Brit milah - Knowledge (XXG)

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just been cut. Thus, the difference between the pressure in the blood vessels in the base of the organ and the pressure in the blood vessels at its tip is increased. This requirement has deep religious significance as well as medical benefits....Immediately after incising or injuring an artery, the arterial walls contract and obstruct, or at least reduce, the flow of blood. Since the arterioles of the orlah, or the foreskin, branch off from the dorsal arteries (the arteries of the upper side of the organ), cutting away the foreskin can result in a temporary obstruction in these dorsal arteries. This temporary obstruction, caused by arterial muscle contraction, continues to develop into a more enduring blockage as the stationary blood begins to clot. The tragic result can be severe hypoxia (deprivation of the supply of blood and oxygen) of the glans penis.28 If the arterial obstruction becomes more permanent, gangrene follows; the baby may lose his glans, and it may even become a life-threatening situation. Such cases have been known to occur. Only by immediately clearing the blockage can one prevent such clotting from happening. Performing metzitzah immediately after circumcision lowers the internal pressure within the tissues and blood vessels of the glans, thus raising the pressure gradient between the blood vessels at the base of the organ and the blood vessels at its distal end—the glans as well as the excised arterioles of the foreskin, which branch off of the dorsal arteries. This increase in pressure gradient (by a factor of four to six!) can resolve an acute temporary blockage and restore blood flow to the glans, thus significantly reducing both the danger of immediate, acute hypoxia and the danger of developing a permanent obstruction by means of coagulation. How do we know when a temporary blockage has successfully been averted? When the "blood in the further reaches is extracted", as Rambam has stated.

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mohelim in Brisk not to do metzitza be’peh with direct oral contact. However, although Rav Yosef Dov Soloveitchik also generally prohibited metzitza be’peh with direct oral contact, he did not ban it by those who insisted upon it." The sefer Mitzvas Hametzitzah by Rabbi Sinai Schiffer of Baden, Germany, states that he is in possession of letters from 36 major Russian (Lithuanian) rabbis that categorically prohibit Metzitzah with a sponge and require it to be done orally. Among them is Rabbi Chaim Halevi Soloveitchik of Brisk.

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as they understand that such a ban, very much like the 1920–1933 prohibition laws in the United States, would not be effective... Protagonists and critics of male circumcision debate whether the practice is morally acceptable... They assign different weights to harm as well as to medical risks and to non-medical benefits. The different weights to risks and benefits conform to their underlying views about the practices... Protagonists and critics disagree about the significance of medical reasons for circumcision...

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to protect the public health. I want to reiterate that the welfare of the children of your community is our common goal and that it is not our intent to prohibit metzizah b'peh after circumcision, rather our intent is to suggest measures that would reduce the risk of harm, if there is any, for future circumcisions where metzizah b'peh is the customary procedure and the possibility of an infected mohel may not be ruled out. I know that successful solutions can and will be based on our mutual trust and cooperation.

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the baby is born on Sunday before sunset, the brit will be held the following Sunday. However, if the baby is born on Sunday night after sunset, the brit is on the following Monday. The brit takes place on the eighth day following birth even if that day is Shabbat or a holiday; however, if the baby is born on Friday night between sunset and nightfall, the Berit is delayed until the following Sunday. Furthermore, the berit is performed on the Sabbath only if it is a natural birth; if the birth is a

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among you, every male throughout your generations, he that is born in the house, or bought with money of any foreigner, that is not of thy seed. He that is born in thy house, and he that is bought with thy money, must needs be circumcised; and My covenant shall be in your flesh for an everlasting covenant. And the uncircumcised male who is not circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin, that soul shall be cut off from his people; he hath broken My covenant.

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court. Thomas Frieden, the Health Commissioner of New York City, wrote, "There exists no reasonable doubt that 'metzitzah b'peh' can and has caused neonatal herpes infection....The Health Department recommends that infants being circumcised not undergo metzitzah b'peh." In May 2006, the Department of Health for New York State issued a protocol for the performance of metzitzah b'peh.

1057: 7536: 1101: 2524:, this procedure is usually done by adoptive parents for adopted boys who are being converted as part of the adoption or by families with young children converting together. It is also required for adult converts who were not previously circumcised, e.g., those born in countries where circumcision at birth is not common. The conversion of a minor is valid in both 2112: 7431: 54: 2384:, Commissioner of Health for New York State, together with a board of rabbis and doctors, worked, she said, to "allow the practice of metzizah b'peh to continue while still meeting the Department of Health's responsibility to protect the public health". Later in New York City in 2012 a 2-week-old baby died of herpes because of metzitzah b'peh. 2034: 7543: 1910: 4231: 3007:

of Brit Milah for Jewish infant boys has been stressed in every subsequent Reform rabbis manual or guide. While the Reform movement does not require the circumcision of adult male converts, it is increasingly acknowledged and practiced by many Reform communities as an important part of the conversion process. Since 1984

2298:. Other sources contradict this claim, with copies of Moses Sofer's responsa making no mention of the legal case or of his ruling applying in only one situation. Rather, that responsa makes quite clear that "metzizah" was a health measure and should never be employed where there is a health risk to the infant. 2912:, and prevented the movement of shaft skin, in what creates a "low and tight" circumcision. It was intended to make it impossible to restore the foreskin. This is the form practiced among the large majority of Jews today, and, later, became a basis for the routine neonatal circumcisions performed in the 5881:

The meetings have been extremely helpful to me in understanding the importance of metzizah b'peh to the continuity of Jewish ritual practice, how the procedure is performed, and how we might allow the practice of metzizah b'peh to continue while still meeting the Department of Health's responsibility

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Protagonists and critics of male circumcision agree on some things and disagree on many others... They also do not underestimate the importance of male circumcision for the relevant communities.... Even the most critical voices of male circumcision do not suggest putting a blanket ban on the practice

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affirmed this. By 1871, Reform rabbinic leadership in Germany reasserted "the supreme importance of circumcision in Judaism", while affirming the traditional viewpoint that non-circumcised Jews are Jews nonetheless. Although the issue of circumcision of converts continues to be debated, the necessity

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rabbis, endorses this method. The RCA paper states: "Rabbi Schachter even reports that Rav Yosef Dov Soloveitchik reports that his father, Rav Moshe Soloveitchik, would not permit a mohel to perform metzitza be’peh with direct oral contact, and that his grandfather, Rav Chaim Soloveitchik, instructed

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requiring use of a sterile glass tube, or pipette. The mohel's attorney argued that the New York Department of Health had not supplied conclusive medical evidence linking his client with the disease. In September 2005, the city withdrew the restraining order and turned the matter over to a rabbinical

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In order to prevent the obliteration of the "seal of the covenant" on the flesh, as circumcision was henceforth called, the Rabbis, probably after the war of Bar Kokba (see Yeb. l.c.; Gen. R. xlvi.), instituted the "peri'ah" (the laying bare of the glans), without which circumcision was declared to

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magazine, calling for the abandonment of Metzitzah b'peh. Since then the RCA has issued an opinion that advocates methods that do not involve contact between the mohel's mouth and the infant's genitals, such as the use of a sterile syringe, thereby eliminating the risk of infection. According to the

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In recent years, the circumcision of adult Jews who were not circumcised as infants has become more common than previously thought. In such cases, the brit milah will be done at the earliest date that can be arranged. The actual circumcision will be private, and other elements of the ceremony (e.g.,

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Covenants in ancient times were sometimes sealed by severing an animal, with the implication that the party who breaks the covenant will suffer a similar fate. In Hebrew, the verb meaning "to seal a covenant" translates literally as "to cut". It is presumed by Jewish scholars that the removal of the

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The mohel brings the baby's organ into his mouth immediately after the excision of the foreskin and sucks blood from it vigorously. This action lowers the internal pressure in the tissues of the organ, in the blood vessels of the head of the organ and in the exposed ends of the arterioles that have

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The person performing metzizah b'peh must do the following: wipe around the outside of the mouth thoroughly, including the labial folds at the corners, with a sterile alcohol wipe, and then discard in a safe place. Wash hands with soap and hot water for 2–6 minutes. Within 5 minutes before metzizah

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by mouth. Veniamin Portugalov, who—alone among Russian Jewish physicians—called for the abolition of circumcision, set off these discussions. Portugalov not only denied all medical claims regarding the sanitary advantages of circumcision but disparaged the practice as barbaric, likening it to pagan

1328:) has historically been a first step toward more extreme and violent forms of persecution". These periods have generally been linked to suppression of Jewish religious, ethnic, and cultural identity and subsequent "punishment at the hands of government authorities for engaging in circumcision". The 2532:

until a child reaches the age of majority (13 for a boy, 12 for a girl); at that time the child has the option of renouncing his conversion and Judaism, and the conversion will then be considered retroactively invalid. He must be informed of his right to renounce his conversion if he wishes. If he

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has written that the rabbis added the procedure of priah to discourage men from trying to restore their foreskins: "Once established, priah was deemed essential to circumcision; if the mohel failed to cut away enough tissue, the operation was deemed insufficient to comply with God's covenant", and

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It is customary for the brit to be held in a synagogue, but it can also be held at home or any other suitable location. The brit is performed on the eighth day from the baby's birth, taking into consideration that according to the Jewish calendar, the day begins at the sunset of the day before. If

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In three medical papers done in Israel, Canada, and the US, oral suction following circumcision was suggested as a cause in 11 cases of neonatal herpes. Researchers noted that prior to 1997, neonatal herpes reports in Israel were rare, and that the late incidences were correlated with the mothers

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The commandment of uncovering the corona at circumcision was not given to Abraham; for it is said, At that time the Lord said unto Joshua: 'Make thee knives of flint etc.'. But is it not possible those who were not previously circumcised; for it is written, For all the people that came out were

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This is My covenant, which ye shall keep, between Me and you and thy seed after thee: every male among you shall be circumcised. And ye shall be circumcised in the flesh of your foreskin; and it shall be a token of a covenant betwixt Me and you. And he that is eight days old shall be circumcised

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by pipette, not by mouth. In 1889, a committee on circumcision convened by the Russian Society for the Protection of Health, which included leading Jewish figures, recommended educating the Jewish public about the concerns connected with circumcision, in particular, the possible transmission of

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Several eras in subsequent Jewish history were associated with forced conversions and with prohibitions against ritual circumcision... Jews endangered their lives during such times and exerted strenuous efforts to nullify such edicts. When they succeeded, they celebrated by declaring a holiday.

