made up of the first bricks with dimension 400x150x100 mm. 225: 6160: 5974: 5959: 5770: 5705: 5628: 5613: 5558: 5534: 5494: 5462: 5396: 5386: 5357: 5294: 5164: 5129: 4758: 4640: 3908: 3465: 3420: 3205: 3121: 3072: 2944: 2084: 2033:

The compressive strength of bricks produced in the United States ranges from about 7 to 103

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The First Hundred Years: the Early History of Bradley & Craven, Limited, Wakefield, England

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also constructed air-dried mudbrick structures between 7000 and 3300 BC and later the ancient

132: 4094:"Masonry in the Context of Sustainable Buildings: A Review of the Brick Role in Architecture" 4032: 1004:, rails, or kiln cars, which achieves a more consistent brick product. The bricks often have 6435: 6077: 5839: 5755: 5750: 5665: 5468: 5423: 5265: 5071: 5066: 4826: 4748: 4676: 4528: 4105: 3983: 3965: 3892: 3404: 3363: 3353: 3173: 3103: 3062: 3058: 2620: 2469: 2379: 2134: 1997:

A slightly larger brick requires less mortar and handling (fewer bricks), which reduces cost

1332: 1296: 824: 609: 162: 109: 2196:, especially in the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States, Belgium and the Netherlands. 6425: 6314: 6274: 6185: 6175: 6145: 6135: 6120: 6082: 6038: 5864: 5854: 5785: 5401: 5104: 4940: 4696: 4660: 4650: 4220: 4202: 4077: 2973: 2816: 2359: 2217: 2118: 1265:

Keyed – indentations in at least one face and end to be used with rendering and plastering

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Lukas Nickel: Bricks in Ancient China and the Question of Early Cross-Asian Interaction,

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institutions, and refers to the use of bricks, as opposed to stone, in their buildings.

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By 604 BC, bricks were the construction materials for architectural wonders such as the

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is a type of construction material used to build walls, pavements and other elements in

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Wire-cut – cut to size after extrusion with a tensioned wire which may leave drag marks

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are used where strength, low water porosity or acid (flue gas) resistance are needed.

442: 6419: 6294: 6251: 6200: 6140: 6105: 6072: 5939: 5889: 5879: 5780: 5710: 5700: 5593: 5563: 5452: 5411: 5329: 5205: 5039: 4950: 4852: 4806: 4786: 4610: 4156: 4151: 3912: 3881:"Mud Bricks and the Process of Construction in the Middle Bronze Age Southern Levant" 3424: 3125: 3076: 2834: 2828: 2383: 2296: 2185: 2110: 2034: 2003:

More complex interior cavities allow improved insulation, while maintaining strength.

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Common or building – A brick not intended to be visible, used for internal structure

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countries, especially in houses built or renovated in the 1970s. A version known as

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and stone, combined with tempers and binding agents such as chopped straw, grasses,

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Three main methods are used for shaping the raw materials into bricks to be fired:

669: 613: 517: 505: 486: 478: 474: 447: 409: 391: 342: 338: 255: 251: 190: 77: 65: 4015: 2813: – Form of ashlar masonry used in Carthaginian and ancient Roman architecture 1026:

The advantage of the BTK design is a much greater energy efficiency compared with

3690: 3358: 3290: 3263: 458:, Germany, built with fired bricks in the fourth century as an audience hall for 6289: 5934: 5924: 5899: 5824: 5735: 5683: 5633: 5438: 5370: 5339: 4791: 4726: 2822: 2795: – Use of glazed tiles alternating with plain brick for decorative purposes 2731: 2541: 2351: 2288: 2173: 1486: 1477:, the perpendicular lines of the stretcher courses are in line with each other. 1385: 1362: 1338: 1271:

Thin – brick with normal height and length but thin width to be used as a veneer

1127: 712: 513: 426: 378: 295: 3164:

Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (2005), "Uncovering the keys to the Lost Indus Cities",

1457:, at the head of this article). The wall is built using alternating courses of 553:

A clear distinction between the two styles only developed at the transition to

6279: 6155: 6028: 5964: 5929: 5909: 5790: 5760: 5730: 5670: 5618: 5270: 4945: 4872: 4701: 4686: 3970: 3408: 2792: 2604: 2521: 2449: 2181: 2161: 2149: 2080: 2054: 1482: 1304: 1282: 1157: 1031: 1027: 993: 959: 935: 911: 831: 688: 677: 650: 282: 278: 271: 243: 218: 206: 113: 4119: 3979: 3904: 3457: 3416: 3117: 2936: 6150: 5997: 5884: 5844: 5834: 5829: 5720: 5588: 5583: 5433: 5352: 5309: 5260: 5250: 5245: 5235: 4929: 4925: 4892: 4877: 4857: 4753: 4706: 4615: 4339: 4290:"Rogelio Salmona, Colombian Architect Who Transformed Cities, Is Dead at 78" 4266: 4137:

Engineering materials science: properties, uses, degradation and remediation

3857: 3749: 3552:"Discover Brick Gothic architecture on the European route | DW | 01.06.2010" 3392: 2715: 2676: 2320: 2188:

resistance, refractoriness under load, high melting point, and satisfactory

2169: 2099: 1828: 1532: 1496: 1449: 1118: 1114: 1001: 867: 665: 642: 194: 158: 3997: 3716: 3377: 3185: 2572: 2279:

does not specify which materials a sidewalk must be made of in order to be

558: 72: 17: 3041:

Fiala, Jan; Mikolas, Milan; Fiala Junior, Jan; Krejsova, Katerina (2019).

6343: 6338: 6170: 5919: 5914: 5775: 5740: 5688: 5678: 5324: 5299: 5124: 4862: 4361: 3108: 3091: 2735: 2418: 2210: 2189: 2130: 1279:

Chemically resistant – bricks made with resistance to chemical reactions

1165: 796: 790: 673: 562: 263: 247: 214: 202: 143: 27:

Block or a single unit of a ceramic material used in masonry construction

4110: 4093: 3652:

Wiskemann, Barbara (2005). "Prefabrication". In Deplazes, Andrea (ed.).

2299:, have taken steps to remove brick sidewalks from certain areas such as 1073:, in which salt is added during the burning process, or by the use of a 1008:, ash, and organic matter added, which accelerates the burning process. 1000:, in which the bricks are fired as they move slowly through the kiln on 431: 337:

The earliest fired bricks appeared in Neolithic China around 4400 BC at

6241: 6225: 6052: 5894: 5745: 5255: 5230: 4716: 4625: 4434:

Coomands, Thomas; VanRoyen, Harry, eds. (2008), "Novii Monasterii, 7",

4165:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 518. 2986: 2477: 2473: 2355: 2324: 2095: 1676: 1604: 1580: 1410: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1268:

Paving – brick intended to be in ground contact as a walkway or roadway

1135: 1020: 950: 899: 871: 737: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 696: 589: 299: 286: 259: 232: 97: 2125:. For example, in the early 1900s, most of the streets in the city of 1254:

Face – A brick used on exterior surfaces to present a clean appearance

1093: 135:, sometimes referred to as artificial stone, and have been used since 6348: 6018: 5428: 5391: 4935: 4915: 4801: 4736: 4711: 4600: 2916: 2771: 2767: 2738:

region, the "Foraine" brick has kept the same large and flat format.

