3601:, p. 6. "Six of the seven individuals sampled here are clearly indigenous Britons in their genomic signal. When considered together, they are similar to the earlier Iron-Age sample, whilst the modern group with which they show closest affinity are Welsh. These six are also fixed for the Y-chromosome haplotype R1b-L51, which shows a cline in modern Britain, again with maximal frequencies among western populations. Interestingly, these people do not differ significantly from modern inhabitants of the same region (Yorkshire and Humberside) suggesting major genetic change in Eastern Britain within the last millennium and a half. That this could have been, in part, due to population influx associated with the Anglo-Saxon migrations is suggested by the different genetic signal of the later Anglo-Saxon genome."
415:
400:
730:
6020:
1263:
846:
1336:
traders, intermarriage, and small-scale movements of family groups". The authors describe this as a "plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into
Britain". There was much less migration into Britain during the subsequent Iron Age, so it is more likely that Celtic reached Britain before then. Barry Cunliffe suggests that a branch of Celtic was already being spoken in Britain and that the Bronze Age migration introduced the Brittonic branch.
1690:
1236:
1259:, was late arriving in Britain, but after 300 BC the Ancient British seem to have had generally similar cultural practices to the Celtic cultures nearest to them on the continent. There are significant differences in artistic styles, and the greatest period of what is known as the "Insular La Tène" style, surviving mostly in metalwork, was in the century or so before the Roman conquest, and perhaps the decades after it.
1385:
4265:
1435:
36:
1654:, was largely destroyed in 656 AD, with only its westernmost parts in modern Wales remaining under the control of the Britons, and it is likely that Cynwidion, which had stretched from modern Bedfordshire to Northamptonshire, fell in the same general period as Pengwern, though a sub-kingdom of Calchwynedd may have clung on in the Chilterns for a time.
1634:), had fallen by 605 AD becoming Anglo-Saxon Bernicia. Caer Celemion (in modern Hampshire and Berkshire) had fallen by 610 AD. Elmet, a large kingdom that covered much of modern Yorkshire, Lancashire, and Cheshire and likely had its capital at modern Leeds, was conquered by the Anglo-Saxons in 627 AD.
1395:
In 43 AD, the Roman Empire invaded
Britain. The British tribes opposed the Roman legions for many decades, but by 84 AD the Romans had decisively conquered southern Britain and had pushed into Brittonic areas of what would later become northern England and southern Scotland. During the same period,
2098:
However, by the early 1100s, the Anglo-Saxons and Gaels had become the dominant cultural force in most of the formerly
Brittonic ruled territory in Britain, and the language and culture of the native Britons was thereafter gradually replaced in those regions, remaining only in Wales, Cornwall, the
1349:
in approximately 890, starts with this sentence: "The island
Britain is 800 miles long and 200 miles broad. And there are in the island five nations; English, Welsh (or British), Scottish, Pictish, and Latin. The first inhabitants were the Britons, who came from Armenia, and first peopled Britain
1335:
people in this area, but not in northern
Britain. The "evidence suggests that rather than a violent invasion or a single migratory event, the genetic structure of the population changed through sustained contacts between mainland Britain and Europe over several centuries, such as the movement of
2927:
While there have been attempts in the past to align the
Pictish language with non-Celtic language, the current academic view is that it was Brittonic. See: Forsyth (1997) p. 37: "he only acceptable conclusion is that, from the time of our earliest historical sources, there was only one language
1420:, whilst the Brittonic-Pictish Britons north of the wall probably remained fully independent and unconquered. The Roman Empire retained control of "Britannia" until its departure about AD 410, although parts of Britain had already effectively shrugged off Roman rule decades earlier.
2155:, once close to extinction, has experienced a revival since the 20th century. The vast majority of place names and names of geographical features in Wales, Cornwall, the Isles of Scilly and Brittany are Brittonic, and Brittonic family and personal names remain common.
832:
is now generally accepted to descend from Common
Brittonic, rather than being a separate Celtic language. Welsh and Breton survive today; Cumbric and Pictish became extinct in the 12th century. Cornish had become extinct by the 19th century but has been the subject of
1291:
There are competing hypotheses for when Celtic peoples, and the Celtic languages, first arrived in
Britain, none of which have gained consensus. The traditional view during most of the twentieth century was that Celtic culture grew out of the central European
2020:) until the mid 11th century AD when Cornwall was effectively annexed by the English, with the Isles of Scilly following a few years later, although at times Cornish lords appear to have retained sporadic control into the early part of the 12th century AD.
2173:
In addition, a
Brittonic legacy remains in England, Scotland and Galicia in Spain, in the form of often large numbers of Brittonic place and geographical names. Examples of geographical Brittonic names survive in the names of rivers, such as the
2453:, suggesting genetic continuity between Iron Age Britain and Roman Britain, and partial genetic continuity between Roman Britain and modern Britain. On the other hand, they were genetically substantially different from the examined
342:-speaking tribes from Ireland. The extent to which this cultural change was accompanied by wholesale population changes is still debated. During this time, Britons migrated to mainland Europe and established significant colonies in
1416:, which ran between the Forth–Clyde isthmus, but they retreated back to Hadrian's Wall after only twenty years. Although the native Britons south of Hadrian's Wall mostly kept their land, they were subject to the
5471:
1534:
The kingdom of Ceint (modern Kent) fell in 456 AD. Linnuis (which stood astride modern
Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire) was subsumed as early as 500 AD and became the English Kingdom of Lindsey.
1948:(the 'Old North') which endured until the end of the 11th century, successfully resisting Anglo-Saxon, Gaelic Scots and later also Viking attacks. At its peak it encompassed modern Strathclyde,
3458:
Broun, "Dunkeld", Broun, "National Identity", Forsyth, "Scotland to 1100", pp. 28–32, Woolf, "Constantine II"; cf. Bannerman, "Scottish Takeover", passim, representing the "traditional" view.
796:
that developed in the British Isles after arriving from the continent in the 7th century BC. The language eventually began to diverge; some linguists have grouped subsequent developments as
468:
between 330 and 320 BC. Although none of his own writings remain, writers during the following centuries make frequent reference to them. The ancient Greeks called the people of Britain the
1312:
cultural zone before it spread eastward. Alternatively, Patrick Sims-Williams criticizes both of these hypotheses to propose 'Celtic from the Centre', which suggests Celtic originated in
1992:. Thus the Kingdom of Strathclyde became the last of the Brittonic kingdoms of the 'old north' to fall in the 1090s when it was effectively divided between England and Scotland.
2143:
Wales, Cornwall, Brittany and the Isles of Scilly continued to retain a distinct Brittonic culture, identity and language, which they have maintained to the present day. The
1588:
fell to the Anglo-Saxons in 559 AD and Deira became an Anglo-Saxon kingdom after this point. Caer Went had officially disappeared by 575 AD becoming the Anglo-Saxon
1797:) was partly conquered during the mid 9th century AD, with most of modern Devonshire being annexed by the Anglo-Saxons, but leaving Cornwall, the Isles of Scilly (
748:. Brittonic was spoken throughout the island of Britain (in modern terms, England, Wales, and Scotland). According to early medieval historical tradition, such as
3102:
2441:. The indigenous Britons of Roman Britain were genetically closely related to the earlier Iron Age female Briton, and displayed close genetic links to modern
2067:). These Brittonic-Welsh kingdoms initially included territories further east than the modern borders of Wales; for example, Powys included parts of modern
414:
4225:
1511:
Many of the old Brittonic kingdoms began to disappear in the centuries after the Anglo-Saxon and Scottish Gaelic invasions; Parts of the regions of modern
1327:, over a 500-year period from 1,300 BC to 800 BC. The migrants were "genetically most similar to ancient individuals from France" and had higher levels of
3044:
Celtic from the West Chapter 2: The Celts from everywhere and nowhere: a re-evaluation of the origins of the Celts and the emergence of Celtic cultures
5956:
3923:
3894:
911:
The following is a list of the major Brittonic tribes, in both the Latin and Brittonic languages, as well as their capitals during the Roman period.
135:
5976:
5966:
1626:, fell from Brittonic hands by 600 AD, and Bryneich, which existed in modern Northumbria and County Durham with its capital of Din Guardi (modern
1404:
had first crossed the channel as raiders, only later establishing themselves on the island. 122 AD, the Romans fortified the northern border with
5996:
5981:
5971:
2113:) had certainly been largely absorbed by England by the 1050s to early 1100s, although it retained a distinct Brittonic culture and language.