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with the mother, after the mother has already immersed, to become Jewish. If the mother does not convert, the child may be immersed in a mikveh, or body of natural waters, to complete the child's conversion to Judaism. This can be done before the child is even one year old. If the child did not

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with a sponge instead of oral suction in order to safeguard the child from potential risks. He also cited a passage in Nedarim 32a as a warrant for the position that metzitzah b’peh was not an obligatory part of the circumcision ceremony. It relates the story that a mohel (who was suspected of

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states that many Hellenistic Jews attempted to restore their foreskins, and that similar action was taken during the Hadrianic persecution, a period in which a prohibition against circumcision was issued. The writers of the dictionary hypothesize that the more severe method practiced today was

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In the second century BCE, the Holy Land was ruled by the Seleucids (Syrian-Greeks), who tried to force the people of Israel to accept Greek culture and beliefs instead of mitzvah observance and belief in G‑d. Against all odds, a small band of faithful but poorly armed Jews, led by Judah the

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implicates the "better hygiene and living conditions that prevail among the younger generation", which lowered to 60% the rate of young Israeli Haredi mothers who carry the virus. He explains that an "absence of antibodies in the mothers' blood means that their newborn sons received no such

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The view that circumcision had the effect of reducing sexual pleasure, and had even been instituted with this objective in mind, was both widely held in the nineteenth century and in accordance with traditional religious teaching. Both Philo and Maimondies had written to this effect, and

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unanimously ruled that the practice of metztizah b'peh should require informed consent from the parent or guardian of the child undergoing the ritual. Prior to the ruling, several hundred rabbis, including Rabbi David Niederman, the executive director of the United Jewish Organization of

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is executed only when this epithelium is either removed, or permanently peeled back to uncover the glans. On medical circumcisions performed by surgeons, the epithelium is removed along with the foreskin, to prevent post operative penile adhesion and its complications. However, on ritual

1646:, the "covenant of circumcision". According to traditional Jewish law, in the absence of a grown free Jewish male expert, anyone who has the required skills is also authorized to perform the circumcision, if they are Jewish. Yet, most streams of non-Orthodox Judaism allow women to be 2077:), which means 'uncovering'. The main goal of "priah" (also known as "bris periah"), is to remove as much of the inner layer of the foreskin as possible and prevent the movement of the shaft skin, what creates the look and function of what is known as a "low and tight" circumcision. 4859:

Metzizah b'peh — loosely translated as oral suction — is the part of the circumcision ceremony where the mohel removes the blood from the baby's member; these days the removal of the blood is usually done using a sterilized glass tube, instead of with the mouth, as the Talmud

2290:(Orach Chaim 152,) that Moses Sofer gave the ruling in that specific instance only because the mohel refused to step down and had secular government connections that prevented his removal in favor of another mohel, and the Heter may not be applied elsewhere. He also states ( 2474:, they stop the flow of blood. Moreover, circumcision alone, in the absence of the brit milah ceremony, does not fulfill the requirements of the mitzvah. Therefore, in cases involving a Jew who was circumcised outside of a brit milah, an already-circumcised convert, or an 3456:

Maccabee, defeated one of the mightiest armies on earth, drove the Greeks from the land, reclaimed the Holy Temple in Jerusalem and rededicated it to the service of G‑d. ... To commemorate and publicize these miracles, the sages instituted the festival of Chanukah.

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believed the ritual to be barbaric and outdated, they refrained from instituting any change in this matter. In 1843, when a father in Frankfurt refused to circumcise his son, rabbis of all shades in Germany stated it was mandated by Jewish law; even

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Causes the circumcised portion of the penis to resemble a heart, thereby representing a physical connection between the "breath contained within the heart is generative of thoughts, and the generative organ itself is productive of living beings",

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Rambam – Maimonides in his "book of laws" Laws of Milah Chapter 2, paragraph 2: "...and afterwards he sucks the circumcision until blood comes out from far places, in order not to come to danger, and anyone who does not suck, we remove him from

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His disciples said to him, "is circumcision useful or not?". He said to them, "If it were useful, their father would produce children already circumcised from their mother. Rather, the true circumcision in spirit has become profitable in every

2559:. Conservative Rabbis will authorize it only under the condition that the child be raised as a Jew in a single-faith household. Should the mother convert, and if the boy has not yet reached his third birthday, the child may be immersed in the 2551:, the milah l'shem giur procedure is also performed for a boy whose mother has not converted, but with the intention that the child be raised Jewish. This conversion of a child to Judaism without the conversion of the mother is allowed by 4630:

notes that "there are three methods of circumcision that are commonly used in the newborn male", and that all three include "bluntly freeing the inner preputial epithelium from the epithelium of the glans", to be later amputated with the

2277:, also known as the Chatam Sofer (1762–1839), observed that the Talmud states that the rationale for this part of the ritual was hygienic — i.e., to protect the health of the child. As such, the Chatam Sofer issued a ruling to perform 3035:

occurs on the eighth day following the child's birth at the father's home. In addition to special prayers and readings from the Torah pertaining to the ritual, an old hymn that invokes blessings for parents and children is sung.

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considers something to be "complete" if it lacks nothing, but also has nothing that is unneeded. He regards the foreskin as an unneeded organ that God created in man, and so by amputating it, the man is completed. The author of

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According to Halacha, a baby who dies before they had time to circumcise him must be circumcised before burial. Several reasons were given for this commandment. Some have written that there is no need for this circumcision.

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on that Talmudic passage explains that this step is in order to draw some blood from deep inside the wound to prevent danger to the baby. There are other modern antiseptic and antibiotic techniques—all used as part of the

4889:. Many Jewish physicians supported the idea of procedural and hygienic reforms in the practice, and they debated the question of physician supervision during the ceremony. Most significantly, many advocated carrying out 3399:

Jews have a long history of suffering punishment at the hands of government authorities for engaging in circumcision. Muslims have also experienced suppression of their identities through suppression of this religious

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of brit milah lies in the pain it causes, and anesthetic, sedation, or ointment should generally not be used. However, it is traditionally common to feed the infant a drop of wine or other sweet liquid to soothe him.

4981: 5380: 6520: 2665:" (from "yesod"). The second is that the act of bleeding represents a feminization of Jewish men, significant in the sense that the covenant represents a marriage between Jews and (a symbolically male) God. 4735:. This is the first text specifying peri'ah as an absolute requirement. The same chapter is where we first find mention of the warning that leaving even "shreds" of foreskin renders the procedure "invalid". 2241:

place his mouth directly on the infant's genital wound to draw blood away from the cut. Many circumcision ceremonies no longer use metzitzah b'peh, but Haredi Jews continue to perform it, while traditional

6290: 6213: 6136: 1312:, including multiple campaigns of Jewish ethnic, cultural, and religious persecution, with subsequent bans and restrictions on the practice as an attempted means of forceful assimilation, conversion, and 5091: 1623: 1556:. Thus, Jeremiah 9:25–26 says that circumcised and uncircumcised will be punished alike by the Lord; for "all the nations are uncircumcised, and all the house of Israel are uncircumcised in heart". 2282:

transmitting herpes via metzizah to infants) was checked several times and never found to have signs of the disease and that a ban was requested because of the "possibility of future infections".

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In fact, circumcision is only one of two performative commands, the neglect of which bring the kareth penalty. (The other is the failure to be cleansed from corpse contamination, umb. 19:11-22.)

3043:, in their circumcision hymn, Samaritans express their gratitude for a certain Roman soldier by the name of Germon, who was sent by an unknown Roman Emperor as a sentinel over the home of the 5292: 2401:

Because of the risk of infection, some rabbinical authorities have ruled that the traditional practice of direct contact should be replaced by using a sterile tube between the wound and the

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Throughout most of history, Jews never doubted their obligation to observe circumcision... voiders of the covenant of Abraham our father, and they have no portion in the World to Come.

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portrays the foreskin, often drawn in meticulous detail, as an emblem of male beauty; and children with congenitally short foreskins were sometimes subjected to a treatment, known as

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The steps, justifications, and imposition of the practice have dramatically varied throughout history; commonly cited reasons for the practice have included it being a way to control

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The "informed consent" regulation was challenged in court. In January 2013 the U.S. District court ruled that the law did not specifically target religion and therefore must not pass

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for his kindness in allowing the process of circumcision to take place. They tried to give him money, but he refused, just requesting to be included in their future prayers instead.

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b'peh, rinse mouth thoroughly with a mouthwash containing greater than 25% alcohol (for example, Listerine) and hold the rinse in mouth for 30 seconds or more before discarding it.

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Judaeus defended Jewish circumcision on several grounds. He thought that circumcision should be done as early as possible as it would not be as likely to be done by someone's own

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probably begun in order to prevent the possibility of restoring the foreskin after circumcision, and therefore the rabbis added the requirement of cutting the foreskin in periah.

1405:–2181 BCE). According to some scholars, it appears that it only appeared as a sign of the covenant during the Babylonian Exile. Scholars who posit the existence of a hypothetical 5865: 6040: 5925:

Distel R, Hofer V, Bogger-Goren S, Shalit I, Garty BZ. Primary genital herpes simplex infection associated with Jewish ritual circumcision. Israel Medical Association Journal.

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The completion effected by circumcision is not congenital, but left to the man. This implies that as he completes the form of his body, so can he complete the form of his soul.

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To mark the chosen people, so that their bodies will be different as their souls are. The organ chosen for the mark is the one responsible for the sustenance of the species;

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Williamsburg, signed a declaration stating that they would not inform parents of the potential dangers that came with metzitzah b'peh, even if informed consent became law.

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or has other serious medical problems, the brit milah will be postponed until the doctors and mohel deem the child strong enough for his foreskin to be surgically removed.

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The poskim consulted by the RCA agree that the normative halacha permits using a glass tube, and that it is proper for mohalim to do so given the health issues involved.

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and so should be done as a way to increase the nation's population. He also noted that circumcision should be performed as an effective means to reduce sexual pleasure.

5370: 1721: 1628: 4206: 3560: 5248: 4076:"Circumcision." Mark Popovsky. Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion. Ed. David A. Leeming, Kathryn Madden and Stanton Marlan. New York: Springer, 2010. pp. 153–54. 5014:

MBP is believed to be a commandment from God .. Chasam Sofer clearly stated his position on MBP .. I do not know all the answers, but banning MBP is not one of them.

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Reasons for biblical circumcision include to show off "patrilineal descent, sexual fertility, male initiation, cleansing of birth impurity, and dedication to God".

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Rubin LG, Lanzkowsky P. Cutaneous neonatal herpes simplex infection associated with ritual circumcision. Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal. 2000. 19(3) 266–67.

8052: 6300: 6223: 6146: 5638: 5599: 5510: 7977: 2336:(RCA), which claims to be the largest American organization of Orthodox rabbis, published an article by mohel Yehudi Pesach Shields in its summer 1972 issue of 5265: 2439:

On August 15, 2014, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the decision by the lower court, and ruled that the regulation does have to be reviewed under

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in the 1880s. Russian Jewish physicians expressed concern over two central issues: the competence of those carrying out the procedure and the method used for

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The Talmud explicitly instructs that a boy must not be circumcised if he had two brothers who died due to complications arising from their circumcisions, and

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The prophetic tradition emphasizes that God expects people to be good as well as pious, and that non-Jews will be judged based on their ethical behavior, see

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The Reform societies established in Frankfurt and Berlin regarded circumcision as barbaric and wished to abolish it. However, while prominent rabbis such as

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is not known with certainty; however, artistic and literary evidence from ancient Egypt suggests it was practiced in the ancient Near East from at least the

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Rezvani, Massoud; Finkelstein, Yaron (2007). "Generalized seizures following topical lidocaine administration during circumcision: establishing causation".

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After eight days had passed, it was time to circumcise the child; and he was called Jesus, the name given by the angel before he was conceived in the womb.

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On September 9, 2015, after coming to an agreement with the community the New York City Board of Health voted to repeal the informed consent regulation.

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circumcised, but all the people that were born etc.? — If so, why the expression. 'Again!'. Consequently it must apply to the uncovering of the corona.

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Circumcision only became an important sign of the covenant during the Babylonian Exile; it is doubtful that it always had this significance for Israel.

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offered two explanations for circumcision. One is that it is a literal inscription on the Jewish body of the name of God in the form of the letter "

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circumcisions performed by a mohel, the epithelium is most commonly peeled off only after the foreskin has been amputated. This procedure is called

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In Jewish history, the banning of circumcision (brit mila) has historically been a first step toward more extreme and violent forms of persecution.