2695: 2453: 2402: 2363: 2165: 2090: 1985:

matches the height of three modular running courses, or one standard

1748: 1700: 1106: 985: 893: 883: 812: 634: 626: 570: 303: 210: 2881:"Interlocking bricks & Compressed stablized earth bricks - CSEB" 1257:

Hollow – not solid, the holes are less than 25% of the brick volume

1069:

An impervious and ornamental surface may be laid on brick either by

945:

Extruded bricks – For extruded bricks the clay is mixed with 10–15%

3199: 316: 4982:

Operative Plasterers' and Cement Masons' International Association

4897: 4765: 4721: 4366: 3210: 3043:"History and Evolution of Full Bricks of Other European Countries" 2505: 2153: 2048: 1652: 1628: 1556: 1495: 1437: 1204: 1151: 1122: 1110: 1092: 1045: 976: 946: 863: 849: 775: 764: 599: 581: 522: 455: 441: 430: 398:

techniques then in use. Using the 17th-century encyclopaedic text

315: 186: 177: 71: 59: 5067:

Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway

4997: 4362:"Desarrollo inmobiliario en Xoco: relato de ciudades enfrentadas" 3332:

Xue, Q.; Jin, X.; Cheng, Y.; Yang, X.; Jia, X.; Zhou, Y. (2019).

30:

This article is about the building material. For other uses, see

5028: 4092:

Almssad, Asaad; Almusaed, Amjad; Homod, Raad Z. (January 2022).

2588: 997: 879: 835: 808: 804: 800: 585: 482: 354: 325: 231:

Mudbrick structures, dating to c. 7,200 BC have been located in

105: 48: 5001: 4559: 4555: 4545: 4443:

Das, Saikia Mimi; Das, Bhargab Mohan; Das, Madan Mohan (2010),

620:

Production of bricks increased massively with the onset of the

270:

was used as early as 3000 BC in early Indus Valley cities like

112:, adhesives or by interlocking. Bricks are usually produced at 5859: 4058:

Life in the Victorian Brickyards of Flintshire and Denbigshire

2339:

A block of Bricks manufactured in Nepal to build Ancient Stupa

1379: 706: 637:

by Richard A. Ver Valen of Haverstraw, New York, in 1852. The

4389:, Bibliothèque de la Casa de Velazquez, 2 (in French), Madrid 3012:"Mud-brick Village Survived 7,200 Years in the Jordan Valley" 1341:– a hard light coloured brick originally from the Netherlands 680:

construction severely limited the size of the building – the

4550: 4509:; chap. 3: Bricks and tiles. London: Longman; pp. 28–42 4150: 2849: – Building block system using compressed wood shavings 2801: – Archaeological term for baked clay building material 2075:

The fireproofing of structural-steel members in the form of

4499:

Rudimentary Treatise on the Manufacture of Bricks and Tiles

4436:

Medieval Brick Architecture in Flanders and Northern Europe

3655:

Constructing Architecture: Materials, Processes, Structures

2855: – Concrete masonry unit with a durable, slick surface 1481:

regions. A notable illustration of this correlation is the

1235:

Machine-moulded – clay is forced into moulds using pressure

656:

At the end of the 19th century, the Hudson River region of

306:, where there was an enormous demand for kiln-made bricks. 289:. There was a uniformity to the brick sizes throughout the 4967:

International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers

4539: 1213:, shows different types of brickwork and stone foundations 996:, bricks are usually fired in a continuously fired tunnel 131:

Fired bricks are one of the longest-lasting and strongest

4533: 3295:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 33–35. 3268:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 30–31. 2843: – Use of bricks of different colours for decoration 165:

to hold the bricks together to make a durable structure.

4463:

Clay Bricks and Roof Tiles, Manufacturing and Properties

3440:

Materials science in construction : an introduction

3201:

Bricks and urbanism in the Indus Valley rise and decline

3047:

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering

2831: – Masonry pattern used in Roman and medieval times 1952: inches (194 × 92 × 57 mm). With the standard 949:(stiff extrusion) or 20–25% water (soft extrusion) in a 3292:

Water Civilization: From Yangtze to Khmer Civilizations

3265:

Water Civilization: From Yangtze to Khmer Civilizations

1505:

Face brick ("house brick") sizes, (alphabetical order)

1260:

Perforated – holes greater than 25% of the brick volume

4408:

Campbell, James W.; Pryce, Will, photographer (2003),

2405:, Germany, erected 1468–1488, looking up at the towers 1316:

Ceramic glazed – fire bricks with a decorative glazing

1232:

Moulded – shaped in moulds rather than being extruded

1097:

Swedish Mexitegel is a sand-lime or lime-cement brick.

546:

spread to northern Europe, leading to the adoption of

3885:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

3486:"Roman Brick Stamps: Auxiliary and Legionary Bricks" 2825: – Combination of Roman construction techniques 2807: – List of bricklaying terms and their meanings 2433:

Decorative pattern made of strongly fired bricks in

1889:

of 225 by 112.5 by 75 millimetres (9 in ×

500:

the use of bricks in construction became popular in

313:, where glazed fired bricks were put into practice. 197:

is one of the largest brick structures in the world.

