2065:(UNP) in 1946, when a new constitution was agreed on, based on the behind-the-curtain lobbying of the Soulbury Commission. At the elections of 1947, the UNP won a minority of the seats in Parliament but cobbled together a coalition with the Sinhala Maha Sabha of Solomon Bandaranaike and the Tamil Congress of G.G. Ponnambalam. The successful inclusions of the Tamil-communalist leader Ponnambalam, and his Sinhala counterpart Bandaranaike were a remarkable political balancing act by Senanayake. However, the vacuum in Tamil Nationalist politics created by Ponnamblam's transition to a moderate opened the field for the Tamil Arasu Kachchi, a Tamil sovereignist party (rendered into English as the "Federal" party) led by S. J. V. Chelvanaykam, the lawyer son of a Christian minister.
77:
63:
142:
748:
1961:. They also demanded the replacement of English as the official language by Sinhala and Tamil. The Marxist groups were a tiny minority and yet their movement was viewed with grave suspicion by the British administration. The concerted (but ineffective) attempts to rouse the public against the British Raj in revolt would have led to certain bloodshed and a delay in independence. British state papers released in the 1950s show that the Marxist movement had a very negative impact on the policy makers at the Colonial office.
709:
1985:, and claimed that the protection of Tamil rights requires the Tamils (45% of the population in 1931) having an equal number of seats in parliament to that of the Sinhalese (about 72% of the population). This "50-50" or "balanced representation" policy became the hallmark of Tamil politics of the time. Ponnambalam also accused the British of having established colonization in "traditional Tamil areas", and having favoured the Buddhists by the Buddhist temporalities act. The
151:
1997:. His dispatches and a telegram to the Colonial office supporting Independence for Ceylon have been cited by historians as having helped the Senanayake government to secure the independence of Sri Lanka. The shrewd cooperation with the British as well as diverting the needs of the war market to Ceylonese markets as a supply point, managed by Oliver Goonatilleke, also led to a very favourable fiscal situation for the newly independent government.
723:
7933:
7526:
5676:
4850:
2017:
Ceylon was minuscule, limited to the
English educated intelligentsia and trade unions, mainly in the urban centres. These groups were led by Robert Gunawardena, Philip's brother. In stark contrast to this "heroic" but ineffective approach to the war, the Senanayake government took advantage of the war to further its rapport with the commanding elite. Ceylon became crucial to the British Empire in the war, with
2367:
1080:
2353:
7943:
7536:
5686:
4860:
804:
2232:
11.0% respectively. The censuses show that during a large period of time in the history of Ceylon, Indian Tamils outnumbered Ceylon Tamils until between 1971 and 1981 when more than 50 per cent of the Indian Tamil population were repatriated as Indian citizens back to India. However, many Indian Tamils were also granted Sri Lankan citizenship whereupon declared themselves as Sri Lankan Tamils.
695:
5696:
1872:, that the British used geographical knowledge to defeat the Kandyan holdouts in the mountainous and jungle areas in the centre of Ceylon. They used local informants and British surveyors to map the island, and then built a network of roads to open the central region. This made possible export production of plantation agriculture, as well as tighter military control.
1715:, and their leaders became refugees in London. No longer able to govern their part of the island effectively, the Dutch transferred the rule of it to the British, although this was against the wishes of the Dutch residing there. The capture of the island immediately yielded £300,000 of money in goods, as well as the acquisition of the
1909:
independence by gradual modification of the status of Ceylon, and the more radical groups associated with the
Colombo Youth League, Labour movement of Goonasinghe, and the Jaffna Youth Congress. These organizations were the first to raise the cry of Swaraj, or outright independence, following the Indian example, when
1908:
historian has pointed out that the refusal of the Ceylon Tamils to accept minority status to be one of the main causes which broke up the CNC. The CNC did not seek independence or "Swaraj". What may be called the independence movement broke into two streams, viz., the "constitutionalists", who sought
2231:
grouped together. By 1911 Indian Tamils were shown as a separate category. The population statistics reveal that by 1911, Indian Tamils constituted 12.9%, whereas Sri Lankan Tamils formed 12.8% of the population of 4,106,400; in 1921, 13.4% and 11.5%; in 1931, 15.2% and 11.3%, and in 1946, 11.7% and
1852:
Sinhalese and the Tamils who were mainly concentrated to the north of the country while ignoring the other ethnic groups on the island. Nevertheless, the
British also introduced democratic elements to Sri Lanka for the first time in its history. The Burghers were given some degree of self-government
2016:
bombed
Colombo, which led to the flight of Indian merchants, dominant in the Colombo commercial sector. This flight removed a major political problem facing the Senanayake government. Marxist leaders also escaped, to India, where they participated in the independence struggle there. The movement in
2219:
Censuses in Ceylon began in 1871 and continued every ten years. The 1881 census shows a total population of 2.8 million, consisting of 1.8 million
Sinhalese; 687,000 Ceylon and Indian Tamils; 185,000 Moors; as well as 4,800 Europeans; 17,900 Burghers and Eurasians; 8,900 Malays; 2,200 Veddhas; and
2051:
The constitutionalists, led by D. S. Senanayake, (the first prime minister) succeeded in winning independence. The
Soulbury constitution was essentially what Senanayake's board of ministers had drafted in 1944. The promise of Dominion status, and independence itself, had been given by the Colonial
1989:
rejected these submissions by
Ponnambalam, and even noted their unacceptable communal character. Sinhalese writers pointed out the large immigration of Tamils to the southern urban centres, especially after the opening of the Jaffna-Colombo railway. Meanwhile, Senanayake, Baron Jayatilleke, Oliver
1783:
It took the ruling families of Kandy less than two years to realise that the authority of the
British government was a fundamentally different one to that of the (deposed) Nayakkar dynasty. Soon the Kandyans rebelled against the British and waged a guerrilla war. Discontent with British activities
1760:
The rule of King Sri
Vikrama Rajasinghe was not favoured by his chieftains. The king, who was of South Indian ancestry, faced powerful chieftains and sought cruel measures to repress their popularity with the people. A successful coup was organised by the Sinhala chiefs in which they accepted the
2200:
The multiracial population of Ceylon was numerous enough to support the
European colonists; the Portuguese and the Dutch offspring of the past 440 odd years of colonial history was large enough to run a stable government. Unlike the previous rulers, the British embarked on a plantation programme
2021:
using Colombo as his headquarters for the Eastern Theater. Oliver Goonatilleka successfully exploited the markets for the country's rubber and other agricultural products to replenish the treasury. Nonetheless, Sinhalese continued to agitate for independence and Sinhalese sovereignty, using the
1737:
a protectorate, an offer initially refused by the King of Kandy. Although the previous Dutch administration had not been powerful enough to threaten the reign of the Kandyan Kings, the British were much more powerful. The Kandyan refusal to accept a protectorate led eventually (1803) to the 1st
1699:
when they were invited by the Sinhalese King to fight the Portuguese. It was in 1639 that the Dutch attacked in earnest but ended with an agreement (which was disrespected by both parties), and not until 1656 that Colombo fell. By 1660 the Dutch controlled the whole island except the kingdom of
2303:(CDF) was the military of British Ceylon. Established in 1881 as the Ceylon Volunteers, as the military reserve in the British Crown colony of Ceylon, by 1910 it grew into the Ceylon Defence Force, a regular force responsible for the defence of Ceylon. The CDF was under the command of the
123:
129:
2011:
During World War II, Sri Lanka was a front-line British base against the Japanese. Opposition to the war in Sri Lanka was orchestrated by Marxist organizations. The leaders of the LSSP pro-independence agitation were arrested by the Colonial authorities. On 5 April 1942, the
131:
130:
117:
1700:
Kandy. The Dutch (who were Protestants) persecuted the Catholics (the left-over Portuguese settlers) but left the Buddhists, Hindus and Muslims alone. However, they taxed the people far more heavily than the Portuguese had done. A mixed Dutch-Sri Lankan people known as
121:
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128:
127:
124:
118:
116:
2255:
Between 1796 and 1948, Ceylon was a British Crown colony. Although the British monarch was the head of state, in practice his or her functions were exercised in the colony by the colonial Governor, who acted on instructions from the British government in London.
1972:
who had rejected the "Ceylonese identity". Ponnamblam had declared himself a "proud Dravidian", and attempted to establish an independent identity for the Tamils. Ponnamblam was a politician who attacked the Sinhalese, and their historical chronicle known as the
125:
114:
113:
112:
111:
115:
126:
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119:
2033:, crewed by Ceylonese, attempted to expel the British. It has been claimed that the LSSP had some hand in the action, though this is far from clear. Three of the participants were the only British Subject Peoples to be shot for "mutiny" during World War II.
1769:, and Christianity would not be imposed on the population, as had happened during Portuguese and Dutch rule. The Kandyan Convention is an important legal document because it specifies the conditions which the British promised for the Kandyan territory.
