207:
296:". On the other hand, although Zionism recognized the Jewish religion as a fundamental part giving the national identity of Israel, it found himself in the position of "having to challenge not only religious institutions by presenting his national destiny, but also separate to get away from what religiosity symbolized". The national relaunch required a break with the past and an attempt to replace Judaism, a religion identified with a distant past, with "a modern identity based on culture,
514:
366:
540:("Israel Defence Forces"). Among the Orthodox communities, the Israeli government's policy of insisting that the children of Jewish immigrants, mostly religious or traditionalist, who arrived after the advent of the State of Israel should study in the secular national education system soon became unpopular. This caused great anger among the religious and ultra-Orthodox public.
613:
489:'. The initial group then began to recruit other yeshiva students, who they knew and expected would agree to join the group. At its peak, the group consisted of more than thirty-five students, divided into teams of six members each. This is how Rabbi Mordechai Eliyahu recalled the motives and occasion when the organisation came into being:
655:
With these two acts of violence, the terrorist organisation Brit HaKanaim made its debut on the scene of the newly founded State of Israel. In reality, the organisation had already begun operating during previous months when it had sent threatening letters to taxi companies in
Jerusalem that operated
563:
In addition to the 'educational conflict', there was also the issue of the
Sabbath to increase tensions between secular and religious. In addition to the attacks relating to the Sabbath controversy and the further violent demonstrations by the Orthodox communities to stop all public activities on the
588:
had been confirmed, would be exempted from the military service. However, once the IDF was established, the country's political leaders worked tirelessly to undo the agreement. On 14 May 1951 in the
Knesset held a debate on an amendment to the sensitive issue of recruiting of women in the IDF. Faced
493:
I felt that the Jews suffered from an inferiority complex that drove them to a further sense of underestimation on the other side...on the eighth day of Nisan (= 10 April) of 1950, we met at the Porat Yosef
Yeshiva and decided to form an organisation with the aim of arousing Jewish pride. Five of us
316:
Should We Become a
Theocracy? No. Faith unites us, knowledge gives us the freedom. So we will prevent theocratic tendencies from manifesting in the first place place, by our priesthood. We will keep our priests inside of the confines of their temples in the same way that we will keep our army within
543:
The members of Brit HaKanaim perceived this "as the initial phase of a cultural war intended to put an end to the
Orthodox world and therefore felt an obligation to fight it". Rabbi Mordechai Eliyahu himself recalled how his concerns and subsequent intention to establish Brit HaKanaim stemmed from
548:
When I was at the Porat Yosef
Yeshiva, I learned for the first time what was happening regarding the educational situation of immigrant children in the camps for newcomers...I could not tolerate this catastrophe...I could not tolerate this catastrophe...I thought that we could use the underground
421:, who held various positions at the Porat Yosef Yeshiva. It was through this acquaintance that, despite the financial difficulties his family was experiencing, Eliyahu was able to begin his studies at the Porat Yosef Yeshiva. He was a pupil not only of Rabbi Tzadka himself, but also of
272:, and therefore they regarded the nascent state as the desecration of a long Jewish tradition". The advent of the State of Israel, in fact, brought the main exponents to the top of power of the Zionist movement β primarily Ben Gurion who in 1946 was appointed leader of the
523:
According to the ideological assumptions of the organisation's members, formed from the religious education imparted to them in the yeshiva, there were three main reasons for the friction and confrontation with the initiatives of the
Israeli government: the
700:, whose archives were to be set on fire and destroyed. The code name in this case was 'Operation Melon'. After an early closure of the Knesset meeting, and before they had time to implement their plan, the members of the group were arrested by the
384:
wanted to remain alien to these modernizing impulses and to openings to the outside. The community of scholars of the sacred texts of
Judaism, which populated it, according to which every subject considered "worldly" was kept out of the
583:
women into the regular
Israeli army. In the days before the foundation of the State of Israel, an agreement had been reached an agreement between Ben-Gurion and the public religious leaders according to which any young girl, whose
696:, was to cut off the electricity to the Knesset. This initiative was given the clandestine nickname 'Operation Bride'. At the same time, a further attack was to take place. The target was the recruitment offices of the
576:(1895β1952), in response to the Sabbath rules that were laid down by him (due to an oil shortage, the government stipulated that for two days a week there would be no traffic, and one of these days was the Sabbath)".