6357: 6328: 6234: 6051: 6011: 5973: 5815: 5804: 5656: 5543: 5460: 5451: 5379: 5284: 5198: 5080: 5047: 5038: 4959: 4908: 4845: 4779: 4669: 4593: 4139:. Chichester, U.K.: Horwood Pub., 2004. 194. Print. 1335:– a light yellow brick made in Milwaukee, Wisconsin 41: 4336:"San Francisco Will Say So Long to Brick Sidewalk" 2976:. Wikis.ifporient.org. Retrieved 16 November 2012. 2558:St Michael and All Angels Church, Blantyre, Malawi 1903: in × 3 in), for a ratio of 6:3:2. 1113:, or crushed siliceous rock together with mineral 485:, and built large brick structures throughout the 4014:Stoddard, Ralph Perkins; Carver, William (1946). 3092:"The Appearance of Bricks in Ancient Mesopotamia" 1873: in), which, with a nominal 10 millimetres ( 1376:Optimal dimensions, characteristics, and strength 1365:– a long, flat brick typically used by the Romans 1238:Handmade – clay is forced into moulds by a person 769:Brick making at the beginning of the 20th century 534:in Poland – the largest brick castle in the world 2861: – Manufacturer of bricks, pavers and pipes 2287:recommends against the use of bricks as well as 4387:Brique et architecture dans l'Espagne médiévale 3813:"Monadnock Building: The Last Brick Skyscraper" 414: 3391:Östborn, Per; Gerding, Henrik (1 March 2015). 2789: – Lightweight, precast building material 2072:Bearing and non-bearing sound proof partitions 687:Following pioneering work in the 1950s at the 5013: 4571: 4177:"Brick sizes, variations and standardisation" 4087: 4085: 2069:Structural walls, exterior and interior walls 1307:or refractory – highly heat-resistant bricks 542:as the stylistic changes associated with the 8: 4479:Plumbridge, Andrew; Meulenkamp, Wim (2000), 4425:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4330: 4328: 2949:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2819: – Ancient Roman brickwork construction 4447:, New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited, 4360:Alejandro Porcel Arraut (16 October 2018). 3535:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3397:Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 2107:Outdoor steps, brick walks and paved floors 1371:– a type of construction brick from England 5812: 5457: 5044: 5020: 5006: 4998: 4578: 4564: 4556: 4551:International Brick Collectors Association 4399:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4069:Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency, 3470:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3090:Hasson Hnaihen, Kadim (18 December 2019). 2754:(France) was built using "Foraine" bricks. 2710:The largest brick warehouse in the world, 1299:– a type of engineering brick from England 68:with bricks of various shades and lengths. 4109: 3987: 3969: 3367: 3357: 3209: 3198:Khan, Aurangzeb; Lemmen, Carsten (2013), 3107: 3066: 2492:A typical brick house in the Netherlands. 1426:Learn how and when to remove this message 1156:A concrete brick-making assembly line in 753:Learn how and when to remove this message 408:outlined the brick production process of 4977:Mason Contractors Association of America 4031:Punmia, B.C.; Jain, Ashok Kumar (2003), 2417:Eastern gable of church of St. James in 1503: 854:Raw bricks sun-drying before being fired 4972:Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland 3788:"Brick collectors of the Hudson Valley" 3512:"The History of Bricks and Brickmaking" 2872: 2310: 649:for brick-making at their factory near 394:described the brick making process and 390:, published in 1103 at the time of the 4418: 4392: 4308:"ADA Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG)" 4131: 4129: 3786:Falkenstein, Michelle (28 June 2022). 3602:"Schloss Schwerin | Welterbe Schwerin" 3528: 3463: 2942: 780:Fired and unfired brick making process 373:. The floors of the three pits of the 161:, and may be laid in various kinds of 38: 6116:Median / Central reservation 4149:Burton, Joseph & William (1911). 4135:McArthur, Hugh, and Duncan Spalding. 4009: 4007: 3856:Emery, Virginia L. (27 August 2009). 3851: 3849: 3847: 3314: 3312: 2156:industries are often used for lining 2000:Their ribbed exterior aids plastering 1485:in Gdansk; built in 1571 of imported 1359:– a type of decorative brick in India 1038:gradually rotate through the trench. 689:Swiss Federal Institute of Technology 104:denotes a unit primarily composed of 7: 3926:Downton, Paul; Clarke, Dick (2020). 3879:Homsher, Robert S. (November 2012). 3678:from the original on 9 October 2022. 3036: 3034: 3032: 2910: 2908: 2538:Parish of San Sebastián Mártir, Xoco 2184:. This type of brick must have good 1408:adding citations to reliable sources 735:adding citations to reliable sources 64:A wall constructed in glazed-headed 3178:10.1038/scientificamerican0105-24sp 2303:in order to improve accessibility. 1220:Categorized by manufacture method: 953:. This mixture is forced through a 328:displays 12th-century craftsmanship 6034:Risk compensation (road transport) 4529:Brick in 20th-Century Architecture 4481:Brickwork. Architecture and Design 4262:"Bricks come back to city streets" 3739:by Bradley & Craven Ltd (1963) 3322:, Vol. 70 (2015), pp. 49-62 (50f.) 1962:inch mortar joint, this gives the 1322:Bricks named for place of origin: 224:Mudbrick construction was used at 142:. Air-dried bricks, also known as 25: 4060:, p34. 2003, Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. 3897:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.368.0001 3840:. De Hoop:Steenwerve Brickfields. 3442:. Sturges, John. Abingdon, Oxon. 2011:Bricks may also be classified as 1859: in × 4 in × 1195:stabilised compressed earth block 100:construction. Properly, the term 80:laid with alternating courses of 6400:Glossary of road transport terms 4517:, London: H. Greville Montgomery 4288:Romero, Simon (6 October 2007). 2915:W., Beamish, A. Donovan (1990). 2759: 2743: 2723: 2703: 2687: 2668: 2656: 2651:Porotherm style clay block brick 2644: 2628: 2612: 2596: 2580: 2564: 2549: 2529: 2513: 2497: 2485: 2461: 2442: 2426: 2410: 2391: 2371: 2344: 2332: 2313: 2250: 2230:San Francisco earthquake of 1906 1993:offer the following advantages: 1883: in) mortar joint, forms a 1789: 1765: 1741: 1717: 1693: 1669: 1645: 1621: 1597: 1573: 1549: 1525: 1384: 1168:are usually termed as blocks or 711: 47: 4822:Non-explosive demolition agents 4260:Schwartz, Emma (31 July 2003). 3862:UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology 3510:2fm.pl; BrickArchitecture.com. 3438:Ash, Ahmed (20 November 2014). 2805:Glossary of British bricklaying 2571:Virgilio Barco Public Library, 2520:A typical Dutch farmhouse near 2504:A 19th-century brick church in 2295:Some US jurisdictions, such as 1395:needs additional citations for 811:and other earth materials like 722:needs additional citations for 693:Building Research Establishment 465:Early civilisations around the 201:The earliest bricks were dried 153:and numerous patterns known as 4037:, Firewall Media, p. 33, 3632:www.scottishbrickhistory.co.uk 3550:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. 3232:Gupta, Sunil (May–June 1998). 