1331:
ancestry. From 1000 to 875 BC, their genetic marker swiftly spread through southern Britain, making up around half the ancestry of subsequent
5986:
4370:
3514:
3078:
3051:
2816:
2023:
Wales remained free from Anglo-Saxon, Gaelic Scots and Viking control, and was divided among varying Brittonic kingdoms, the foremost being
2520:
860:
419:
5991:
334:
of eastern and southern Britain began. The culture and language of the Britons fragmented, and much of their territory gradually became
6061:
6046:
3476:
2495:
5454:
5267:
3714:
3446:
3244:
3018:
2773:
2743:
2462:
1439:
1429:
627:
331:
142:
119:
2994:
2133:
2978:
2398:
801:
296:
2413:. Six of these individuals were identified as native Britons. The six examined native Britons all carried types of the paternal
4446:
3856:
2382:
populations. Though sharing a common Northwestern European origin, the Iron Age individuals were markedly different from later
596:
53:
3790:
2668:
2586:
100:
57:
72:
5437:
1296:, from which the Celts and their languages reached Britain in the second half of the first millennium BC. More recently,
5710:
2530:
327:
3824:
1304:
have challenged that with their 'Celtic from the West' theory, which has the Celtic languages developing as a maritime
4910:
4170:
2804:
2211:
797:
734:
79:
1758:, endured until approximately 775 AD before being divided by fellow Brittonic Picts, Gaelic Scots and Anglo-Saxons.
260:
writers and dates to the Iron Age. Ancient Britain was made up of many tribes and kingdoms, associated with various
5481:
5356:
4961:
4930:
4310:
2199:
1718:) survived well into the 8th century AD, before the eastern part peacefully joined with the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of
1453:
began a migration to the south-eastern coast of Britain, where they began to establish their own kingdoms, and the
1417:
281:
6051:
5442:
5277:
5242:
4905:
2901:
1612:
to the invaders, while the westernmost part remained in Brittonic hands, and continued to exist in modern Wales.
891:
816:
or "Old North" of Britain (modern northern England and southern Scotland), while the Southwestern dialect became
615:
288:
184:
399:
86:
6056:
5782:
5216:
5192:
4518:
3328:
John E. Pattison. "Is it necessary to assume an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England?"
1485:
1389:
741:
729:
686:
2230:. Many place names in England and Scotland are of Brittonic rather than Anglo-Saxon or Gaelic origin, such as
1262:
2354:
Schiffels et al. (2016) examined the remains of three Iron Age Britons buried ca. 100 BC. A female buried in
319:, who lived outside of the empire in northern Britain, however, most scholars today accept the fact that the
6041:
6019:
5493:
5141:
4687:
4401:
4220:
4110:
2966:
2906:
834:
482:
265:
46:
68:
5961:
5880:
5843:
4915:
4200:
4195:
2856:
2590:
2545:
2355:
2279:
1824:
attack in the early 9th century AD, and by the end of that century had been conquered by Viking invaders.
1669:
1589:
1328:
1048:
1002:
954:
308:
3819:
1660:, which occupied Galloway and Carrick, was soon subsumed by fellow Brittonic-Pictish polities by 700 AD.
5727:
5542:
5287:
5187:
4558:
4396:
4375:
3739:
3646:
2550:
2044:
1969:
1341:
1088:
793:
5870:
5742:
5476:
5126:
4523:
4441:
4250:
4175:
3752:
3659:
3197:
3144:
2735:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2402:
2375:
2371:
2359:
2095:, but had largely been confined to the borders of modern Wales by the beginning of the 12th century.
2060:
1836:
1560:
arrived on the northwest coast of Britain from Ireland, dispossessed the native Britons, and founded
1150:
990:
261:
2124:
Wales and Brittany remained independent for a considerable time, however, with Brittany united with
5757:
5626:
5556:
5537:
5516:
5449:
5272:
5156:
5146:
4966:
4951:
4946:
4900:
4875:
4548:
4436:
4421:
4235:
4054:
3849:
3366:
3070:
Celtic from the West 3 : Atlantic Europe in the Metal Ages : questions of shared language
2329:
1309:
1060:
997:
718:
610:
442:
432:
250:
151:
358:, Spain). By the 11th century, Brittonic-speaking populations had split into distinct groups: the
5923:
5654:
5547:
5511:
5432:
5387:
5282:
5108:
4999:
4956:
4885:
4692:
4467:
4230:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4115:
3972:
3928:
3248:
3157:
3096:
2826:
2367:
2024:
1528:
1520:
1446:
1324:
895:
821:
674:
171:
2341:
1597:
1549:
845:
556:. Linguist Kim McCone suggests the name became restricted to inhabitants of the far north after
552:), which is usually explained as meaning "painted people". The Old Welsh name for the Picts was
1908:
5787:
5762:
5752:
5488:
5461:
5342:
5197:
5182:
5177:
5136:
5131:
5036:
4925:
4880:
4870:
4862:
4533:
4487:
4477:
4318:
4145:
4125:
4084:
3778:
3710:
3697:
3685:
3510:
3442:
3223:
3149:
3084:
3074:
3047:
3024:
3014:
2974:
2952:
2812:
2769:
2739:
2664:
2414:
2337:
2263:
2247:
1493:
1405:
1379:
1293:
1191:
942:
930:
623:
445:
in the ancient and medieval periods, "from the first evidence of such speech in the pre-Roman
304:
257:
215:
134:
2970:
2960:
2914:
5816:
5777:
5732:
5719:
5639:
5618:
5521:
5466:
5151:
4971:
4890:
4702:
4482:
4416:
4306:
4185:
4180:
4150:
4120:
4074:
4036:
3902:
3768:
3760:
3675:
3667:
3403:
Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 515–516.
3333:
3213:
3205:
3139:
3129:
2379:
2333:
2271:
2152:
2056:
2036:
1755:
1715:
1689:
1593:
1580:(Deira) which encompassed modern-day Teesside, Wearside, Tyneside, Humberside, Lindisfarne (
1489:
1466:
1409:
1400:
tribes from the Gallic-Germanic borderlands settled in southern Britain. Caesar asserts the
1371:
1346:
1332:
1316:
and spread during the first millennium BC, reaching Britain towards the end of this period.
1278:, a trumpet with an animal-headed bell, was used by Celtic Britons during war and ceremony.
1252:
1240:
1235:
1072:
883:
817:
809:
768:
745:
714:
450:
446:
389:
320:
246:
230:
226:
161:
93:
5859:
5797:
5737:
5700:
5672:
5634:
5599:
5579:
5362:
5352:
5337:
5224:
5031:
4895:
4658:
4513:
4472:
4462:
4301:
4240:
4160:
4155:
4140:
4135:
4048:
3748:
3655:
3270:
2948:
2838:
2555:
2295:
2148:
2118:
2092:
2017:
1977:
1973:
1923:
1880:
1868:
1810:
1762:
1661:
1605:
1481:
1477:
1458:
1454:
1320:
825:
760:
694:
477:
408:
393:
355:
347:
3756:
3663:
3391:
3350:"Integration versus Apartheid in post-Roman Britain: a Response to Thomas et al. (2008)"
3201:
1384:
380:
in northern Scotland. Common Brittonic developed into the distinct Brittonic languages:
5898:
5888:
5864:
5811:
5767:
5682:
5662:
5644:
5589:
5584:
5552:
5397:
5377:
5202:
5103:
5082:
5077:
4714:
4648:
4643:
4632:
4613:
4607:
4603:
4411:
4406:
4365:
4292:
4278:
4190:
4165:
4130:
4089:
4079:
4015:
4002:
3886:
3878:
3869:
3842:
3773:
3734:
3701:
3680:
3641:
3349:
3218:
3185:
2535:
2510:
2500:
2490:
2458:
2144:
2084:
1989:
1949:
1888:
1832:
1723:
1707:
1651:
1462:
1301:
1133:
1125:
1100:
1036:
872:
868:
764:
751:
702:
690:
663:
651:
461:
438:
381:
363:
238:
199:
191:
2715:
2693:
6035:
5695:
5667:
5574:
5566:
5308:
5260:
5046:
4994:
4723:
4663:
4653:
4553:
4528:
4314:
3735:"Iron Age and Anglo-Saxon genomes from East England reveal British migration history"
3161:
2956:
2763:
2565:
2540:
2485:
2446:
2410:
2223:
2080:
1957:
1848:
1828:
1798:
1747:
1711:
1694:
1684:
1647:
1639:
1623:
1585:
1516:
1413:
1375:
1305:
1175:
864:
724:
523:
465:
367:
312:
292:
222:
138:
2937:
Forsyth 2006, p. 1447; Forsyth 1997; Fraser 2009, pp. 52–53; Woolf 2007, pp. 322–340
6013:
5806:
5594:
5118:
5072:
5011:
4920:
4697:
4675:
4668:
4105:
4030:
4020:
3952:
3796:
2641:
2560:
2450:
2391:
2383:
2349:
1794:
1615:
1450:
1297:
1216:
1112:
1015:
973:
887:
698:
655:
631:
561:
359:
335:
315:
coexisted with Brittonic. It is unclear what relationship the Britons had with the
285:
234:
4297:
2895:
2792:
2397:
Martiano et al. (2016) examined the remains of a female Iron Age Briton buried at
1915:), had also all fallen by the beginning of the 11th century AD or shortly after.
