British Army during the Napoleonic Wars

2700:. The British, Dutch, Belgian, Nassau and German troops were posted on higher ground south of Waterloo. There had been heavy rain overnight and Napoleon chose not to attack until almost midday. The delay meant that the Prussians had a chance to march towards the battle, but in the meantime, Wellington had to hold on. The French started their attack with an artillery bombardment. The first French attacks were then directed against the Chateau of Hougemont down from the main ridge. Here British and Nassau troops stubbornly defended the Hougomont buildings all day; the action eventually engaging a whole French Corps which failed to capture the Chateau. At half past one, the Anglo-Allied Army was assaulted by d'Erlon's infantry attack on the British left wing but the French were forced back with heavy losses. Later in the afternoon, British troops were amazed to see waves of cavalrymen heading towards them. The British troops, as per standard drill, formed 1918: 1578: 1043:(known today as the "stovepipe"). In 1812, this was replaced by the false-fronted 1812 pattern infantry shako (known today as the "Belgic"). Despite modern literary claims to the contrary light infantry (including Rifle regiments) also converted to the 1812 pattern infantry shako from April 1813 as a letter by Colonel Sir Andrew Barnard of the 95th Rifles states:- " I have had caps enough in store to help the appearance of the 1st Batt. as it used to be but the 2nd and 3rd sport bang ups as the soldiers of the 52nd who were the first in the Division that put them on have christened them.." All regiments were expected to be compliant with regulations by April 1814. Grenadiers and Foot Guards continued to be issued bearskins, but these were not worn while on campaign. 2535: 2704:(hollow box-formations four ranks deep) after which the French cavalry was driven off. The British position was critical after the fall of La Haye Sainte, but fortunately, the Prussians started entering the battlefield. As the Prussian advance guard began to arrive from the east, Napoleon sent French units to stabilise his right wing. At around seven o'clock, Napoleon ordered his Old and Middle Guard to make a final desperate assault on the by now fragile Allied line. The attack was repulsed. At that point Wellington stood up and waved his hat in the air to signal a general advance. His army rushed forward from the lines in a full assault on the retreating French. Napoleon lost the battle. 997: 756:

allies...revenue agents, who collected the wide variety of taxes imposed to finance the wars; farmers, whose fortunes rose and fell not just with the weather but with the war; elites, who amidst war maintained many of the same old routines and amusements; workers, when the context of war found opportunities for new jobs and higher wages but also grievances that led to strikes and riots; and the poor, who suffered immensely through much of this.... participated in the war not just as relations of combatants but as sutlers, prostitutes, laundresses, spinners, bandage-makers, and drawing-room news-followers.

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receiving rations and places on troop transports. If there was competition for these places, selections would be made by ballot. Many soldiers also found wives or companions from amongst the local populations, whose presence in the army train was generally tolerated, despite being beyond the quota. However, at the conclusion of the Peninsular War only those wives officially on the strength were allowed to return to Britain with their husbands, resulting in a large number of women and children abandoned in France, with no provisions or means of returning to their homes.

1116: 794: 1687: 2349: 2077:, with the intention of linking up with another allied Russian army and creating a diversion in favour of Austria, but Cathcart made no attempt to attack the flank of the far larger French army. Cathcart established his headquarters at Bremen, seized Hanover, fought a small battle at Munkaiser, and then peacefully waited for news. After the death of Pitt and news of the Franco-Prussian agreement handing control of Hanover to Prussia, the ministry recalled Cathcart's army from Germany. 23: 1078:

tucked into tall Hessian or riding boots were worn, often covered with grey wool and leather overalls on campaign, in addition to a dark blue, later grey, double-breasted greatcoat. After 1811, officers were permitted to wear a short tailed coatee, grey pantaloons or trousers and low field boots on campaign. Officers generally wore silver or gold epaulettes (depending on regimental colours), with regimental badge to designate rank. An 1810 order stipulated that

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due to the collapse of the weaving trade and came from skilled artisan or even middle-class households. Most soldiers at the time signed on for life in exchange for a "bounty" of £23 17s 6d, a lot of which was absorbed by the cost of outfitting "necessities", but a system of 'limited service' (seven years for infantry, ten for cavalry and artillery) was introduced in 1806 to attract recruits. Soldiers began, from 1800 onward, to receive a daily

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Originally, the white trousers were cut as overalls, designed to be worn to protect the expensive breeches and gaiters worn by the rank and file, although on campaign, they were often worn by themselves; a practice which was later permitted except on parade. Soldiers were also issued with grey greatcoats starting in 1803. From the last years of the eighteenth century, the bicorne hat was replaced in 1800 by a cylindrical pattern infantry

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issue, and extreme measures were often taken to prevent such dishonour occurring. The skirmishing and forward positions maintained by light infantry frequently made the bearing of colours inconvenient. For this reason, the newly raised 95th Rifles received no colours, but the converted line regiments retained their existing colours. Some light infantry regiments opted not to carry them in the Peninsula.

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formation, the line formation enabled all muskets available to fire at the enemy. In contrast, only the few soldiers in the first rows of the column (about 60) were able to fire. British infantry were far better trained in musketry than most armies on the continent (30 rounds per man in training for example, compared with only 10 in the Austrian Army) and their volleys were notably steady and effective.

4096: 2140: 977:, the new specialised training camp for light infantry. Five other regiments (the 51st, 68th, 71st, 85th and 90th) were subsequently converted to light infantry. Under Moore, this change of role was accompanied by a change in the methods of training and discipline, encouraging initiative and replacing punishment for minor infractions with a system of rewards for good conduct. 704:, the army lost almost 25,000 men from wounds and disease while fewer than 9,000 were killed directly in action; however more than 30,000 were wounded in action, and many died in the days or weeks to follow. Seriously under-strength battalions might be dissolved, merged with other remnants into "Provisional battalions" or temporarily drafted into other regiments. 3184: 2449:, before withdrawing behind the impregnable Lines, leaving Massena's army to starve in front of them. After Massena withdrew, there was fighting for most of 1811 on the frontiers of Portugal, as Wellesley attempted to recover vital fortified towns. A British and Spanish force under Beresford fought the very bloody 2264:, opened the gates of the city to the British forces, allowing for one of the easiest conquests of a city by the British forces during the Napoleonic Wars. However, due to lack of supplies, and inconclusive operations against the Egyptian forces, the Expedition was forced to re-embark and leave Alexandria. 2604:

Although the United States of America was not allied to France, war broke out between America and Britain ostensibly over issues of trade embargoes and impressment of American sailors into the Royal Navy, both of which were directly or indirectly linked to the Napoleonic wars (the latter of which was

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British cavalry were excellently mounted and were reckoned superior to French cavalry if squadrons clashed, but because brigades and even regiments were rarely exercised in battlefield manoeuvres and tactics, they were inferior in larger numbers. Wellington in particular was highly unimpressed by the

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From 1812, the uniforms of most of the remaining British cavalry changed, following French styles. The heavy cavalry (excepting the Household Cavalry who adopted a helmet with a prominent woolen comb and the Scots Greys, who retained their bearskins) adopted a helmet with a horsetail crest like those

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wore one on each shoulder, badged with a star (for majors), a crown (lieutenant colonels) or star and crown (colonels). Grenadier, fusilier and light infantry officers wore more ornate versions of the shoulder wings their men wore on both shoulders; trimmed with lace, chain or bullion. Generals, from