3068:10.1088/1757-899x/603/3/032097 2987:"Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük" 2712:Stanley Dock Tobacco Warehouse 2285:Federal Highway Administration 2192:. There is a large refractory 2121:or as a decorative surface in 1347:– a type of construction brick 795:Unfired bricks, also known as 1: 6441:Soil-based building materials 6382:Pavement performance modeling 6372:International roughness index 4540:Brick Development Association 4445:Elements of Civil Engineering 3695:. Random House. p. 435. 2675:Brick made as a byproduct of 2263:1906 San Francisco earthquake 902:(clay) – 20% to 30% by weight 896:(sand) – 50% to 60% by weight 889:One proposed optimal mix is: 799:, are made from a mixture of 647:South Eastern Railway Company 341:, a walled settlement of the 136: 6377:Present serviceability index 6171:Sidewalk / Pavement 5716:Diamond grinding of pavement 4987:Worshipful Company of Masons 4515:History of English Brickwork 3359:10.1371/journal.pone.0214119 2991:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 1461:, bricks laid longways, and 606:National Museum of Roman Art 538:This style evolved into the 6349:Underpass / Tunnel 6344:Overpass / Flyover 6098:High-occupancy vehicle lane 5988:Driving under the influence 5062:Freeway / Motorway 4461:Kornmann, M.; CTTB (2007), 4071:Brick Kiln Units (PDF file) 3234:"History of Brick in India" 2787:Autoclaved aerated concrete 1777:215 × 102.5 × 65 6457: 5276:Highway systems by country 4534:Brick Industry Association 4312:United States Access Board 3138:Possehl, Gregory L. (1996) 2277:United States Access Board 2234:1933 Long Beach earthquake 1804:7.6 × 3.6 × 2.2 1780:8.5 × 4.0 × 2.6 1756:9.8 × 4.7 × 2.4 1732:8.7 × 4.2 × 2.9 1708:9.8 × 4.7 × 2.6 1684:9.4 × 4.5 × 2.5 1660:8.3 × 3.9 × 2.4 1636:9.0 × 4.2 × 2.7 1612:9.4 × 4.5 × 2.8 1588:9.0 × 4.3 × 2.1 1564:9.4 × 6.1 × 2.1 1540:9.1 × 4.3 × 3.0 1183: 1145: 1062:and Cambridgeshire White. 970: 788: 435:Brick relief sculpture by 424: 311:Hanging Gardens of Babylon 279:Great Bath at Mohenjo-daro 174:Middle East and South Asia 29: 6395: 6387:Granular base equivalency 6206:Traffic signal preemption 5614:Right-in/right-out (RIRO) 5520:Single-point urban (SPUI) 4812:Lewis (lifting appliance) 4412:, London & New York: 4385:Aragus, Philippe (2003), 3971:10.3390/molecules25061419 3409:10.1007/s10816-014-9229-4 3289:Yoshinori Yasuda (2012). 3262:Yoshinori Yasuda (2012). 3096:Athens Journal of History 2918:Village-level brickmaking 2799:Ceramic building material 2619:Brick sidewalk paving in 2137:by the mid-20th century. 1753:250 × 120 × 62 1729:222 × 106 × 73 1705:250 × 120 × 65 1681:240 × 115 × 63 1657:210 × 100 × 60 1633:228 × 107 × 69 1609:240 × 115 × 71 1585:228 × 108 × 54 1561:240 × 155 × 53 1537:230 × 110 × 76 46: 6367:Pavement condition index 6093:High-occupancy toll lane 6088:Contraflow lane reversal 6063:Barrier transfer machine 4201:29 December 2016 at the 3606:www.welterbe-schwerin.de 2847:Stockade Building System 2637:Cambridge, Massachusetts 1801:194 × 92 × 57 1369:Staffordshire blue brick 1275:Specialized use bricks: 1050:Yellow London Stocks at 984:brickmaker at kiln near 920:– less than 1% by weight 886:), and decomposed rock. 639:Bradley & Craven Ltd 213:region and in southeast 157:, collectively known as 5221:Express-collector setup 4505:Hudson, Kenneth (1972) 4483:, London: Seven Dials, 4162:Encyclopædia Britannica 4034:Basic Civil Engineering 3838:"The History of Bricks" 3152:Encyclopædia Britannica 3059:2019MS&E..603c2097F 2967:IFP Orient – Tell Aswad 2899:"Bricks that interlock" 2766:The old brick house at 2663:Moulding bricks, Poland 2544:, was completed in 1663 2456:, Spain, (14th century) 2061:, is paved with bricks. 2059:Natchitoches, Louisiana 2053:Front Street along the 1285:– acid resistant bricks 1191:Compressed earth blocks 1180:Compressed earth blocks 1089:Calcium-silicate bricks 676:. The use of brick for 672:, and later, steel and 661:construction industry. 384:The carpenter's manual 126:expanded clay aggregate 6405:Road types by features 6300:Raised pavement marker 6267:Constant-slope barrier 6191:Traffic directionality 6181:Street running railway 5604:Protected intersection 4497:Dobson, E. A. (1850), 4438:, Koksijde: Ten Duinen 4410:Brick: a World History 4020:New York: McGraw-Hill. 3689:Peter Ackroyd (2001). 3148:History of brickmaking 2694:Fired, clay bricks in 2452:brick church tower in 2382:on Hadrian's Villa in 2062: 2037:(1,000 to 15,000 1501: 1443: 1214: 1186:Compressed earth block 1161: 1098: 1054: 989: 855: 781: 770: 703:Methods of manufacture 617: 535: 462: 439: 418: 329: 198: 89: 69: 32:Brick (disambiguation) 6262:Concrete step barrier 5599:Offset T-intersection 4546:Think Brick Australia 3817:www.amusingplanet.com 3516:brickarchitecture.com 2730:Medieval heir to the 2556:Decorative bricks in 2437:Castle (14th century) 2261:A panorama after the 2052: 1499: 1441: 1208: 1170:concrete masonry unit 1155: 1148:Concrete masonry unit 1134:, manufactured using 1096: 1081:Chemically set bricks 1049: 980: 853: 779: 768: 622:Industrial Revolution 603: 526: 445: 434: 319: 285:, and the granary of 281:, the fire altars of 181: 76:An old brick wall in 75: 63: 6305:Road surface marking 6003:Single-vehicle crash 5726:Full depth recycling 5624:Seagull intersection 4636:Massive precut stone 4631:Post-tensioned stone 4501:, London: John Weale 4076:16 June 2007 at the 3775:. 1859. p. 361. 3692:London the Biography 3581:www.phmc.state.pa.us 3109:10.30958/ajhis.6-1-4 2972:26 July 2011 at the 2841:Polychrome brickwork 2480:were erected in 1514 2216:Colombian architect 2207:red brick university 2123:pedestrian precincts 2104:Porches and terraces 1827:x 3 inches (but see 1404:improve this article 1327:Chicago common brick 1247:Categorized by use: 1042:Influences on colour 731:improve this article 555:Baroque architecture 228:, from c. 7,400 BC. 6131:Pedestrian crossing 5694:Reinforced concrete 5530:Three-level diamond 5241:Two-lane expressway 5226:Farm-to-market road 4832:Stonemason's hammer 4797:Ceramic tile cutter 4414:Thames & Hudson 4219:11 May 2017 at the 4111:10.3390/su142214734 3490:www.romancoins.info 3350:2019PLoSO..1414119X 3241:ARCHITECTURE+DESIGN 3220:2013arXiv1303.1426K 3166:Scientific American 2468:Brick sculpting on 2243:reinforced concrete 2239:steel reinforcement 1506: 1313:– a vitrified brick 1211:Beacon Hill, Boston 1164:Bricks formed from 908:– 2 to 5% by weight 544:Italian Renaissance 510:Gothic architecture 379:Eastern Han dynasty 365:, dated to 523 AD. 149:Bricks are laid in 6431:Building materials 6161:Runaway truck ramp 5983:Driver's education 5771:Rubberized asphalt 5706:Crocodile cracking 5629:Split intersection 5397:Hierarchy of roads 5358:Single carriageway 4513:Lloyd, N. (1925), 4507:Building Materials 4294:The New York Times 4056:Connolly, Andrew. 