1596:, actions that would normally be forbidden because of the sanctity of the day are permitted in order to fulfill the requirement to circumcise. The 5710: 7280: 2108:"Depending on the strictness of individual rabbis, boys (or men thought to have been inadequately cut) were subjected to additional operations." 5685: 2425:

In a motion for preliminary injunction with intent to sue, filed against New York City Department of Health & Mental Hygiene, affidavits by

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According to Rabbinic interpretation of traditional Jewish sources, the 'priah' has been performed as part of the Jewish circumcision since the

8155: 6730: 6456: 4056: 3240: 3208: 1732:, the berit is delayed until Sunday. A brit is traditionally performed in the morning, but it may be performed any time during daylight hours. 1430: 1418: 7251: 5214: 7479: 7255: 7223: 7194: 7162: 7119: 6948: 6916: 6807: 6767: 6738: 6703: 6653: 6576: 5804: 5427: 4804: 4716: 4135: 3857: 3826: 3794: 3752: 3706: 3668: 3602: 3431: 3392: 3317: 3280: 3248: 3216: 3171: 3018: 2853:

due to the circumstances of the period, although Jewish religious writers denounced these practices as abrogating the covenant of Abraham in

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When he presented the defense in secular court, his testimony was erroneously recorded to mean that Sofer stated it as a general ruling. The

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disagrees with the above and writes, "It is a biblical prohibition to cause anyone unnecessary pain." Rabbi Tendler recommends the use of an

573: 5772: 5052: 5027: 4381: 7598: 931: 5895: 2458:. One ramification is that the brit is not considered complete unless a drop of blood is actually drawn. The standard medical methods of 1526:("uncircumcised" ) is also employed for "impermeable"; it is also applied to the first three years' fruit of a tree, which is forbidden. 5549: 2962: 976: 6681:'This We Know to Be the Carnal Israel': Circumcision and the Erotic Life of God and Israel", Critical Inquiry. (Spring, 1992), 474–506. 5345: 7944: 7154: 5869: 5494: 6291:"Docket for Central Rabbinical Congress of the USA & Canada v. New York City Department of Health & Mental..., 1:12-cv-07590" 6214:"Docket for Central Rabbinical Congress of the USA & Canada v. New York City Department of Health & Mental..., 1:12-cv-07590" 6137:"Docket for Central Rabbinical Congress of the USA & Canada v. New York City Department of Health & Mental..., 1:12-cv-07590" 5990:"Metzitza Be'Peh – Halachic Clarification Regarding Metzitza Be'Peh, RCA Clarifies Halachic Background to Statement of March 1, 2005" 5306: 2823:, where matters of business and politics were discussed. To expose one's glans in public was seen as indecent, vulgar, and a sign of 1995:

the prophet, known as "The Righteous Kohen", so that God's covenant can be fulfilled with the re-establishment of the throne of King

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eighteenth century. Wooden box covered in cow hide with silver implements: silver trays, clip, pointer, silver flask, spice vessel.

6361: 5174:"Neonatal Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection After Jewish Ritual Circumcision: Modern Medicine and Religious Tradition" 6940: 6330: 4642: 4559: 5839: 8005: 7241:

Judith Bleich, "The Circumcision Controversy in Classical Reform in Historical Context", KTAV Publishing House, 2007. pp. 1–28.

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A brit milah is more than circumcision; it is a sacred ritual in Judaism, as distinguished from its non-ritual requirement in

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and others agree that the child should not be sedated, although pain relieving ointment may be used under certain conditions;

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Circumcision became the single most important commandment... the one without which... no Jew could attain the world to come.

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Where the procedure was performed but not followed by immersion or other requirements of the conversion procedure (e.g., in

1709: 7442: 5238: 8150: 6590:"Can a brit take place on Yom Kippur? – holidays general information holiday information life cycle circumcision the brit" 5949: 5137: 2418: 2406: 2333: 2305: 2295: 6593: 949: 7963: 6032: 4568: 3066: 2901: 2308:

and elaborates on what prompted Moses Sofer to give the above ruling. He tells the story that a student of Moses Sofer,

2208:

is one of the four steps to fulfill Mitzvah, it continues to be practiced by Orthodox, Ultraorthodox and Hassidic Jews.

5929: 5518: 4680: 4296: 1600:, when discussing the importance of Milah, compares it to being equal to all other mitzvot (commandments) based on the 8047: 7636: 6759: 5642: 5603: 2711: 2429:, Brenda Breuer, and Daniel S. Berman argued that the study on which the department passed its conclusions is flawed. 2367:

to eight Israeli infants, one of whom suffered brain damage. When three New York City infants contracted herpes after

2046: 1697: 1449: 374: 7315: 5262: 6478: 1870: 8165: 8140: 8083: 8026: 6017:, Frankfurt a.M. 1906; It was subsequently translated into Hebrew, reprinted in Jerusalem in 1966 under the title " 4540: 3423: 3384: 2811: 2576:

The ceremony, when performed l'shem giur, does not have to be performed on a particular day, and does not override

160: 64: 6565: 6098: 5750: 5459: 2684:

He attributes four of the reasons to "men of divine spirit and wisdom". These include the idea that circumcision:

2599:, naming occurs at the Brit with a different formula than the standard Brit Milah. The more common practice among 8170: 7593: 7472: 6391: 5484: 5087: 4873:

In the first half of the nineteenth century, various European governments considered regulating, if not banning,

4403: 3272: 2870: 2806: 2748: 2342: 1187: 180: 123: 1944:

and distinguished people present to proceed with the grace. When the four main blessings are concluded, special

1541:

were circumcised, but those "born in the wilderness" were not. Therefore, Joshua, before the celebration of the

7628: 7284: 6850:

It is agreed among scholars that the original purpose within Judaism... was precisely to dull the sexual organ.

6175: 5062: 4300: 3774: 3698: 2504: 1376: 1041: 939: 662: 6252: 4616: 4087: 8021: 4779: 4249: 3660: 3118: 2896:

Without it circumcision was newly declared to have no spiritual value. This new form removed as much of the

1965: 1820: 1764: 1465: 1371: 1105: 190: 90: 8088: 7901: 7724: 7696: 4051: 3040: 2932: 2537:

rabbis will generally not convert a non-Jewish child raised by a mother who has not converted to Judaism.

2187:, translated as suction, as one of the steps involved in the circumcision rite. The Talmud writes that a " 1395: 1222: 1031: 667: 7435: 4794: 4436: 4047:"Tractate Shabbat: Chapter 19: Regulations ordained by R. Eliezer concerning circumcision on the Sabbath" 1860:

should not be used, however, because lidocaine has been linked to several pediatric near-death episodes.

8135: 8114: 8067: 8062: 8031: 7618: 7111: 6779:

quoted the contemporary Dr. Asher... as stating that chastity was the moral objective of the alteration.

4927: 3061: 3056: 3044: 2970: 2759: 2568:, or the boy was too old, then the child may choose of their own accord to become Jewish at age 13 as a 2313: 2301: 2262: 1566: 1359: 1347: 1221:

to be circumcised, an act to be followed by his male descendants on the eighth day of life, symbolizing

1080: 1036: 954: 5003: 2841:

widely found circumcision to be barbaric, cruel, and utterly repulsive in nature. By the period of the

1569:

for non-Israelites in Biblical times necessitated circumcision, otherwise one could not partake in the

8098: 8000: 7734: 7465: 6900: 4199:"The Circumcision Procedure and Blessings – Performing the Bris Milah – The Handbook to Circumcision" 3974: 3736: 2982: 2920: 2878: 2846: 2612: 2552: 2548: 2529: 2360: 2304:, after corresponding with the greatest Jewish sages of the generation, concluded the practice to be 1886:

is for the person who carries the baby from the mother to the father, who in turn carries him to the

1578: 1011: 944: 99: 2320:, needed the ruling because of a governmental attempt to ban circumcision completely if it included 8160: 8093: 7567: 7336: 7259: 6908: 6691: 5243: 5173: 4908: 4706: 4151: 4046: 3309: 2834: 2830: 2623:

performed when the boy was an infant removes the obligation to undergo either a full brit milah or

1849: 1455: 1422: 1153: 966: 657: 430: 266: 5814: 5437: 4907:

ritual mutilation. Ritual circumcision, he claimed, stood as a self-imposed obstacle to the Jews’

4877:

on the grounds that it posed potential medical dangers. In the 1840s, radical Jewish reformers in

2544:

have numerous complications, and authorities recommend that a rabbi be consulted well in advance.

1549:

specifically before they entered Canaan. Abraham, too, was circumcised when he moved into Canaan.

7310: 6888: 6837: 6515: 5945: 5782: 5715: 5375: 5037: 4976: 4647: 4507: 4464: 4408: 3554: 3499: 3470:"Should liberal government regulate male circumcision performed in the name of Jewish tradition?" 3415: 3232: 3190: 2924: 2850: 2389: 1979: 1900: 1844: 1816: 1469: 1332:

victory in the Maccabean Revolt — ending the prohibition against circumcision — is celebrated in

1302: 1294: 1290: 1215: 1026: 356: 170: 133: 25: 7447: 4244: 6021:" and appended to the back of Dvar Sinai, a book written by the author's grandson, Sinai Adler. 3113: 2273:

Shabbat 19:2, which lists it as one of the four steps involved in the circumcision rite. Rabbi

1783:

the celebratory meal) may be modified to accommodate the desires of the one being circumcised.

7409: 7365: 7219: 7190: 7158: 7115: 7072: 7051: 7011: 6944: 6912: 6803: 6763: 6756:

A Surgical Temptation:The Demonization of the Foreskin and the Rise of Circumcision in Britain

6734: 6699: 6649: 6270: 6193: 6116: 5809: 5657: 5618: 5490: 5325: 5206: 5198: 4800: 4712: 4499: 4456: 4131: 4093: 3988: 3984: 3853: 3822: 3790: 3786: 3748: 3702: 3664: 3598: 3542: 3532: 3491: 3427: 3388: 3358: 3313: 3276: 3244: 3212: 3167: 2978: 2802: 2100: 1895: 1729: 1490: 1308:

Historical conflicts between Jews and European civilizations have occurred several times over

449: 244: 152: 7101: 5553: 2254:

to the infant. Proponents maintain that there is no conclusive evidence that links herpes to

7881: 7714: 7641: 7401: 7097: 7064: 6643: 5746: 5349: 5188: 4917: 4739: 4600: 4491: 4448: 4006: 3978: 3934: 3740: 3729:"Zipporah and the Bridegroom of Blood: Searching for the Antecedents of Jewish Circumcision" 3594: 3481: 3350: 3021:

began to recommend that male converts who are already circumcized undergo hatafat dam brit.

2897: 2874: 2862: 2777: 2740: 2640: 2541: 2534: 2525: 2521: 2346: 1992: 1899:(efficacious remedy) that they should have children of their own. The origin of the term is 1875: 1574: 1317: 1250: 1182: 1167: 1142: 1073: 735: 634: 370: 331: 316: 72: 47: 2147:

as possible to allow for maximum removal of the former without any injury to the latter. A

7934: 7914: 7769: 7500: 6862: 6572: 5933: 5777: 5432: 5310: 5269: 5057: 5032: 4623: 3938: 3906: 3833:

It seems that in the biblical tradition... child sacrifice was replaced by circumcision...