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that applied to its tunics. In addition from 1800 onwards, each regiment adopted a style of lace - square or bastion - worn across the chest, framing the buttons. There was no standardised supply for uniforms, and it was generally left to the regimental colonel to contract for and obtain uniforms for

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The line formation was the most favoured, as it offered the maximum firepower, about 1000 to 1500 bullets per minute. Though the manual laid down that lines were to be formed in three ranks, the lines were often formed only two ranks deep, especially in the Peninsula. While the French favoured column

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in 1793, the army was a small, awkwardly administered force of barely 40,000 men. By the end of the period, the numbers had vastly increased. At its peak, in 1813, the regular army contained over 250,000 men. The British infantry was "the only military force not to suffer a major reverse at the hands

1249:, which was very sharply curved and generally used for cutting only. Later in the period, light cavalry carried the short "Paget" carbine, which had a ramrod attached by a swivel for convenient use. In 1806, four light dragoon regiments (the 7th, 10th, 15th and 18th) were converted into regiments of 2726:

up were disbanded, and by 1821 the army numbered only 101,000 combatants, 30% of which were stationed in the colonies, especially India. Over the following decades, various regiments were added, removed or reformed to respond to military or colonial needs, but it never grew particularly large again

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Shortly after the resumption of war on the continent, the East India Company once again became involved in war with an Indian power, this time with the Maratha Empire, supported by France. British regiments of infantry, artillery and cavalry once again formed the core of the Company army, this time

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in 1798. It consisted even when first transferred of soldiers of mixed nationalities, and later recruited from among prisoners of war and deserters from all over Europe. It later served in North America. Two Swiss units in French service were also taken into British service about the same time. The

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and other north German states. In total, it formed two dragoon regiments (which later became light dragoons), three hussar regiments, eight line and two light infantry battalions, and five artillery batteries. Although it never fought as an independent force, its units were often brigaded together.

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Until the issue of the 1812 pattern infantry cap (or “Belgic”) in 1812, company officers wore bicorne hats; afterwards, they usually wore the same headgear as their men while on campaign, their status as officers denoted with braided cords. Generals, field officers and staff officers generally wore

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tartan. White, yellow or red lines were added to distinguish between regiments. Trousers for the rank and file were generally of white cotton duck canvas for summer use, and grey woolen trousers were issued for winter wear, although considerable variation exists in the color of the woolen trousers.

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a whole host of other civilian, actors, including: army contractors, who provided massive quantities of tents, knapsacks, canteens, uniforms, shoes, muskets, gunpowder, ships, maps, fortifications, meat, and biscuit; bankers and speculators, who funded the supplies as well as subsidies to Britain's

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officially governed the selection and promotion of officers, but the system was considerably relaxed during the wars. One in twenty (5%) of the officers from regular battalions had been raised from the ranks, and less than 20% of first commissions were by purchase. The Duke of York oversaw a reform

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In 1814, larger numbers of British regulars became available after the abdication of Napoleon. However, long and inadequate supply lines constrained the British war effort. In Chesapeake Bay, a British force captured and burned Washington, but was repulsed at Baltimore. Neither side could strike a

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over mountain roads and through bitter winter weather. French cavalry pursued the British Army the length of the journey, and a Reserve Division was set to provide rearguard protection for the British troops, which were engaged in much fighting. About 4,000 troops separated from the main force and

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While on campaign, it was customary for men to sleep in the open, using their blankets or greatcoats for warmth. Simple blanket tents could be made from two blankets, supported by firelocks, a ramrod, and fixed to the ground with bayonets. At other times, huts could be made using branches covered

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were originally formed from French Royalist emigres in 1801, and served throughout the wars. The unit served chiefly in the Mediterranean until 1811, when it participated in the later stages of the Peninsular War. It had a good record in battle but later became notorious for desertion, and was not

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Officers were responsible for providing (and paying for) their own uniforms. Consequently, variable styles and decorations were present, according to the officer's private means. Officers in the Infantry wore scarlet coattees with long tails fastened with turnbacks. Close-fitting white pantaloons,

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himself said that many of the men "enlist from having got bastard children – some for minor offences – some for drink". They were, he once said, "the scum of the earth; it is really wonderful that we should have made them to the fine fellows they are." In Scotland however, a number of men enlisted

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were raised before 1803 in Canada or the Maritime provinces (Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) as regulars for service in North America. (The New Brunswick Fencibles volunteered for general service and became the 104th Regiment of Foot, but did not serve outside the continent.) A fifth

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For most of the wars, British cavalry formed a lower proportion of armies in the field than most other European armies, mainly because it was more difficult to transport horses by ship than foot soldiers, and the horses usually required several weeks to recuperate on landing. British cavalry were

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There were eventually 104 regiments of the line. They were numbered and, from 1781, were given territorial designations, which roughly represented the area from which troops were drawn. This was not entirely rigid, and most regiments had a significant proportion of English, Irish, Scots and Welsh

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ranged in background also. They were expected to be literate, but otherwise came from varied educational and social backgrounds. Although an officer was supposed also to be a "gentleman", this referred to an officer's character and honourable conduct rather than his social standing. The system of

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Those veterans had won nineteen pitched battles and innumerable combats; had made or sustained ten sieges and taken four great fortresses; had twice expelled the French from Portugal, once from Spain; had penetrated France, and killed wounded or captured two hundred thousand enemies — leaving of

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The Allies then established a new front in southern Holland and Germany, but with poor co-ordination and failing supplies were forced to continue their retreat through the arduous winter of 1794/5. By spring 1795 the British force had left Dutch territory entirely, and reached the port of Bremen

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uniform, the musket-armed light infantry units wore tailless jackets in the traditional red colour. In addition to light infantry duties, they could form up in close order and perform as line infantry if required. They were armed with the "New Light Infantry Land Pattern" of the standard musket,

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the French armies were routed, disgorging an enormous quantity of loot, which caused the British troops to abandon the pursuit and break ranks to plunder. Wellington's troops subsequently defeated French attempts to relieve their remaining fortresses in Spain. During the autumn and winter, they

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Soldiers were allowed to marry, but wives were expected to submit to army rules and discipline, as well contribute to regimental affairs by performing washing, cooking and other duties. Six women per company were officially "on the strength" and could accompany their husbands on active service,

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The light cavalry units consisted of fourteen regiments of Light Dragoons, which had been formed during the eighteenth century to carry out the roles of scouting and patrolling. In many cases, the regiments were originally troops attached to heavy regiments, before being separated from them and

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The colours were carried into battle for identification, and as a rallying point, in the care of sergeants or ensigns. Attending the colours in battle was dangerous, since they were a target for enemy artillery and assault. Due to the symbolic significance of the colours, their loss was a grave

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was originally created from the disbanded Swiss Guards in the pay of France. Dillon's regiment was also formed from Swiss émigrés from French service. These two regiments were merged into a single provisional battalion, termed the Roll-Dillon battalion, at some stage in the Peninsular War. The

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The oldest of these was the 60th Regiment, which had originally been raised in 1756 for service in America, and which had long been composed primarily of Germans. During the Napoleonic Wars, most of the seven battalions of this regiment served as garrison troops in territories such as the West

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I considered our (British) cavalry so inferior to the French from the want of order, that although I considered one squadron a match for two French, I didn't like to see four British opposed to four French: and as the numbers increased and order, of course, became more necessary I was the more

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When war resumed, Britain once again attacked the French possessions in the West Indies. The French armies which had been sent to recover Haiti in 1803 had, like the British armies earlier, been ravaged by disease, so only isolated garrisons opposed the British forces. In 1805, as part of the

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formed part of an Allied army with Hanoverian, Dutch, Hessian, Austrian and Prussian contingents, which faced the French Republican Armée du Nord, the Armée des Ardennes and the Armée de la Moselle. The Allies enjoyed several early victories, (including a largely British-fought battle at

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The British cavalry was usually organised into brigades, but no higher formations. (The cavalry division referred to all cavalry units of an army.) Brigades were attached to infantry divisions or columns, or sometimes acted directly under the command of the cavalry commander of an army.