3792:www.timesunion.com 2635:Brick sidewalk in 2472:, Thornbury, near 2200:Engineering bricks 2063: 1964:nominal dimensions 1516:Imperial (inches) 1504: 1502: 1471:English cross bond 1444: 1357:Nanak Shahi bricks 1351:London stock brick 1215: 1162: 1099: 1060:London stock brick 1055: 990: 856: 782: 771: 682:Monadnock Building 618: 536: 491:baths of Caracalla 463: 440: 330: 199: 133:building materials 90: 70: 6413: 6412: 6221:Wide outside lane 6047: 6046: 6024:Automotive safety 5905:Road slipperiness 5652: 5651: 5500:Diverging diamond 5447: 5446: 5363:Single-track road 5305:Bicycle boulevard 4995: 4994: 4921:Hardstone carving 4868:Polygonal masonry 4692:Decorative stones 4472:978-2-9517765-6-2 4454:978-81-203-4097-8 4044:978-81-7008-403-7 3702:978-0-09-942258-7 3668:978-3-7643-7313-9 2182:refractory bricks 2083:, enclosures and 1908:actual dimensions 1811: 1810: 1436: 1435: 1428: 1345:Fareham red brick 763: 762: 755: 540:Brick Renaissance 498:Early Middle Ages 320:The brickwork of 58: 57: 16:(Redirected from 6448: 6257:Cat's eye (road) 6078:Complete streets 5850:Dead Man's Curve 5813: 5751:Pavement milling 5666:Asphalt concrete 5609:Quadrant roadway 5550: 5472: 5458: 5424:Street hierarchy 5072:Elevated highway 5045: 5022: 5015: 5008: 4999: 4827:Plug and feather 4677:Artificial stone 4580: 4573: 4566: 4557: 4518: 4502: 4493: 4475: 4465:, Paris: Lasim, 4457: 4439: 4430: 4424: 4416: 4404: 4398: 4390: 4372: 4371: 4367:Nexos (magazine) 4357: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4332: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4230: 4224: 4212: 4206: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4154: 4146: 4140: 4133: 4124: 4123: 4113: 4089: 4080: 4067: 4061: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4011: 4002: 4001: 3991: 3973: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3853: 3842: 3841: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3717:"US Patent 9082" 3713: 3707: 3706: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3660: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3534: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3469: 3461: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3371: 3361: 3329: 3323: 3316: 3307: 3306: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3243:. pp. 74–78 3238: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3213: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3161: 3155: 3145: 3139: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3111: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3070: 3038: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2983: 2977: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2948: 2940: 2912: 2903: 2902: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2877: 2763: 2747: 2727: 2707: 2691: 2672: 2660: 2648: 2632: 2621:Portland, Oregon 2616: 2600: 2584: 2568: 2553: 2533: 2517: 2501: 2489: 2470:Thornbury Castle 2465: 2446: 2430: 2414: 2395: 2380:opus reticulatum 2375: 2348: 2336: 2317: 2254: 2160:, in particular 2135:asphalt concrete 2089:Foundations for 1979: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1918: 1915: 1902: 1901: 1897: 1894: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1818: 1795: 1793: 1792: 1771: 1769: 1768: 1747: 1745: 1744: 1723: 1721: 1720: 1699: 1697: 1696: 1675: 1673: 1672: 1651: 1649: 1648: 1627: 1625: 1624: 1603: 1601: 1600: 1579: 1577: 1576: 1555: 1553: 1552: 1531: 1529: 1528: 1507: 1500:Faces of a brick 1431: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1411: 1388: 1380: 1333:Cream City brick 1052:Waterloo station 914:– ≤ 7% by weight 882:), free silica ( 825:carbon footprint 758: 751: 747: 744: 738: 715: 707: 481:operated mobile 469:, including the 347:Qujialing period 141: 138: 51: 39: 21: 6456: 6455: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6391: 6359: 6353: 6324: 6315:Traffic barrier 6275:F-Shape barrier 6230: 6186:Traffic calming 6146:Reversible lane 6136:Pedestrian zone 6121:Motorcycle lane 6083:Contraflow lane 6055:time allocation 6054: 6043: 6039:Underride guard 6007: 5969: 5855:Expansion joint 5817: 5807: 5800: 5786:Stamped asphalt 5648: 5579:Continuous flow 5552: 5548: 5547: 5539: 5473: 5469:grade-separated 5466: 5465: 5443: 5402:Private highway 5375: 5280: 5194: 5076: 5034: 5026: 4996: 4991: 4955: 4904: 4841: 4775: 4697:Dimension stone 4665: 4589: 4584: 4525: 4512: 4496: 4491: 4478: 4473: 4460: 4455: 4442: 4433: 4417: 4407: 4391: 4384: 4381: 4379:Further reading 4376: 4375: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4344: 4342: 4334: 4333: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4272: 4270: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4238:. crammix.co.za 4231: 4227: 4221:Wayback Machine 4213: 4209: 4203:Wayback Machine 4195: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4134: 4127: 4091: 4090: 4083: 4078:Wayback Machine 4068: 4064: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4013: 4012: 4005: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3936: 3934: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3855: 3854: 3845: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3821: 3819: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3750:"Henry Clayton" 3748: 3747: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3675: 3669: 3658: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3636: 3634: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3600: 3599: 3595: 3585: 3583: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3560: 3558: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3527: 3520: 3518: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3494: 3492: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3462: 3450: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3344:(3): e0214119. 3331: 3330: 3326: 3320:Arts Asiatiques 3317: 3310: 3303: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3236: 3231: 3230: 3226: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3040: 3039: 3030: 3020: 3018: 3010: 3009: 3005: 2995: 2993: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2974:Wayback Machine 2963: 2962: 2958: 2941: 2929: 2914: 2913: 2906: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2817:Opus latericium 2782: 2775: 2764: 2755: 2748: 2739: 2728: 2719: 2708: 2699: 2692: 2683: 2673: 2664: 2661: 2652: 2649: 2640: 2633: 2624: 2617: 2608: 2601: 2592: 2585: 2576: 2569: 2560: 2554: 2545: 2534: 2525: 2518: 2509: 2502: 2493: 2490: 2481: 2476:, England. The 2466: 2457: 2447: 2438: 2431: 2422: 2415: 2406: 2396: 2387: 2376: 2367: 2360:Pergamon Museum 2349: 2340: 2337: 2328: 2318: 2309: 2273: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2260: 2255: 2226: 2218:Rogelio Salmona 2178:chromomagnesite 2164:bricks such as 2143:concrete blocks 2119:traffic calming 2047: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1879: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1823: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1790: 1788: 1766: 1764: 1742: 1740: 1718: 1716: 1694: 1692: 1670: 1668: 1646: 1644: 1622: 1620: 1598: 1596: 1574: 1572: 1550: 1548: 1526: 1524: 1432: 1421: 1415: 1412: 1401: 1389: 1378: 1203: 1188: 1182: 1150: 1144: 1142:Concrete bricks 1091: 1083: 1044: 992:In many modern 975: 969: 927: 925:Shaping methods 876:aluminosilicate 848: 821:embodied energy 793: 787: 759: 748: 742: 739: 728: 716: 705: 598: 567:Schwerin Castle 502:Northern Europe 429: 423: 375:terracotta army 371:Qin Shi Huangdi 335: 246:inhabitants of 209:, in the upper 176: 171: 139: 54: 53:A single brick. 