3810: 3101: 3003: 2604: 2581: 2479: 2440: 2433: 2410: 2381: 2243: 2228: 2191:(Circumciser) who does not suck creates a danger, and should be dismissed from practice". 2136: 2070: 1828: 1653: 1437: 1426: 1321: 1237:

on the eighth day after the infant's birth and is followed by a celebratory meal known as

1207: 1148: 1118: 971: 879: 773: 326: 118: 83: 5578: 4837: 4815:); the rabbis themselves, who added the requirement of completely uncovering the corona ( 3109: 6449:"Central Rabbinical Congress v. New York City Department of Health & Mental Hygiene" 4811:

These mishniac requirements have three sources: the Torah, which requires circumcision (

2615:, where the mother has not converted), if the boy chooses to complete the conversion at 1565:(making oneself liable to extirpation or excommunication), as noted in Genesis 17:1-14. 7909: 7666: 7608: 7142: 6799: 6537: 6533: 6033:"New York, NY – City Approves Metzitzah B'Peh Consent Form (full video NYC DOH debate)" 4882: 4240: 4113: 3918: 3894: 3845: 3151: 3008: 2998: 2944: 2905: 2824: 2755: 2658: 2426: 2309: 2104: 2085: 1928: 1923: 1883: 1771: 1582: 1534: 1530: 1410: 1343: 1258: 1254: 1239: 1226: 1061: 835: 630: 519: 425: 321: 197: 185: 128: 111: 78: 4656: 2393:

antibodies through the placenta, and therefore are vulnerable to infection by HSV-1".

1297:. Rather, the commandment is exclusive to followers of Judaism and the Jewish people; 8129: 7790: 7681: 7603: 7505: 7178: 7150: 7068: 7025: 6932: 6867: 6295: 6218: 6141: 5954: 4495: 4235: 3694: 3656: 3648: 3590: 3503: 3159: 3105: 2928: 2913: 2838: 2587:

In Orthodox Judaism, there is a split of authorities on whether the child receives a

1832: 1824: 1538: 1230: 1130: 887: 802: 311: 211: 175: 41: 6698:. Vol. VII. Loeb Classical Library: Harvard University Press. pp. 103–05. 4881:

asserted that circumcision should no longer be compulsory. This controversy reached

4511: 2981:

is generally believed to have originated in the 6th century BCE as a product of the

2533:

does not make such a statement, it is accepted that the boy is halakhically Jewish.

2375:

and one of them died, New York authorities took out a restraining order against the

2235:, abbreviated as MBP)—or oral suction—has become controversial. The process has the 1932:, according to the Eastern Asheknazic rite, additional introductory lines, known as 7986: 7891: 7525: 6975: 6791: 6776: 5993: 5141: 5109: 4895: 4754: 4468: 4265: 3029: 2949: 2459: 2283: 1756:

says that this excluded paternal half-brothers. This may be due to a concern about

1493:

12:3 says: "And in the eighth day the flesh of his foreskin shall be circumcised."

1461: 1391: 1351: 1199: 1191: 1157: 1021: 1016: 961: 840: 745: 705: 652: 606: 410: 219: 6618: 6566:

Rabbi Avram Israel Reisner, On the conversion of adoptive and patrilineal children

6511:"New York City Health Board Repeals Rule on Consent Forms for Circumcision Ritual" 3818: 2509: 2494:) from the penis at the point where the foreskin would have been or was attached. 2041: 7230:...Brit Milah is just nicking or amputating the protruding tip of the prepuce... 7046: 6970: 3728: 1683:), without restriction. In 1984, Deborah Cohen became the first certified Reform 7729: 7520: 7515: 7007: 6722: 6639: 5836:"Circumcision Protocol Regarding the Prevention of Neonatal Herpes Transmission" 5008: 4112:

Talmud Avodah Zarah 26b; Menachot 42a; Maimonides' Mishneh Torah, Milah, ii. 1;

3744: 3691:

The Savage in Judaism: An Anthropology of Israelite Religion and Ancient Judaism

3528: 3338: 3163: 3097: 2958: 2936: 2909: 2854: 2798: 2647:

To complete the form of man, by removing what he claims to be a redundant organ;

2635: 2616: 2588: 2569: 2478:(born without a foreskin) individual, the mohel draws a symbolic drop of blood ( 2274: 2247: 2144: 2057: 1553: 1511: 1507: 647: 104: 53: 6354:"Bris Milah Lawsuit: Court To Rule On Temporary Injuction Against Anti-MBP Law" 5963: 4452: 3779:

King Manasseh and Child Sacrifice: Biblical Distortions of Historical Realities

3486: 3469: 3354: 2691:

Secures cleanliness "in a way that is suited to the people consecrated to God",

2131:

note: alternate spellings Metzizah or Metsitsah are also used to refer to this.

1740: 1692: 7805: 7405: 6999: 6827: 6823: 6390:. Jewish News – Israel News – Israel Politics. 10 January 2013. Archived from 4202: 4034: 4023: 3872: 3420:

Dreamworld or Dystopia: The Nordic Model and Its Influence in the 21st Century

2892:, introduced and made mandatory a secondary step of circumcision known as the 2600: 2467: 2081: 2053: 2017:

prayers, different from the ones in the Eastern Ashkenazic rite, are recited.

1757: 1753: 892: 435: 230: 7413: 5202: 4554: 3962: 3883: 3495: 3362: 7389: 7030:

Approaches to Ancient Judaism, New Series: Religious and Theological Studies

6553: 5926: 5287: 5193: 4878: 4684: 3992: 3950: 3930: 3546: 2940: 2889: 2842: 2736: 2721: 1857: 1853: 1802: 1497: 1329: 1313: 1100: 860: 559: 405: 382: 7535: 5210: 4503: 4460: 1964:

the baby boy to have strength and grow up to trust in God and perceive Him

1936:, are added. These lines praise God and request the permission of God, the 7430: 7076: 2258:, and that attempts to limit this practice infringe on religious freedom. 2111: 1573:

offering. Today, as in the time of Abraham, it is required of converts in

7929: 7866: 7774: 7759: 7754: 7739: 7656: 7557: 7060: 7016: 6727:

The Acts of the Apostles: The Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary

4899: 4596:

circumcised but did not perform priah, it is as if he did not circumcise.

4345: 4343: 3522: 2954: 2820: 2794: 2475: 2463: 2443:

to determine whether it infringes on Orthodox Jews' freedom of religion.

1948:

prayers are recited. They request various blessings by God that include:

1601: 1570: 1542: 1333: 1203: 1136: 917: 902: 865: 855: 850: 715: 601: 554: 540: 397: 346: 165: 138: 4234: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 3269:

The Covenant of Circumcision: New Perspectives on an Ancient Jewish Rite

2973:

and was the predominant form until the second century CE. The notion of

1893:

This honor is usually given to a couple without children, as a merit or

7919: 7871: 7856: 7851: 7839: 7827: 7822: 7810: 7764: 7706: 7676: 7671: 7613: 7572: 7047:"Celsus' Decircumcision Operation: Medical and Historical Implications" 6832: 6483: 5114: 4708:

Marked in Your Flesh: Circumcision from Ancient Judea to Modern America

4589: 4356: 4352: 4269: 3782: 3653:

Marked in Your Flesh: Circumcision from Ancient Judea to Modern America

3524:

Circumcision : a history of the world's most controversial surgery

2885: 2816: 2744: 2577: 2556: 2286:(1807–1879), a student of Moses Sofer, states in his book of Responsa, 2270: 2176: 2148: 1984: 1808: 1639: 1593: 1472: 1406: 1298: 1270: 1218: 1195: 1001: 907: 825: 730: 720: 675: 535: 530: 501: 489: 457: 336: 303: 287: 282: 272: 235: 33: 4327:

Journal of the Goldstein-Goren International Center for Jewish Thought

3850:

The Bible and the Psyche: Individuation Symbolism in the Old Testament

2819:; many Jewish men did not want to be seen in public deprived of their 2033: 7939: 7924: 7886: 7876: 7861: 7846: 7832: 7817: 7795: 7719: 7691: 7686: 7661: 7651: 7646: 7577: 7562: 7452: 7107: 6413:

Federgruen, Dr. Daniel Berman and Prof. Brenda Breuer and Prof. Awi.

5838:. Department of Health, New York State. November 2006. Archived from 4604: 4360:. "Lech Lecha – No Pain, No Bris?" Feldham Publishers 2011, pp. 29–32 4128:

Birth Culture. Jewish Testimonies from Rural Switzerland and Environs

4089:

Remembering Abraham: Culture, Memory, and History in the Hebrew Bible

2858: 2790: 2729: 2592: 2565: 2560: 2251: 2172: 1957: 1836: 1597: 1561: 1546: 1281: 1262: 1006: 897: 845: 830: 820: 815: 788: 783: 766: 740: 725: 710: 685: 680: 596: 549: 524: 506: 420: 415: 392: 351: 341: 277: 254: 249: 5084:"N.Y. newborn contracts herpes from controversial circumcision rite" 4796:

Why Aren't Jewish Women Circumcised?: Gender and Covenant in Judaism

4322: 1592:

is considered to be so important that should the eighth day fall on

3267:

Mark, Elizabeth (2003). "Frojmovic/Travelers to the Circumcision".

2698:

Promotes prolificness by removing impediments to the flow of semen.

2250:

never practiced it. The practice poses a serious risk of spreading

1909: 7800: 7749: 7744: 7542: 5681: 4723:

the rabbis go on to dedicate all of chapter 19 to circumcision ..

3013: 2725: 2717: 2681:

additionally gave other reasons for the practice of circumcision.

2678: 2503: 2455: 2402: 2364: 2237: 2192: 2188: 2110: 2040: 2032: 1996: 1941: 1937: 1908: 1888: 1739: 1708: 1691: 1622: 1436:

Some scholars have argued that it originated as a replacement for

1414: 1375: 1355: 1234: 1099: 912: 810: 759: 752: 616: 611: 591: 586: 581: 496: 484: 479: 474: 467: 462: 387: 259: 225: 4543:(the link is to Otzar HaChochmah, available only to subscribers). 3339:"Forming Jewish Identity by Formulating Legislation for Gentiles" 3156:

Circumcision: A History Of The World's Most Controversial Surgery

1689:; she was certified by the Berit Mila program of Reform Judaism. 1612:

foreskin symbolically represents such a sealing of the covenant.

7339:. National Association of American Mohalim. 2010. Archived from 6642:; Rosenblatt, Samuel (trans.) (1958). "article III chapter 10". 6479:"U.S. Court revives challenge to New York City circumcision law" 5051:

Nussbaum Cohen, Debra; Cohler-Esses, Larry (December 23, 2005).

4372:"Study confirms that wine drops soothe boys during circumcision" 4266:"Traditional circumcision raises risk of infection, study shows" 2986: 2662: 1286: 996: 511: 7959: 7955: 7461: 2294:

244) that the practice is possibly a Sinaitic tradition, i.e.,

7457: 5460:"On the Main Line: Rabbi Moshe Sofer's responsum on metzitzah" 2540:

The laws of conversion and conversion-related circumcision in

1279:, barring extraordinary circumstances, are believed to suffer 1211: 5962:(2). Translated by Lavon, Yocheved: 25, 33–39. Archived from 5896:"Baby Dies of Herpes in Ritual Circumcision By Orthodox Jews" 5028:"City Risking Babies' Lives With Brit Policy: Health Experts" 1475:

to be circumcised, an act to be followed by his descendants:

1433:

does the notion of circumcision become linked to a covenant.

7306:"Reform Rabbis' Vote Reflects Expanding Interest in Rituals" 5283:"NYC, Orthodox Jews in talks over ritual after herpes cases" 4909:

attainment of true equality with the other peoples of Europe

4437:"Neonatal mydriasis: intravenous lidocaine adverse reaction" 2706:

Judaism, Christianity, and the Early Church (4 BCE – 150 CE)

6419:– Empowering Parents Or Interfering In Religious Practice?" 6063:"New York – Rabbis Say They'll Defy Law On Metzitzah B'peh" 3011:

has trained and certified over 300 of their own practicing

1835:

particularly asserts that the act ought to be painful, per

6523:

from the original on 16 July 2017 – via NYTimes.com.