790:, each of which had 2 or 3 battalions. In background and natural attributes, many recruits to the Foot Guards differed little from those recruited into other regiments, but they received superior training, were better paid, highly motivated and expected to maintain rigorous discipline. 1307:

Indies, but the 5th battalion was raised in 1797 from two other emigre units (Hompesch's Mounted Riflemen and Lowenstein's Chasseurs) as a specialised corps of skirmishers armed with the Baker Rifle, and the 7th battalion was specifically formed to serve in North America during the

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not even brought up during the Treaty of Ghent). For the first two years of the war, a small number of British regular units formed the hard core around which the Canadian militia rallied. Multiple US invasions north of the border were repulsed; such an example can be seen at the

857:, musicians and officers), but active service depleted the numbers. Generally, the 1st (or senior) battalion of a regiment would draw fit recruits from the 2nd battalion to maintain its strength. If also sent on active service, the 2nd battalion would consequently be weaker. 1506:) was raised as war with the United States of America appeared inevitable. There were also ad-hoc units, such as the Michigan Fencibles and the Mississippi Volunteer Artillery which served in a specific theatre, such as the west around Prairie du Chien and Credit Island. 1034:, although six of these regiments exchanged the kilt for regulation trousers or tartan trews in 1809. Officers of Highland regiments wore a crimson silk sash worn from the left shoulder to the right hip. Regimental tartans were worn but they were all derived from the 1228:

and six regiments of Dragoons. The Dragoon Guards had been regiments of heavy cavalry in the eighteenth century, but had been converted to dragoons to save money. The heavy cavalry wore red jackets and bicorne hats. From 1796, they were armed with the straight

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Britain mobilized a vast civilian support network to support its 1 million soldiers. Historian Jenny Uglow (2015) explores a multitude of connections between the Army and its support network, as summarized by a review of her book by Christine Haynes:

1888:. Although the British troops captured the Dutch fleet, but after the defeat at Castricum, the expedition was a failure and the British commander in chief, the Duke of York negotiated a capitulation which allowed the British to sail away unmolested. 1151:

with the Regiment's number in the centre, surrounded by a wreath. The Second was in the colour of the regimental facings with a small Union Flag in the corner and the regimental number in centre. (Units whose facing colours were red or white used a

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his men, which allowed for some regimental variation. Generally, this was in the form of specific regimental badges, or ornamentation for specialised flank companies, but occasionally major differences existed. Highland regiments generally wore

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Whitelock launched a bungled attack on Buenos Aires on 5 July 1807, in which the British troops suffered heavy casualties and were trapped in the city. Finally he capitulated, and the troops returned ignominiously to Britain. Whitelock was

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expanded. Some regiments were raised specifically to serve overseas; the 19th and 25th (later the 22nd) Light Dragoons to serve in India, and the 20th to serve in Jamaica. The light dragoons wore short blue braided jackets and the leather

1334:. After being disbanded during the Peace of Amiens, the regiment was reformed in 1803 from Corsicans and Italians (Italian was the main language spoken among Corsicans). It served in the Mediterranean, and was not disbanded until 1817. 877:

became the standard drill book for the infantry. As the wars progressed line infantry tactics were developed to allow more flexibility for command and control, placing more reliance upon the officers on the spot for quick reactions.

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was a vital port of call on the long sea voyage to India. An expedition was sent to capture it in 1805. (It had first been captured in 1796, but was returned under the Treaty of Amiens.) British troops under Lieutenant General Sir

1641:. A land force of 18,000 of mixed nationalities, including 2,000 British (mainly Royal Marines), gathered to protect Toulon against a French Republican counter-attack. The commander of the British contingent, Lieutenant General 2480:, another strong fortress, which the British had failed to carry on an earlier occasion. There was heavy fighting with very high casualties and Wellesley ordered a withdrawal, but a diversionary attack had gained a foothold by 1548:

Officers also needed permission from their commanding officers to marry, and for their wives to accompany them, but they were not subject to quota, although restrictions might be made due to the officer's age or seniority.

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Soon after the assault on Badajoz, Wellesley (now raised to the peerage as Marquess Wellington) marched into northern Spain. For a month the British and French armies marched and counter-marched against each other around

1381:, the former sovereign power in the Dutch Republic. The troops received both the King's Colours and regimental colours after Dutch model. The brigade counted four regiments of infantry of 18 companies each, 1 regiment of 1400:

was formed in Hanover in 1795 from remnants of Franco-Dutch units. It consisted of three companies and between 1796 and 1803 served in the West Indies to man guns in forts there. In 1803 it was amalgamated into the

1946:, Britain mounted an expedition to expel the French from Egypt. After careful preparations and rehearsals in Turkish anchorages, a British force under Sir Ralph Abercromby made a successful opposed landing at the 1091:

over the right shoulder, and rank was denoted by the spacing of buttons on the coatee: Major generals wore their buttons in pairs, lieutenant generals in threes and full generals wore their buttons singly spaced.

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The British Army fought on a number of fronts during the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic wars, with a brief pause from 1802 to 1803 (and from 1814 to 1815, after Bonaparte abdicated for the first time).

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The British Army drew many of its raw recruits from the lowest classes of Britain. Since army life was known to be harsh, and the remuneration low, it attracted mainly those for whom civilian life was worse. The

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This was the last war fought between the East India Company and the Kingdom of Mysore. British regular regiments again formed part of the East India Company army, this time under the command of British general

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in February 1814. In France, the discipline of Wellington's British and Portuguese troops was far superior to that of the Spanish, and even that of the French, thanks to plentiful supplies delivered by sea.

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and the main attack through the breaches was renewed. The fortress was taken, at great cost (over 5000 British casualties), and for three days the army sacked and pillaged the town in undisciplined revenge.

1966:, under which Britain restored many captured territories to France and its allies. The "peace" proved merely to be an interlude, with plotting and preparations for a renewal of war continuing on both sides. 1726:. Out of 89,000 British soldiers who served in the West Indies, 43,747 died of yellow fever or other tropical diseases. Another 15,503 were discharged, no longer fit for service, or deserted. The islands of 2504:

In spring 1813, Wellington resumed the offensive, leaving Portugal and marching northwards through Spain, dropping the lines of communication to Lisbon and establishing new ones to the Spanish ports on the

1660:. Relations between the British and Corsicans soured, and the island was evacuated after Spain declared war on Britain, making it impossible for the Royal Navy to maintain communications with the island. 1532:

After the end of the War in 1815, almost all the fencible and volunteer units were disbanded. Many of the troops and British soldiers discharged in Canada received land grants and became settlers.