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6454: 6452: 6444: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6418: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6407: 6402: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6363: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6285:Jersey barrier 6282: 6277: 6272: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6216:Unused highway 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6196:Traffic island 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6059: 6057: 6049: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6015: 6013: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5993:Drowsy driving 5990: 5985: 5979: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5875:Level crossing 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5821: 5819: 5810: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5673: 5668: 5662: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5574:Channelization 5571: 5566: 5561: 5559:3-way junction 5555: 5553: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5476: 5474: 5461: 5455: 5453:Road junctions 5449: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5417:business route 5414: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5347: 5345:Primitive road 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5216:County highway 5213: 5211:Collector road 5208: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5187: 5185:United Kingdom 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5120:Czech Republic 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5086: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5053: 5051: 5049:Limited-access 5042: 5036: 5035: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5017: 5010: 5002: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4923: 4918: 4912: 4910: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4751: 4746: 4745: 4744: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4673: 4671: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4621:Letter cutting 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4597: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4524: 4523:External links 4521: 4520: 4519: 4510: 4503: 4494: 4489: 4476: 4471: 4458: 4453: 4440: 4431: 4405: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4352: 4324: 4299: 4280: 4252: 4240: 4225: 4207: 4189: 4168: 4157:Chisholm, Hugh 4141: 4125: 4098:Sustainability 4081: 4062: 4049: 4043: 4023: 4003: 3944: 3918: 3871: 3843: 3829: 3804: 3778: 3762: 3741: 3729: 3708: 3701: 3681: 3667: 3644: 3619: 3593: 3568: 3542: 3502: 3477: 3448: 3430: 3403:(1): 306–344. 3383: 3324: 3308: 3301: 3281: 3274: 3254: 3224: 3190: 3156: 3140: 3131: 3082: 3028: 3003: 2978: 2956: 2927: 2904: 2890: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2862: 2856: 2853:Surfaced block 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2811:Opus africanum 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2776: 2765: 2758: 2756: 2752:Albi Cathedral 2749: 2742: 2740: 2729: 2722: 2720: 2709: 2702: 2700: 2693: 2686: 2684: 2674: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2643: 2641: 2634: 2627: 2625: 2618: 2611: 2609: 2603:A brick kiln, 2602: 2595: 2593: 2587:FES Building, 2586: 2579: 2577: 2570: 2563: 2561: 2555: 2548: 2546: 2536:Baroque brick 2535: 2528: 2526: 2519: 2512: 2510: 2503: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2484: 2482: 2467: 2460: 2458: 2448: 2441: 2439: 2432: 2425: 2423: 2421:(14th century) 2416: 2409: 2407: 2397: 2390: 2388: 2377: 2370: 2368: 2350: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2331: 2329: 2319: 2312: 2308: 2305: 2272: 2269: 2257: 2256: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2225: 2222: 2194:brick industry 2148:Bricks in the 2114: 2113: 2111:Swimming pools 2108: 2105: 2102: 2093: 2087: 2073: 2070: 2046: 2043: 2005: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1983:soldier course 1809: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1773:United Kingdom 1761: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1545: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1434: 1433: 1392: 1390: 1383: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1366: 1360: 1354: 1348: 1342: 1336: 1330: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1302: 1301: 1300: 1288: 1287: 1286: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1255: 1252: 1245: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1202: 1199: 1184:Main article: 1181: 1178: 1146:Main article: 1143: 1140: 1132:fly ash bricks 1090: 1087: 1082: 1079: 1043: 1040: 968: 965: 964: 963: 962:from the kiln. 943: 939: 926: 923: 922: 921: 915: 909: 903: 897: 847: 844: 789:Main article: 786: 783: 761: 760: 719: 717: 710: 704: 701: 658:New York State 597: 596:Industrial era 594: 578:bulk transport 576:Long-distance 573:(Fürstenhof). 532:Teutonic Order 528:Malbork Castle 471:Ancient Greeks 437:Walter Ritchie 425:Main article: 422: 419: 401:Tiangong Kaiwu 363:Songyue Pagoda 334: 331: 266:. Ceramic, or 184:Jetavanaramaya 175: 172: 170: 167: 140: 4000 BC 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6453: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6394: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6331: 6327: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6295:Noise barrier 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6252:Cable barrier 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6201:Traffic lanes 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6141:Refuge island 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6106:Living street 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6073:Climbing lane 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6050: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5975:Human factors 5972: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5940:Traffic light 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5890:Oversize load 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5880:Manhole cover 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5803: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5711:Crushed stone 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5594:Michigan left 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5546:Intersections 5542: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5495:Directional T 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5470: 5464: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5412:special route 5410: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5330:Frontage road 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5206:Arterial road 5204: 5203: 5201: 5197: 5191: 5190:United States 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5040:Types of road 5037: 5033: 5030: 5023: 5018: 5016: 5011: 5009: 5004: 5003: 5000: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4960:Organizations 4958: 4952: 4951:Machicolation 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4807:Diamond blade 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4787:Angle grinder 4785: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4581: 4576: 4574: 4569: 4567: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4536:United States 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4511: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4492: 4490:1-84188-039-6 4486: 4482: 4477: 4474: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4456: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4388: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4370:(in Spanish). 