1761:
British Crown as their new sovereign. This ended the line of the kingdom of Kandy and King Rajasinghe was taken as a prisoner, ending his hope that the British would allow him to retain power. The Kandyan treaty which was signed in 1815 was called the
1795:
of the kind the Kandyans had fought against European powers for centuries, was centred on the Kandyan nobility and their unhappiness with developments under British rule since 1815. However it was the last uprising of this kind and in the
1836:
cultivation, and by the mid-19th century Ceylon tea had become a staple of the British market, bringing great wealth to a small class of European tea planters. To work the estates, the planters imported large numbers of Tamil workers as
1788:, also known as the Third Kandyan War. The main cause of the rebellion was the British authorities' failure to protect and uphold the customary Buddhist traditions, which were viewed by the islanders as an integral part of their lives.
4023:
2060:
The Sinhalese leader Don Stephen Senanayake left the CNC on the issue of independence, disagreeing with the revised aim of 'the achieving of freedom', although his real reasons were more subtle. He subsequently formed the
1657:
while some of them desired to leave the country. The Buddhist majority disliked Portuguese occupation and its influences and welcomed any power who might rescue them and defeat the Portuguese. In 1602, therefore, when the
2029:, chose a path of agitation disproportionate to their negligible combat strength and diametrically opposed to the "constitutionalist" approach of Senanayake and other Ethnic Sinhalese leaders. A small garrison on the
7513:
110:
2782:
1820:, the Kandyan peasantry was stripped of their lands by the Crown Lands (Encroachments) Ordinance No. 12 of 1840 (sometimes called the Crown Lands Ordinance or the Waste Lands Ordinance), a modern
5621:
7324:
8009:
1990:
Gunatilleke and others lobbied the Soulbury Commission without confronting them officially. The unofficial submissions contained what was to later become the draft constitution of 1944.
1853:
as early as 1833. It was not until 1909 that constitutional development began with a partly elected assembly, and not until 1920 that elected members outnumbered official appointees.
8004:
5732:
4896:
1224:
into the hands of the British Empire. It ended over 2300 years of Sinhalese monarchy rule on the island. The British rule on the island lasted until 1948 when the country regained
8049:
6183:
2212:
and made them indentured labourers in the Hill Country. This was in addition to the several hundred thousand Tamils already living in the Maritime provinces and another 30,000
8024:
5471:
2703:
8039:
5150:
1128:
1875:
With its trading ports of Trincomalee and Colombo, the colony was one of the very few sources of cinnamon in the world. The spice was extremely valuable, and the British
1733:
In 1803, as soon as Great Britain gained the European-controlled parts of Ceylon from the Dutch, they wanted to expand their new sphere of influence by making the native
6897:
4120:
2018:
1994:
109:
1933:(LSSP), which grew out of the Youth Leagues in 1935, made the demand for outright independence a cornerstone of their policy. Its deputies in the State Council,
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7345:
5661:
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1633:
arrived in 1505, finding the island divided into seven warring kingdoms and unable to fend off intruders. The Portuguese founded a fort at the port city of
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4065:
6626:
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5725:
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3570:
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6682:
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1886:. Other major works of the British include road-building projects and the establishment of coffee and tea plantations, hospitals, and maternity homes.
8054:
7572:
4816:
4655:
3848:
8019:
5601:
3681:
1604:
1578:
1037:
8014:
7847:
7491:
Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the
5646:
5547:
2267:
of 1931–1947, one of a series of attempts to create a workable solution that would allow for inter-communal differences. This was replaced by the
2653:
1968:
was the most important result of the agitation for constitutional reform in the 1930s. The Tamil leadership had by then fallen into the hands of
8044:
7908:
6530:
5656:
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4115:
4018:
4011:
1121:
6891:
5718:
5282:
4882:
4254:
3928:
1857:
was introduced in 1931, over the protests of the Sinhalese, Tamil and Burgher elite who objected to the common people being allowed to vote.
408:
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6839:
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150:
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1765:
and stated the terms under which the Kandyans would live as a British protectorate. The Buddhist religion was to be given protection by
6887:
2884:
1904:(CNC) was founded to agitate for greater autonomy. The party soon split along ethnic and caste lines. Prof. K. M. de Silva, the famous
76:
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5225:
4150:
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3498:
2304:
5699:
5459:
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1637:
in 1517 and gradually extended their control over the coastal areas. In 1592 the Sinhalese moved their capital to the inland city of
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6242:
4048:
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3526:
3374:
3353:
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3311:
3267:
1841:
from south India, who soon made up 10% of the island's population. These workers lived in harsh conditions and were accommodated in
1114:
2489:
6922:
6909:
5346:
5017:
5012:
4204:
3923:
3792:
3666:
1895:
1447:
1229:
1225:
914:
567:
3054:
8034:
7138:
6869:
5626:
5466:
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5022:
4781:
4512:
4432:
4422:
4382:
4293:
4160:
4033:
3918:
3747:
2395:
1677:. He escaped 19 years later and wrote an account of his stay. This helped to bring the island to the attention of the British.
6468:
4990:
3782:
3543:
3388:
3278:
62:
7432:
6960:
6574:
6285:
5969:
5416:
5411:
5162:
4952:
4908:
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4743:
4594:
4537:
4517:
4427:
4323:
4313:
4236:
4214:
3717:
3609:
3563:
3403:
1423:
1101:
847:
269:
7565:
7242:
7006:
6757:
6095:
6027:
5582:
5401:
5259:
5210:
5157:
5117:
4723:
4542:
4507:
4492:
4155:
4028:
3833:
3106:
2725:
1993:
The close collaboration of the D. S. Senanayake government with the war-time British administration led to the support of
779:
473:
7960:
7657:
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6392:
6386:
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5234:
5215:
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4532:
4527:
4345:
4308:
4060:
3968:
3958:
3933:
3196:
4053:
7903:
7459:
7125:
5975:
5616:
5421:
5396:
5244:
5200:
5190:
4547:
4502:
4350:
4303:
4279:
4165:
4006:
3978:
3828:
3823:
2312:
2250:
2246:
1654:
437:
389:
3818:
3080:
1641:, a location more secure against attack from invaders. Intermittent warfare continued through the 16th century. Many
5679:
2205:. Coffee plants were replaced by tea and rubber plantations. This made Ceylon one of the richest countries in Asia.
7862:
7767:
7197:
6974:
6948:
6845:
6614:
5575:
5565:
5514:
5292:
5178:
5145:
5140:
4957:
4467:
4284:
3952:
3843:
3614:
3447:
2228:
1384:
7131:
7087:
6809:
6520:
6195:
6165:
5923:
5710:
5557:
5504:
5488:
5254:
5249:
5205:
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4947:
4915:
4801:
4673:
4650:
4584:
4415:
3879:
3604:
3556:
2074:
1917:
and other Indian leaders visited Ceylon in 1926. The efforts of the constitutionalists led to the arrival of the
1690:
1371:
182:
82:
5483:
7872:
7589:
7558:
7312:
7020:
6967:
6875:
6833:
6797:
6751:
6366:
6015:
5957:
5651:
5426:
5336:
5331:
5082:
4821:
4678:
4477:
4405:
4298:
3963:
2787:
2264:
1901:
1708:
1674:
1402:
4806:
6198:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
4142:
3006:
7999:
7817:
7782:
7737:
7529:
7361:
7236:
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7185:
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6803:
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6454:
6398:
5777:
5611:
5587:
5542:
5341:
5122:
5047:
4791:
4760:
4633:
4579:
4333:
4328:
4224:
4000:
3862:
3651:
3646:
1977:. One such inflamed attack in Navalapitiya led to the first Sinhala-Tamil riot in 1939. Ponnambalam opposed
1930:
1612:
1339:
1300:
481:
423:
4728:
4708:
4442:
7707:
7702:
7597:
7000:
6981:
6857:
6821:
6593:
6581:
6480:
6360:
6348:
6236:
6191:
6179:
5813:
5529:
5351:
5132:
5077:
5037:
4831:
4698:
4611:
4601:
4472:
4457:
4264:
4259:
4246:
4209:
4085:
3943:
3901:
3732:
3722:
2766:
2294:
2260:
2026:
2013:
2006:
1925:
recommendations, which essentially upheld the 1944 draft constitution of the Board of ministers headed by
1918:
1630:
1397:
871:
859:
68:
3507:
Wenzlhuemer, Roland. "Indian Labour Immigration and British Labour Policy in Nineteenth-Century Ceylon,"
2988:
Dr. Jane Russell, Communal Politics under the Donoughmore constitution. Tisara Prakasakyo, Dehivala, 1982
1544:
7827:
7802:
7717:
7697:
7647:
7617:
7607:
7539:
7145:
6300:
6077:
6059:
5868:
5802:
5606:
5356:
5094:
4972:
4911:
4713:
4645:
4462:
4387:
4229:
4191:
4177:
4105:
3707:
3676:
2358:
2062:
1950:
1801:
1536:
1008:
823:
505:
193:
176:
141:
1879:
began to cultivate it in 1767, but Ceylon remained the main producer until the end of the 18th century
7913:
7792:
7787:
7667:
7488:; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
7450:
7268:
7181:
7115:
7093:
6994:
6954:
6863:
6827:
6765:
6690:
6442:
6378:
6113:
6107:
6101:
5277:
5183:
5101:
5042:
5027:
4942:
4826:
4765:
4665:
4552:
4482:
4410:
4397:
4199:
3914:
3802:
3712:
3631:
3599:
3438:
2650:
2390:
2300:
2288:
2045:
1838:
1670:
1663:
1573:
1518:
1281:
1096:
1091:
835:
489:
1824:
movement and reduced to penury. The British found that the uplands of Sri Lanka were very suited to
7887:
7857:
7807:
7762:
7742:
7732:
7632:
6929:
6732:
6639:
6587:
6474:
6462:
6430:
6342:
6133:
6045:
5592:
5220:
5089:
5032:
4683:
4606:
4090:
3752:
3656:
2330:
2268:
2216:. The linguistically bipolar island needed a link language and English became universal in Ceylon.