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musket. This had an effective range of 100 yards, but fire was often reserved until a charging enemy was within 50 yards. Although the French infantry (and, earlier, the Americans) frequently used

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and Invalid Corps of Royal Engineers were specialised officers' bodies. The Corps of Royal Military Artificers consisted of six companies. There were also two Independent Companies of Artificers.

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where they were evacuated. The campaign exposed many shortcomings in the British army, especially in discipline and logistics, which had developed in the ten years of peacetime neglect since the

2501:. In October, the army retreated to Portugal. This "Winter Retreat" bore similarities to the earlier retreat to Corunna, as it suffered from poor supplies, bitter weather and rearguard action. 1954:, where the British troops demonstrated the effectiveness of their musketry, improved discipline and growing experience. The French capitulated and were evacuated from Egypt in British ships. 4106: 1273:

campaign in 1813, when he required large numbers of cavalry to ensure a decisive result to the campaign, and the Waterloo campaign, where the cavalry needed to be transported only across the

2123:. For the rest of the war, British troops defended Sicily, forcing Ferdinand to make liberal reforms. An allied force consisting mainly of Corsicans, Maltese and Sicilians was driven from 597:, the artillery had 40 companies in four battalions of Foot Artillery, 10 companies in the Invalid Battalion, two independent companies in India and a Company of Cadets. Two troops of the 2685:. Wellington successfully held Quatre Bras, but the Prussians were not so successful at Ligny, and were forced to retreat to Wavre. Hearing of Blücher's defeat on the morning of 17 June, 1420:

were formed from among French prisoners of war for service in North America. The companies became notorious for lack of discipline and atrocities in Chesapeake Bay, and were disbanded.

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in London, for example. In 1793, the first steps towards formal organisation were taken when fifteen general officers were appointed to command military districts in England and Wales.

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British infantry deployed in line prepare to repulse an advancing French column. Disciplined, short-range musket volleys, followed by a bayonet charge, usually drove off an attacker.

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In 1808, after Bonaparte overthrew the monarchs of Spain and Portugal, an expedition under Sir Arthur Wellesley which was originally intended to attack the Spanish possessions in

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for transportation to their new postings (several to North America). Many Spanish wives and girlfriends were left behind, to general distress. The cavalry rode through France to

1517:, was treated as a regular unit for most purposes. There were also several volunteer company-sized units of dragoons or rangers, and detachments of artillery. A militia company, 1449:

unit, which actually consisted of many nationalities. It was formed in 1801 from the debris of four Swiss regiments formed by the British for Austrian service, and served at the

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and allied to France). However, the decimated British troops evacuated Haiti, and Guadeloupe was never recaptured, becoming a major privateering base and black market emporium.

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There was no formal command structure, and various government departments-controlled army units depending on where they were stationed; troops in Ireland were controlled by the

4489: 2059: 2234:. A British land force under the command of Arthur Wellesley routed a Danish militia force. After the city was bombarded for several days, the Danes surrendered their fleet. 1715:. This was mainly for trade considerations; not only were the French West Indian islands valuable due to their plantation-based economy, but they acted as bases for French 1611:

supported by its local allies. British regular infantry and artillery regiments formed the core of the East India Company army serving under the command of British general

928: 2394:. In December, they were reinforced by 10,000 troops from England under Sir David Baird. Moore's army now totalled 36,000, but his advance was cut short by the news that 1385:(also of 18 companies), 1 battalion of artillery of 6 companies, and a corps of engineers (96 companies total). The brigade was used in Ireland in 1801, and later on the 6400: 2673:. Napoleon marched swiftly through France to meet them, and split his army to launch a two-pronged attack. On 16 June 1815, Napoleon himself led men against Blücher at 1513:

broke out, six (later eight) battalions of Select Embodied Militia were formed for full-time service from among the militia or from volunteers. One of these units, the

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who inspired the besiegers of the port. After the French captured vital forts which commanded the town and harbour, the British and their allies evacuated the port.

1265:. The Duke of Wellington objected to these changes, as it became difficult to distinguish French and British cavalry at night or at a distance, but without success. 6370: 6343: 3316: 2817: 731:, who trained and fought as private soldiers but messed with the officers and remained as such until vacancies (without purchase) for commissions became available. 716:

of the sale of commissions, making it necessary for officers to serve two full years before either promotion or purchase to captain and six years before becoming a

2534: 810:, ultimately had seven battalions. Battalions were dispersed throughout the army; it was rare for two battalions of any regiment to serve in the same brigade. 2230:

In August 1807, an expedition was mounted to Copenhagen, to seize the Danish fleet to prevent it falling into French hands. The expedition was led by General

1683:), but were unable to advance beyond the French border fortresses and were eventually forced to withdraw by a series of victorious French counter-offensives. 869:, during which the British infantry had fought in looser formations than previously, rigid close-order linear formations had been advocated by Major General 6041: 2368: 1518: 1203: 4358: 2164: 1612: 735: 712: 144: 2827: 2762: 565: 2310:. With substantial contingents from the East India Company, British troops also captured the Dutch colonies in the Far East in 1810 with the successful 2028:

In 1808, once the British were allied to Portugal and Spain, they were able to concentrate their forces and capture the French possessions one by one;

927:, but the British light infantry companies proved inadequate against the experienced and far more numerous French during the Flanders campaign, and in 4166: 2807: 678: 5951: 2686: 2372: 2352: 1991: 996: 838: 669: 6313: 5971: 4348: 2767: 1140: 775: 947: 700:

In periods of long service, battalions generally operated under strength; many discharges and deaths were due to wounds and disease. During the

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In 1806, French troops invaded southern Italy, and British troops again went to aid the defenders. A British army under the command of General

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The standard uniform for the majority of regiments throughout the period was the traditional red coat. Each line infantry regiment had its own

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was signed. Before news of it could reach the armies on the other side of the Atlantic, a British force under Wellington's brother-in-law Sir

6171: 6071: 5991: 3897: 3762: 2713: 2643:. But on 26 February 1815, Napoleon escaped from Elba and returned to France, where he raised an army. By 20 March he had reached Paris. The 1464:

was formed, which by 1812 became the 1st (Duke of York's) Greek Light Infantry Regiment and in 1813 a second regiment composed of 454 Greeks

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or "ague"). Although Flushing was captured, more than one third of the soldiers died or were incapacitated before the army was withdrawn.

590:). There were 36 Independent Companies of Invalids, known by their Captain's name, scattered in garrisons and forts across Great Britain. 2609:

in which battalions of 89th and 49th Regiments attacked and routed a significantly larger American force making its way toward Montreal.

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In 1809, Austria declared war on France. To provide a diversion, a British force consisting mainly of the troops recently evacuated from

1303:

units were formed from refugees from countries occupied by France, and from among deserters and prisoners of war from the French armies.

