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got attention of architects and regulators in the last third of the 20th century due to a marked increase in the frequency of collision accidents: worldwide, 30 major bridges collapsed in the 1960-1998 timeframe after being rammed by ships or barges, 321 persons were killed. The rate of smaller
234:
Physical bridge protection systems designed to prevent catastrophic collisions are expensive and represent a "significant" share of overall construction costs. Therefore, alternatives are typically considered during the design phase:
266:
Highway designs in the US are subject to the AASHTO specifications, but the text does not contain specific procedures and recommendations. Railway bridges are built according to the "Manual for
Railway Engineering" published by the
219:) have multiple problems from low efficiency to high construction and maintenance costs and environmental impacts, and are therefore used as a last resort, when the location of the bridge precludes the use of other designs.
95:
268:
102:
58:
accidents is much higher: there were 811 serious accidents that did not cause a collapse just in the United States between 1970 and 1974, with 14 persons killed. Minor collisions are routine: the
335:
AASHTO, Guide
Specification and Commentary for Vessel Collision Design of Highway Bridges. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 1991.
81:
199:
driven into the river bottom in a group, with space in between sometimes filled with rocks and capped with concrete. The collision is absorbed via deformations of the structure;
143:
attached to the pier with the goal to absorb the vessel impact. Their ability to withstand a typical ship collision is low. Fenders are built using a variety of materials:
225:
are widenings of the bridge piers near their base, typically extending some distance above water level, providing some degree of reinforcement of the pier against impact.
323:
National
Research Council, Ship Collisions with Bridges — The Nature of the Accidents, Their Prevention and Mitigation, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1983
239:
fortifying the piers and superstructure to the point where they will be able to handle the impact, either on their own, or with the help of a fender system;
74:
383:
AASHTO, LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications and Commentary, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 1994.
185:. The islands are quite effective in protecting the pier by pushing the ship away, but cause environmental damage to the river bottom and, while
124:
359:
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piles"). The piles are connected together with rigid or flexible links, can be attached to the pier, and sometimes are fitted with fenders;
88:
476:
AREMA, Manual for
Railway Engineering, Chapter 8, Part 23, American Railway Engineering Association, Washington, D.C., 1999.
491:
133:
98:(AASHTO) issued a Vessel Collision Design Guide Specification in February, 1991, based on the previous study;
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278:, the subject is covered in the Australian standard AS 5100.2:2017, "Bridge design, Part 2: Design loads".
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354:. Structural engineering documents. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering.
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systems on dedicated piles that are driven into the bottom either vertically or at an angle ("
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Ship
Collision with Bridges: The Interaction Between Vessel Traffic and Bridge Structures
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to reduce the probability of a catastrophic impact (60-85% of the collisions are due to
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59:
54:
34:
540:
513:
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commissioned guidelines for the bridge protection design in the United States (1988);
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issued vessel collision protection criteria for the bridge piers in
Louisiana (1984);
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349:
500:
17:
504:
275:
490:
Knott, Michael; Prucz, Zolan (2000). "Vessel
Collison Design of Bridges".
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bridge design specifications with provisions for bridge protection (1994).
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Dolphins and artificial islands surrounding piers of the new (farthest)
512:
Wuttrich, Rafal; Wekezer, Jerry; Yazdani, Nur; Wilson, Claudia (2001).
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issued a report on the history of ship collisions with bridges (1983);
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514:"Performance evaluation of existing bridge fenders for ship impact"
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164:
123:
96:
American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
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increasing the span length, so that the piers are away from the
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42:
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American
Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association
103:
International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering
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392:
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There are several types of bridge protection systems used:
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published its "Ship Collision with Bridges" guide in 1993;
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by either deflecting an aberrant ship from striking the
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A "Committee on Ship/Barge Collision" appointed by the
173:. Note the collapsed spans of the old (nearest) bridge
82:
Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development
65:
In the US, the turning point was the collapse of the
45:
of a bridge, or sustaining and absorbing the impact.
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and thus protected by the shallow water around them;
181:built with sand and rock core that is protected by
518:Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities
8:
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415:
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530:10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3828(2001)15:1(17)
128:Pile-supported fender system on the (
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27:Methods to reduce damage to bridges
25:
134:James P. Houlihan Memorial Bridge
87:Eleven states together with the
189:, might shift the bridge piers;
89:Federal Highway Administration
1:
429:"Parts of a bridge and gloss"
433:scotlandsoldestbridges.co.uk
493:Bridge Engineering Handbook
53:Protecting bridges against
563:
75:National Research Council
62:gets 35 reports per day.
31:Bridge protection systems
465:Knott & Prucz 2000
453:Knott & Prucz 2000
416:Knott & Prucz 2000
312:Knott & Prucz 2000
295:Knott & Prucz 2000
174:
171:Sunshine Skyway Bridge
136:
67:Sunshine Skyway Bridge
168:
127:
69:in 1980. Since then,
393:Wuttrich et al. 2001
147:thin-walled concrete
108:AASHTO adopted the
179:artificial islands
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152:thin-walled steel
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361:978-3-85748-079-9
251:navigational aids
16:(Redirected from
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141:Fender systems
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60:US Coast Guard
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35:ship collision
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18:Bridge fenders
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524:(1): 17–23.
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436:. Retrieved
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365:. Retrieved
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230:Alternatives
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202:
195:are made of
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64:
52:
37:damage to a
30:
29:
262:Regulations
501:Boca Raton
367:2024-03-30
282:References
505:CRC Press
467:, 60.8.2.
418:, 60.8.1.
314:, 60.1.1.
297:, 60.2.5.
276:Australia
271:(AREMA).
223:Starlings
541:Category
438:29 March
348:(1993).
217:pontoons
193:dolphins
187:settling
154:membrane
33:prevent
484:Sources
455:, 60.8.
244:fairway
159:rubber.
117:Designs
49:History
358:
257:error.
207:batter
183:riprap
156:steel;
39:bridge
497:(PDF)
346:IABSE
255:pilot
197:piles
130:swing
43:piers
440:2024
356:ISBN
149:box;
110:LRFD
101:The
94:The
80:The
526:doi
274:In
543::
522:15
520:.
516:.
503::
499:.
431:.
400:^
376:^
328:^
302:^
132:)
532:.
528::
507:.
442:.
370:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