5805:"Controversy rages in New York over circumcision practice" 5743:"State offers new guidelines on oral-suction circumcision" 4130:(in German and English). Basel: Schwabe. pp. 54–123. 2261:

The practice has become a controversy in both secular and

1496:

According to the Hebrew Bible, it was "a reproach" for an

6696:

Of the special laws, Book I (i and ii), in Works of Philo

2643:

provides three reasons for the practice of circumcision:

2462:

through constriction do not meet the requirements of the

1529:

However, the Israelites born in the wilderness after the

7340: 6828:"Male and Female Genital Cutting: Controlling Sexuality" 6323:"No Conclusive Evidence on Circumcision Rite and Herpes" 5239:"Another Jewish baby has contracted herpes through bris" 4159: 3815:

The Mother of the Lord: Volume 1: The Lady in the Temple

2947:

was either a ritual nick or cut done by a father to the

2805:; it was custom to spend an hour a day or so exercising 2200:

today—which many say accomplish the intended purpose of

1425:

that involves the practice of circumcision. Only in the

7453:

CircCentral, an online museum of Brit Milah instruments

5263:

Should extreme Orthodox Jewish circumcision be illegal?

4007:"Genesis 17: Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers" 2143:), the guard is slid over the foreskin as close to the 1952:

the parents of the baby, to help them raise him wisely;

6796:

The Social World of Formative Christianity and Judaism

5868:. Department of Health, New York State. Archived from 4297:"In New Trend, Adult Emigrés Seek Ritual Circumcision" 3203:

Harlow, Daniel; Collins, John (2010). "Circumcision".

2520:

is a "circumcision for the purpose of conversion". In

2324:

He therefore asked Sofer to give him permission to do

1514:

and other non-Israelites and used in conjunction with

1305:

are believed to have a portion in the World to Come.

7443:

Chabad.org's Brit Milah: The Covenant of Circumcision

5404:. CrownHeights.info. October 25, 2012. Archived from 2985:; the practice likely lacked this significance among 2888:, the successors of the newly ideologically dominant 2881:, while it further increased in importance for Jews. 1275:(commandments). Jews who voluntarily fail to undergo 5711:"City Questions Circumcision Ritual After Baby Dies" 4539:

Western Ashkenazic version of Seder Avodat Yisrael,

2487: 2213: 2181: 2165: 2157: 2121: 2013:

is recited during the second blessing, and a set of

1684: 1678: 1672: 1647: 1521: 1515: 1501: 1342:

also has immense importance in other religions. The

1336:. Circumcision rates are near-universal among Jews. 8107: 8076: 8040: 8014: 7993: 7900: 7783: 7705: 7627: 7586: 7550: 7493: 5950:"Metzitzah B'peh Controversy: The View from Israel" 2436:. The ruling was appealed to the Court of Appeals. 2151:is used to detach the foreskin. A tube is used for 1537:5:2–9, explains, "all the people that came out" of 1324:. "In Jewish history, the banning of circumcision ( 5108:Eliyahu Fink and Eliyahu Federman (Sep 29, 2013). 4961:Rashi and others on Tractate Shabbos 173a and 173b 2405:'s mouth, so there is no direct oral contact. The 2171:and subsequent circumcision, mentioned above, the 2163:(the initial cut amputating the akroposthion) and 1429:(likely composed during the sixth century BCE) of 1251:most important and central commandments in Judaism 6384:"Judge Rejects Injunction in Landmark Milah Suit" 5402:"Assault on Bris Milah Unites Jewish Communities" 4972:"Denouncing City's Move to Regulate Circumcision" 3733:Bodily Integrity and the Politics of Circumcision 4774:Werblowsky, R.J. Zwi; Wigoder, Geoffrey (1997). 3587:The Collegeville Bible Commentary: Old Testament 7103:When Christians Were Jews: The First Generation 6996: 5511:"The Chasam Sofer's ruling on Metzitzah Be-peh" 4923:The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe 4871: 2861:. After Christianity and Second Temple Judaism 2782: 2764: 2712:Religious male circumcision § Christianity 1477: 1380:"Isaac's Circumcision", Regensburg Pentateuch, 7147:The Gender of Desire: Essays on Male Sexuality 5678:"Rare Circumcision Ritual Carries Herpes Risk" 5371:"City Urges Requiring Consent for Jewish Rite" 4799:. University of California Press. p. 25. 2591:at the Brit ceremony or upon immersion in the 7971: 7473: 6013:The book was originally published in German, 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 4435:Berger, Itai; Steinberg, Avraham (May 2002). 3933:26:41, "their uncircumcised hearts"; compare 3789:. pp. 198–200, 282–283, 305–306, et al. 3381:The Contested Place of Religion in Family Law 1456:Covenant (biblical) § Abrahamic covenant 1081: 8: 7448:Jewish Encyclopedia's entry for Circumcision 5771:Nussbaum Cohen, Debra (September 23, 2005). 5704: 5702: 4776:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion 4225: 4223: 3559:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2388:carrying the virus themselves. Rabbi Doctor 1664: 1253:, and the rite has played a central role in 7183:Political Philosophy and the God of Abraham 6992: 6990: 5803:Nussbaum Cohen, Debra (February 23, 2006). 5348:. collive.com. Oct 24, 2012. Archived from 5172:Gesundheit, B.; et al. (August 2004). 4752:Rabbah b. Isaac in the name of Rab. "71b". 4711:. Oxford University Press. pp. 46–47. 3039:According to 19th century British explorer 2466:for brit milah, because they are done with 2052:At the neonatal stage, the inner preputial 1627:Jewish circumcision in Venice around 1780, 16:Jewish religious male circumcision ceremony 7978: 7964: 7956: 7480: 7466: 7458: 6937:Beyond Belief: The Secret Gospel of Thomas 5458:Macdowell, Mississippi Fred (2010-04-26). 5134:"Metzitza Be'Peh – Halachic Clarification" 5103: 5101: 5026:Nussbaum Cohen, Debra (October 14, 2005). 4641:Gracely-Kilgore, Katharine A. (May 1984). 4092:. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–30. 3563:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3468:Cohen-Almagor, Raphael (9 November 2020). 2869:was declared spiritually unnecessary as a 2003:According to the Western Ashkenazic rite, 1285:in Jewish theology: the extinction of the 1088: 1074: 20: 7002:, along with any others who revealed the 6509:Grynbaum, Michael M. (9 September 2015). 5192: 4843:The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles 4831: 4829: 4827: 4377:J. The Jewish News of Northern California 3485: 2724:. He claimed that the foreskin prevented 2701:"Is a symbol of a man's knowing himself". 1975:for unhesitatingly performing the ritual; 1559:The penalty of willful non-observance is 1293:. Judaism does not see circumcision as a 5894:Susan Donaldson James (March 12, 2012). 4838:"Death Spotlights Old Circumcision Rite" 4351:Halachic World – Volume 3: Contemporary 3205:The Eerdmans Dictionary of Early Judaism 2937:metaphor for mankind perfecting creation 2359:posed a serious risk in the transfer of 2093:Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion 2056:is still linked with the surface of the 1421:hold that it would not have mentioned a 1233:. Today, it is generally performed by a 1206:is surgically removed. According to the 1135: 7383: 7381: 6717: 6715: 6061:Witty, Allison C. (September 2, 2012). 5094:from the original on February 19, 2014. 5002:Goldberger, Frimet (18 February 2014). 4738:(note: section 19.2 from Moed tractate 4529:. Oxford University Press. p. 153. 3078: 2316:at the time and author of the responsa 1842:In a letter to the editor published in 32: 8176:Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law 7337:"Berit Mila Program of Reform Judaism" 7281:"B'rit Milah: The Circumcision Ritual" 7137: 7135: 7133: 7131: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6731:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 6275:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 6268: 6198:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 6191: 6121:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 6114: 6043:from the original on December 31, 2015 5662:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5655: 5623:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5616: 5330:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5323: 5004:"Why My Son Underwent Metzitzah B'Peh" 4850:from the original on December 13, 2006 4683:. Circlist. 2014-03-07. Archived from 3722: 3720: 3718: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3552: 3410: 3408: 3209:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 1913:Seudat Mitzah at a brit (1824 Czechia) 1763:An Israeli study found a high rate of 7256:Central Conference of American Rabbis 6577:Committee on Jewish Law and Standards 4984:from the original on January 27, 2013 4675: 4673: 3983:(in Hebrew). Vol. 1. Jerusalem: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3374: 3372: 3306:Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics 3299: 3297: 3295: 3185: 3183: 3019:Central Conference of American Rabbis 2847:attempted to hide their circumcisions 2607:, with naming occurring at immersion. 2223:The traditional method of performing 2179:Shabbat 19:2) mentions a third step, 2010:Elohim tzivita li-yedidcha bechiracha 1722:Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme 1629:Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme 1500:to be uncircumcised. The plural term 1181: 1147: 7: 5906:from the original on April 19, 2017. 5053:"City Challenged On Ritual Practice" 4156:Berit Mila Program of Reform Judaism 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 2572:, and complete the conversion then. 1767:if the bandage is left on too long. 1642:are Jews trained in the practice of 1265:, when discussing the importance of 6971:"Epispasm: Circumcision in Reverse" 6352:Maimon, Debbie (26 December 2012). 5864:Novello, Antonia C. (May 8, 2006). 4836:Hartog, Kelly (February 18, 2005). 4276:from the original on 20 August 2009 2483: 2288:She’eilos u’teshuvos Maharam Schick 2232: 2140: 2074: 1879: 1744:Family circumcision set and trunk, 1657: 1171: 1122: 7155:State University of New York Press 6615:"The Mitzvah of Brit Milah (Bris)" 6073:from the original on March 6, 2016 5383:from the original on June 25, 2017 4416:from the original on July 14, 2014 4370:Harris, Patricia (June 11, 1999). 3237:The Book of Genesis, Chapters 1-17 2789:Foreskin was considered a sign of 1696:Circumcision bench, 18th century. 1269:, considers it equal to all other 14: 7304:Niebuhr, Gustav (June 28, 2001). 7216:Springer International Publishing 5723:from the original on May 15, 2013 4243:; et al., eds. (1901–1906). 3689:Eilberg-Schwartz, Howard (1990). 3453:. Chabad-Lubavitch Media Center. 2969:became adopted among Jews by the 2103:, the Torah only commands milah. 1533:from Egypt were not circumcised. 7541: 7534: 7429: 6941:Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group 6694:; Colson, F.H. (trans.) (1937). 6645:the Book of Beliefs and Opinions 5709:Newman, Andy (August 26, 2005). 5517:. April 16, 2012. Archived from 5295:from the original on 2016-07-10. 5272:The Week, Retrieved 30 June 2012 5251:from the original on 2015-12-08. 5122:from the original on 2014-02-10. 4705:Glick, Leonard B. (2005-06-30). 4560:Archives of Disease in Childhood 4496:10.2165/00148581-200709020-00006 4253:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 4229: 3852:. Inner City Books. p. 30. 3114:"Circumcision: The Cutting Away" 2211: 1055: 52: 46: 40: 8181:Talmud concepts and terminology 7394:Palestine Exploration Quarterly 7032:(1993), p. 149, Scholars Press. 7020:, that was aimed at elongation. 6840:from the original on 2021-11-23 6617:. Ahavat Israel. Archived from 6491:from the original on 2015-09-30 5741:Clarke, Suzan (June 21, 2006). 5220:from the original on 2006-07-23 4793:Cohen, Shaye J.D (2005-09-06). 4571:from the original on 2010-06-29 4209:from the original on 2012-01-16 4059:from the original on 2016-04-25 3977:(1990). Havazelet, Meir (ed.). 3521:Gollaher, David, 1949- (2000). 3337:Oliver, Isaac W. (2013-05-14). 2884:In the mid-2nd century CE, the 1736:Postponement for health reasons 1520:(unpure) for heathen. The word 7187:Johns Hopkins University Press 6592:. Askmoses.com. Archived from 5346:"Lawsuit Unites Jewish Groups" 5140:. June 7, 2005. Archived from 4643:"Further Fate of the Foreskin" 4628:American Academy of Pediatrics 4555:"Further Fate of the Foreskin" 3132:be of no value (Shab. xxx. 6). 2776:According to saying 53 of the 2716:The 1st-century Jewish author 2508:Set of brit milah implements, 1982:speedily in the merit of this 1: 8156:Judaism-related controversies 5552:. Dhengah.org. Archived from 5138:Rabbinical Council of America 5110:"Controversial circumcisions" 4617:Circumcision Policy Statement 4603:there adds: "and is punished 4295:Kreimer, Susan (2004-10-22). 3017:in this ritual. By 2001, the 2873:by Christian writers such as 2419:New York Department of Health 2407:Rabbinical Council of America 2334:Rabbinical Council of America 1745: 1588:As found in Genesis 17:1–14, 1399: 1381: 1289:and denial of a share in the 7388:Conder, C. R. (1887-10-01). 7210:Baky Fahmy, Mohamed (2020). 7069:10.1016/0090-4295(80)90354-4 7045:Rubin, Jody P. (July 1980). 6969:Hall, Robert (August 1992). 6031:admin (September 13, 2012). 5992:. Rabbis.org. Archived from 5773:"City: Brit Case To Bet Din" 4681:"Styles – Judaism and Islam" 4158:. 2013-10-07. Archived from 4126:Lubrich, Naomi, ed. (2022). 3067:History of male circumcision 2939:, and as a means to promote 2931:, as a visual marker of the 2631:Visible symbol of a covenant 2047:Jewish Museum of Switzerland 1698:Jewish Museum of Switzerland 1409:(likely composed during the 1366:Origins (unknown to 515 BCE) 8048:Religious male circumcision 7212:Normal and Abnormal Prepuce 6760:University of Chicago Press 5577:. Tradition. Archived from 4553:Øster, Jakob (April 1968). 4527:Origins of Yiddish Dialects 3745:10.1007/978-1-4020-4916-3_3 3241:Eerdmans Publishing Company 2735:There was also division in 2675:Of the Special Laws, Book 1 2488: 2352:should still be performed. 2214: 2182: 2166: 2158: 2122: 1685: 1679: 1673: 1648: 1522: 1516: 1502: 1450:Religious male circumcision 8197: 7006:, were the butt of ribald 5515:onthemainline.blogspot.com 4525:Beider, Alexander (2015). 4453:10.1177/088307380201700520 4264:Ilani, Ofri (2008-05-12). 3909:14:6, 31:4; II Samuel 1:20 3487:10.1007/s43545-020-00011-7 3424:Cambridge University Press 3385:Cambridge University Press 3355:10.30965/21967954-00401005 3343:Journal of Ancient Judaism 2963:genital nicking or cutting 2943:. The original version in 2871:condition of justification 2749:circumcision of proselytes 2709: 2115:Engraving of a brit (1657) 1545:, had them circumcised at 1506:("uncircumcised") is used 1453: 1447: 1369: 8077:Ethical and legal aspects 7532: 7406:10.1179/peq.1887.19.4.233 7252:"Circumcision of Infants" 6905:The Birth of Christianity 6863:"The Proselyte Who Comes" 6794:; Neusner, Jacob (1988). 5932:October 21, 2012, at the 5575:"The Making of Metzitzah" 5539:Sdei Chemed vol. 8 p. 238 5486:Divine Law in Human Hands 5428:"Editorial & Opinion" 5088:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 4655:(2): 4–22. Archived from 4188:Shulchan Aruch YD 266:10. 3775:Stavrakopoulou, Francesca 3273:Brandeis University Press 2688:Protects against disease, 2677:, the Jewish philosopher 2343:Chief Rabbinate of Israel 1850:Rabbi Moshe David Tendler 1787:Circumcision for the dead 1666: 1665: 1658: 1255:the formation and history 1172: 1123: 7362:"Reimagining the Mikveh" 7285:Union for Reform Judaism 6554:Mesorah Publications Ltd 6549:Rabbi Paysach J. Krohn, 4301:The Jewish Daily Forward 4179:Shulchan Aruch YD 266:8. 3727:Glick, Nansi S. (2006), 3699:Indiana University Press 3112:; Broydé, Isaac (1906). 2877:and subsequently in the 1765:urinary tract infections 1249:is considered among the 6015:Die Ausübung der Mezizo 5194:10.1542/peds.114.2.e259 4780:Oxford University Press 4404:"Pain and Circumcision" 4349:Rabbi Yaakov Montrose. 4250:The Jewish Encyclopedia 4086:Hendel, Ronald (2005). 3663:. pp. 1–3, 15–35. 3661:Oxford University Press 3585:Karris, Robert (1992). 3119:The Jewish Encyclopedia 2849:through the process of 2700: 2597:Zichron Brit LeRishonim 2497: 2417:In September 2012, the 2409:, the largest group of 2306:Halacha l'Moshe m'Sinai 2296:Halacha l'Moshe m'Sinai 1821:Yechiel Yaakov Weinberg 1372:History of circumcision 1316:, most famously in the 1104:1824 illustration from 8015:History and prevalence 7258:. 1982. Archived from 7035: 6754:Darby, Robert (2013). 6575:, Rabbinical Assembly 4980:. September 12, 2012. 4933: 4902:through the custom of 4052:Jewish Virtual Library 3379:Wilson, Robin (2018). 2933:covenant of the pieces 2904:and its corresponding 2787: 2774: 2513: 2116: 2049: 2045:Circumcision cushion, 2038: 1922:After the ceremony, a 1914: 1749: 1724: 1701: 1631: 1488: 1387: 1108: 8146:Jewish medical ethics 7599:Prayers and blessings 7438:at Wikimedia Commons 7112:Yale University Press 6901:Dominic Crossan, John 5688:on September 20, 2005 4942:Tractate Shabbos 133b 4928:Yale University Press 4321:Reiner, Rami (2022). 3304:Rosner, Fred (2003). 3062:Khitan (circumcision) 3057:Circumcision of Jesus 3045:Samaritan High Priest 2760:Jesus was circumcised 2710:Further information: 2507: 2314:Chief Rabbi of Vienna 2302:Chaim Hezekiah Medini 2263:Jewish medical ethics 2114: 2044: 2036: 1961:(companion of child); 1912: 1770:If the child is born 1743: 1712: 1695: 1626: 1567:Conversion to Judaism 1379: 1370:Further information: 1103: 8151:Judaism and children 7735:Weekly Torah reading 7189:. pp. 151–152. 6556:, 1985, pp. 103–105. 5927:2003 Dec;5(12):893-4 5872:on February 18, 2007 5483:Katz, Jacob (1998). 