5966: 5604: 2231: 2074: 1922: 1907: 1319: 970: 870: 2011: 1103:. In light infantry units and the flank companies of line units, they carried the Pattern 1803 sabre instead. In highland regiments, a 6395: 6247: 4848: 4266: 1897: 1016: 693:

was established in 1803, teaching skirmishing, self-reliance and initiative. Unlike other armies of the time, the British did not use

215: 149: 92: 6166: 6161: 6146: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 5986: 5961: 5589: 4418: 4286: 4064: 4050: 3966: 3873: 3859: 3845: 3828: 3811: 3793: 3747: 3729: 3701: 3393: 2583: 2384: 1875: 1492: 1468:) which occupied Paxoi islands. These regiments included many of the men who were afterwards among the leaders of the Greeks in the 1461: 1378: 1362: 962: 910: 6176: 1269:

also more useful within Britain and Ireland for patrolling the country as a deterrent to unrest. Some exceptions were Wellington's

1188:

was retrospectively awarded, to surviving veterans of all ranks who applied, for service in campaigns during the 1793–1814 period.

2689:

ordered his army to withdraw on a parallel course to his ally; the British and Belgians took position near the Belgian village of

1824:, broke out in Ireland. The British Army in Ireland consisted partly of regular troops but mostly of Protestant militia and Irish 1456:

The British Army also raised units in territories that were allied to Britain or that British troops occupied. These included the

630:

During the later part of the 18th century Britain was divided into three recruiting areas—with England and Wales generally called

6036: 6031: 6011: 5312: 4717: 4520: 4115: 2666: 2086: 1246: 1172:("Peninsular Medal"), in round and cross varieties, was issue to battalion commanders and higher ranks for battle service in the 1129: 642:, was one administrative area. Home defence, enforcement of law and maintenance of order was primarily the responsibility of the 333: 118: 2204:, whose destination had been changed several times by the government, and whose troops had been aboard ship for several months. 2103:. However, after a brief occupation the allied position became untenable with the news of the disastrous Austrian defeat at the 6252: 6081: 5956: 3361: 2092: 1855: 1393:, after which most personnel (but not all) returned to the Batavian Republic, under an amnesty in connection with that treaty. 625: 197: 6292: 5976: 5921: 5916: 5272: 5150: 4793: 4671: 4494: 3923: 2752: 2577: 2473: 2430:. He and the Spanish commanders were unable to cooperate, and he retreated into Portugal, where he constructed the defensive 2340: 2095:, whose kingdom was important to British interests in the Mediterranean. In 1805 British forces under the command of General 1987: 1691: 1675: 1638: 1185: 939: 66: 6358: 2379:, by which the French evacuated Portugal (with all their loot) in British ships. Although this secured the British hold on 22: 6348: 6318: 5926: 5659: 5558: 5226: 4979: 4271: 4159: 2311: 2243: 2037: 2033: 1803: 1781: 1197: 76: 4626: 1541:

with ferns, straw or blankets. While tents were frequently used by officers, they were not issued to the men until 1813.

1417: 6338: 6076: 5251: 4999: 4914: 4338: 2812: 2153: 1927: 1859: 1711:

The other major British effort in the early French Revolutionary Wars was mounted against the French possessions in the

1616: 1370: 866: 685:

was removed for a large number of petty offences (while it was still retained for serious derelictions of duty) and the

413: 353: 192: 1764:

arrived in 1796, and secured many French territories, and those of Spain and the Netherlands (which was now titled the

1465: 5377: 5079: 4813: 4767: 4762: 4535: 4479: 4194: 2782: 2306:

To clear nests of French privateers and raiders, the Army captured the French dependencies in the Indian Ocean in the

2225: 2116: 1951: 1931: 1881: 1742: 1012: 919:

regiments. During the early war against the French, the British Army was bolstered by light infantry mercenaries from

187: 4691: 2606: 2127:

in 1808. The next year, British troops occupied several Greek and Dalmatian islands, although the French garrison on

1442: 2348: 1115: 6323: 6134: 6056: 6016: 5881: 5750: 5448: 5155: 5039: 4742: 4474: 4296: 4222: 4208: 4187: 4130: 2802: 2458: 2249: 2029: 1832: 1821: 1700: 1082:

wore one epaulette, on the right shoulder, while captains wore one of a more ornate pattern on the right shoulder.

242: 3383: 1353:; from deserters from the Batavian army; and mutineers of the Batavian naval squadron that had surrendered to the 6217: 5886: 5679: 5473: 5458: 5402: 5352: 5231: 5104: 5084: 4984: 4964: 4894: 4808: 4757: 4732: 4661: 4641: 4580: 4560: 4461: 4316: 4215: 2550: 1469: 1457: 571: 267: 988:

While line regiments fired in volleys, light infantry skirmishers fired at will, taking careful aim at targets.

6212: 5996: 5836: 5654: 5453: 5397: 5392: 5327: 5256: 5124: 5024: 4863: 4803: 4651: 4152: 2792: 2477: 2063: 1980: 1503: 1428: 1397: 1230: 742:. Promotion by merit alone occurred, but was less common. By 1814 there were over 10,000 officers in the army. 647: 643: 485: 123: 5911: 5584: 4919: 2493:. On 22 July, Wellington took advantage of a momentary French dispersion and gained a complete victory at the 1233:, a heavy hacking sword which was reckoned to be useless for thrusting, and also carried a long carbine. (The 2727:

until the First World War, and the Empire became more reliant on local forces to maintain defence and order.

1402: 6262: 6237: 5931: 5785: 5523: 5488: 5357: 5277: 5165: 5034: 5019: 4954: 4949: 4722: 4656: 4575: 4550: 3721: 2787: 2757: 2315: 2290:. There were numerous delays, and the Austrians had already surrendered when the army sailed. The island of 1947: 1848: 1815: 1480: 1338: 1315: 980:

Light infantry and rifle battalions were composed of eight companies. While the rifle-armed units adopted a

951: 822: 495: 3907: 2718:

Following the conclusion of the wars, the army was reduced. At this time, infantry regiments existed up to

1615:. After some initial setbacks, Cornwallis was ultimately victorious capturing the Mysorean capital city of 1479:

During early part of the Peninsular War, some Portuguese soldiers were organised into a Corps known as the

954:

were also armed with the same weapon. The rifle-armed units saw extensive service, most prominently in the

6297: 6257: 6242: 6222: 6202: 6197: 6051: 5795: 5710: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5644: 5634: 5538: 5493: 5478: 5009: 4889: 4727: 4631: 4606: 4565: 4515: 4499: 3997: 3833: 3137: 2431: 2419: 2383:, it resulted in the three generals' recall to England, and command of the British troops devolved on Sir 2367:

while reinforcements landed at nearby Maceira Bay. Wellesley was superseded in turn by two superiors, Sir

2178: 1999: 1657: 1596: 1572: 1473: 1409: 1327: 793: 707: 5901: 1835:

landed in the west of Ireland. After inflicting an embarrassing defeat on a British militia force at the

635: 6001: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5705: 5594: 5518: 5508: 5342: 5282: 5211: 5044: 4994: 4929: 4924: 4601: 4428: 4311: 2744: 2682: 2622: 2435: 2283: 2261: 1125: 1120: 966: 770: 598: 235: 225: 128: 113: 4934: 4530: 4135: 802:

together, except for certain deliberately exclusive regiments. The majority of regiments contained two

2549:, and Napoleon abdicated on 6 April. The news was slow to reach Wellington, who fought the indecisive 1906:, which was the source of much of Britain's trade and wealth. He was stranded there when Vice Admiral 1686: 6282: 6232: 5906: 5846: 5735: 5725: 5700: 5599: 5533: 5347: 5337: 5317: 5297: 5206: 5186: 5160: 5064: 5029: 4969: 4868: 4858: 4798: 4783: 4585: 3778: 2797: 2556:

Once peace agreements had finally been settled, the army left the Peninsula. The infantry marched to

2427: 2376: 2157: 1795: 1777: 1153: 1079: 850: 433: 108: 37: 2335:

their own number forty thousand dead, whose bones whiten the plains and mountains of the Peninsula.