1986:
1978:
1965:
1946:
1922:
1481:
1363:
1316:
1206:
936:
728:
644:
7942:
7535:
5685:
4859:
7832:
7747:
7727:
7612:
7602:
7175:
7157:
7097:
6988:
6714:
6676:
6652:
6633:
6524:
6071:
5997:
5963:
5862:
5845:
5771:
5537:
5326:
5007:
4995:
4853:
4786:
4738:
4733:
4718:
4693:
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4628:
4589:
4564:
3797:
3737:
3661:
3475:
3467:
3426:
3394:
3223:
2929:
1954:
1942:
1938:
1876:
1865:
1854:
1762:
1755:
1642:
1586:
1455:
1415:
1353:
1047:
883:
741:
554:
518:
2589:
2025:
Meanwhile, the Marxists, identifying the war as a sideshow between rival empires and desiring a
1842:
2739:
1868:
argues, reinforcing the analysis first made by famed local historian, G.C. Mendis in his book,
7877:
7812:
7777:
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6704:
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3301:
3263:
3257:
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2910:
2857:
2719:
2380:
2311:
in Ceylon if mobilised. However, mobilisation could be carried out only under orders from the
1969:
1883:
977:
101:
96:
3697:
3488:
7918:
7837:
7797:
7772:
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7492:
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7337:
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6903:
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6600:
6126:
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5854:
5689:
5570:
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3787:
3757:
3742:
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3412:
2891:
2372:
1926:
1910:
1784:
soon boiled over into open rebellion, commencing in the duchy of Uva in 1817, so-called the
1734:
1650:
1221:
1202:
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895:
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3250:
Sinhalese immigrants in Malaysia & Singapore, 1860–1990: History through recollections
2870:
2657:
2611:
2316:
1804:
was pursued, and all males between 15 and 60 years were driven out, exiled or killed. The
1334:
813:
2682:
3431:"Tales of the Land: British Geography and Kandyan Resistance in Sri Lanka, c. 1803-1850"
2201:
which initially brought coffee plantations to the island. These were later wiped out by
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4360:
4355:
4318:
4100:
4095:
3727:
3671:
3170:
3145:
2480:
2080:
1958:
1914:
1712:
1701:
1696:
1499:
1468:
1270:
1191:
1162:
955:
924:
790:
327:
251:
207:
7993:
7936:
7371:
7191:
6372:
6256:
3702:
3479:
3345:
Dutch and British Colonial Intervention in Sri Lanka, 1780–1815: Expansion and Reform
2817:
Land Settlement in Sri Lanka 1840-1975: A Review of the Major Writings on the Subject
2224:
2213:
2030:
1817:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1531:
1201:
between 1796 and 4 February 1948. Initially, the area it covered did not include the
652:
3058:
2814:
Ellman, A.O.; Ratnaweera, D. De S.; Silva, K.T.; Wickremasinghe, G. (January 1976).
7401:
7109:
6670:
6664:
6645:
6410:
6145:
6052:
5991:
5985:
5509:
5389:
4985:
4874:
4365:
3777:
3767:
3490:
From Coffee to Tea Cultivation in Ceylon, 1880–1900: An Economic and Social History
3284:
2669:
2385:
2338:
2308:
2022:
opportunities offered by the war to establish a special relationship with Britain.
1982:
1797:
1743:
1739:
1728:
1686:
1646:
1552:
1486:
1194:
989:
714:
203:
189:
3399:"Ethnicity, Indigeneity, and Migration in the Advent of British Rule to Sri Lanka"
1848:
The British colonial government favoured the semi-European Burghers, certain high-
3364:
3280:
Buddhism in Sinhalese Society, 1750–1900: A Study of Religious Revival and Change
1180:
British Settlements and Territories in the Island of Ceylon with its Dependencies
108:
25:
British Settlements and Territories in the Island of Ceylon with its Dependencies
7946:
7518:
7014:
6915:
6726:
6330:
6230:
5945:
5939:
3594:
2564:
2539:
2514:
2324:
2209:
2202:
1934:
1659:
803:
363:
2842:
6791:
6772:
6515:
6294:
5913:
5833:
4370:
3455:
2348:
2334:
2320:
2275:
of 1948–1972, after which the Free, Sovereign and the Independent Republic of
1905:
1276:
1220:
is the history of Sri Lanka between 1815 and 1948. It follows the fall of the
339:
315:
288:
7975:
7962:
3463:
3200:
2932:, "Tales of the Land: British Geography and Kandyan Resistance in Sri Lanka,
7437:
6290:
6039:
5826:
4753:
4748:
4375:
3579:
3120:
2276:
2037:
1974:
1821:
1805:
1766:
1210:
1198:
1059:
794:
766:
375:
303:
2315:. The Ceylon Defence Force has seen action in a number of wars such as the
3417:
3398:
2823:. Colombo, Sri Lanka: Agrarian Research and Training Institute. p. 16
2815:
7365:
7280:
6559:
6511:
6260:
6187:
6173:
6169:
6139:
5927:
2272:
2041:
1716:
1626:
1594:
351:
7274:
6607:
6567:
6160:
5917:
5876:
3471:
3028:
1634:
227:
156:
7284:
6659:
6424:
6202:
5807:
1882:
The laying of the railway was carried out during the Governorship of
1833:
1825:
3548:
1707:
In the late 18th century the Dutch, weakened by their wars against
7550:
6785:
6507:
5979:
1849:
1638:
2422:
Administration based in India; a jurisdiction distinct from India
2413:
Administration based in India; a jurisdiction distinct from India
6336:
2099:
1742:, but were bloodily repulsed. In 1815 Kandy was captured in the
7554:
7389:
7301:
7038:
6547:
6219:
5894:
5790:
5714:
4878:
3552:
3518:
Sri Lanka in the Modern Age: A History of Contested Indentities
2783:"The British duplicity in protecting human rights in Sri Lanka"
2970:
K. M. de Silva, University of Ceylon History of Ceylon, p. 225
2488:. Population Growth: C.I.C.R.E.D. Series. 1974. pp. 3–4.
1829:
1625:
The first Europeans to visit Ceylon in modern times were the
5622:
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Sri Lanka
2094:
2259:
On the approach to self-government and independence, the
1653:
were religiously persecuted and forced to retreat to the
2590:"King Sri wickrama rajasinghe: Sri Lanka's last monarch"
1808:
annexed the Kingdom of Kandy to British Ceylon in 1817.
1695:
The island attracted the attention of the newly formed
1209:
included the whole island of Ceylon, now the nation of
2337:
until 1948, primarily to control the sea lanes of the
1205:, which was a protectorate, but from 1817 to 1948 the
6523:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the
2194:
Source: Department of Census and Statistics Sri Lanka
1184:
Island of Ceylon and its Territories and Dependencies
1156:
33:
Island of Ceylon and its Territories and Dependencies
2223:
The Censuses of 1871, 1881, 1891 and 1901 had shown
1666:
landed, the king of Kandy appealed to him for help.
7886:
7846:
7588:
5639:
5556:
5528:
5497:
5447:
5440:
5367:
5314:
5270:
5171:
5131:
5110:
5065:
5058:
4971:
4935:
4774:
4664:
4572:
4563:
4396:
4245:
4190:
4141:
4076:
3992:
3942:
3893:
3870:
3861:
3811:
3690:
3639:
3630:
3587:
1673:landed by chance on Ceylon and was captured by the
1173:
762:
637:
623:
613:
603:
594:
586:
581:
564:
551:
538:
528:
515:
501:
466:
450:
436:
417:
402:
388:
369:
357:
345:
333:
321:
309:
297:
282:
268:
260:
233:
223:
170:
23:
2683:"Uva Wellassa The Great Liberation War: 1817–1818"
2612:"The 1815 Kandyan Convention at the Audience Hall"
8010:Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia
1613:Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic
2955:Britain: losing and gaining an empire, 1763–1914
2762:"Anglophiles, Eurocentric arrogance and Reality"
2672:Virtual Library Sri Lanka. Retrieved 2007-10-01.