708:
into the underground network. After lengthy investigations, most of the group members who had been arrested were gradually released and only four of the organisation's leaders were brought to trial and prosecuted:
656:
on Saturdays. Members of the organisation had also travelled around Jerusalem, marking the cars travelling on Shabbat. The number plates were noted down by folding the corresponding page numbers in the books of
1061:
996:
288:
gradually came out of their closed communities to integrate into surrounding societies. These emancipated and modernized communities in Europe helped shape new forms and expressions of Jewish
292:. "The increasingly evident rupture between those Jews and their traditional societies allowed for the creation of different interpretations of the Jewish commandments and new sources of
593:
I realised that we had to respond... that talking would not help; we had to do more drastic things. The goal was for it to be known in the Knesset that there circles that oppose the law.
473:
of 1950 when the two of them, together with three other students from the Porat Yosef Yeshiva, met secretly. This meeting ended on 10 April with the establishment of a new underground
1131:
Hazofe, 19 June 1951, "The investigation into Brit HaKanaim close to its conclusion: more than 1000 documents presented in court ", p. 2. Cited in Pedahzur, A.; Perliger, A. (2011)
748:
did not conceive religion and politics as two separate and distinct tracks, but as necessarily intertwined, since there could be no people of Israel without the observance of the
733:
This was one of the first obvious cases in which a religious elite, educated according to the principles and teachings imparted at the Porat Yosef Yeshiva, decided to set up a
764:
was, in their eyes, the only real possibility, in the face of the Israeli government's aversion, for "the establishment of an orthodox regime, based on the principle of
1319:
197:
569:
1069:
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was intent on imposing. Two students from Porat Yosef Yeshiva, in particular, played a central role in this struggle against the State of Israel:
1105:
952:
875:
331:
These disagreements led to a series of clashes between the religious leaders of the orthodox communities, whose intent was to make Israel a
1195:
975:
Haaretz, 16 May 1951, '42 arrested on suspicion of attempted explosion in the Knesset', p. 1. Cited in Pedahzur, A.; Perliger, A. (2011).
180:
issues about the relation between religious groups and public institutions in the State of Israel, but also issues of proper treatment of
1324:
201:
101:
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of the cars had driven on the Sabbath, on which, according to Jewish tradition, it is forbidden to engage in any form of labor β lit.
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that they carried with them, to avoid profaning the Shabbat. Afterwards, the cars, once identified, were set on fire with homemade
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229:
half a century after its founding congress". Within hours of the public reading of the Declaration of Independence by the
756:
contained therein. The one true State of Israel, according to the members of Brit HaKanaim, already had its own law: the
124:
Jewish underground organization which operated in Israel between 1950 and 1953, in opposition to the widespread trend of
697:
83:
193:
760:
they studied. Any alternative was, therefore, both an attack on Jewish tradition and on the Jewish people themselves.
433:
244:". This event generated a real "shock experienced by the orthodox communities". The new state, which professed to be
1281:
273:
1029:
Brother against brother : violence and extremism in Israeli politics from Altalena to the Rabin assassination
184:, and the use of administrative detention rules to enforce the law on extreme political and religious movements.
789:
289:
150:
1314:
181:
389:, could only be an ideal forge of figures among the students in open contrast to the secularization that the
1150:
Brother Against Brother: Violence and Extremism in Israeli Politics from Altalena to the Rabin Assassination
565:
304:". On the relationship between religious orthodoxy and Zionism and his political conjugation, the words of
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222:
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to the issue of recruiting of women in the IDF. Electricity was supplied to the building from the nearby
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who aspired to receive a comprehensive and up-to-date education and to exercise modern and worldly
210:
132:
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that threatened to reduce religion and its cornerstones to a crutch of the new national identity.