985:

which had a rudimentary backsight to aid individual accuracy, using the bayonet lug as a foresight.

6287: 6066: 6061: 5790: 5740: 5624: 5609: 5528: 5513: 5407: 5307: 5221: 5109: 5069: 4989: 4959: 4939: 4873: 4838: 4823: 4818: 4788: 4752: 4747: 4707: 4666: 4570: 4555: 4540: 4525: 4484: 4261: 2494: 2131:

was too strong to be attacked. The British retained their Greek islands until the end of the wars.

2018: 1836: 1680: 1514: 974: 682: 609: 443: 272: 5861: 4323: 3799: 2442: 934:

The first rifle-armed unit, the 5th Battalion of the 60th Regiment, was formed mainly from German

727:

or peers' sons. A large proportion of officers came from the Militia, and a small number had been

6333: 6328: 6272: 6227: 6156: 6026: 5871: 5856: 5775: 5715: 5563: 5483: 5443: 5427: 5417: 5387: 5372: 5362: 5322: 5292: 5246: 5099: 5094: 5089: 4974: 4909: 4681: 4646: 4621: 4423: 4373: 4301: 4281: 4276: 2697: 2640: 2423: 2273: 2067: 2049: 1911: 1746: 1646: 1608: 1583: 1526: 1424: 1051: 818: 780: 739: 686: 521: 393: 363: 5119: 5049: 5014: 5004: 3031:

Rules and regulations for the formations, field-exercise, and movements, of His Majesty's forces

2200:

was sent from Britain to take command in the region, arriving at the same time as Major General

1437: 875:

Rules and regulations for the formations, field-exercise, and movements, of His Majesty's forces

765: 5684: 5649: 5619: 5579: 5553: 5543: 5498: 5468: 5422: 5367: 5287: 5236: 5216: 5201: 5191: 5170: 5140: 5114: 5074: 4899: 4833: 4828: 4686: 4616: 4469: 4388: 4383: 4306: 4291: 4060: 4046: 3962: 3893: 3869: 3855: 3841: 3824: 3807: 3789: 3758: 3743: 3739: 3725: 3697: 3389: 2690: 2655: 2644: 2634: 2538: 2519: 2510: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2412: 2364: 2279: 2170: 2148: 2100: 2096: 1787: 1765: 1642: 1600: 1595:

The first major engagement involving the British army during the Revolutionary period was the

1350: 1342: 1270: 1221: 1144: 1133: 1004: 881: 594: 575: 423: 2665:, the Allies formed two armies, with the Duke of Wellington commanding the Anglo-Allies, and 1722:

The resulting five-year campaign crippled the whole British Army through disease, especially

582:

and 81 battalions in 77 numbered regiments of line infantry, with two colonial corps (one in

6207: 6091: 5981: 5891: 5730: 5629: 5614: 5463: 5412: 5332: 5241: 5196: 5145: 5059: 4944: 4853: 4843: 4737: 4676: 4438: 3108: 3035: 2650: 2639:

It appeared that war was finally over, and arrangements for the peace were discussed at the

2561: 2527: 1995: 1963: 1761: 1390: 1358: 728: 723:

Only a small proportion of officers were from the nobility; in 1809, only 140 officers were

677:

allowance in addition to their regular wages; the practice was started on the orders of the

6086: 6021: 6006: 5896: 5780: 5770: 5745: 5720: 5548: 5382: 4904: 4712: 4636: 4611: 4433: 4363: 4251: 4175: 2701: 2674: 2618: 2614: 2498: 2418:

In 1809, Wellesley returned to Portugal with fresh forces, and defeated the French at the

2360: 2201: 2197: 2120: 1799: 1628: 1386: 1274: 1261:, while the light dragoons adopted a jacket and bell-top shako similar to those of French 1242: 1169: 1067: 915:

A number of infantry regiments were newly formed as, or converted into, dedicated regular

602: 583: 343: 307: 6353: 2777: 1253:, with no change in their role, but a great increase in the expense of their uniforms. 1220:

or "medium" cavalry in the French and other armies. They consisted of three regiments of

3937: 3028: 2590:. The attack, on 8 March 1814, failed and the British were repelled, with heavy losses. 1786:

In 1795 a combined British army and Royal Navy force under the command of Major-General

6365: 6277: 6267: 5800: 5639: 5503: 5302: 5054: 4398: 4378: 4368: 4328: 4201: 4110: 2823:

List of British general officers killed in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars

2587: 2523: 2464: 2327: 2257: 2139: 1943: 1735: 1450: 1377:

of 1793–95. The troops swore allegiance, both to the British Crown, and to the defunct

1346: 1225: 1181: 1173: 1071: 1063: 1031: 955: 916: 834: 701: 690: 383: 373: 1323:

The units of the Legion were regarded as the equal of the best regular British units.

1216:

At the start of the French Revolutionary Wars, the "heavy" cavalry were equivalent to

658:. Another structure of Recruiting Districts and Sub-Divisions existed alongside this. 6389: 5841: 4545: 4403: 4333: 4100: 3772: 3706: 2696:

On the morning of 18 June, one of the greatest ever feats of British arms began: The

2506: 2415:

in January 1809, Moore was killed; the remnant of the army was evacuated to England.

2209: 2104: 1754: 1366: 1083: 1022: 924: 898: 846: 826: 639: 631: 4393: 4229: 2438:

into divisions, most of which had two British brigades and one Portuguese brigade.

2182: 1723: 1184:

was issued to all soldiers who participated in that engagement. Decades later the

893:

The standard weapon of the British infantry was the "India Pattern" version of the

717: 694: 54: 30: 3989:

The Armies of the First French Republic and the Rise of the Marshals of Napoleon I

3931: 1300: 1208: 935: 3138:"Britain - Regimental lace patterns 1812 ( 1[st] to 10[th Foot])" 6181: 6151: 6139: 6096: 5851: 3954: 2997:

Christine Haynes, Review, ‘’Journal of Military History‘’ April 2016 80#2 p 544

2599: 2403: 2174: 1962:

After Britain's allies all signed treaties with France, Britain also signed the

1885: 1863: 1712: 1604: 1588: 1510: 1446: 1413:

even allowed to perform outpost duty, for fears that the pickets would abscond.

1308: 1234: 1088: 1035: 981: 943: 787: 579: 403: 5866: 2734: 2719: 2678: 2253: 2213: 2193: 1750: 1731: 1727: 1522: 1354: 1258: 1148: 894: 842: 674: 613: 4141:– army and battle dispatches; officer appointments, promotions and casualties 2613:

decisive blow which would compel the other to cede favourable terms, and the

2422:, driving them from the country. He again advanced into Spain and fought the 1694:

led British-allied forces through two ill-fated campaigns in the Netherlands.