2670:Keppetipola and the Uva The Great Liberation War
2638:Britain: losing and gaining an empire, 1763–1914
2333:was an important strategic base for the British
3087:. Archived from the original on 7 November 2001
2706:. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017
16:British Crown colony (1796–1948); now Sri Lanka
8005:States and territories disestablished in 1948
7566:
7050:
5726:
4890:
3564:
1719:plantations, making this a valuable venture.
1122:
8:
8050:1948 disestablishments in the British Empire
7485:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
7468:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
7346:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
5375:Board of Commissioners of Currency of Ceylon
3366:Sri Lanka: History and the Roots of Conflict
2843:http://www.dawn.com/events/millennium/12.htm
2085:
530:• Establishment of dual administration
2999:"Edmund Samarakkody kept faith to the last"
1791:The rebellion, which soon developed into a
8025:States and territories established in 1815
7573:
7559:
7551:
7386:
7298:
7072:
7057:
7043:
7035:
6544:
6216:
5891:
5787:
5733:
5719:
5711:
5444:
5062:
4897:
4883:
4875:
4569:
3867:
3636:
3571:
3557:
3549:
2431:Non scientific census of the whole island.
2084:
1129:
1115:
773:
149:
140:
20:
8040:1815 establishments in the British Empire
4024:Deputy speaker and chairman of committees
3416:
3081:"Asia Times: SRI LANKA: THE UNTOLD STORY"
6529:Legitimacy of territorial establishment
5602:Wesleyan Methodist Mission, North Ceylon
3283:. U. of California Press. Archived from
3252:, Colombo, KVG de Silva & Sons, 1991
2475:
2473:
2471:
1845:, not very different from cattle sheds.
1242:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2966:
2964:
2442:
2406:
787:
776:
593:
590:65,993 km (25,480 sq mi)
585:
580:
7514:Historical flags of the British Empire
7498:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985
5657:Ceylonese recipients of British titles
3098:
2915:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2908:
2866:
2855:
2717:
2208:The British also brought Tamils from
1188:Island of Ceylon and its Dependencies
622:
612:
602:
598:
563:
550:
537:
527:
514:
510:
449:
445:
435:
416:
401:
397:
387:
368:
356:
344:
332:
320:
308:
296:
281:
277:
267:
41:Island of Ceylon and its Dependencies
7:
4121:Directorate of Military Intelligence
3259:Ceylon Under British Rule, 1795–1932
1240:Periodization of Sri Lanka history:
7325:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands
6168:. British Cameroons is now part of
5695:
2781:Keerthisinghe, Lakshman I. (2013).
2044:formed the 'Lanka Regiment' of the
6184:unilaterally declared independence
5879:1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802
5299:General Officer Commanding, Ceylon
5226:General Officer Commanding, Ceylon
2740:"Torture tree of the British Army"
2305:General Officer Commanding, Ceylon
1186:from 1833 to 1931 and finally the
199:(12 October 1798 – 1 January 1802)
14:
7391:Antarctica and the South Atlantic
7370:Occupied by Argentina during the
4126:Criminal Investigation Department
2760:Müller, J. B. (6 November 2010).
1941:, were aided in this struggle by
1816:Following the suppression of the
1746:, ending Ceylonese independence.
1669:In 1669, the British sea captain
155:British Ceylon map, published in
8055:1948 disestablishments in Ceylon
7941:
7932:
7931:
7534:
7525:
7524:
6937:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
5694:
5684:
5675:
5674:
5013:Sri Lankan independence movement
4858:
4849:
4848:
3226:. The Ceylon Army Journal Volume
2495:from the original on 1 July 2014
2365:
2351:
1896:Sri Lankan independence movement
1230:Sri Lankan independence movement
1078:
802:
746:
721:
707:
693:
542:Proclamation of the Crown Colony
106:
75:
61:
8020:Former monarchies of South Asia
5662:Military awards and decorations
5627:Bible translations into Sinhala
5548:Sinhala words of English origin
3748:Crisis of the Sixteenth Century
3544:තුඩපත් මඟින් හෙළිවන සිංහල උරුමය
3324:The Plantation Tamils of Ceylon
3171:"THE POPULATION I OF SRI LANKA"
3146:"THE POPULATION I OF SRI LANKA"
3121:"Sri Lanka - Sinhalese Parties"
2396:1906 malaria outbreak in Ceylon
2323:. It is the predecessor to the
8015:Former countries in South Asia
7899:British Indian Ocean Territory
7433:Australian Antarctic Territory
6289:since 1965 (before as part of
6286:British Indian Ocean Territory
6172:, while Tanganyika is part of
5806:since 1960 (before as part of
3718:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura
3521:. University of Hawaii Press.
3404:The American Historical Review
1704:are the legacy of Dutch rule.
1:
8045:1815 establishments in Ceylon
5583:Methodist Church in Sri Lanka
5118:Legislative Council of Ceylon
5073:Colebrooke–Cameron Commission
4029:Deputy Chairman of Committees
3515:Wickramasinghe, Nira (2006).
3197:"In search of a new identity"
2933:
555:Signing of Kandyan Convention
160:
5747:British Overseas Territories
3487:Wenzlhuemer, Roland (2008).
2651:Lessons on British 'decency'
2451:"The British Empire in 1924"
1182:from 1802 to 1833, then the
7460:British Antarctic Territory
7170:Western Pacific Territories
5617:Sri Lanka Baptist Sangamaya
5289:British Military in Ceylon
3327:. Continuum International.
3277:Malalgoda, Kitsiri (1976).
3199:. Frontline. Archived from
2482:The Population of Sri Lanka
2251:Executive Council of Ceylon
2247:British governors of Ceylon
2241:British Governors of Ceylon
1190:from 1931 to 1948, was the
1174:
1157:
424:Sir Henry Monck-Mason Moore
8071:
7198:Gilbert and Ellice Islands
6615:British Arctic Territories
5293:Commander-in-Chief, Ceylon
4991:Great Rebellion of 1817–18
4116:State Intelligence Service
3448:Cambridge University Press
3363:Spencer, Jonathan (1990).
3342:Schrikker. Alicia (2007).
2292:
2286:
2271:proposals that led to the
2244:
2229:Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka
2078:
2072:
2004:
1893:
1776:
1753:
1726:
1684:
1645:were forced to convert to
1352:
8030:20th century in Sri Lanka
7927:
7509:
7478:
7438:Commonwealth of Australia
7396:
7385:
7356:
7308:
7297:
7263:
7070:
7034:
6840:Newfoundland and Labrador
6554:
6543:
6521:League of Nations mandate
6502:
6226:
6215:
6196:Lancaster House Agreement
6166:League of Nations mandate
6155:
5901:
5890:
5797:
5786:
5753:
5670:
4925:
4844:
4275:Grama Niladhari divisions
3929:National Security Council
3456:10.1017/S0026749X06002642
3389:complete text online free
3387:(1982). pp. 239–488
3321:Peebles, Patrick (2001).
3300:Peebles, Patrick (2006).
3256:Mills, Lennox A. (1933).
3105:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2724:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2193:
2112:—
2075:Demographics of Sri Lanka
1691:Invasion of Ceylon (1795)
1582:
1577:
1572:
1551:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1503:
1498:
1480:
1451:
1446:
1419:
1414:
1396:
1367:
1362:
1333:
1294:
1291:
1275:
1268:
1166:
1149:
672:
633:
599:
577:
511:
462:
446:
432:
398:
384:
278:
148:
139:
91:
57:
52:
7648:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
6968:Turks and Caicos Islands
6275:(protectorate) 1907–1949
5850:(integrated into the UK)
5652:Maldivian Annual Tribute
5427:Indian Ocean slave trade
5332:Ceylon National Congress
5083:Donoughmore Constitution
4255:Administrative divisions
4133:Sri Lanka Police Service
4039:Leader of the Opposition
3682:Sri Lanka (1948–present)
3303:The History of Sri Lanka
2953:Christie, Nikki (2016).
2943:(2007) 41#5 pp. 925–965.
2704:"Wellassa riots in 1818"
2636:Christie, Nikki (2016).
2265:Donoughmore Constitution
1902:Ceylon National Congress
1870:Ceylon Under the British
1398:Post-classical Sri Lanka
848:Anuradhapura from Rohana
7909:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
7251:1919–1942 and 1945–1968
7076:18th and 19th centuries
6892:Queen Charlotte Islands
6852:North-Western Territory
6824:1665–1674 and 1702–1776
6427:1781–1784 and 1795–1819
6092:1923–1965 and 1979–1980
5778:Commonwealth of Nations
5612:The Pentecostal Mission
5588:American Ceylon Mission
5543:Sri Lankan Creole Malay
5123:State Council of Ceylon
5048:South East Asia Command
4334:Knuckles Mountain Range
4329:Hanthana Mountain Range
4270:Divisional Secretariats
4225:Sri Lanka Freedom Party
3652:Pre Anuradhapura period
3222:van Langenberg, Cyril.