544:. This likely means "people of the forms", and could be linked to the Latin name
376:("Old North") in southern Scotland and northern England, and the remnants of the
5928:
5913:
5314:
5233:
5041:
5026:
5016:
4989:
4815:
4768:
4680:
4583:
4426:
4349:
4264:
4043:
3947:
3642:"Genomic signals of migration and continuity in Britain before the Anglo-Saxons"
3298:
2454:
2307:
2227:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2179:
1961:
1941:
1919:
1864:
1743:
1727:
1631:
1512:
1434:
1243:, a ceremonial bronze shield dated 3rd–1st century BC, is an example of La Tène
1204:
1199:
1162:
985:
300:
272:. Some of the southern tribes had strong links with mainland Europe, especially
35:
3209:
2401:
between 210 BC and 40 AD. She was found to be carrying the maternal haplogroup
1805:), still in the hands of the Britons, where they became the Brittonic state of
141:
and adjacent islands in the 5th century AD, before the invasion and subsequent
5851:
5839:
5292:
5256:
5056:
5021:
4981:
4573:
4335:
4326:
3439:
The Norman Conquest of the North: the Region and its Transformation, 1000–1135
3134:
3117:
2291:
2287:
2235:
2187:
2076:
2068:
2040:
1945:
1904:
1884:
1860:
1856:
1790:
1770:
1643:
1601:
1553:
1256:
1244:
1230:
1186:
1084:
1079:
1019:
978:
966:
813:
372:
3153:
3088:
771:
in the early period, and is still used today. Thus, the area today is called
5251:
4358:
3028:
2870:"brythonic | Origin and meaning of Brythonic by Online Etymology Dictionary"
2869:
2851:
McCone, Kim (2013). "The Celts: questions of nomenclature and identity", in
2729:
2275:
2251:
2243:
2195:
2191:
2163:
2159:
2064:
2048:
1900:
1766:
1739:
1735:
1609:
1561:
1545:
1501:
1179:
1120:
1027:
937:
925:
785:
659:
592:
565:
538:
531:
4563:
3782:
3689:
3337:
3227:
1702:
Some Brittonic kingdoms were able to successfully resist these incursions:
1412:. In 142 AD, Roman forces pushed north again and began construction of the
863:. They are generally believed to have dwelt throughout the whole island of
654:. From the 11th century, they are more often referred to separately as the
3245:"Ancient DNA study reveals large scale migrations into Bronze Age Britain"
3068:
5908:
5372:
4825:
4780:
4744:
4732:
4593:
4578:
4538:
4353:
4345:
4340:
4322:
4245:
3982:
3977:
3962:
3834:
3275:
3186:"Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age"
3008:
2525:
2255:
2167:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2103:, and for a time in parts of Cumbria, Strathclyde, and eastern Galloway.
2100:
2088:
2072:
2032:
2013:
2005:
1981:
1965:
1930:
1872:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1731:
1719:
1665:
1635:
1627:
1497:
1473:
1359:
1351:
1211:
1157:
1138:
1107:
1067:
1032:
1009:
961:
949:
772:
756:
515:
512:
493:
351:
343:
17:
3764:
3671:
3579:
3577:
500:, "island of the Albions". The name could have reached Pytheas from the
5918:
5893:
5772:
5747:
5382:
5347:
5320:
5247:
5229:
4820:
4756:
4380:
4010:
3987:
3383:
2515:
2505:
2480:
2409:
between the 2nd century AD and the 4th century AD during the period of
2405:. The study also examined seven males buried in Driffield Terrace near
2363:
2239:
2140:(Y Tuduriaid), who were themselves of Welsh heritage on the male side.
2129:
1953:
1918:
The Brythonic languages in these areas were eventually replaced by the
1876:
1852:
1751:
1581:
1472:
At the same time, Britons established themselves in what is now called
1170:
1055:
1043:
900:
875:
829:
667:
457:
456:
The earliest known reference to the inhabitants of Britain was made by
385:
277:
242:
5903:
5690:
5392:
5367:
5331:
5325:
5238:
5161:
5087:
5006:
4508:
3992:
3937:
3118:"An Alternative to 'Celtic from the East' and 'Celtic from the West'"
2475:
2267:
2259:
2231:
2219:
2183:
2175:
2137:
2125:
1912:
1896:
1840:
1821:
1774:
1703:
1657:
1619:
1565:
1541:
1524:
1401:
1397:
1275:
1267:
488:
404:
613:" is a more recent coinage (first attested in 1923 according to the
3564:
3562:
3441:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
1531:
were the first to fall to the Germanic and Gaelic Scots invasions.
886:, but place names and Pictish personal names recorded in the later
4792:
4598:
4543:
4431:
4025:
3967:
3957:
3915:
3865:
2442:
2387:
2345:
2323:
2299:
2283:
2052:
2028:
2009:
2001:
1985:
1934:
1818:
1688:
1577:
1557:
1537:
1505:
1433:
1383:
1261:
1234:
1145:
1095:
879:
844:
805:
728:
601:
549:
413:
398:
377:
339:
316:
269:
218:
133:
1813:(colonised by Britons in the 5th century) came under attack from
5051:
4588:
4568:
4503:
4331:
3525:
3523:
2406:
2311:
2303:
1944:(Strathclyde) was a large and powerful Brittonic kingdom of the
1892:
1844:
1726:
by 730 AD, and the west was taken over by the fellow Britons of
1573:
1569:
1355:
1313:
573:
501:
273:
5945:
5837:
5616:
5472:
Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles
5418:
4850:
4630:
4276:
3913:
3838:
2788:
1445:
Thirty years or so after the time of the Roman departure, the
1350:
southward" ("Armenia" is possibly a mistaken transcription of
29:
3467:
Charles-Edards, pp. 12, 575; Clarkson, pp. 12, 63–66, 154–158
1323:
study uncovered a migration into southern Britain during the
859:
Celtic Britain was made up of many territories controlled by
572:, "maker of forms", was also a term for the highest grade of
2928:
spoken in Pictland, the most northerly reflex of Brittonic."
1926:, although this was likely a gradual process in many areas.
338:, while the north became subject to a similar settlement by
878:. The territory north of this was largely inhabited by the
2762:Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1 November 2001). R F Foster (ed.).
792:
Common Brittonic developed from the Insular branch of the
2158:
During the 19th century, many Welsh farmers migrated to
1801:), and for a time part of western Devonshire (including
464:
geographer who made a voyage of exploration around the
3829:
2711:
1855:, the largest Brittonic-Pictish kingdom which covered
1345:, which was originally compiled by the orders of King
673:
From the early 16th century, and especially after the
670:, as they had separate political histories from then.
256:
The earliest written evidence for the Britons is from
4784:
3433:
3431:
3013:. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
2170:, which today consists of over 1,500 Welsh speakers.
1480:. There they set up their own small kingdoms and the
1469:) to the west coast of Scotland and the Isle of Man.
3594:
3592:
3319:
Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 2.4, 5.2
5879:
5850:
5796:
5718:
5709:
5681:
5653:
5625:
5565:
5530:
5504:
5425:
5301:
5215:
5170:
5117:
5096:
5065:
4980:
4939:
4861:
4808:
4722:
4713:
4496:
4455:
4389:
4285:
4098:
4067:
4001:
3922:
3733:Schiffels, Stephan; et al. (19 January 2016).