5440:on November 20, 2006 5261:Staff (8 June 2012) 5247:. 24 December 2014. 5090:. February 2, 2014. 4591:Mishnah Shabbat 19:6 4355:topics based on the 3737:Springer Netherlands 3073:Notes and references 2983:Babylonian captivity 2971:Second Temple period 2879:Council of Jerusalem 2863:split apart from one 2613:Conservative Judaism 2549:Conservative Judaism 2530:Conservative Judaism 2084:first inhabited the 1926:takes place. At the 1848:on January 3, 1998, 1360:undergo circumcision 7568:Bar and bat mitzvah 7390:"Samaritan Customs" 7318:on January 30, 2013 6909:Bloomsbury Academic 6692:Philo of Alexandria 6429:on 22 November 2017 6415:"Consent Forms For 6019:Mitzvas Hametzitzah 5996:on January 17, 2012 5946:Halperin, Mordechai 5866:"Dear Rabbi Letter" 5842:on February 5, 2007 5550:"Kuntres Hamiliuim" 5244:New York Daily News 4412:. January 3, 1998. 4116:, Yoreh De'ah, l.c. 3451:"What Is Hanukkah?" 3416:Livingston, Michael 3310:Feldheim Publishers 2989:before the period. 2957:that overhangs the 2603:Jews follows Rabbi 2555:interpretations of 1444:Biblical references 1411:seventh century BCE 1295:universal moral law 1259:Jewish civilization 1202:, during which the 1149:[bʁisˈmilə] 1137:[bʁitmiˈla] 967:Abrahamic religions 866:Selichot (S'lichot) 658:Bar and bat mitzvah 161:Principles of faith 8053:Early Christianity 8006:Surgical procedure 7707:Religious practice 7311:The New York Times 7114:. pp. 10–11. 6571:2010-11-27 at the 6516:The New York Times 6394:on 26 October 2017 6333:on 20 October 2015 5716:The New York Times 5408:on October 1, 2014 5376:The New York Times 5268:2016-03-05 at the 4977:The New York Times 4648:Nurse Practitioner 4622:2009-03-20 at the 4409:The New York Times 3739:, pp. 37–47, 3474:SN Social Sciences 3110:Friedenwald, Aaron 2977:being linked to a 2965:, known as simply 2953:, the part of the 2845:, many Jewish men 2728:from reaching the 2514: 2390:Mordechai Halperin 2135:In the Metzitzah ( 2117: 2050: 2039: 1980:Messiah in Judaism 1966:three times a year 1915: 1901:Middle High German 1845:The New York Times 1817:Eliezer Waldenberg 1778:Adult circumcision 1750: 1725: 1702: 1632: 1470:biblical patriarch 1388: 1216:biblical patriarch 1109: 1062:Judaism portal 1027:Holocaust theology 8166:Positive Mitzvoth 8141:Jewish life cycle 8123: 8122: 8041:Religious aspects 7953: 7952: 7609:Grace after meals 7494:Birth and infancy 7434:Media related to 7366:ReformJudaism.org 7225:978-3-030-37621-5 7196:978-0-8018-8761-1 7164:978-0-7914-6337-6 7121:978-0-300-19051-9 7098:Fredriksen, Paula 6950:978-1-4000-7908-7 6918:978-0-567-08668-6 6809:978-0-8006-0875-0 6769:978-0-226-10978-7 6740:978-0-8028-0966-7 6705:978-0-674-99250-4 6677:Boyarin, Daniel. 6655:978-0-300-04490-4 5817:on April 29, 2006 5810:The Jewish Ledger 5379:. June 12, 2012. 5144:on April 15, 2007 4894:diseases such as 4806:978-0-520-21250-3 4757:Tractate Yebamoth 4718:978-0-19-517674-2 4384:on 13 August 2016 4137:978-3-7965-4607-5 3985:Mossad Harav Kook 3975:Zechariah ha-Rofé 3859:978-0-919123-23-6 3828:978-0-567-36246-9 3796:978-3-11-089964-1 3787:Walter de Gruyter 3754:978-1-4020-4915-6 3708:978-0-253-31946-3 3670:978-0-19-517674-2 3604:978-0-8146-2210-0 3433:978-1-108-75726-3 3394:978-1-108-41760-0 3319:978-1-58330-592-8 3282:978-1-58465-307-3 3250:978-0-8028-2521-6 3218:978-1-4674-6609-7 3173:978-0-465-02653-1 3166:. pp. 1–30. 2979:biblical covenant 2900:as possible, the 2803:Greco-Roman world 2754:According to the 2737:Pharisaic Judaism 2657:Talmud professor 2636:Rabbi Saadia Gaon 2621:milah l'shem giur 2518:milah l'shem giur 2499:Milah L'shem Giur 2322:metztitzah b'peh. 2204:, however, since 2101:Shaye J. D. Cohen 2037:Infant after brit 2021:Ritual components 1730:Caesarean section 1460:According to the 1354:, the parents of 1106:Lipník nad Bečvou 1098: 1097: 450:Important figures 124:Reconstructionist 8188: 8171:Rites of passage 7980: 7973: 7966: 7957: 7715:613 commandments 7637:Marriageable age 7545: 7538: 7482: 7475: 7468: 7459: 7433: 7418: 7417: 7385: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7372: 7358: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7348: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7323: 7314:. Archived from 7301: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7291: 7277: 7271: 7270: 7268: 7267: 7248: 7242: 7239: 7233: 7232: 7207: 7201: 7200: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7139: 7126: 7125: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7042: 7036: 7033: 6994: 6985: 6984: 6966: 6955: 6954: 6929: 6923: 6922: 6897: 6891: 6886: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6859: 6853: 6852: 6847: 6845: 6826:(June 7, 2020). 6820: 6814: 6813: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6723:Bruce, Frederick 6719: 6710: 6709: 6688: 6682: 6680: 6675: 6669: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6648:. Yale Judaica. 6636: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6626: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6601: 6586: 6580: 6563: 6557: 6547: 6541: 6531: 6525: 6524: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6496: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6459:on 18 March 2018 6455:. Archived from 6445: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6425:. Archived from 6410: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6360:. Archived from 6349: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6329:. Archived from 6319: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6299:. Archived from 6287: 6281: 6280: 6274: 6266: 6264: 6263: 6257: 6251:. Archived from 6250: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6222:. Archived from 6210: 6204: 6203: 6197: 6189: 6187: 6186: 6180: 6174:. Archived from 6173: 6165: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6145:. Archived from 6133: 6127: 6126: 6120: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6103: 6097:. Archived from 6096: 6088: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6078: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6028: 6022: 6011: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6001: 5986: 5980: 5979: 5973: 5971: 5966:on March 6, 2012 5942: 5936: 5923: 5917: 5914: 5908: 5907: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5822: 5813:. Archived from 5800: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5781:. Archived from 5768: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5758: 5749:. Archived from 5747:The Journal News 5738: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5706: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5684:. Archived from 5674: 5668: 5667: 5661: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5641:. Archived from 5635: 5629: 5628: 5622: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5602:. Archived from 5596: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5561: 5546: 5540: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5521:on April 2, 2015 5507: 5501: 5500: 5489:. Magnes Press. 5480: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5464:On the Main Line 5455: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5436:. Archived from 5424: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5389: 5388: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5329: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5309:. Archived from 5303: 5297: 5296: 5279: 5273: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5225: 5219: 5196: 5178: 5169: 5156: 5155: 5150: 5149: 5130: 5124: 5123: 5105: 5096: 5095: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5070: 5061:. Archived from 5048: 5042: 5041: 5036:. Archived from 5023: 5017: 5016: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4989: 4968: 4962: 4959: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4940: 4934: 4931: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4833: 4822: 4821: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4749: 4743: 4740:Shabbat (Talmud) 4737: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4677: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4664: 4638: 4632: 4614: 4608: 4601:Jerusalem Talmud 4598: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4576: 4550: 4544: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4380:. Archived from 4367: 4361: 4347: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4233: 4232: 4227: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4214: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4180: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4167: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4123: 4117: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4083: 4077: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4064: 4043: 4037: 4035:Genesis 34:14–16 4032: 4026: 4021: 4015: 4014: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3980:Midrash ha-Ḥefez 3971: 3965: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3881: 3875: 3873:Genesis 17:10–14 3870: 3864: 3863: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3811:Barker, Margaret 3807: 3801: 3800: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3724: 3713: 3712: 3686: 3675: 3674: 3645: 3612: 3611: 3595:Liturgical Press 3582: 3569: 3568: 3558: 3550: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3489: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3412: 3403: 3402: 3376: 3367: 3366: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3301: 3290: 3289: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3233:Hamilton, Victor 3229: 3223: 3222: 3200: 3194: 3187: 3178: 3177: 3148: 3135: 3134: 3128: 3126: 3102:Kohler, Kaufmann 3094: 2875:Paul the Apostle 2778:Gospel of Thomas 2772: 2762:on the 8th day. 2747:on the issue of 2741:Hillel the Elder 2641:Sefer ha-Chinuch 2625:hatafat dam brit 2542:Orthodox Judaism 2522:Orthodox Judaism 2493: 2485: 2450:Hatafat dam brit 2355:The practice of 2347:Edah HaChareidis 2330:metzitzah b'peh. 2265:. The ritual of 2234: 2217: 2185: 2169: 2161: 2142: 2125: 2076: 2007:is not recited. 1924:celebratory meal 1904:gevater/gevatere 1881: 1747: 1716:used during the 1688: 1682: 1676: 1671: 1670: 1668: 1662: 1660: 1651: 1525: 1519: 1505: 1486: 1485:Genesis 17:10–14 1404: 1401: 1386: 1383: 1318:Maccabean Revolt 1185: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1151: 1146: 1139: 1134: 1127: 1125: 1090: 1083: 1076: 1060: 1059: 1058: 332:Aruch HaShulchan 56: 50: 44: 21: 8196: 8195: 8191: 8190: 8189: 8187: 8186: 8185: 8126: 8125: 8124: 8119: 8103: 8072: 8036: 8010: 7994:Medical aspects 7989: 7984: 7954: 7949: 7935:Yahrzeit candle 7896: 7784:Religious items 7779: 7701: 7623: 7604:Prayer services 7582: 7546: 7540: 7539: 7530: 7501:Hebrew birthday 7489: 7486: 7427: 7422: 7421: 7387: 7386: 7379: 7370: 7368: 7360: 7359: 7355: 7346: 7344: 7335: 7334: 7330: 7321: 7319: 7303: 7302: 7298: 7289: 7287: 7279: 7278: 7274: 7265: 7263: 7250: 7249: 7245: 7240: 7236: 7226: 7209: 7208: 7204: 7197: 7177: 7176: 7172: 7165: 7157:. p. 183. 7143:Kimmel, Michael 7141: 7140: 7129: 7122: 7096: 7095: 7091: 7081: 7079: 7044: 7043: 7039: 7034: 7024: 6995: 6988: 6968: 6967: 6958: 6951: 6943:. p. 234. 6931: 6930: 6926: 6919: 6911:. p. 327. 6899: 6898: 6894: 6887: 6883: 6873: 6871: 6861: 6860: 6856: 6843: 6841: 6822: 6821: 6817: 6810: 6802:. p. 127. 6790: 6789: 6785: 6770: 6762:. p. 205. 6753: 6752: 6748: 6741: 6733:. p. 329. 6721: 6720: 6713: 6706: 6690: 6689: 6685: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6668:2nd commandment 6667: 6663: 6656: 6638: 6637: 6633: 6624: 6622: 6613: 6612: 6608: 6599: 6597: 6588: 6587: 6583: 6573:Wayback Machine 6564: 6560: 6548: 6544: 6532: 6528: 6508: 6507: 6503: 6494: 6492: 6477: 6476: 6472: 6462: 6460: 6447: 6446: 6442: 6432: 6430: 6423:jewishpress.com 6417:Metzitzah B'Peh 6412: 6411: 6407: 6397: 6395: 6382: 6381: 6377: 6367: 6365: 6351: 6350: 6346: 6336: 6334: 6321: 6320: 6316: 6306: 6304: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6267: 6261: 6259: 6255: 6248: 6246:"Archived copy" 6244: 6243: 6239: 6229: 6227: 6212: 6211: 6207: 6190: 6184: 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5343: 5339: 5322: 5316: 5314: 5307:"Archived copy" 5305: 5304: 5300: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5270:Wayback Machine 5260: 5256: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5176: 5171: 5170: 5159: 5147: 5145: 5132: 5131: 5127: 5107: 5106: 5099: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5068: 5066: 5058:The Jewish Week 5050: 5049: 5045: 5033:The Jewish Week 5025: 5024: 5020: 5001: 5000: 4996: 4987: 4985: 4970: 4969: 4965: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4916:Epstein, Lisa, 4915: 4870: 4866: 4853: 4851: 4835: 4834: 4825: 4807: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4773: 4772: 4768: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4719: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4690: 4688: 4679: 4678: 4671: 4662: 4660: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4624:Wayback Machine 4615: 4611: 4588: 4587: 4583: 4574: 4572: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4538: 4534: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4419: 4417: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4387: 4385: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4348: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4305: 4303: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4279: 4277: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4241:Singer, Isidore 4239: 4230: 4228: 4221: 4212: 4210: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4165: 4163: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4062: 4060: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4029: 4022: 4018: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3987:. p. 137. 3973: 3972: 3968: 3963:Genesis 17:1–14 3961: 3957: 3949: 3945: 3929: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3846:Edinger, Edward 3844: 3843: 3839: 3829: 3821:. p. 130. 3809: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3726: 3725: 3716: 3709: 3701:. p. 172. 3688: 3687: 3678: 3671: 3647: 3646: 3615: 3605: 3584: 3583: 3572: 3551: 3539: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3434: 3414: 3413: 3406: 3395: 3387:. p. 174. 3378: 3377: 3370: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3320: 3312:. p. 196. 3303: 3302: 3293: 3283: 3275:. p. 141. 3266: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3243:. p. 473. 3231: 3230: 3226: 3219: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3188: 3181: 3174: 3152:Gollaher, David 3150: 3149: 3138: 3124: 3122: 3096: 3095: 3080: 3075: 3053: 3027: 3025:In Samaritanism 3004:Samuel Holdheim 2995: 2961:. This form of 2925:sexual pleasure 2801:throughout the 2773: 2770: 2714: 2708: 2671: 2633: 2605:Moshe Feinstein 2595:. According to 2582:Jewish Holidays 2564:immerse in the 2502: 2452: 2441:strict scrutiny 2434:strict scrutiny 2411:Modern Orthodox 2399: 2382:Antonia Novello 2357:metzitzah b'peh 2350:metzitzah b'peh 2233:מְצִיצָה בְּפֶה 2225:metzitzah b'peh 2221: 2215:Metzitzah B'Peh 2155:In addition to 2128: 2031: 2023: 2005:Nodeh Leshimcha 1934:Nodeh Leshimcha 1920: 1906:("godfather"). 