4369: 4368: 4363: 4356: 4353: 4341: 4337: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4284: 4281: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4236: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4197: 4193: 4190: 4178: 4172: 4169: 4164: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4152:"Brick" 4145: 4142: 4138: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4104:(22): 14734. 4103: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4079: 4075: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4036: 4035: 4027: 4024: 4019: 4018: 4010: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3945: 3933: 3929: 3922: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3872: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3833: 3830: 3818: 3814: 3808: 3805: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3779: 3774: 3773: 3766: 3763: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3730: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3704: 3698: 3694: 3693: 3685: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3664: 3657: 3656: 3648: 3645: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3620: 3607: 3603: 3597: 3594: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3543: 3538: 3532: 3517: 3513: 3506: 3503: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3478: 3473: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3449:9781135138417 3445: 3441: 3434: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3302:9784431541103 3298: 3294: 3293: 3285: 3282: 3277: 3275:9784431541103 3271: 3267: 3266: 3258: 3255: 3242: 3235: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3141: 3135: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3053:(3): 032097. 3052: 3048: 3044: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3017: 3013: 3007: 3004: 2992: 2988: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2968: 2960: 2957: 2952: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2928:3-528-02051-2 2924: 2920: 2919: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2886: 2885:Buildup Nepal 2882: 2876: 2873: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2835:Opus vittatum 2833: 2830: 2829:Opus spicatum 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2779: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2690: 2685: 2682: 2681:Normanby – UK 2678: 2671: 2666: 2659: 2654: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2562: 2559: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2527: 2524:, Netherlands 2523: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2500: 2495: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2394: 2389: 2386:(2nd century) 2385: 2384:Tivoli, Italy 2381: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2347: 2342: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2301:Market Street 2298: 2297:San Francisco 2293: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2271:Accessibility 2270: 2264: 2259: 2253: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2186:thermal shock 2183: 2179: 2176:and neutral ( 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1965: 1909: 1904: 1888: 1887: 1830: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1797:United States 1787: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1763: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1739: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1691: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1619: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1451: 1440: 1430: 1427: 1419: 1409: 1405: 1399: 1398: 1393:This section 1391: 1387: 1382: 1381: 1375: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1259: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1242: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1231: 1226: 1225: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1218: 1212: 1209:This wall in 1207: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1141: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1095: 1088: 1086: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1064:Brick tinting 1061: 1053: 1048: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 987: 983: 979: 974: 973:Hoffmann kiln 966: 961: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 937: 932: 931: 930: 924: 919: 916: 913: 910: 907: 904: 901: 898: 895: 892: 891: 890: 887: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 860: 852: 845: 843: 839: 837: 833: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 792: 784: 778: 774: 767: 757: 754: 746: 736: 732: 726: 725: 720:This section 718: 714: 709: 708: 702: 700: 698: 694: 690: 685: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 662: 659: 654: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 630: 628: 623: 615: 612:(designed by 611: 610:Mérida, Spain 607: 602: 595: 593: 591: 587: 583: 579: 574: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 551: 549: 545: 541: 533: 529: 525: 521: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 494: 492: 488: 484: 480: 479:Roman legions 476: 472: 468: 467:Mediterranean 461: 460:Constantine I 457: 453: 452:Aula Palatina 449: 444: 438: 433: 428: 420: 417: 413: 411: 407: 406:Timothy Brook 403: 402: 397: 393: 389: 388: 387:Yingzao Fashi 382: 380: 376: 372: 366: 364: 360: 356: 350: 348: 344: 340: 332: 327: 323: 322:Shebeli Tower 318: 314: 312: 307: 305: 301: 297: 292: 288: 284: 280: 275: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 240: 236: 234: 229: 227: 222: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 196: 192: 188: 185: 180: 173: 168: 166: 164: 160: 156: 152: 147: 145: 134: 129: 127: 123: 122: 117: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 87: 83: 79: 74: 67: 62: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6320:Traffic cone 6310:Rumble strip 6211:Truck bypass 6166:Shared space 6126:Passing lane 6111:Managed lane 6068:Bicycle lane 5950:Washboarding 5945:Traffic sign 5870:Hairpin turn 5639:Texas U-turn 5569:Box junction 5463:Interchanges 5407:Route number 5315:Country lane 5057:Bike freeway 4883:Tuckpointing 4837:Straightedge 4771:Stone veneer 4681: 4587:Stonemasonry 4514: 4506: 4498: 4480: 4462: 4444: 4435: 4409: 4386: 4365: 4355: 4343:. 