2236:Government and military
1931:Lanka Sama Samaja Party
1921:reforms (1931) and the
1595:Constitutional monarchy
519:Capture of Dutch Ceylon
8035:19th century in Ceylon
7001:West Indies Federation
6190:) and continued as an
5776:Current member of the
5342:Sri Lankan nationalism
5078:Donoughmore Commission
5038:Ceylon in World War II
4812:International rankings
4453:Science and technology
4438:Information technology
4151:Provincial governments
3924:Administrative Service
3885:Constitutional Council
2640:. Pearson. p. 53.
2569:www.worldstatesmen.org
2544:www.worldstatesmen.org
2519:www.worldstatesmen.org
2295:Ceylon in World War II
2261:Donoughmore Commission
2027:proletarian revolution
2019:Lord Louis Mountbatten
2007:Ceylon in World War II
1995:Lord Louis Mountbatten
1919:Donoughmore Commission
1574:Contemporary Sri Lanka
1482:Early Modern Sri Lanka
872:Kingdom of Dambadeniya
860:Kingdom of Polonnaruwa
457:Don Stephen Senanayake
99:(1796–1837; 1901–1948)
6923:Saint Kitts and Nevis
6194:state until the 1979
5803:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
5607:Lanka Lutheran Church
5357:Jaffna Youth Congress
5337:Native headmen system
5095:Soulbury Constitution
5023:1906 malaria outbreak
4912:British Ceylon period
4230:United National Party
4049:Chief Opposition Whip
4044:Chief Government Whip
3793:Independence movement
3677:British Ceylon period
3418:10.1086/ahr.115.2.428
3248:Arsecularatne, S. N,
3224:"The Volunteer Force"
2616:Rootsweb.ancestry.com
2359:British Empire portal
2086:Historical population
2063:United National Party
1951:Vivienne Goonewardene
1890:Independence movement
1802:scorched earth policy
1277:Prehistoric Sri Lanka
1218:British Ceylon period
1060:Republic of Sri Lanka
1009:British Ceylon period
841:437 BCE–1017 CE
824:Kingdom of Tambapanni
506:British Ceylon period
234:Common languages
7823:United Arab Emirates
7451:Realm of New Zealand
7449:(transferred to the
7436:(transferred to the
7269:Realm of New Zealand
6870:Prince Edward Island
6748:1671–1816, 1833–1960
5863:Malta (Protectorate)
5278:Ceylon Defence Force
5184:Ceylon Civil Service
5043:Cocos Islands mutiny
5028:1915 Ceylonese riots
4656:World Heritage Sites
3509:Modern Asian Studies
3439:Modern Asian Studies
3385:History of Sri Lanka
3369:. Psychology Press.
3061:on 11 September 2001
2941:Modern Asian Studies
2391:History of Sri Lanka
2301:Ceylon Defence Force
2289:Ceylon Defence Force
2046:Indian National Army
1839:indentured labourers
1711:, were conquered by
1664:Joris van Spilbergen
1579:Sri Lanka since 1948
1175:Biritthāṉiya Ilaṅkai
1085:Sri Lanka portal
1038:Sri Lanka since 1948
836:Anuradhapura kingdom
7972: /
7850:limited recognition
7482:Since 2009 part of
7374:of April–June 1982.
6961:Trinidad and Tobago
6575:Antigua and Barbuda
6475:Straits Settlements
5593:Batticotta Seminary
5260:Financial Secretary
5090:Soulbury Commission
5033:Suriya-Mal Movement
5018:Temperance movement
4205:Electoral districts
4054:Secretaries-General
4034:Leader of the House
3974:Magistrate's Courts
3667:Transitional period
3657:Anuradhapura period
3427:Sivasundaram, Sujit
3395:Sivasundaram, Sujit
3176:. CI.CR.É.D. Series
3151:. CI.CR.É.D. Series
3009:on 10 December 2018
2656:17 May 2022 at the
2331:Trincomalee Harbour
2269:Soulbury Commission
2087:
1987:Soulbury Commission
1979:universal franchise
1966:Soulbury Commission
1947:Leslie Goonewardene
1923:Soulbury Commission
1631:Lourenço de Almeida
1385:Middle Anuradhapura
1207:British possessions
937:Kingdom of Sitawaka
915:Transitional period
729:Vanni chieftaincies
645:Ceylonese rixdollar
474:Legislative Council
6634:Cape Breton Island
6525:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
6367:Unfederated States
6182:Southern Rhodesia
5772:Commonwealth realm
5538:Sri Lankan English
5327:Kandyan Convention
5235:Board of Ministers
5206:Colonial Secretary
5008:Kandyan Convention
4996:Kandyan Convention
4981:Invasion of Ceylon
4782:Capital punishment
4161:Municipal councils
3798:Dominion of Ceylon
3662:Polonnaruwa period
3044:, November 1, 1939
2930:Sujit Sivasundaram
2795:on 21 October 2013
2455:The British Empire
2273:Dominion of Ceylon
1955:Edmund Samarakkody
1943:Colvin R. de Silva
1939:Philip Gunawardena
1877:East India Company
1855:Universal suffrage
1763:Kandyan Convention
1756:Kandyan Convention
1750:Kandyan Convention
1744:Second Kandyan War
1649:while the coastal
1372:Early Anuradhapura
1167:பிரித்தானிய இலங்கை
1065:1972–present
1048:Dominion of Ceylon
884:Kingdom of Gampola
742:Dominion of Ceylon
216:– 4 February 1948)
185:– 12 October 1798)
102:God Save the Queen
7955:
7954:
7892:other territories
7548:
7547:
7505:
7504:
7381:
7380:
7313:Providence Island
7293:
7292:
7258:
7257:
7126:Western Australia
7094:Van Diemen's Land
7030:
7029:
7007:Associated States
6705:Columbia District
6539:
6538:
6393:Manila and Cavite
6211:
6210:
6090:Southern Rhodesia
6084:South-West Africa
6034:Northern Rhodesia
5946:Cape of Good Hope
5886:
5885:
5766:Current territory
5708:
5707:
5635:
5634:
5576:Bishop of Colombo
5460:British buildings
5310:
5309:
5191:Executive Council
5163:Solicitor General
4872:
4871:
4840:
4839:
4797:Gender inequality
4744:Traditional games
4595:Sexual Minorities
4324:Central Highlands
4215:Foreign relations
4186:
4185:
4156:Local governments
4078:National security
3857:
3856:
3849:Sexual Minorities
3763:Portuguese Ceylon
3511:(2007) 41:575–602
3493:. Leiden: Brill.
3348:. Leiden: Brill.
3195:SURYANARAYAN, V.
3125:Countrystudies.us
2865:Missing or empty
2381:Portuguese Ceylon
2279:was established.
2198:
2197:
1970:G. G. Ponnambalam
1773:The Uva Rebellion
1713:Napoleonic France
1655:Central highlands
1643:Lowland Ceylonese
1618:
1617:
1553:Colonial monarchy
1403:Late Anuradhapura
1335:Ancient Sri Lanka
1172:
1155:
1150:බ්රිතාන්ය ලංකාව
1139:
1138:
1069:
1068:
1028:
1027:
999:
998:
978:Portuguese Ceylon
946:
945:
905:
904:
829:543–437 BCE
797:
772:
771:
758:
757:
754:
753:
734:
733:
665:
657:
649:
494:
486:
478:
452:• 1947–1948
419:• 1944–1948
404:• 1798–1805
371:• 1936–1948
347:• 1910–1936
335:• 1901–1910
323:• 1837–1901
311:• 1830–1837
299:• 1820–1830
284:• 1815–1820
132:
97:God Save the King
8062:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7983:
7982:
7977:
7973:
7970:
7969:
7968:
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7945:
7935:
7934:
7904:Christmas Island
7590:Sovereign states
7575:
7568:
7561:
7552:
7538:
7528:
7527:
7493:Antarctic Treaty
7454:
7441:
7426:Falkland Islands
7418:Tristan da Cunha
7410:Ascension Island
7387:
7338:Falkland Islands
7299:
7267:Now part of the
7139:Pitcairn Islands
7104:Auckland Islands
7073:
7059:
7052:
7045:
7036:
7021:Windward Islands
6975:Vancouver Island
6752:MassachusettsBay
6621:British Columbia
6545:
6361:Federated States
6217:
6127:Tristan da Cunha
6096:Southern Nigeria
6028:Northern Nigeria
5907:Ascension Island
5892:
5851:
5788:
5762:Former territory
5759:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5712:
5698:
5697:
5688:
5678:
5677:
5571:Church of Ceylon
5445:
5347:Women's suffrage
5322:Treaty of Amiens
5216:Colonial Auditor
5211:Attorney General
5179:Governor-General
5158:Attorney General
5063:
5003:Matale Rebellion
4899:
4892:
4885:
4876:
4862:
4852:
4851:
4724:National symbols
4570:
4171:Pradeshiya Sabha
3908:Executive Office
3868:
3788:Matale rebellion
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3483:
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3383:Silva, K.M. de.