437:
172:
The ultimate goal of the movement was to impose Jewish law in the State of Israel and establish a
276:. Zionism was historically constituted as "a national movement led by Jews that rebelled to the
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leadership and followed by the modernization of Jewish life that began in the 18th century".
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On 19 January 1951, a double attempt was made to torch several cars in north Jerusalem. The
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of Jews from Hungary. Once in Israel, he came into contact with the youth groups of the
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The group was made up of several dozens of boys and girls, who were students at the
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on an ideological-religious basis. The aim of the latter was to openly challenge a
474:
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241:
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that did not come from the original Jewish sources of Israel. The members of the
773:
645:
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689:
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245:
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885:
644:). On the same day, a large number of petrol-soaked sacks were placed in the
1047:
944:
Between State and Synagogue : the Secularization of Contemporary Israel
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Rabbi Mordechai Eliyahu was born on 3 March 1929 in the Jewish quarter of
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Enemies and Neighbours: Arabs and Jews in Palestine and Israel, 1917β2017
701:
652:, to protest against the circulation of public transport on Sabbath day.
470:
429:
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253:
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Enemies and Neighbors: Arabs and Jews in Palestine and Israel, 1917-2017
725:. All received sentences ranging from six months to one year in prison.
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of the State of Israel was solemnly proclaimed during a ceremony at the
805:
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Between State and Synagogue: The Secularization of Contemporary Israel
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A Jewish State: Proposal of a Modern Solution for the Jewish Question
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441:
301:
240:, "the new Jewish state was recognized by the United States and the
1135:. New York. Columbia University Press, p. 35 ISBN 978-0-231-15446-8
979:. New York. Columbia University Press, p. 33 ISBN 978-0-231-15446-8
619:
in 2006. It was the temporary abode of the Israeli Parliament, the
335:, and the political elites, who wanted to lead Israel on a path of
1100:. Arie Perliger. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 36.
870:. Arie Perliger. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 34.
777:
745:
568:. For example, "anonymous secular-minded people attacked the then
512:
448:. He then returned to Hungary and from there Lorincz emigrated to
364:
265:
549:
movement to establish a Torah-based way of life in the nation....
688:. The plan, devised by Brit HaKanaim, was that once a homemade
176:
state. The arrest of members of the underground brought to the
792:, another radical underground group operating at the same time
1273:
692:
had been thrown into the building, another activist, named
268:
could be the founder of the Jewish sovereign state and the
1228:. Scotts Valley, California: Createspace Independent Pub.
947:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 29β30.
139:. The underground had more than 35 members at its peak.
372:, upon his election to the Knesset on 30 December 1951
1171:(1st ed.). Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers.
460:
and continued his studies at the Porat Yosef Yeshiva.
780:by influencing the existing system of government".
213:
in the old city of Jerusalem as it stood before 1948
579:The last point under consideration is the issue of
428:Rabbi Shlomo Lorincz, on the other hand, came from
100:
92:
82:
74:
66:
56:
48:
33:
21:
591:
546:
491:
314:
417:from Jerusalem, and his wife Mazal, sister of
648:of the largest transport operator in Israel,
8:
997:"More revelations about the Bribe Operation"
836:. United Kingdom: Allen Lane. p. 129.
440:in Hungary. At the end of 1935, he went to
198:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
18:
1209:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1062:"Apply the trial of the Cervical Pillows"
564:Sabbath, there were just as many secular
432:. Between 1933 and 1935, he studied with
1068:. 31 May 1951. p. 4. Archived from
1032:. New York, NY: Free Press. p. 65.
1003:. 1 June 1951. p. 8. Archived from
611:
205:
1320:Religious organizations based in Israel
1190:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1152:. Florence, Massachusetts: Free Press.