3477:"Germanic invaders may not have ruled by apartheid"
2378:. Their genetic profile was considered typical for
1867:, had fallen by approximately 950 AD to the Gaelic
1604:) was taken by the Anglo-Saxons in 577 AD, handing
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3830:Scottish Archaeological Research Framework (ScARF)
2894:
3622:
3610:
3598:
3583:
3568:
3271:"Ancient mass migration transformed Britons' DNA"
2962:The Young Oxford History of Britain & Ireland
595:in 1884 as a term unambiguously referring to the
3640:Martiniano, Rui; et al. (19 January 2016).
3553:
3541:
3529:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2136:in the mid 16th century during the rule of the
1937:appears to have disappeared soon after 900 AD.
486:(77 AD) says the older name for the island was
3492:Williams, Ann and Martin, G. H. (tr.) (2002).
2951:; Kelly, Rosemary; Dawson, Ian; Mason, James;
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
882:; little direct evidence has been left of the
759:were colonists from Britain, resulting in the
4748:
3850:
3184:Patterson, N.; Isakov, M.; Booth, T. (2021).
2461:populations of the area, suggesting that the
441:, 'Britons' refers to native speakers of the
8:
4736:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
2710:Scottish Archaeological Research Framework (
2589:(1996). "The Celtic Britons under Rome". In
804:. Western Brittonic developed into Welsh in
4796:
4760:
3425:. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3046:. Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK. pp. 39–64.
2811:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh University Press.
2809:From Caledonia to Pictland: Scotland to 795
1781:, was conquered by Gaelic Scots in 871 AD.
685:could be applied to all inhabitants of the
642:(Welsh), while they continued to be called
5942:
5834:
5715:
5613:
5415:
5167:
4858:
4847:
4772:
4719:
4710:
4627:
4273:
3910:
3857:
3843:
3835:
3356:, Vol. 83: Iss. 6, Article 9. pp. 715–733.
3239:
3237:
3101:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1556:(essentially modern Essex) by 540 AD. The
913:
3772:
3726:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
3679:
3421:Chadwick, H. M.; Chadwick, N. K. (1940).
3217:
3145:2160/317fdc72-f7ad-4a66-8335-db8f5d911437
3143:
3133:
2646:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
1734:, which appears to have had its court at
599:speakers of Great Britain, to complement
323:was closely related to Common Brittonic.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3825:DNA from ethnic Britons found in Ireland
3820:BBC – History – Native Tribes of Britain
2993:Hunter, Fraser (of Museum of Scotland),
1548:) was likely fully conquered by 510 AD.
233:, at which point they diverged into the
2578:
1714:and areas of southern Scotland and the
1596:was only partly conquered; its capital
3367:"Kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxons - Deira"
3094:
2834:
2824:
1438:Britons migrated westwards during the
311:emerged, mainly in the southeast, and
303:in the north remained unconquered and
27:Ancient Celtic people of Great Britain
3494:Domesday Book: a complete translation
2757:
2755:
2417:and carried the maternal haplogroups
2386:samples, who were closely related to
2366:both carried the paternal haplogroup
2121:seems to have disappeared by 900 AD.
2000:The Britons also retained control of
890:suggest it was indeed related to the
628:the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
591:was introduced into English usage by
504:. The Latin name for the Britons was
403:Celtic warrior recreation, including
7:
2915:participating institution membership
2661:From Roman Britain to Norman England
2521:Genetic history of the British Isles
755:, the post-Roman Celtic speakers of
420:St Fagans National Museum of History
291:in the 1st century AD, creating the
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2793:Online Etymology Dictionary: Briton
2694:"The Germanic invasions of Britain"
2330:Bell Beaker culture § Genetics
1929:Similarly, the Brittonic colony of
1668:, was conquered by the Anglo-Saxon
1630:) and which included Ynys Metcaut (
609:refers to the group of languages. "
3330:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2496:Celtic language decline in England
1875:). Other Pictish kingdoms such as
1742:) and encompassed parts of modern
1500:, was also set up at this time in
849:Tribal groups in southern Britain
370:in Brittany, the Cumbrians of the
25:
5268:Festival Interceltique de Lorient
3509:. Noia: Toxosoutos. pp. 123–128.
2463:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
2338:Hallstatt culture § Genetics
1851:, disappeared soon after 900 AD.
1440:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
1430:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
1424:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
1390:Pagans Hill Romano-British temple
579:The medieval Welsh form of Latin
560:displaced it as the name for the
307:became the edge of the empire. A
6018:
4263:
3122:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
2465:left a profound genetic impact.
2358:carried the maternal haplogroup
2334:Urnfield culture § Genetics
1552:(Isle of Wight) fell in 530 AD,
802:Southwestern Brittonic languages
143:founding of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
34:
3496:. London: Penguin, pp. 341–357.
3116:Sims-Williams, Patrick (2020).
2997:- piece by Hunter on the carnyx
2728:Snyder, Christopher A. (2003).
2370:, and the maternal haplogroups
2342:La Tène culture § Genetics
2128:in 1532, and Wales united with
2079:and Gwent held parts of modern
1698:(the Old North) c. 550 – c. 650
867:, at least as far north as the
45:needs additional citations for
3392:Chapter 6: "Cities of Britain"
2151:remain widely spoken, and the
1622:, St. Albans and parts of the
1496:. A further Brittonic colony,
1:
5987:Celtic place names in Galicia
3332:, 275(1650), 2423–2429, 2008
2765:The Oxford History of Ireland
2663:. Routledge. pp. 69–74.
2648:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 291–292.
2166:, forming a community called
1706:(encompassing much of modern
850:
249:, the ancestor of the modern
3924:Ancient Celtic ethnic groups
2531:History of the British Isles
2362:, while two males buried in
2350:Celtiberians § Genetics
2134:Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542
1996:Wales, Cornwall and Brittany
1730:. Similarly, the kingdom of
1408:, which spanned what is now
1388:A reconstruction drawing of
974:Catuvellaunī (*Catuwellaunī)
418:Recreated Celtic village at
328:end of Roman rule in Britain
4911:Welsh literature in English
4003:Modern Celtic ethnic groups
2768:. Oxford University Press.
1831:, which encompassed modern
1664:, which encompassed modern
735:Staffordshire Moorlands Pan
518:has been reconstructed as *
245:(among others). They spoke
150: Mainly (non-Pictish)
6078:
4931:Scottish Gaelic literature
4311:Brigantia (ancient region)
3210:10.1038/s41586-021-04287-4
2327:
2321:
1682:
1427:
1369:
1354:, an area in northwestern
1228:
722:
712:
430:
346:(now part of France), the
264:. The Britons followed an
6062:Ethnic groups in Scotland
6047:Historical Celtic peoples
6009:
5952:
5941:
5833:
5612:
5414:
5278:Hebridean Celtic Festival
4906:Welsh-language literature
4857:
4846:
4639:
4626:
4272:
4261:
3909:
3876:
3792:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
3348:Pattison, John E. (2011)
3135:10.1017/S0959774320000098
3007:MacAulay, Donald (1992).
2902:Oxford English Dictionary
2597:. Routledge. p. 623.
2004:and Kernow (encompassing
1922:of the Anglo-Saxons, and
1564:which encompassed modern
1484:developed from Brittonic
1200:Trinovantēs (*Trinowantī)
986:Corieltauvī (*Corieltauī)
892:Common Brittonic language
701:, or the subjects of the
616:Oxford English Dictionary
289:conquered most of Britain
5711:Ancient Celtic languages
3423:The Growth of Literature
3073:. Oxford. pp. 1–5.
2853:Ireland and its Contacts
2791:s.v. "Briton." See also
1576:between 500 and 560 AD.
1187:Textoverdī (*Textowerdī)
837:since the 20th century.
763:, a language related to
687:Kingdom of Great Britain
330:during the 5th century,
297:invaded northern Britain
5982:Gaulish words in French
5967:Celtic words in English
4221:Scottish New Zealanders
4111:Anglo-Celtic Australian
3507:Britonia: camiños novos
3437:Kapelle, W. E. (1979).
2967:Oxford University Press
2907:Oxford University Press
2714:), Highland Framework,
1984:, and as far as modern
1255:, which covers British
835:language revitalization
742:Insular Celtic language
587:(singular and plural).
266:Ancient Celtic religion
4916:Early Irish literature
4797:
4785:
4773:
4761:
4749:
4737:
4201:Scotch-Irish Canadians
4196:Scotch-Irish Americans
3724:Koch, John T. (2006).
3709:. De Keltische Draak.