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3111:
3110:
3104:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3057:. Archived from
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3005:. Archived from
2995:
2989:
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2958:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2937: 1803–1850
2935:
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2921:
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2906:
2904:
2902:
2897:on 27 March 2009
2896:
2890:. Archived from
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2373:Sri Lanka portal
2370:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2263:recommended the
2101:
2096:
2088:
2001:Second World War
1981:, supported the
1927:D. S. Senanayake
1911:Jawaharlal Nehru
1735:Kingdom of Kandy
1532:Modern Sri Lanka
1340:Pre-Anuradhapura
1313:~1000 BC–543 BC
1264:Main government
1243:
1203:Kingdom of Kandy
1177:
1171:romanized:
1170:
1168:
1160:
1158:Britānya Laṃkāva
1154:romanized:
1153:
1151:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1043:
1042:
1014:
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966:Kingdom of Kandy
961:
960:
920:
919:
896:Kingdom of Kotte
819:
818:
806:
788:
774:
750:
749:
738:
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711:
710:
701:Kingdom of Kandy
697:
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7582:History of Asia
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7446:Ross Dependency
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7205:Solomon Islands
7152:North Australia
7132:South Australia
7088:New South Wales
7066:
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6746:Leeward Islands
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6405:Muscat and Oman
6222:
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5255:Legal Secretary
5250:Chief Secretary
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4641:Public holidays
4559:
4392:
4346:Protected areas
4241:
4182:
4137:
4072:
4061:15th Parliament
3988:
3984:Labour Tribunal
3969:District courts
3959:Court of appeal
3938:
3934:Law enforcement
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3287:on 4 March 2016
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2036:Sri Lankans in
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2003:
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1222:Kandyan Kingdom
1197:of present-day
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814:Sinhala kingdom
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3538:External links
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3262:. Oxford U.P.
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3203:on 29 May 2008
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2081:Burgher people
2073:Main article:
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2005:Main article:
2002:
1999:
1959:K. Natesa Iyer
1929:. The Marxist
1915:Sarojini Naidu
1894:Main article:
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1884:Sir Henry Ward
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7372:Falklands War
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6864:Paulet affair
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5683:
5681:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5638:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5567:
5566:Protestantism
5564:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5555:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5527:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5515:Indian Tamils
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5385:British pound
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5352:Youth Leagues
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5170:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5146:Chief Justice
5144:
5143:
5142:
5141:Supreme Court
5139:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5061:
5057:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4900:
4895:
4893:
4888:
4886:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4855:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4112:Intelligence
4111:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3953:Supreme Court
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3783:Uva Rebellion
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3574:
3569:
3567:
3562:
3560:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3528:9780824830168
3524:
3520:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3411:(2): 428–52.
3410:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3376:9780203407417
3372:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3357:
3355:9789004156029
3351:
3347:
3346:
3340:
3336:
3334:9780718501549
3330:
3326:
3325:
3319:
3315:
3313:9780313332050
3309:
3306:. Greenwood.
3305:
3304:
3298:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3269:9780714620190
3265:
3261:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3225:
3218:
3215:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3188:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3073:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2931:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2893:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2859:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2819:
2818:
2810:
2807:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2777:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2756:
2753:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2632:
2629:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2592:. August 2016
2591:
2585:
2582:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2491:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2437:
2428:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2363:
2360:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2225:Ceylon Tamils
2221:
2220:7,500 other.
2217:
2215:
2214:Tamil Muslims
2211:
2210:British India
2206:
2204:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2098:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2076:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2031:Cocos Islands
2028:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2014:Japanese Navy
2008:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:Uva Rebellion
1811:
1809:
1807:
1806:British Crown
1803:
1799:
1794:
1793:guerrilla war
1789:
1787:
1786:Uva Rebellion
1780:
1779:Uva Rebellion
1772:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:Great Britain
1705:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1675:king of Kandy
1672:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:1972–present
1600:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1164:
1159:
1147:
1143:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1075:
1074:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1004:
994:
991:
987:
986:
982:
979:
975:
974:
970:
967:
963:
962:
957:
952:
951:
941:
938:
934:
933:
929:
926:
922:
921:
916:
911:
910:
900:
897:
893:
892:
888:
885:
881:
880:
876:
873:
869:
868:
864:
861:
857:
856:
852:
849:
845:
844:
840:
837:
833:
832:
828:
825:
821:
820:
815:
810:
809:
805:
801:
800:
796:
792:
786:
781:
775:
768:
765:
763:Today part of
761:
745:
743:
740:
739:
736:
730:
727:
720:
719:
716:
713:
706:
705:
702:
699:
692:
691:
688:
687:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
671:
662:
659:
654:
653:British pound
651:
646:
643:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
618:
608:
589:
576:
572:
569:
559:
556:
547:25 March 1802
546:
543:
533:
523:
520:
507:
504:
500:
491:
488:
483:
482:State Council
480:
475:
472:
471:
469:
465:
461:
458:
455:
441:
439:
431:
425:
422:
410:
407:
393:
391:
383:
377:
374:
365:
362:
353:
350:
341:
338:
329:
326:
317:
314:
305:
302:
290:
287:
273:
271:
263:
259:
253:
250:
248:
245:
242:
239:
238:
236:
232:
229:
226:
222:
215:
214:25 March 1802
209:
205:
202:
195:
191:
188:
184:
178:
175:
174:
173:
169:
158:
152:
147:
143:
138:
103:
98:
94:
90:
84:
78:
70:
64:
56:
51:
22:
19:
7957:
7888:Dependencies
7818:Turkmenistan
7783:Saudi Arabia
7483:
7466:
7458:
7424:
7416:
7408:
7402:Saint Helena
7400:
7344:
7336:
7186:Cook Islands
7137:
7110:New Hebrides
7079:20th century
6995:West Florida
6980:
6966:
6898:Rhode Island
6876:Pennsylvania
6834:Newfoundland
6771:
6696:
6646:East Florida
6617:16th c.–1880
6606:
6558:
6455:Crown Colony
6443:Pulo Condore
6417:Crown Colony
6411:North Borneo
6312:
6284:
6243:Protectorate
6192:unrecognised
6186:in 1965 (as
6125:
6078:South Africa
6066:Sierra Leone
6053:Saint Helena
6051:
6046:Orange River
5924:Bechuanaland
5905:
5825:
5801:
5765:
5745:and Current
5510:Indian Moors
5489:Social class
5455:Architecture
5390:Indian rupee
5102:Capital city
4986:Kandyan Wars
4948:Bibliography
4927:
4817:LGBT history
4802:Human rights
4674:Architecture
4651:Social class
4585:Demographics
4478:Unemployment
4416:Central Bank
4200:Capital city
4086:Armed Forces
3999:
3951:
3917: /
3900:
3880:Constitution
3778:Kandyan Wars
3772:
3768:Dutch Ceylon
3713:Anuradhapura
3605:Bibliography
3517:
3508:
3489:
3443:
3437:
3408:
3402:
3384:
3365:
3344:
3323:
3302:
3289:. Retrieved
3285:the original