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Retrieved 2990: 2981: 2959: 2917: 2893: 2884: 2875: 2859:Wienerberger 2399:Frauenkirche 2294: 2289:cobblestones 2274: 2227: 2215: 2205:In the UK a 2204: 2198: 2147: 2139: 2127:Grand Rapids 2115: 2064: 2057:in historic 2032: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2010: 2006: 1991: 1963: 1907: 1905: 1884: 1812: 1725:South Africa 1491: 1479: 1475:English bond 1474: 1470: 1467:English bond 1466: 1462: 1458: 1455:English bond 1454: 1448: 1445: 1422: 1416:January 2022 1413: 1402:Please help 1397:verification 1394: 1321: 1274: 1246: 1219: 1216: 1194: 1189: 1174: 1163: 1100: 1084: 1071:salt glazing 1068: 1063: 1056: 1036: 1025: 1017: 1013: 1010: 991: 928: 888: 861: 857: 840: 829: 794: 772: 749: 743:January 2022 740: 729:Please help 724:verification 721: 686: 670:wrought iron 663: 655: 631: 619: 614:Rafael Moneo 575: 552: 537: 518:East Prussia 508:(similar to 506:brick Gothic 495: 487:Roman Empire 464: 415: 410:Ming dynasty 404:, historian 399: 392:Song dynasty 385: 383: 367: 351: 343:Daxi culture 339:Chengtoushan 336: 308: 291:Indus Valley 276: 267: 256:Mohenjo-daro 252:Indus Valley 241: 237: 230: 223: 200: 191:Anuradhapura 182:The ancient 154: 150: 148: 130: 120: 118: 101: 93: 91: 85: 81: 78:English bond 66:Flemish bond 36: 6358:Performance 6290:Kassel kerb 6247:Botts' dots 6235:Demarcation 5935:Storm drain 5900:Road debris 5825:Aquaplaning 5818:environment 5806:Road safety 5684:Cobblestone 5634:Superstreet 5439:Winter road 5387:Concurrency 5380:Other terms 5371:Sunken lane 5340:Main street 5285:Local roads 4792:Bush hammer 4727:Lime mortar 4606:Rustication 3964:(6): 1419. 3937:11 December 3928:"Mud brick" 3858:"Mud-Brick" 3755:17 December 3608:(in German) 2964:(in French) 2823:Opus mixtum 2732:Roman brick 2542:Mexico City 2352:Ishtar Gate 2321:Chile house 2224:Limitations 2085:fire towers 2081:party walls 1966:of 8 x 4 x 1513:Metric (mm) 1487:Dutch brick 1363:Roman brick 1339:Dutch brick 1291:Engineering 1128:post-Soviet 1032:scove kilns 846:Fired brick 548:Renaissance 514:Kaliningrad 496:During the 427:Roman brick 296:Pataliputra 283:Kaalibangan 268:fired brick 244:South Asian 18:Brickmaking 6420:Categories 6360:indicators 6329:Structures 6280:Guard rail 6156:Road verge 6029:Seat belts 5965:Snowsquall 5930:Speed bump 5910:Road train 5731:Glassphalt 5671:Bioasphalt 5644:Turnaround 5619:Roundabout 5549:(at-grade) 5515:Roundabout 5480:Cloverleaf 5335:Green lane 5271:Trunk road 5199:Main roads 5082:By country 4946:Stone wall 4873:Repointing 4846:Techniques 4702:Fieldstone 4687:Cast stone 4641:Monumental 3822:28 January 3586:4 December 3561:30 January 3521:5 December 3495:30 January 3247:4 December 3021:30 January 2996:30 January 2921:. Vieweg. 2867:References 2605:Tamil Nadu 2591:, Colombia 2575:, Colombia 2522:Wageningen 2162:refractory 2150:metallurgy 2100:fireplaces 2055:Cane River 2017:perforated 1807:3.5:1.6:1 1783:3.3:1.5:1 1711:3.8:1.8:1 1687:3.8:1.8:1 1663:3.5:1.6:1 1639:3.3:1.6:1 1615:3.4:1.6:1 1567:4.5:2.9:1 1483:Green Gate 1459:stretchers 1297:Accrington 1283:Acid brick 1158:Guilinyang 1115:colourants 1109:, crushed 994:brickworks 971:See also: 960:waste heat 942:expensive. 912:Iron oxide 678:skyscraper 651:Folkestone 272:Kalibangan 254:cities of 226:Çatalhöyük 219:Diyarbakir 207:Tell Aswad 114:brickworks 86:stretchers 6151:Road diet 6053:Space and 5998:Road rage 5885:Oil spill 5845:Crosswind 5835:Black ice 5830:Avalanche 5756:Permeable 5589:Jughandle 5584:Hook turn 5490:Free-flow 5434:Toll road 5353:Side road 5310:Boulevard 5266:Super two 5261:Ring road 5236:Link road 5135:Hong Kong 5090:Australia 5032:hierarchy 4941:Sculpture 4930:Footstone 4926:Headstone 4893:Brickwork 4878:Scabbling 4858:Flushwork 4754:Sandstone 4732:Limestone 4707:Flagstone 4670:Materials 4651:Sculpture 4616:Dry stone 4345:11 August 4340:Next City 4317:11 August 4267:USA Today 4120:2071-1050 3980:1420-3049 3958:Molecules 3913:164826274 3905:0003-097X 3466:cite book 3458:896794727 3425:254606236 3417:1573-7764 3211:1303.1426 3126:214024042 3118:2407-9677 3077:203996304 2945:cite book 2937:472930436 2716:Liverpool 2677:ironstone 2508:, Finland 2366:, Germany 2327:, Germany 2077:firewalls 1938: × 1924: × 1886:unit size 1829:brick tax 1533:Australia 1119:autoclave 1002:conveyors 936:hydraulic 868:pegmatite 862:Clay and 817:tree bark 643:Middlesex 450:Basilica 217:close to 203:mudbricks 195:Sri Lanka 159:brickwork 144:mudbricks 6339:Causeway 6176:Shoulder 6012:Vehicles 5960:Whiteout 5920:Rockfall 5915:Roadkill 5840:Bleeding 5816:Road and 5776:Sealcoat 5701:Corduroy 5689:Concrete 5679:Chipseal 5658:Surfaces 5510:Raindrop 5325:Driveway 5320:Dead end 5300:Backroad 5251:2+2 road 5246:2+1 road 5170:Portugal 5160:Pakistan 4909:Products 4863:Knapping 4656:Slipform 4421:citation 4395:citation 4235:Maxilite 4233:Crammix 4217:Archived 4199:Archived 4182:28 April 4074:Archived 3998:32244982 3932:YourHome 3891:: 1–27. 3673:Archived 3531:cite web 3378:30901369 3338:PLOS ONE 3186:12840948 2970:Archived 2780:See also 2736:Toulouse 2478:chimneys 2232:and the 2211:Oxbridge 2190:porosity 2174:chamotte 2170:magnesia 2158:furnaces 2131:Michigan 2096:Chimneys 2021:cellular 1989:course. 1759:4.1:2:1 1735:3:1.4:1 1591:4.3:2:1 1543:3:1.4:1 1510:Standard 1166:concrete 1021:woodlots 918:Magnesia 797:mudbrick 791:Mudbrick 785:Mudbrick 691:and the 674:concrete 635:patented 590:railways 563:Schwerin 516:(former 300:Kausambi 264:Mehrgarh 248:Mehrgarh 215:Anatolia 6436:Masonry 6242:Bollard 6226:Woonerf 5955:Washout 5895:Pothole 5808:factors 5796:Texture 5766:Plastic 5746:Macadam 5535:Trumpet 5485:Diamond 5256:Parkway 5231:Highway 5145:Ireland 5125:Germany 5115:Croatia 5095:Belgium 4853:Flaming 4717:Granite 4661:Snecked 4626:Masonry 4611:Carving 4159:(ed.). 3989:7144354 3797:28 June 3637:16 June 3612:16 June 3369:6430406 3346:Bibcode 3216:Bibcode 3055:Bibcode 3016:Haaretz 2793:Banna'i 2734:in the 2698:, China 2679:mining 2607:, India 2474:Bristol 2450:Mudéjar 2358:in the 2356:Babylon 2325:Hamburg 2307:Gallery 1975:⁄ 1957:⁄ 1947:⁄ 1933:⁄ 1919:⁄ 1898:⁄ 1878:⁄ 1868:⁄ 1854:⁄ 1840:⁄ 1822:⁄ 1677:Romania 1605:Germany 1581:Denmark 1469:called 1463:headers 1311:Clinker 1136:fly ash 1123:arrises 988:in 2007 951:pugmill 900:Alumina 872:granite 697:Watford 604:In the 530:of the 412:China: 396:glazing 287:Harappa 260:Harappa 233:Jericho 169:History 151:courses 98:masonry 82:headers 6426:Bricks 6335:Bridge 6019:Airbag 5791:Tarmac 5736:Gravel 5564:Bowtie 5505:Parclo 5429:Stroad 5392:Detour 5367:Street 5295:Avenue 5180:Taiwan 5165:Poland 5130:Greece 5105:Canada 5100:Brazil 4936:Mosaic 4916:Castle 4888:Veneer 4817:Trowel 4802:Chisel 4749:Mortar 4737:Marble 4712:Gabion 4646:Rubble 4601:Ashlar 4487: 4469: 4451: 4118: 4041: 3996: 3986: 3978: 3911: 3903: 3699: 3665: 3556:DW.COM 3456: 3446: 3423: 3415: 3376: 3366: 3299: 3272: 3184: 3124: 3116: 3075: 2935: 2925: 2772:Taiwan 2768:Taipei 2696:Hainan 2639:, U.S. 2623:, U.S. 2573:Bogotá 2454:Teruel 2435:Radzyń 2403:Munich 2378:Roman 2364:Berlin 2166:silica 2091:stucco 2039:lbf/in 2025:hollow 1794: 1770: 1749:Sweden 1746: 1722: 1701:Russia 1698: 1674: 1650: 1626: 1602: 1578: 1554: 1530: 1519:Ratio 1450:bonded 1107:quartz 986:Ngcobo 894:Silica 884:quartz 878:(pure 813:gravel 627:London 588:, and 571:Wismar 569:) and 559:Lübeck 475:Romans 421:Europe 359:vaults 304:Ujjain 302:, and 262:, and 211:Tigris 163:mortar 110:mortar 5761:Plank 5675:Brick 5525:Stack 5291:Alley 5175:Spain 5155:Nepal 5150:Italy 5140:India 5110:China 4898:Wythe 4780:Tools 4766:Slate 4742:Types 4722:Grout 4682:Brick 4594:Types 4273:4 May 4155:. 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