3623:Martiniano et al. 2018
3611:Martiniano et al. 2018
3599:Martiniano et al. 2018
3584:Martiniano et al. 2018
3569:Martiniano et al. 2018
3388:History of the Britons
3371:www.historyfiles.co.uk
3338:10.1098/rspb.2008.0352
3042:Karl, Raimund (2010).
2965:. Walton St., Oxford:
2857:University of Lausanne
2546:Kingdom of Strathclyde
2457:individual and modern
2356:Linton, Cambridgeshire
1699:
1670:kingdom of Northumbria
1590:kingdom of East Anglia
1442:
1392:
1329:Early European Farmers
1271:
1248:
1003:Viroconium Cornoviorum
955:Durovernum Cantiacorum
856:
737:
605:; hence the adjective
423:
411:
332:Anglo-Saxon settlement
309:Romano-British culture
299:, but the Britons and
282:minted their own coins
203:
195:
176:
5543:Scottish independence
5288:Celtic Media Festival
5171:National music scenes
4397:Proto-Celtic religion
4099:Related ethnic groups
3740:Nature Communications
3647:Nature Communications
3586:, p. 3, Table 1.
3554:Schiffels et al. 2016
3544:, p. 3, Table 1.
3542:Schiffels et al. 2016
3530:Schiffels et al. 2016
3505:Young, Simon (2002).
2659:Sawyer, P.H. (1998).
2551:List of Celtic tribes
2346:Gauls § Genetics
2324:Celts § Genetics
2322:Further information:
1970:Dumfries and Galloway
1692:
1437:
1387:
1342:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1265:
1238:
1121:Ordovicēs (*Ordowicī)
848:
794:Proto-Celtic language
740:The Britons spoke an
732:
417:
407:and a replica of the
402:
293:province of Britannia
137:
5867:(Medieval Welsh law)
5477:Scottish nationalism
5127:Ancient Celtic music
4442:Romano-Celtic temple
4251:Welsh New Zealanders
4176:Irish New Zealanders
3703:Language in Pictland
3299:"The Avalon Project"
3010:The Celtic languages
2736:Blackwell Publishing
2718:(accessed May 2022).
2099:Isles of Scilly and
1540:(essentially modern
1151:Noviomagus Reginorum
998:Cornovīī (*Cornowīī)
991:Ratae Corieltauvorum
962:Carvetīī (*Carwetīī)
54:improve this article
5557:Irish republicanism
5538:Breton independence
5517:Scottish devolution
5450:Cornish nationalism
5273:Pan Celtic Festival
5147:Scottish folk music
4901:Scottish literature
4422:Celtic Christianity
4226:Scottish Travellers
4211:Scottish Argentines
4055:Scottish Travellers
3765:10.1038/ncomms10408
3757:2016NatCo...710408S
3672:10.1038/ncomms10326
3664:2016NatCo...710326M
3202:2022Natur.601..588P
3067:Koch, John (2016).
2905:(Online ed.).
1310:Atlantic Bronze Age
1158:Selgovae (*Selgowī)
1108:Novantae (*Nowantī)
1061:Corinium Dobunnorum
719:Brittonic languages
634:called all Britons
611:Brittonic languages
451:central Middle Ages
443:Brittonic languages
433:Britain (placename)
251:Brittonic languages
5548:Welsh independence
5512:Cornish devolution
5433:Breton nationalism
5283:Celtic Connections
4886:Cornish literature
4231:Ulster Protestants
4216:Scottish Canadians
4206:Scottish Americans
4116:Anglo-Irish people
3698:Forsyth, Katherine
3279:. 22 December 2021
3251:. 22 December 2021
3249:University of York
2953:Morgan, Kenneth O.
2947:Corbishley, Mike;
2874:www.etymonline.com
2380:Northwest European
1765:, covering modern
1700:
1529:South East England
1521:North East England
1443:
1393:
1272:
1266:A recreation of a
1249:
1037:Clwydian hillforts
938:Brigantēs/Brigantī
904:, is cognate with
857:
822:South West England
738:
675:Acts of Union 1707
424:
412:
225:from at least the
177:
6029:
6028:
6005:
6004:
5937:
5936:
5829:
5828:
5825:
5824:
5788:Cisalpine Gaulish
5608:
5607:
5494:national identity
5489:Welsh nationalism
5482:national identity
5462:Irish nationalism
5410:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5343:Cornish wrestling
5211:
5210:
5132:Breton Folk music
5097:Regional cultures
4940:National cultures
4926:Gaelic literature
4881:Breton literature
4842:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4622:
4621:
4534:Chief of the Name
4402:Celtic polytheism
4319:Sub-Roman Britain
4259:
4258:
4146:Irish Australians
4126:Cornish Americans
4085:Scottish diaspora
3799:on 26 August 2014
3515:978-84-95622-58-7
3412:Bromwich, p. 157.
3301:. Yale Law School
3196:(7894): 588–594.
3080:978-1-78570-228-0
3053:978-1-84217-410-4
2913:(Subscription or
2818:978-0-7486-1232-1
1380:Sub-Roman Britain
1358:including modern
1319:In 2021, a major
1294:Hallstatt culture
1222:
1221:
943:Isurium Brigantum
931:Calleva Atrebatum
896:Goidelic (Gaelic)
767:and identical to
624:early Middle Ages
366:in Cornwall, the
206:), also known as
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
6069:
6052:Iron Age Britain
6022:
5943:
5835:
5817:Galwegian Gaelic
5716:
5614:
5522:Welsh devolution
5416:
5168:
5157:Sean-nĂłs singing
5152:Welsh folk music
5142:Irish folk music
5109:Highland culture
4891:Irish literature
4871:Arthurian Legend
4859:
4848:
4800:
4788:
4776:
4764:
4752:
4740:
4720:
4711:
4688:Neo-Christianity
4628:
4559:Gaelic astrology
4519:Celtic festivals
4417:Celtic mythology
4390:Ancient religion
4307:Iron Age Britain
4274:
4267:
4246:Welsh Argentines
4186:Irish Uruguayans
4181:Irish Travellers
4151:Irish Brazilians
4141:Irish Argentines
4121:Breton Americans
4075:Cornish diaspora
4037:Irish Travellers
3911:
3903:Celtic languages
3859:
3852:
3845:
3836:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3795:. Archived from
3786:
3776:
3729:
3720:
3708:
3693:
3683:
3626:
3625:, pp. 1, 6.
3620:
3614:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3587:
3581:
3572:
3566:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3518:
3503:
3497:
3490:
3484:
3483:, 23 April 2008.
3474:
3468:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3450:
3435:
3426:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3404:
3401:
3395:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3363:
3357:
3346:
3340:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3241:
3232:
3231:
3221:
3181:
3166:
3165:
3147:
3137:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3100:
3092:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3004:
2998:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2957:"Celtic Britain"
2949:Gillingham, John
2944:
2938:
2935:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2910:
2898:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2866:
2860:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2832:
2830:
2822:
2805:Fraser, James E.
2801:
2795:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2725:
2719:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2638:
2599:
2598:
2595:The Celtic World
2583:
2153:Cornish language
2149:Breton languages
1933:in northwestern
1756:Clackmannanshire
1716:Scottish Borders
1638:, which covered
1504:in northwestern
1467:Northern Ireland
1410:Northern England
1372:British Iron Age
1347:Alfred the Great
1241:Battersea Shield
1212:Votadīnī/Otadīnī
1073:Isca Dumnoniorum
914:
884:Pictish language
861:Brittonic tribes
855:
852:
820:in Cornwall and
810:Cumbric language
746:Common Brittonic
715:Common Brittonic
689:, including the
321:Pictish language
247:Common Brittonic
231:High Middle Ages
227:British Iron Age
169:
159:
149:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
69:"Celtic Britons"
62:
38:
30:
21:
6077:
6076:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6066:
6057:Ancient Britain
6032:
6031:
6030:
6025:
6001:
5948:
5933:
5875:
5871:Early Scots law
5860:Early Irish law
5846:
5821:
5798:Scottish Gaelic
5792:
5733:Proto-Brittonic
5705:
5701:Beurla Reagaird
5677:
5673:Scottish Gaelic
5649:
5621:
5604:
5600:Columba Project
5580:Celtic Congress
5561:
5526:
5500:
5421:
5402:
5363:Gaelic handball
5353:Gaelic football
5338:Cornish hurling
5297:
5207:
5166:
5113:
5092:
5078:Gaelic clothing
5061:
4976:
4935:
4896:Manx literature
4853:
4830:
4809:Other claimants
4804:
4709:
4659:Celtic Congress
4635:
4618:
4514:Celtic calendar
4492:
4451:
4385:
4281:
4268:
4255:
4241:Welsh Americans
4161:Irish Catholics
4156:Irish Canadians
4136:Irish Americans
4094:
4068:Celtic diaspora
4063:
3997:
3926:
3918:
3905:
3872:
3863:
3816:
3811:
3802:
3800:
3789:
3749:Nature Research
3732:
3723:
3717:
3706:
3696:
3656:Nature Research
3639:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3621:
3617:
3609:
3605:
3597:
3590:
3582:
3575:
3571:, pp. 1–2.