3279:
3258:
3249:
3228:. Retrieved
3217:
3205:. Retrieved
3201:the original
3190:
3178:. Retrieved
3165:
3153:. Retrieved
3140:
3128:. Retrieved
3124:
3115:
3089:. Retrieved
3084:
3075:
3063:. Retrieved
3059:the original
3049:
3041:
3037:
3027:
3023:
3011:. Retrieved
3007:the original
3002:
2993:
2954:
2948:
2940:
2925:
2901:19 September
2899:. Retrieved
2892:the original
2879:
2867:|title=
2848:19 September
2846:. Retrieved
2837:
2825:. Retrieved
2816:
2809:
2797:. Retrieved
2793:the original
2788:Daily Mirror
2786:
2776:
2765:
2755:
2743:. Retrieved
2734:
2708:. Retrieved
2698:
2686:. Retrieved
2677:
2665:
2660:, The Nation
2646:
2637:
2631:
2619:. Retrieved
2615:
2606:
2596:29 September
2594:. Retrieved
2584:
2572:. Retrieved
2568:
2559:
2547:. Retrieved
2543:
2534:
2522:. Retrieved
2518:
2509:
2497:. Retrieved
2481:
2458:. Retrieved
2454:
2445:
2427:
2418:
2409:
2386:Dutch Ceylon
2339:Indian Ocean
2329:
2309:British Army
2298:
2283:Armed forces
2258:
2254:
2222:
2218:
2207:
2199:
2069:Demographics
2059:
2050:
2035:
2024:
2010:
1992:
1983:caste system
1963:
1899:
1881:
1874:
1869:
1866:Sivasundaram
1864:
1847:
1815:
1812:British rule
1798:Uva Province
1790:
1782:
1759:
1732:
1729:Kandyan Wars
1723:Kandyan Wars
1706:
1694:
1687:Dutch Ceylon
1681:Dutch Ceylon
1668:
1647:Christianity
1624:
1545:Post-Kandyan
1448:Transitional
1364:Anuradhapura
1261:Span (years)
1255:Span (years)
1239:
1226:independence
1217:
1215:
1195:Crown colony
1187:
1183:
1179:
1141:
1140:
1076:
1018:
990:Dutch Ceylon
715:Dutch Ceylon
683:Succeeded by
682:
677:
625:• 1946
615:• 1901
605:• 1827
568:Independence
560:2 March 1815
524:5 March 1796
359:• 1936
204:Crown Colony
196:dual control
177:Company rule
92:
83:Coat of arms
18:
7979: /
7947:Asia portal
7848:States with
7768:Philippines
7708:South Korea
7703:North Korea
7598:Afghanistan
7519:Anglosphere
7237:New Zealand
7146:New Zealand
7015:West Jersey
6930:Saint Lucia
6916:Saint Kitts
6910:Saint Croix
6890:1763–1791*
6858:Nova Scotia
6804:New England
6760:, 1691–1776
6727:East Jersey
6715:Connecticut
6594:Bay Islands
6481:Transjordan
6399:Mesopotamia
6237:Afghanistan
6231:Aden Colony
6016:Niger Coast
5982:) 1874–1957
5958:East Africa
5940:Cape Colony
5930:) 1884–1966
5920:) 1868–1966
5700:WikiProject
5467:Place names
5111:Legislature
4930:1815 – 1948
4822:LGBT rights
4807:Immigration
4489:Industries
4443:Public debt
4406:Agriculture
4299:Environment
4106:Coast Guard
3993:Legislature
3964:High Courts
3829:Demographic
3733:Dambadeniya
3723:Polonnaruwa
3595:Sri Lankans
3042:Hindu Organ
3003:Priu.gov.lk
2827:20 December
2565:"Sri Lanka"
2540:"Sri Lanka"
2515:"Sri Lanka"
2325:Ceylon Army
2203:coffee rust
1935:N.M. Perera
1861:Development
1740:Kandyan War
1671:Robert Knox
1456:Dambadeniya
1416:Polonnaruwa
789:Historical
678:Preceded by
664:(1872–1948)
477:(1833–1931)
467:Legislature
364:Edward VIII
164: 1914
104:(1837–1901)
45:(1931–1948)
37:(1833–1931)
29:(1802–1833)
7994:Categories
7828:Uzbekistan
7803:Tajikistan
7718:Kyrgyzstan
7698:Kazakhstan
7618:Bangladesh
7608:Azerbaijan
7471:since 1908
7463:since 1908
7429:since 1833
7421:since 1816
7413:since 1815
7405:since 1658
7362:department
7349:since 1908
7341:since 1833
7142:since 1838
7122:Swan River
7116:Queensland
7003:1958–1962
6985:since 1666
6971:since 1799
6822:New Jersey
6792:New Albion
6776:since 1632
6773:Montserrat
6754:1629–1691
6701:since 1670
6623:1858–1866
6611:since 1619
6563:since 1650
6516:Bangladesh
6451:1841–1946
6413:1882–1963
6379:Federation
6357:1819–1826
6295:Seychelles
6239:1839–1842
6130:since 1816
6114:Tanganyika
6072:Somaliland
6060:Seychelles
6056:since 1658
5976:Gold Coast
5970:The Gambia
5914:Basutoland
5910:since 1815
5865:1800–1813
5855:Free State
5848:1542–1800
5834:Heligoland
5830:since 1713
5283:Commanders
5059:Government
4936:Background
4792:Disability
4761:Television
4729:Philosophy
4714:Literature
4634:Mass media
4383:Waterfalls
4294:Ecoregions
4143:Devolution
4001:Parliament
3919:Ministries
3863:Government
3819:Chronicles
3708:Tambapanni
3647:Prehistory
3450:: 925–65.
3230:31 January
3207:31 January
3180:31 January
3155:31 January
3085:Atimes.com
3065:5 February
2957:. Pearson.
2799:21 October
2767:The Island
2745:23 October
2688:23 October
2574:17 January
2549:17 January
2524:17 January
2460:7 November
2438:References
2335:Royal Navy
2321:World Wars
2293:See also:
2079:See also:
1906:Peradeniya
1843:line rooms
1627:Portuguese
1570:1948–1972
1559:1833–1948
1528:1815–1833
1515:1739–1815
1496:1592–1739
1478:1412–1592
1465:1341–1412
1444:1232–1341
1433:1055–1232
1412:1017–1070
1301:Bronze Age
1273:–~1000 BC
595:Population
490:Parliament
340:Edward VII
316:William IV
289:George III
261:Government
243:(official)
7914:Hong Kong
7868:Palestine
7793:Sri Lanka
7788:Singapore
7668:Indonesia
7455:1841–1947
7442:1841–1933
7333:1831–1966
7327:1670–1688
7321:1651–1667
7315:1631–1641
7245:1914–1962
7239:1907–1947
7232:1901–1942
7230:Australia
7225:1900–1974
7219:1900–1970
7207:1893–1978
7200:1892–1979
7194:1889–1948
7188:1888–1901
7182:Rarotonga
7178:1884–1902
7172:1877–1976
7166:1874–1970
7160:1851–1901
7154:1846–1847
7148:1841–1907
7134:1836–1901
7128:1829–1901
7118:1824–1901
7112:1824–1980
7106:1807–1863
7100:1803–1901
7090:1788–1901
7023:1833–1960
7017:1674–1702
7009:1967–1983
6997:1763–1783
6991:1607–1776
6977:1849–1866
6963:1889–1962
6957:1862–1863
6951:1712–1776
6945:1635–1644
6939:1627–1979
6932:1605–1979
6925:1882–1983
6918:1623–1983
6912:1625–1650
6906:1670–1870
6900:1636–1776
6894:1853–1863
6884:1620–1691
6878:1681–1776
6872:1763–1873
6860:1713–1867
6854:1859–1870
6848:1712–1776
6842:1583–1907
6836:1907–1949
6830:1664–1776
6818:1637–1662
6816:New Haven
6812:1680–1776
6806:1686–1689
6800:1784–1867
6788:1628–1983
6782:1655–1860
6768:1632–1776
6742:1655–1962
6735:1733–1776
6729:1674–1702
6723:1701–1776
6717:1636–1776
6711:1818–1846
6693:1663–1712
6685:1867–1931
6679:1841–1867
6673:1791–1841
6667:1791–1841
6655:1762–1974
6648:1763–1783
6642:1763–1978
6636:1754–1820
6627:1866–1871
6603:1871–1981
6596:1643–1860
6590:1624–1966
6584:1670–1973
6577:1860–1981
6570:1632–1860
6495:1898–1930
6489:1892–1971
6483:1921–1946
6477:1826–1946
6471:1945–1946
6465:1946–1963
6463:Singapore
6457:1946–1963
6445:1702–1705
6439:1786–1946
6433:1923–1948
6431:Palestine
6419:1946–1963
6407:1891–1971
6401:1920–1932
6395:1762–1764
6389:1796–1965
6381:1948–1957
6375:1946–1948
6369:1885–1946
6363:1895–1946
6351:1848–1946
6345:1918–1961
6339:1811–1816
6333:1858–1947
6327:1841–1997
6325:Hong Kong
6321:1878–1960
6315:1795–1948
6309:1888–1984
6303:1824–1948
6291:Mauritius
6281:1874–1963
6269:1757–1947
6263:1812–1824
6253:1685–1824
6251:Bencoolen
6245:1879–1919
6233:1839–1967
6148:1887–1897
6142:1890–1963
6136:1890–1962
6122:1900–1910
6120:Transvaal
6116:1922–1961
6110:1899–1956
6104:1893–1968
6102:Swaziland
6098:1900–1914
6086:1915–1931
6080:1910–1931
6074:1884–1960
6068:1792–1961
6062:1903–1976
6048:1900–1910
6042:1891–1964
6040:Nyasaland
6036:1924–1964
6030:1900–1914
6024:1914–1960
6018:1884–1900
6012:1856–1910
6006:1810–1968
6004:Mauritius
6000:1807–1808
5994:1862–1906
5988:1920–1963
5972:1816–1965
5966:1882–1922
5960:1895–1920
5954:1891–1907
5948:1806–1910
5942:1795–1803
5936:1919–1961
5934:Cameroons
5871:1813–1964
5857:1921–1931
5842:1809–1864
5836:1807–1890
5827:Gibraltar
5822:1878–1960
5816:1794–1796
5770:*Current
5530:Languages
5295:(Unified)
5221:Treasurer
5172:Executive
5133:Judiciary
4832:Terrorism
4754:Cheena di
4749:Angampora
4612:Languages
4602:Education
4473:Transport
4428:Companies
4314:Mountains
4265:Districts
4260:Provinces
4247:Geography
4210:Elections
4091:Air Force
3944:Judiciary
3902:President
3894:Executive
3839:Education
3803:Civil War
3698:Mahāvaṃsa
3588:Overviews
3580:Sri Lanka
3480:128631455
3464:1469-8099
3130:8 October
3091:8 October
3055:"Journal"
3013:8 October
2621:8 October
2319:and both
2307:, of the
2277:Sri Lanka
2186:6,657,300
2175:5,306,000
2164:4,498,600
2153:4,106,400
2142:3,566,000
2131:3,007,800
2120:2,759,700
2109:2,400,380
2038:Singapore
1975:Mahavamsa
1822:enclosure
1767:the Crown
1394:691–1017
1282:Stone Age
1258:Subperiod
1211:Sri Lanka
1199:Sri Lanka
795:Sri Lanka
767:Sri Lanka
656:(1825–71)
648:(1815–28)
629:6,657,339
619:3,565,954
493:(1947–48)
485:(1931–47)
376:George VI
304:George IV
53:1796–1948
7976:7°N 80°E
7937:Category
7858:Abkhazia
7808:Thailand
7763:Pakistan
7743:Mongolia
7738:Maldives
7733:Malaysia
7633:Cambodia
7530:Category
7366:Colombia
7281:Kiribati
7158:Victoria
7098:Tasmania
6989:Virginia
6955:Stickeen
6943:Saybrook
6882:Plymouth
6828:New York
6766:Maryland
6758:Province
6721:Delaware
6691:Carolina
6683:Dominion
6677:Province
6640:Dominica
6588:Barbados
6560:Anguilla
6531:disputed
6512:Pakistan
6387:Maldives
6261:Billiton
6188:Rhodesia
6174:Tanzania
6170:Cameroon
6146:Zululand
6140:Zanzibar
5928:Botswana
5680:Category
5558:Religion
5477:Scottish
5397:Cinnamon
5315:Politics
5271:Military
5245:Governor
5201:Governor
5151:Justices
4953:Timeline
4854:Category
4709:Folklore
4646:Religion
4528:Graphite
4503:Cinnamon
4463:Taxation
4388:Wildlife
4361:Malvathu
4356:Mahaweli
4237:Scandals
4192:Politics
3844:Military
3834:Economic
3824:Monarchs
3753:Sitawaka
3610:Timeline
3429:(2007).