821:
772:without democracy", imposing "that all
16:Radical Jewish underground organisation
1186:Pedahzur, Ami; Perliger, Arie (2011).
704:, which had managed to infiltrate two
1127:
1125:
905:. Princeton: M. Wiener. p. 184.
589:with this, Mordechai Eliyahu stated:
409:. He was the son of the Iraqi Jewish
225:β a true crowning achievement of the
217:On the evening of May 14, 1948, "the
7:
1247:. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.
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157:who later served as chairman of the
668:Operation Bride and Operation Melon
469:Their destinies crossed during the
202:Israeli Declaration of Independence
116:(Hebrew: ΧΦ°ΦΌΧ¨Φ΄ΧΧͺ ΧΦ·Χ§Φ·Χ Φ·ΧΦ΄ΧΧ, lit.
14:
452:in 1939, and was involved in the
434:Rabbi Yaakov Yechezkiya Greenwald
260:communities believed that only a
347:Establishment of the Underground
598:Pedahzur, Ami; Perliger, Arie,
317:the borders of their barricades
308:, who in his programmatic book
102:Designated as a terrorist group
902:Zionism : a brief history
1:
1270:"National Library of Israel"
509:Organization and motivations
680:in Jerusalem to discuss an
1341:
1325:Jewish extremist terrorism
1294:"Knesset Official Website"
1188:Jewish Terrorism in Israel
1133:Jewish Terrorism in Israel
1097:Jewish terrorism in Israel
977:Jewish Terrorism in Israel
867:Jewish terrorism in Israel
600:Jewish Terrorism in Israel
350:
274:World Zionist Organization
191:
146:, who later served as the
1167:Brenner, Michael (2003).
899:Brenner, Michael (2003).
526:national education system
248:, "had promoted a set of
27:
26:
1282:"Jewish Virtual Library"
1169:Zionism: A Brief History
544:the issue of education:
1224:Herzl, Theodor (2015).
1205:Ben-Porat, Guy (2013).
1148:Sprinzak, Ehud (1999).
1026:Sprinzak, Ehud (1999).
941:Ben-Porat, Guy (2013).
556:Brother Against Brother
518:Rabbi Mordechai Eliyahu
501:Brother Against Brother
395:Rabbi Mordechai Eliyahu
194:1947β1949 Palestine war
144:Rabbi Mordechai Eliyahu
142:Among its members were
118:Covenant of the Zealots
1094:Pedahzur, Ami (2011).
864:Pedahzur, Ami (2011).
776:live according to the
735:terrorist organisation
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566:counter-demonstrations
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235:Provisional government
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811:Israel Defence Forces
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570:Minister of Transport
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151:Chief Rabbi of Israel
719:Eliyahu Raful-Rafael
676:met as usual at the
672:On 14 May 1951, the
586:religious observance
458:Agudat Yisrael party
411:Rabbi Salman Eliyahu
399:Rabbi Shlomo Lorincz
370:Rabbi Shlomo Lorincz
1243:Black, Ian (2017).
832:Black, Ian (2017).
698:Ministry of Defence
623:, from 1950 to 1966
454:illegal immigration
450:Mandatory Palestine
419:Rabbi Yehuda Tzadka
382:Porat Yosef Yeshiva
353:Porat Yosef Yeshiva
211:Porat Yosef Yeshiva
133:Porat Yosef Yeshiva
770:dictatorial regime
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536:of women into the
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465:Foundation Meeting
391:Israeli government
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58:Dates of operation
1107:978-0-231-15446-8
954:978-1-139-61557-0
877:978-0-231-15446-8
790:Kingdom of Israel
715:Mordechai Eliyahu
662:Molotov cocktails
423:Rabbi Ezra Attiya
357:Mordechai Eliyahu
111:
110:
42:Mordechai Eliyahu
1332:
1301:
1300:on 16 June 2022.
1296:. Archived from
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1288:on 16 June 2022.
1284:. Archived from
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1276:on 16 June 2022.
1272:. Archived from
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