3567:
3560:
3552:
3548:
3540:
3536:
3528:
3521:
3504:
3500:
3491:
3487:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3436:
3429:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3382:
3378:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3347:
3343:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3282:
3280:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3254:
3252:
3243:
3242:
3235:
3183:
3182:
3169:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3093:
3081:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3021:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2912:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2878:
2876:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2850:
2846:
2833:
2823:
2819:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2709:
2705:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2640:
2639:
2602:
2587:Graham Webster.
2585:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2556:Scottish people
2471:
2449:, particularly
2352:
2326:
2320:
2093:Gloucestershire
2018:Isles of Scilly
1998:
1978:North Yorkshire
1976:, and parts of
1974:Argyll and Bute
1940:The kingdom of
1924:Scottish Gaelic
1869:Kingdom of Alba
1811:Channel Islands
1795:Isles of Scilly
1763:Kingdom of Cait
1687:
1681:
1679:(the Old North)
1618:, encompassing
1606:Gloucestershire
1482:Breton language
1478:Channel Islands
1432:
1426:
1418:Roman governors
1382:
1370:Main articles:
1368:
1321:archaeogenetics
1289:
1284:
1233:
1227:
1056:Dobunnī/Bodunnī
853:
843:
783:, derived from
761:Breton language
727:
721:
713:Main articles:
711:
530:, which became
498:insula Albionum
483:Natural History
435:
429:
409:Waterloo Helmet
348:Channel Islands
212:Ancient Britons
175:
167:
165:
157:
155:
147:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6075:
6073:
6065:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6042:Celtic Britons
6034:
6033:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6016:
6010:
6007:
6006:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5946:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5889:Gaelic warfare
5885:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5868:
5865:Cyfraith Hywel
5862:
5856:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5838:
5831:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5819:
5814:
5812:Deeside Gaelic
5809:
5803:
5801:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5783:Hispano-Celtic
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5738:Proto-Goidelic
5735:
5730:
5724:
5722:
5713:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5687:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5659:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5631:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5617:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5590:Celtic society
5587:
5585:Celtic Revival
5582:
5577:
5571:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5553:United Ireland
5550:
5545:
5540:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5412:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5398:Welsh handball
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5378:Highland games
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5311:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5254:
5245:
5236:
5221:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5174:
5172:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5123:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5106:
5104:Gaelic culture
5100:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5085:
5083:Highland dress
5080:
5075:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5047:Pictish stones
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4992:
4986:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4867:
4865:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4790:
4778:
4766:
4754:
4742:
4729:
4727:
4717:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4690:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4651:
4649:Celtic nations
4646:
4644:Celtic Revival
4640:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4412:Celtic Animism
4409:
4407:Celtic deities
4404:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4366:Cisalpine Gaul
4363:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4338:
4329:
4304:
4295:
4293:Gaelic Ireland
4289:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4270:
4269:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4191:Manx Americans
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4166:Irish Chileans
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4131:English people
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4090:Welsh diaspora
4087:
4082:
4080:Irish diaspora
4077:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4007:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3907:
3906:
3887:Celtic studies
3879:Celtic nations
3877:
3874:
3873:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3815:
3814:External links
3812:
3810:
3809:
3787:
3730:
3721:
3715:
3694:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3615:
3603:
3588:
3573:
3558:
3546:
3534:
3519:
3498:
3485:
3469:
3460:
3451:
3427:
3414:
3405:
3396:
3376:
3358:
3341:
3321:
3312:
3290:
3262:
3233:
3167:
3128:(3): 511–529.
3108:
3079:
3059:
3052:
3034:
3019:
2999:
2986:
2979:
2939:
2930:
2920:
2886:
2861:
2844:
2817:
2796:
2781:
2774:
2751:
2744:
2720:
2716:Early Medieval
2703:
2698:www.uni-due.de
2685:
2683:Forsyth, p. 9.
2676:
2669:
2651:
2600:
2591:Green, Miranda
2577:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2536:Kingdom of Cat
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2511:English people
2508:
2503:
2501:Cornish people
2498:
2493:
2491:Celtic nations
2488:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2319:
2316:
2085:Worcestershire
1997:
1994:
1990:West Yorkshire
1980:, the western
1950:Dumbartonshire
1847:, and much of
1785:(encompassing
1724:Northumberland
1708:Northumberland
1683:Main article:
1680:
1674:
1652:Worcestershire
1486:Insular Celtic
1461:migrated from
1428:Main article:
1425:
1422:
1406:Hadrian's Wall
1367:
1366:Roman conquest
1364:
1306:trade language
1302:Barry Cunliffe
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1229:Main article:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1126:Dinas Dinorwig
1123:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:Venta Icenorum
1098:
1092:
1091:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1000:
994:
993:
988:
982:
981:
976:
970:
969:
964:
958:
957:
952:
946:
945:
940:
934:
933:
928:
922:
921:
918:
842:
839:
710:
707:
703:British Empire
652:Medieval Latin
439:Celtic studies
431:Main article:
428:
425:
378:Pictish people
362:in Wales, the
326:Following the
305:Hadrian's Wall
221:who inhabited
208:Celtic Britons
166:
156:
146:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6074:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6021:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6008:
5998:
5997:– in Portugal
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5977:– in Galician
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5951:
5944:
5940:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5878:
5872:
5869:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5836:
5832:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5795:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5708:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5615:
5611:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5575:Celtic League
5573:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5567:Pan-Celticism
5564:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5448:
5444:
5443:reunification
5441:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5417:
5413:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5358:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5057:Triple spiral
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4876:Bardic Poetry
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4849:
4845:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4799:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4782:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4724:Celtic League
4721:
4718:
4716:
4712:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4664:Celtic League
4662:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4654:Pan-Celticism
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4554:Gaelicisation
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4529:Celticisation
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4332:Iron Age Gaul
4330:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4315:Roman Britain
4312:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4171:Irish Mexican
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3895:Celtic tribes
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3855:
3853:
3848:
3846:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3716:90-802785-5-6
3712:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3624:
3619:
3616:
3613:, pp. 1.
3612:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3481:New Scientist
3478:
3473:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3447:0-7099-0040-6
3444:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3354:Human Biology
3351:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3063:
3060:
3055:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3020:0-521-23127-2
3016:
3012:
3011:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2995:Carnyx and Co
2990:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2924:
2921:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2840:
2828:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2775:0-19-280202-X
2771:
2767:
2766:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2745:0-631-22260-X
2741:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2572:
2567:
2566:Yr Hen Ogledd
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2541:Kingdom of Ce
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2486:British Latin
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2447:British Isles
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2411:Roman Britain
2408:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:Herefordshire
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1958:Stirlingshire
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1849:Aberdeenshire
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1829:Kingdom of Ce
1825:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:Enesek Syllan
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1748:County Durham
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1712:County Durham
1709:
1705:
1697:
1696:
1695:Yr Hen Ogledd
1691:
1686:
1685:Yr Hen Ogledd
1678:
1677:Yr Hen Ogledd
1675:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1648:Herefordshire
1645:
1641:
1640:Staffordshire
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:Home Counties
1621:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:Farne Islands
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1517:East Midlands
1514:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1414:Antonine Wall
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1376:Roman Britain
1373:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1270:(war trumpet)
1269:
1264:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1253:La Tène style
1247:from Britain.
1246:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1176:Venta Silurum
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:Maiden Castle
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
980:
977:
975:
972:
971:
968:
965:
963:
960:
959:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
919:
916:
915:
912:
909:
907:
903:
902:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
874:
870:
866:
865:Great Britain
862:
854: 150 AD
847:
841:Tribal groups
840:
838:
836:
831:
828:in Armorica.