3397:(2010).
3101:cite web
2911:cite web
2858:cite web
2720:cite web
2710:4 August
2654:Archived
2499:2 August
2490:Archived
2345:See also
2313:Governor
2056:Post-war
2052:office.
2042:Malaysia
1717:cinnamon
1662:captain
1605:Republic
1587:Dominion
1519:Nayakkar
1381:463–691
1354:Monarchy
1317:Iron Age
1295:Unknown
1292:300,000
1269:300,000
1102:Timeline
780:a series
778:Part of
638:Currency
390:Governor
352:George V
328:Victoria
264:Monarchy
7833:Vietnam
7748:Myanmar
7728:Lebanon
7658:Georgia
7613:Bahrain
7603:Armenia
7521:culture
7275:Vanuatu
7065:Oceania
6740:Jamaica
6733:Georgia
6653:Grenada
6608:Bermuda
6582:Bahamas
6568:Antigua
6449:Sarawak
6161:Namibia
6022:Nigeria
5998:Madeira
5918:Lesotho
5877:Minorca
5846:Ireland
5814:Corsica
5741:Former
5647:Schools
5505:British
5472:English
5448:Culture
5441:Society
5407:Coconut
5368:Economy
4973:History
4943:Outline
4914:topics
4827:Poverty
4766:Theatre
4699:Fashion
4689:Cuisine
4666:Culture
4617:Sinhala
4565:Society
4553:Tourism
4513:Coconut
4493:Apparel
4483:Welfare
4411:Banking
4398:Economy
4309:Islands
4220:Parties
4066:Members
4019:Speaker
3915:Cabinet
3738:Gampola
3640:Periods
3632:History
3600:Outline
3472:4499807
3242:Sources
3029:Hansard
1635:Colombo
1621:History
1562:
1507:
1500:Kandyan
1469:Gampola
1436:
1347:
1308:
1289:
1236:Context
1192:British
1146:Sinhala
1097:History
1092:Capital
609:889,584
566:•
553:•
540:•
517:•
412:(first)
292:(first)
270:Monarch
247:Sinhala
241:English
228:Colombo
224:Capital
206:of the
194:Company
183:1795/96
157:Leipzig
93:Anthem:
7878:Taiwan
7813:Turkey
7778:Russia
7713:Kuwait
7693:Jordan
7683:Israel
7643:Cyprus
7628:Brunei
7623:Bhutan
7540:Portal
7360:Now a
7331:Guiana
7285:Tuvalu
6888:Quebec
6660:Canada
6601:Belize
6493:Weihai
6437:Penang
6425:Padang
6355:Malaya
6349:Labuan
6343:Kuwait
6319:Cyprus
6313:Ceylon
6307:Brunei
6279:Borneo
6273:Bhutan
6267:Bengal
6203:Zambia
6134:Uganda
5896:Africa
5869:Colony
5820:Cyprus
5808:Cyprus
5792:Europe
5758:Legend
5690:Portal
5520:Malays
5417:Rubber
5412:Coffee
5301:(Army)
4864:Portal
4775:Issues
4684:Cinema
4607:Health
4573:Topics
4538:Rubber
4518:Coffee
4433:Energy
4366:Kelani
4351:Rivers
4280:Cities
4012:Office
3812:Topics
3728:Jaffna
3703:Vijaya
3691:Epochs
3582:topics
3525:
3497:
3478:
3470:
3462:
3373:
3352:
3331:
3310:
3291:5 June
3266:
3032:, 1935
2189:+25.5%
2178:+17.9%
2156:+15.2%
2145:+18.6%
2123:+15.0%
1834:rubber
1826:coffee
1252:Period
1249:Period
791:states
782:on the
442:
427:(last)
394:
379:(last)
274:
192:&
171:Status
95:
7981:7; 80
7919:Macau
7838:Yemen
7798:Syria
7773:Qatar
7753:Nepal
7688:Japan
7663:India
7653:Egypt
7638:China
7283:and *
7249:Nauru
7243:Samoa
7217:Tonga
7176:Papua
6786:Nevis
6671:Upper
6665:Lower
6508:India
6373:Union
6331:India
6301:Burma
6257:Banka
6108:Sudan
6010:Natal
5992:Lagos
5986:Kenya
5980:Ghana
5964:Egypt
5640:Other
5484:Music
5402:Cocoa
5380:Rupee
4958:Years
4787:Crime
4739:Sport
4734:Radio
4719:Music
4694:Dance
4629:Media
4622:Tamil
4590:Women
4580:Birth
4543:Sugar
4508:Cocoa
4468:Trade
4448:Rupee
4285:Towns
4178:Wards
3758:Kandy
3743:Kotte
3615:Years
3476:S2CID
3468:JSTOR
3446:(5).
3434:(PDF)
3174:(PDF)
3149:(PDF)
2895:(PDF)
2888:(PDF)
2821:(PDF)
2493:(PDF)
2486:(PDF)
2402:Notes
2183:1946
2172:1931
2167:+9.6%
2161:1921
2150:1911
2139:1901
2134:+9.0%
2128:1891
2117:1881
2106:1871
1850:caste
1660:Dutch
1651:Moors
1639:Kandy
1487:Kotte
1368:1454
1246:Dates
1163:Tamil
252:Tamil
190:Crown
7967:80°E
7758:Oman
7723:Laos
7678:Iraq
7673:Iran
7279:Now
7273:Now
7223:Niue
7164:Fiji
6866:1843
6794:1579
6514:and
6506:Now
6337:Java
6293:and
6259:and
6221:Asia
6201:Now
6159:Now
5240:List
5196:List
4704:Flag
4533:Rice
4523:Gems
4498:Beer
4371:Kalu
4101:Navy
4096:Army
3620:2024
3523:ISBN
3495:ISBN
3460:ISSN
3371:ISBN
3350:ISBN
3329:ISBN
3308:ISBN
3293:2012
3264:ISBN
3232:2012
3209:2012
3182:2012
3157:2012
3132:2017
3107:link
3093:2017
3067:2016
3015:2017
2917:link
2903:2009
2871:help
2850:2009
2829:2019
2801:2013
2747:2014
2726:link
2712:2009
2690:2014
2623:2017
2598:2019
2576:2023
2551:2023
2526:2023
2501:2014
2462:2017
2299:The
2249:and
2227:and
2095:Pop.
2091:Year
2040:and
1964:The
1957:and
1937:and
1900:The
1832:and
1689:and
1565:115
1541:133
1510:147
1504:223
1491:180
1460:109
1452:365
1439:177
1420:215
1407:326
1389:228
1376:900
1350:106
1326:457
1216:The
587:1946
582:Area
69:Flag
7964:7°N
7890:and
7364:of
5066:Law
4679:Art
4548:Tea
4376:Gin
3872:Law
3452:doi
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