1866: 1829:Moshe Feinstein 1800:Most prominent 1798: 1789: 1780: 1738: 1714:Chair of Elijah 1707: 1637: 1621: 1510:, denoting the 1487: 1484: 1458: 1452: 1446: 1438:child sacrifice 1402: 1384: 1374: 1368: 1322:Seleucid Empire 1301:who follow the 1208:Book of Genesis 1178: 1141: 1129: 1094: 1056: 1054: 1047: 1046: 992: 991: 982: 981: 972:Judeo-Christian 935: 934: 932:Other religions 923: 922: 883: 882: 871: 870: 806: 805: 794: 793: 748: 701: 700: 691: 690: 672: 638: 637: 622: 621: 577: 576: 574:Religious roles 565: 564: 527: 523: 453: 452: 441: 440: 402: 378: 377: 362: 361: 327:Mishnah Berurah 307: 306: 295: 294: 269: 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7596: 7594:Ritual washing 7590: 7588: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7554: 7552: 7548: 7547: 7533: 7531: 7529: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7497: 7495: 7491: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7484: 7477: 7470: 7462: 7456: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7426: 7425:External links 7423: 7420: 7419: 7400:(4): 233–236. 7377: 7353: 7328: 7296: 7272: 7243: 7234: 7224: 7218:. p. 13. 7202: 7195: 7179:Pangle, Thomas 7170: 7163: 7127: 7120: 7089: 7037: 7026:Neusner, Jacob 7022: 6986: 6956: 6949: 6933:Pagels, Elaine 6924: 6917: 6892: 6881: 6854: 6815: 6808: 6800:Fortress Press 6783: 6768: 6746: 6739: 6711: 6704: 6683: 6670: 6661: 6654: 6631: 6606: 6581: 6558: 6542: 6534:Shulchan Aruch 6526: 6501: 6487:. 2014-08-15. 6470: 6440: 6405: 6375: 6344: 6314: 6282: 6237: 6205: 6160: 6128: 6083: 6053: 6023: 6006: 5981: 5937: 5918: 5909: 5900:abcnews.go.com 5886: 5856: 5827: 5795: 5763: 5733: 5698: 5669: 5630: 5591: 5566: 5541: 5532: 5502: 5496:978-9652239808 5495: 5475: 5450: 5419: 5393: 5362: 5337: 5298: 5274: 5254: 5230: 5187:(2): e259–63. 5157: 5125: 5097: 5075: 5043: 5040:on 2007-05-22. 5018: 4994: 4963: 4954: 4944: 4935: 4918:"Circumcision" 4913: 4864: 4823: 4805: 4785: 4766: 4744: 4717: 4697: 4669: 4633: 4609: 4581: 4545: 4532: 4517: 4484:Paediatr Drugs 4474: 4441:J Child Neurol 4427: 4395: 4362: 4339: 4313: 4287: 4256: 4219: 4190: 4181: 4172: 4143: 4136: 4118: 4114:Shulkhan Arukh 4105: 4098: 4078: 4069: 4038: 4027: 4016: 3998: 3966: 3955: 3943: 3923: 3911: 3899: 3887: 3884:Leviticus 12:3 3876: 3865: 3858: 3837: 3827: 3802: 3795: 3766: 3753: 3714: 3707: 3676: 3669: 3649:Glick, Leonard 3613: 3603: 3597:. p. 57. 3570: 3537: 3513: 3460: 3442: 3432: 3426:. p. 87. 3404: 3393: 3368: 3349:(1): 105–132. 3329: 3318: 3291: 3281: 3259: 3249: 3224: 3217: 3195: 3179: 3172: 3136: 3106:Jacobs, Joseph 3077: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3052: 3049: 3026: 3023: 3009:Reform Judaism 2999:Abraham Geiger 2994: 2993:Reform Judaism 2991: 2945:Judaic history 2921:male sexuality 2825:sexual arousal 2768: 2756:Gospel of Luke 2707: 2704: 2703: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2689: 2670: 2667: 2659:Daniel Boyarin 2655: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2632: 2629: 2609: 2608: 2585: 2501: 2496: 2451: 2448: 2427:Awi Federgruen 2398: 2395: 2369:metzizah b'peh 2310:Lazar Horowitz 2220: 2219:(oral suction) 2210: 2133: 2132: 2127: 2118: 2105:David Gollaher 2086:Land of Israel 2030: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2001: 2000: 1989: 1976: 1969: 1962: 1953: 1929:birkat hamazon 1919: 1918:Seudat mitzvah 1916: 1884:Ashkenazi Jews 1865: 1862: 1806:rule that the 1797: 1794: 1788: 1785: 1779: 1776: 1737: 1734: 1706: 1705:Time and place 1703: 1677:, feminine of 1636: 1633: 1620: 1617: 1583:Reform Judaism 1482: 1468:commanded the 1448:Main article: 1445: 1442: 1390:The origin of 1367: 1364: 1344:Gospel of Luke 1240:seudat mitzvah 1214:commanded the 1183:[bʁɪs] 1131:Modern Israeli 1124:בְּרִית מִילָה 1096: 1095: 1093: 1092: 1085: 1078: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 993: 990:Related topics 989: 988: 987: 984: 983: 980: 979: 974: 969: 964: 958: 957: 952: 947: 942: 936: 930: 929: 928: 925: 924: 921: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 884: 880:Major holidays 878: 877: 876: 873: 872: 869: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 836:Birkat Hamazon 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 807: 801: 800: 799: 796: 795: 792: 791: 786: 780: 779: 778: 777: 770: 763: 756: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 702: 699:Ritual objects 698: 697: 696: 693: 692: 689: 688: 683: 678: 671: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 639: 629: 628: 627: 624: 623: 620: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 578: 572: 571: 570: 567: 566: 563: 562: 557: 552: 546: 545: 544: 543: 538: 533: 520:Rabbinic sages 515: 514: 509: 504: 499: 493: 492: 487: 482: 477: 471: 470: 465: 460: 454: 448: 447: 446: 443: 442: 439: 438: 433: 428: 426:Chevra kadisha 423: 418: 413: 408: 401: 400: 395: 390: 385: 379: 369: 368: 367: 364: 363: 360: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 322:Shulchan Aruch 319: 314: 308: 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7478: 7476: 7471: 7469: 7464: 7463: 7460: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7432: 7424: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7384: 7382: 7378: 7367: 7363: 7357: 7354: 7343:on 2013-10-07 7342: 7338: 7332: 7329: 7317: 7313: 7312: 7307: 7300: 7297: 7286: 7282: 7276: 7273: 7262:on 2012-03-15 7261: 7257: 7253: 7247: 7244: 7238: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7206: 7203: 7198: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7174: 7171: 7166: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7151:United States 7148: 7144: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7128: 7123: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7104: 7099: 7093: 7090: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7053: 7048: 7041: 7038: 7031: 7027: 7021: 7019: 7018: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6993: 6991: 6987: 6982: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6957: 6952: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6928: 6925: 6920: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6885: 6882: 6870: 6869: 6864: 6858: 6855: 6851: 6839: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6825: 6819: 6816: 6811: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6792:Borgen, Peder 6787: 6784: 6780: 6778: 6771: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6750: 6747: 6742: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6716: 6712: 6707: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6687: 6684: 6674: 6671: 6665: 6662: 6657: 6651: 6647: 6646: 6641: 6635: 6632: 6621:on 2012-02-04 6620: 6616: 6610: 6607: 6596:on 2012-02-21 6595: 6591: 6585: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6567: 6562: 6559: 6555: 6552: 6546: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6530: 6527: 6522: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6505: 6502: 6490: 6486: 6485: 6480: 6474: 6471: 6458: 6454: 6453:becketlaw.org 6450: 6444: 6441: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6418: 6409: 6406: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6376: 6364:on 8 May 2018 6363: 6359: 6355: 6348: 6345: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6318: 6315: 6303:on 8 May 2018 6302: 6298: 6297: 6296:CourtListener 6292: 6286: 6283: 6278: 6272: 6258:on 2013-05-15 6254: 6247: 6241: 6238: 6226:on 8 May 2018 6225: 6221: 6220: 6219:CourtListener 6215: 6209: 6206: 6201: 6195: 6181:on 2013-05-15 6177: 6170: 6164: 6161: 6149:on 8 May 2018 6148: 6144: 6143: 6142:CourtListener 6138: 6132: 6129: 6124: 6118: 6104:on 2013-05-15 6100: 6093: 6087: 6084: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6057: 6054: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6027: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6010: 6007: 5995: 5991: 5985: 5982: 5978: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5955:Jewish Action 5951: 5947: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5922: 5919: 5913: 5910: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5890: 5887: 5883: 5871: 5867: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5841: 5837: 5831: 5828: 5816: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5799: 5796: 5785:on 2006-11-20 5784: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5767: 5764: 5753:on 2006-07-06 5752: 5748: 5744: 5737: 5734: 5722: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5673: 5670: 5665: 5659: 5645:on 2014-02-22 5644: 5640: 5634: 5631: 5626: 5620: 5606:on 2014-02-22 5605: 5601: 5595: 5592: 5581:on 2014-05-02 5580: 5576: 5570: 5567: 5556:on 2007-09-27 5555: 5551: 5545: 5542: 5536: 5533: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5506: 5503: 5498: 5492: 5488: 5487: 5479: 5476: 5465: 5461: 5454: 5451: 5439: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5423: 5420: 5412:September 29, 5407: 5403: 5397: 5394: 5382: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5366: 5363: 5352:on 2015-12-08 5351: 5347: 5341: 5338: 5333: 5327: 5313:on 2012-06-17 5312: 5308: 5302: 5299: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5284: 5278: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5258: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5245: 5240: 5234: 5231: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5129: 5126: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5111: 5104: 5102: 5098: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5079: 5076: 5065:on 2006-11-20 5064: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5047: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5034: 5029: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5010: 5005: 4998: 4995: 4983: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4967: 4964: 4958: 4955: 4948: 4945: 4939: 4936: 4929: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4912: 4910: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4798: 4797: 4789: 4786: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4756: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4701: 4698: 4687:on 2014-05-15 4686: 4682: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4659:on 2010-06-28 4658: 4654: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4637: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4618: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4585: 4582: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4549: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4533: 4528: 4521: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4490:(2): 125–27. 4489: 4485: 4478: 4475: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4447:(5): 400–01. 4446: 4442: 4438: 4431: 4428: 4415: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4399: 4396: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4314: 4302: 4298: 4291: 4288: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4260: 4257: 4252: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4236:public domain 4226: 4224: 4220: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4191: 4185: 4182: 4176: 4173: 4162:on 2013-10-07 4161: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4144: 4139: 4133: 4129: 4122: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4106: 4101: 4099:9780199784622 4095: 4091: 4090: 4082: 4079: 4073: 4070: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4048: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4031: 4028: 4025: 4020: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3981: 3976: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3903: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3869: 3866: 3861: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3841: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3824: 3820: 3819:T&T Clark 3816: 3812: 3806: 3803: 3798: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3756: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3735:, Dordrecht: 3734: 3730: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3695:United States 3692: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3657:United States 3654: 3650: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3591:United States 3588: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3538:0-465-04397-6 3534: 3531:. p. 2. 3530: 3526: 3525: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3220: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3160:United States 3157: 3153: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3121: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2914:United States 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2839:Roman culture 2836: 2832: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2786: 2781: 2779: 2767: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2713: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2669:Other reasons 2668: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2637: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2511: 2506: 2500: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2437: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2423: 2420: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2385: 2383: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2239: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2216: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2184: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2168: 2162: 2160: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2138: 2130: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2119: 2113: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2099:According to 2097: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2048: 2043: 2035: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2011: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1930: 1925: 1917: 1911: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1885: 1877: 1873: 1872: 1868:The title of 1863: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1846: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1833:Shmuel Wosner 1830: 1826: 1825:Shmuel Wosner 1822: 1818: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1804: 1795: 1793: 1786: 1784: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1742: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1681: 1675: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1557: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1513: 1509: 1508:opprobriously 1504: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1457: 1451: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1397: 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279: 276: 274: 271: 270: 268: 265: 264: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 242: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 223: 221: 218: 217: 213: 207: 206: 199: 196: 192: 189: 188: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 158: 154: 148: 147: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 116: 113: 110: 106: 103: 102: 101: 98: 97: 92: 89: 85: 82: 81: 80: 77: 76: 74: 71: 70: 66: 60: 59: 55: 49: 43: 39: 38: 35: 31: 27: 23: 22: 19: 8136:Circumcision 8115:Circumcision 8057: 8032:Perspectives 7987:Circumcision 7892:Four species 7526:Pidyon haben 7510: 7428: 7397: 7393: 7369:. 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