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
790:
788:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
753:
752:Macsen Wledig
750:The Dream of
747:
743:
736:
731:
726:
725:British Latin
720:
716:
708:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
617:
612:
608:
604:
603:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
540:
536:
533:
529:
525:
524:Common Celtic
521:
517:
514:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:
485:
484:
479:
475:
471:
467:
466:British Isles
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
434:
426:
421:
416:
410:
406:
401:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:
369:
365:
361:
357:
354:(now part of
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
313:British Latin
310:
306:
302:
298:
295:. The Romans
294:
290:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:Great Britain
220:
219:Celtic people
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
186:
182:
173:
170: Mainly
163:
160: Mainly
153:
144:
140:
139:Great Britain
136:
132:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
6014:Celts portal
5972:– in Spanish
5807:Arran Gaelic
5728:Proto-Celtic
5696:Bungi Creole
5595:Celtic unity
5531:Independence
5330:
5313:
5137:Gaelic music
5073:Celtic Dress
5022:High crosses
5012:Celtic cross
4990:Bell shrines
4921:Irish annals
4703:Neo-Druidism
4698:Celtic Wicca
4669:Celtic union
4633:Modern Celts
4524:Celtic women
4427:Celtic Rites
4376:Transylvania
4236:Ulster Scots
4106:Anglo-Celtic
3953:Celtiberians
3942:
3898:
3890:
3882:
3870:modern Celts
3801:. Retrieved
3797:the original
3791:
3744:
3738:
3725:
3702:
3651:
3645:
3633:Bibliography
3618:
3606:
3556:, p. 5.
3549:
3537:
3532:, p. 1.
3506:
3501:
3493:
3488:
3480:
3472:
3463:
3454:
3438:
3422:
3417:
3408:
3399:
3387:
3379:
3370:
3361:
3353:
3344:
3329:
3324:
3315:
3303:. Retrieved
3293:
3281:. Retrieved
3274:
3265:
3253:. Retrieved
3193:
3189:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3069:
3062:
3043:
3037:
3009:
3002:
2989:
2980:019-910035-7
2961:
2942:
2933:
2923:
2900:
2889:
2877:. Retrieved
2873:
2864:
2852:
2847:
2808:
2799:
2784:
2764:
2730:
2723:
2706:
2697:
2688:
2679:
2660:
2654:
2645:
2594:
2581:
2561:Welsh people
2451:Welsh people
2396:
2392:Dutch people
2353:
2172:
2157:
2142:
2123:
2105:
2097:
2043:(originally
2022:
1999:
1939:
1928:
1917:
1826:
1760:
1701:
1693:
1676:
1656:
1616:Caer Lundein
1614:
1544:and eastern
1536:
1533:
1510:
1488:rather than
1471:
1451:Anglo-Saxons
1444:
1394:
1340:
1338:
1318:
1290:
1273:
1250:
1016:Loudoun Hill
910:
905:
899:
888:Irish annals
858:
791:
784:
780:
776:
749:
739:
682:
678:
677:, the terms
672:
647:
643:
639:
635:
632:Anglo-Saxons
626:, following
621:
614:
606:
600:
588:
584:
580:
578:
569:
568:. The Welsh
557:
553:
545:
541:
534:
527:
519:
510:
505:
497:
487:
481:
473:
469:
455:
449:, until the
436:
371:
325:
286:Roman Empire
268:overseen by
255:
211:
207:
187:
180:
178:
131:
116:
110:October 2021
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
5929:Trimarcisia
5914:GallĂłglaigh
5743:Celtiberian
5467:Isle of Man
5426:Nationalism
5315:Bataireacht
5234:Calan Gaeaf
5193:Isle of Man
5037:Leaf-crowns
5027:Insular art
5000:Dragonesque
4962:Isle of Man
4816:Nova Scotia
4769:Isle of Man
4693:Neopaganism
4437:Monasticism
3948:Caledonians
3728:. ABC-CLIO.
2835:|work=
2731:The Britons
2455:Anglo-Saxon
2384:Anglo-Saxon
2308:Leatherhead
2117:in Spanish
2027:(including
2008:, parts of
1962:Lanarkshire
1942:Ystrad Clud
1920:Old English
1879:(in modern
1865:Easter Ross
1744:Northumbria
1728:Ystrad Clud
1672:by 700 AD.
1632:Lindisfarne
1584:), and the
1513:East Anglia
1463:Dál nAraidi
1205:Camulodunum
1163:Eildon Hill
1096:Īcenī/Ecenī
705:generally.
697:, and some
336:Anglo-Saxon
301:Caledonians
258:Greco-Roman
214:, were the
204:Brythoniaid
6036:Categories
5992:– in Italy
5894:Ceathairne
5758:Gallaecian
5388:Road bowls
5293:Eisteddfod
5261:Calan Awst
5257:Lughnasadh
4863:Literature
4726:definition
4549:Clan chief
4336:Roman Gaul
4327:Hen Ogledd
4053:including
4035:including
3386:(c. 828).
3283:21 January
3255:21 January
2969:. p.
2917:required.)
2670:0415178940
2642:Koch, John
2573:References
2368:R1b1a2a1a2
2328:See also:
2292:Gloucester
2288:Colchester
2236:Manchester
2077:the Wirral
2069:Merseyside
2045:Ceredigion
2041:Deheubarth
2016:, and the
2012:including
1946:Hen Ogledd
1905:Perthshire
1885:The Mearns
1861:Morayshire
1857:Strathearn
1793:, and the
1791:Devonshire
1771:Sutherland
1644:Shropshire
1602:Gloucester
1598:Caer Gloui
1554:Caer Colun
1550:Ynys Weith
1457:-speaking
1449:-speaking
1325:Bronze Age
1257:Celtic art
1245:Celtic art
1231:Celtic art
1085:Durnovaria
1080:Durotrigēs
1020:Walls Hill
1014:Vanduara (
979:Verulamium
967:Luguvalium
814:Hen Ogledd
723:See also:
373:Hen Ogledd
229:until the
216:indigenous
80:newspapers
5924:Redshanks
5899:Ceithearn
5627:Brittonic
5619:Languages
5252:Calan Mai
5243:Gŵyl Fair
5217:Festivals
5032:Interlace
4456:Mythology
4447:Practices
4359:Gallaecia
3973:Galatians
3751:: 10408.
3747:(10408).
3658:: 10326.
3654:(10326).
3305:10 August
3162:216484936
3154:0959-7743
3097:cite book
3089:936687654
2955:(1996) .
2837:ignored (
2827:cite book
2415:R1b1a2a1a
2276:Dumbarton
2252:Caithness
2244:Edinburgh
2164:Argentina
2160:Patagonia
2109:(Kernow,
2065:Glamorgan
2061:Morgannwg
2049:Seisyllwg
1909:Ath-Fotla
1901:Inverness
1767:Caithness
1740:Edinburgh
1736:Din Eidyn
1610:Wiltshire
1562:Dal Riata
1546:Hampshire
1502:Gallaecia
1298:John Koch
1180:Llanmelin
1049:Moridunum
1028:Deceanglī
926:Atrebatēs
786:Britannia
744:known as
660:Cumbrians
648:Brittones
607:Brythonic
593:John Rhys
566:Cumbrians
539:Old Welsh
532:Old Irish
496:calls it
262:hillforts
152:Brittonic
18:Brittones
5909:Gaesatae
5800:dialects
5763:Lepontic
5753:Galatian
5655:Goidelic
5505:Autonomy
5420:Politics
5373:Rounders
5225:Calendar
5198:Scotland
5183:Cornwall
5178:Brittany
5066:Clothing
5017:Knotwork
4995:Brooches
4967:Scotland
4952:Cornwall
4947:Brittany
4826:Y Wladfa
4781:Scotland
4745:Cornwall
4733:Brittany
4584:SeanchaĂ
4579:Tanistry
4539:Derbfine
4468:Scottish
4354:Brittany
4350:Domnonée
4346:Armorica
4341:Britonia
4323:Dumnonia
4298:Dálriata
3983:Lepontii
3978:Helvetii
3963:Gallaeci
3783:26783965
3700:(1997).
3690:26783717
3276:BBC News
3228:34937049
3029:24541026
2896:"Briton"
2807:(2009).
2644:(2006).
2526:Gododdin
2469:See also
2318:Genetics
2256:Aberdeen
2248:Carlisle
2168:Y Wladfa
2115:Britonia
2111:Dumnonia
2107:Cornwall
2101:Brittany
2089:Somerset
2073:Cheshire
2033:Anglesey
2014:Dartmoor
2006:Cornwall
1982:Pennines
1966:Ayrshire
1931:Britonia
1891:(modern
1873:Scotland
1803:Dartmoor
1787:Cornwall
1783:Dumnonia
1779:Shetland
1738:(modern
1732:Gododdin
1720:Bernicia
1666:Ayrshire
1636:Pengwern
1628:Bamburgh
1498:Britonia
1494:Frankish
1476:and the
1474:Brittany
1465:(modern
1447:Germanic
1360:Brittany
1352:Armorica
1333:Iron Age
1217:Traprain
1139:Petuaria
1068:Dumnonīī
1033:Canovium
1010:Damnonīī
950:Cantiacī
920:Capital
901:Cruithne
894:. Their
808:and the
781:Bretagne
773:Brittany
757:Armorica
709:Language
695:Scottish
644:Britanni
597:P-Celtic
581:Britanni
516:ethnonym
513:P-Celtic
506:Britanni
494:Avienius
474:BretanoĂ
470:PretanoĂ
447:Iron Age
352:Britonia
344:Brittany
196:Britanni
172:Goidelic
5962:Deities
5919:Hobelar
5881:Warfare
5844:Warfare
5778:Pictish
5773:Cumbric
5748:Gaulish
5720:Extinct
5640:Cornish
5438:history
5383:Hurling
5357:Ladies'
5348:Curling
5321:Camogie
5248:Beltane
5230:Samhain
5188:Ireland
4957:Ireland
4852:Culture
4821:England
4757:Ireland
4715:Nations
4614:Coinage
4604:Warfare
4497:Society
4488:Cornish
4478:British
4381:Galatia
4371:Balkans
4279:Studies
4016:Cornish
4011:Bretons
3988:Noricum
3943:Britons
3916:Peoples
3803:30 June
3774:4735688
3753:Bibcode
3681:4735653
3660:Bibcode
3384:Nennius
3219:8889665
3198:Bibcode
2879:16 June
2593:(ed.).
2516:Fortriu
2506:Cumbric
2481:Bretons
2459:English
2445:of the
2372:K1a1b1b
2364:Hinxton
2272:Lincoln
2240:Glasgow
2132:by the
2130:England
2119:Galicia
2025:Gwynedd
1954:Cumbria
1907:), and
1877:Circinn
1853:Fortriu
1752:Lothian
1582:Medcaut
1490:Gaulish
1308:in the
1287:Origins
1282:History
1171:Silurēs
1113:Rispain
1044:Demetae
906:Pritenī
876:isthmus
830:Pictish
818:Cornish
812:in the
798:Western
769:Cornish
691:English
679:British
668:Bretons
664:Cornish
636:Bryttas
622:In the
589:Brython
585:Brython
570:prydydd
522:, from
520:Pritanī
458:Pytheas
422:, Wales
390:Cornish
386:Cumbric
368:Bretons
364:Cornish
356:Galicia
278:Belgica
243:Bretons
239:Cornish
188:Pritanī
181:Britons
162:Pictish
94:scholar
5957:Tribes
5904:Fianna
5691:Shelta
5635:Breton
5455:status
5393:Shinty
5368:Gouren
5332:Cnapan
5326:Cammag
5239:Imbolc
5162:Carnyx
5088:Tartan
5007:Carnyx
4774:Mannin
4750:Kernow
4738:Breizh
4608:Gaelic
4564:Fáinne
4509:Brehon
4483:Breton
4432:Druids
4286:Places
3993:Volcae
3938:Belgae
3899:·
3897:
3891:·
3889:
3883:·
3881:
3781:
3771:
3713:
3688:
3678:
3513:
3445:
3226:
3216:
3190:Nature
3160:
3152:
3087:
3077:
3050:
3027:
3017:
2977:
2859:. p.25
2815:
2772:
2742:
2667:
2476:Albion
2439:J1b1a1
2435:H6a1b2
2427:J1c3e2
2399:Melton
2348:, and
2310:, and
2296:Durham
2268:Exeter
2264:Barrow
2260:Dundee
2232:London
2226:, and
2220:Tambre
2184:Severn
2176:Thames
2138:Tudors
2126:France
2059:, and
1913:Atholl
1897:Fidach
1841:Buchan
1822:Viking
1819:Danish
1809:. The
1807:Kernow
1777:, and
1775:Orkney
1704:Rheged
1658:Novant
1650:, and
1620:London
1572:, and
1566:Argyll
1542:Sussex
1527:, and
1525:Argyll
1455:Gaelic
1402:Belgae
1398:Belgic
1378:, and
1276:carnyx
1268:carnyx
1146:Reginī
1134:Parisī
917:Tribe
898:name,
826:Breton
779:, Fr.
777:Breizh
683:Briton
666:, and
640:Wealas
630:, the
602:Goidel
574:a bard
554:Prydyn
528:kĘ·ritu
492:, and
489:Albion
405:carnyx
394:Breton
350:, and
340:Gaelic
284:. The
280:, and
270:druids
241:, and
168:
158:
148:
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
5947:Lists
5768:Noric
5683:Mixed
5663:Irish
5645:Welsh
5309:Bando
5302:Sport
5203:Wales
5119:Music
5052:Torcs
5042:Mazes
4972:Wales
4798:Cymru
4793:Wales
4676:Music
4599:Vates
4594:TĂşath
4544:Druid
4473:Welsh
4463:Irish
4049:Scots
4031:Irish
4026:Gaels
4021:Welsh
3968:Gauls
3958:Gaels
3929:Names
3901:
3893:
3885:
3866:Celts
3707:(PDF)
3158:S2CID
2911:
2712:ScARF
2443:Celts
2419:H6a1a
2403:U2e1e
2388:Danes
2376:H1ag1
2300:Dover
2284:Penge
2280:Brent
2228:Forth
2224:Navia
2216:Trent
2208:Tweed
2204:Tamar
2180:Clyde
2145:Welsh
2057:Gwent
2053:Dyfed
2037:Powys
2029:Clwyd
2010:Devon
2002:Wales
1986:Leeds
1935:Spain
1881:Angus
1837:Banff
1815:Norse
1662:Aeron
1594:Gwent
1578:Deifr
1558:Gaels
1538:Regni
1506:Spain
1459:Scots
1192:Coria
880:Picts
873:Forth
869:Clyde
806:Wales
775:(Br.
765:Welsh
699:Irish
656:Welsh
562:Welsh
558:Cymry
550:Picts
548:(the
546:Picti
535:cruth
502:Gauls
478:Pliny
462:Greek
382:Welsh
360:Welsh
317:Picts
235:Welsh
200:Welsh
192:Latin
174:areas
164:areas
154:areas
101:JSTOR
87:books
5842:and
5668:Manx
5555:and
4786:Alba
4762:Éire
4681:Rock
4589:Sept
4569:Fili
4504:Bard
4302:Alba
4044:Manx
3868:and
3805:2011
3779:PMID
3711:ISBN
3686:PMID
3511:ISBN
3443:ISBN
3307:2011
3285:2022
3257:2022
3224:PMID
3150:ISSN
3103:link
3085:OCLC
3075:ISBN
3048:ISBN
3025:OCLC
3015:ISBN
2975:ISBN
2881:2020
2839:help
2813:ISBN
2770:ISBN
2740:ISBN
2665:ISBN
2437:and
2423:H1bs
2407:York
2390:and
2374:and
2312:York
2304:Kent
2212:Avon
2188:Tyne
2147:and
2091:and
2075:and
2051:and
2031:and
1903:and
1893:Fife
1883:and
1863:and
1845:Fife
1833:Marr
1827:The
1817:and
1761:The
1754:and
1710:and
1608:and
1574:Iona
1570:Skye
1356:Gaul
1339:The
1314:Gaul
1300:and
1274:The
1251:The
1239:The
824:and
800:and
733:The
717:and
681:and
583:was
564:and
542:pryd
537:and
511:The
460:, a
427:Name
392:and
276:and
274:Gaul
179:The
73:news
5852:Law
5840:Law
4982:Art
4574:Law
3769:PMC
3761:doi
3676:PMC
3668:doi
3334:doi
3214:PMC
3206:doi
3194:601
3140:hdl
3130:doi
2789:OED
2360:H1e
2200:Dee
2196:Exe
2192:Wye
2162:in
2055:),
2035:),
1988:in
1895:),
1889:Fib
1887:),
1492:or
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