1168:

The widespread use of campaign medals began during the Napoleonic Wars. The

2772: 2723: 2582:

In 1814, the British government had sent a small force to Holland under Sir

2490: 2391: 2291: 2062:, and was marching across Germany. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1716: 1498: 1432: 1382: 1177: 830: 807: 803: 663:

Social background of officers and other ranks in the British Army, 1750-1815

655: 548: 3362:"Heroes and Villains: Death and Desertion in the British Army 1811 to 1813" 3109:"[Uniforms of] The British Army in the Napoleonic Wars - 1806-1812" 1529:

black servants was raised in Upper Canada and later became a pioneer unit.

901:

in their muskets, the British infantry used only standard ball ammunition.

4057:

Following the Drum: The Lives of Army Wives and Daughters Past and Present

1831:

After the rebellion had already failed, a French expedition under General

6406:

Military units and formations of the United Kingdom in the Peninsular War

5831: 2557: 2515: 2481: 2411:. The French caught up with the main army at Corunna, and in the ensuing 2395: 2022: 1935: 1825: 1345:(defunct since 1795), who had emigrated to Germany and Britain after the 1318:, which was formed in 1803 and was composed mainly of German exiles from 1262: 1104: 1059: 1055: 734:

Promotion was mainly by seniority; less than 20% of line promotions were

651: 634:—which were further divided into Districts with their own Headquarters. 2670: 2662: 2295: 2287: 2071: 1739: 1653: 1331: 1250: 1217: 920: 814: 724: 720:, improving the quality of the officers through the gained experience. 578:, 27 line regiments of cavalry, seven battalions in three regiments of 2621:

was defeated foolhardily attacking heavily fortified positions at the

2294:, where they landed, was pestilential and disease-ridden (mainly with 2185:

for six weeks, but was expelled by Spanish troops and local militias.

1902:

In 1798, Napoleon Bonaparte had invaded Egypt, as a stepping stone to

1802:. At the same time another British force captured the Dutch colony of 1757:, who subsequently executed 865 French Royalists and other prisoners. 1637:

surrendered their port and city to a British fleet under Vice Admiral

4413: 2565: 2399: 2380: 2055: 1839:, Humbert's outnumbered army was surrounded and forced to surrender. 1634: 1582:

The Death of Colonel Moorhouse at the Storming of the Pettah Gate of

853:) beneath him. Ideally, a battalion consisted of 1000 men (excluding 587: 3339:"1st (The Duke of York's) Greek Light Infantry Regiment (1811–1816)" 3008:

In These Times: Living in Britain Through Napoleon's Wars, 1793–1815

2252:

was dispatched with the objective of capturing the Egyptian city of

1749:

which had first welcomed the British as allies turned against them.

1619:

and compelling Mysore to make peace on terms favourable to Britain.

942:, armed with the British Infantry Rifle, more commonly known as the 4099: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 4071: 1858:. The British forces defeated Mysore for the final time, capturing 1290:

unwilling to risk our men without having a superiority in numbers.

1285:

quality and intelligence of many of his cavalry officers. He said:

4144: 2546: 2463: 2402:, and was approaching with an army of 200,000. Moore retreated to 2347: 2138: 2128: 2124: 1916: 1903: 1685: 1576: 1207: 1114: 1040: 995: 880: 792: 764: 4017:

Het ontstaan van de Hollandse Brigade in Engelse Dienst 1799–1802

2248:

In 1807 an army and navy expedition under the command of General

2408: 1365:

in 1799. The brigade was commissioned on 21 October 1799 on the

1027: 854: 4148: 3890:

Britain against Napoleon: The Organization of Victory 1793–1815

2066:

immediately equipped an army of 15,000 men, and deployed it to

1046:

It was in 1802, during this period of uniform transition, that

4119:, vol. 9, London: Smith, Elder & Co, pp. 287–289 2882:

The Quebec Almanac; and British American Royal Kalendar, 1811.

2390:

In October, Moore led the army into Spain, reaching as far as

1798:. It remained in British possession for seven years until the 697:

to bolster army numbers, with enlistment remaining voluntary.

3804:

Dreams of Empire: Napoleon and the first World War, 1792–1815

2681:

commanded an attack against Wellington's forward army at the

1828:

units. The rebellion was marked by atrocities on both sides.

1745:, but the British units were almost exterminated by disease. 1738:

were captured in 1794 and 1795 by expeditionary forces under

2445:

invaded Portugal, Wellesley fought a delaying action at the

2002:

and further losses eventually compelled them to make peace.

266:

experienced a time of rapid change. At the beginning of the

3881:

Redcoat: The British Soldier in the Age of Horse and Musket

2647:

assembled another army and planned for a summer offensive.

2355:, who commanded the army in the Peninsula from 1809 to 1814 2192:

mounted a second invasion of the region in 1807, capturing

2099:

were part of an Anglo-Russian force intended to secure the

1806:, Ceylon, which remained in British possession until 1948. 1760:

Eight thousand reinforcements under Lieutenant General Sir

1054:. Their introduction allowed the rapid differentiation of 946:, was formed in 1800, and was brought into the line as the 4076:, Warof1812.ca, a subsidiary of The Discriminating General 3385:Émigré & Foreign Troops in British Service (2) 1803–15 1460:

and two battalions of Greek Light Infantry. Initially the

1245:

which had a thick woollen comb. They were armed with the

813:

A line infantry battalion was commanded by its regimental

638:

had separate Districts and organisation, and Scotland, or

958:

where the mountainous terrain saw them in their element.

3821:

The Peninsular War 1807–1814: A Concise Military History

3736:

Wellington's Peninsula Regiments (2): The Light Infantry

2375:, who delayed further attacks. Instead, they signed the 2021:, a French fleet carrying 6,500 troops briefly captured 1674:

In this theatre a British army under the command of the

1483:, which eventually was absorbed by the Portuguese Army. 1237:

wore a bearskin headdress and had a more curved sword.)

1099:

Officers were generally armed with the poorly-regarded

931:

in 1799, and light infantry development became urgent.

825:, of which eight were "centre" companies, and two were 570:

In 1793, shortly before Britain became involved in the

2441:

The next year, when a large French army under Marshal

2260:. The people of Alexandria, being disaffected towards 2160:

in January 1806, forcing the surrender of the colony.

626:

Recruitment in the British Army § Napoleonic wars

282: 4043:

British Colours and Standards 1747–1881 (2): Infantry

1143:: the First, or "King's Colour", and the Second, or " 2722:, but between 1817 and 1819, the regiments numbered 2497:. After occupying Madrid, Wellington unsuccessfully 6306: 6190: 6105: 5940: 5820: 5813: 5693: 5572: 5436: 5265: 5179: 5133: 4882: 4776: 4700: 4594: 4508: 4460: 4451: 4347: 4248: 4239: 2945: 2476:after a surprise move. On 6 April, he then stormed 1389:. It was decommissioned on 12 July 1802, after the 797:

An officer and private, 40th Regiment of Foot, 1815

1330:were formed in 1798 from among Corsican exiles on 2434:which protected Lisbon, while he reorganised his 2173:then conceived the idea of occupying the Spanish 2040:in 1810. Haiti was left to the insurgent armies. 806:, while some had only one. One special case, the 3755:Émigré and Foreign Troops in British Service (2) 6344:England expects that every man will do his duty 2818:Types of military forces in the Napoleonic Wars 2332: 2169:The naval commander of the expedition, Admiral 1645:, was captured in a minor skirmish, by Captain 1287: 1139:Most British battalions carried flags known as 3866:Weapons & Equipment of the Napoleonic Wars 3267: 3118:. Baccus 6mm, wargames figures and accessories 2256:to secure a base of operations to disrupt the 2143:British troops storming the Cape of Good Hope. 1930:. Abercromby's victory over the French at the 1820:A rebellion inspired by a secret society, the 1652:British troops and ships seized the island of 4160: 3784:Fletcher, Ian; Younghusband, William; (1994) 3598: 3596: 3577: 3575: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 2282:was dispatched to capture the Dutch ports of 2025:and other islands but subsequently withdrew. 1994:. Maratha forces were defeated decisively at 1101:1796 Pattern British Infantry Officer's Sword 738:, although this proportion was higher in the 243: 8: 3771:Dumas, Samuel; Vedel-Petersen, K.O. (1923), 2363:was diverted to Portugal. Wellesley won the 1373:who had been an allied commander during the 1204:British light cavalry of the Napoleonic Wars 3928:English Battles and Sieges in the Peninsula 2468:Major British battles of the Peninsular War 2177:colonies. A detachment under Major General 574:, the army consisted of three regiments of 5817: 4457: 4245: 4167: 4153: 4145: 3414: 3412: 3382:René Chartrand, Patrice Courcelle (2000). 3212: 3210: 2828:British Army awards in the Napoleonic Wars 2763:Chronology of events of the Peninsular War 1884:, a joint Anglo-Russian force invaded the 566:British soldiers in the eighteenth century 250: 236: 17: 3303: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 2808:The United Kingdom in the Napoleonic Wars 2514:forced the French defensive lines in the 1950:. Abercromby was mortally wounded at the 1519:Captain Runchey's Company of Coloured Men 6401:19th-century history of the British Army 3509: 3279: 3225: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3019:Fletcher & Younghusband 1994, p. 13. 2893: 2649: 2545:On 31 March 1814, allied armies entered 2533: 2353:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 2165:British invasions of the Río de la Plata 1341:was formed from former personnel of the 950:in 1802. Some of the light units of the 3838:British Infantry of the Napoleonic Wars 3676: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3521: 3497: 3291: 2984: 2982: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2838: 2768:Coalition forces of the Napoleonic Wars 2017:manoeuvres which ultimately led to the 1176:. The cross also saw the first use of 264:British Army during the Napoleonic Wars 206: 178: 162: 136: 100: 84: 45: 29: 4490:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom 3939:British Cavalry of the Napoleonic Wars 3718:The Oxford History of the British Army 3716:Chandler, David; Beckett, Ian; (2003) 3485: 3473: 2973: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2398:had defeated the Spanish and captured 1986:under the command of British generals 1719:who preyed on British merchant ships. 299: 294: 6172:Spanish American wars of independence 4073:The 41st Regiment and the War of 1812 3975:Oman, Charles; Hall, John A. (1902), 2714:British Army during the Victorian Era 2518:and crossed into France, winning the 1001:Colonel the Right Hon. Charles Lennox 119:British Forces South Atlantic Islands 7: 3999:The 1796 Pattern Light Cavalry sabre 3255: 2854:Chandler & Beckett 2003, p. 132. 2472:In January 1812, Wellesley captured 6157:Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War) 4070:Yaworsky, Jim (25 September 2013), 4041:Sumner, Ian; Hook, Richard (2001), 3864:Haythornthwaite, Philip J. (1996), 3850:Haythornthwaite, Philip J. (1995), 3204:Fletcher, Younghusband 1994, p. 27. 1418:Independent Companies of Foreigners 288:Statement of the British Army, 1811 3246:Sumner & Hook 2001, pp. 22–23. 2453:, while Wellesley himself won the 1910:destroyed the French fleet at the 1898:French campaign in Egypt and Syria 1656:, turning it temporarily into the 1212:British Household Cavalry charging 1017:British Army officer rank insignia 14: 3991:, London: Oxford University Press 3909:The British Army: 1 February 1793 3854:, London: Arms and Armour Press, 3840:, London: Arms and Armour Press, 3388:. Osprey Publishing. p. 20. 3237:Sumner & Hook 2001, pp. 20–1. 1876:Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland 1493:Canadian units of the War of 1812 1466:2nd Regiment Greek Light Infantry 1462:1st Regiment Greek Light Infantry 1379:States-General of the Netherlands 1369:, after it had been organised by 1363:Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland 1314:The largest émigré corps was the 911:History of British light infantry 6032:Frederick William III of Prussia 6012:Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly 4116:Dictionary of National Biography 4094: 3959:The Waterloo Campaign: June 1815 3116:Painting Guides, Napoleonic Wars 2927:Haythornthwaite 1995, pp. 30–31. 2737: 2087:Anglo-Russian invasion of Naples 2058:that Napoleon had broken up his 1295:Foreign units in British service 1247:Pattern 1796 light cavalry sabre 1007:in typical undress uniform, 1789 21: 6152:Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War) 6082:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies 4131:Redcoat: Officer fatality lists 4105:Stephens, Henry Morse (1887), " 4059:, London: Headline Publishing, 3977:A History of the Peninsular War 2946:Dumas & Vedel-Petersen 1923 2308:Mauritius campaign of 1809–1811 2093:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies 1603:supported by France and led by 1371:the Hereditary Prince of Orange 593:Administered separately by the 6067:Prince Regent John of Portugal 5977:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 5922:Frederick Augustus I of Saxony 5917:Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria 3987:Phipps, Ramsey Weston (1926), 3942:, Napoleonistyka, 31 July 2013 3930:, London: Chapman & Hall, 3711:The Age of Elegance: 1812–1822 2753:Army of Spain (Peninsular War) 2578:Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1814) 2119:won a lopsided victory at the 2012:West Indies Campaign 1804–1810 1938:'s military presence in Egypt. 1186:Military General Service Medal 1048:enlisted soldier rank insignia 948:95th Regiment of Foot (Rifles) 940:Experimental Corps of Riflemen 837:. Companies were commanded by 786:There were three regiments of 1: 6092:Prince Charles John of Sweden 3216:Sumner & Hook 2001, p. 3. 2667:Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher 2312:Invasion of the Spice Islands 2244:Alexandria expedition of 1807 1782:Capture of Trincomalee (1795) 1633:In 1793, French Royalists in 1198:Horses in the Napoleonic Wars 1132:defending the Colours at the 965:converted two regiments (the 3852:The Colonial Wars Sourcebook 3774:Losses of Life Caused by War 3680:Haythornthwaite 1995, p. 18. 3668:Haythornthwaite 1995, p. 19. 3195:Haythornthwaite 1987, p. 37. 3175:Haythornthwaite 1987, p. 24. 3166:Haythornthwaite 1987, p. 14. 3046:Haythornthwaite 1996, p. 26. 2813:Timeline of the British Army 2302:Indian Ocean and East Indies 2111:Sicily and the Mediterranean 2091:One of Britain's allies was 1928:Philip James de Loutherbourg 1701:American War of Independence 1074:ranks soon evolved as well. 867:American War of Independence 776:28th Regiment at Quatre Bras 3979:, Clarendon Press, p. 3823:, UK: David & Charles, 3647:Nofi 1998, pp. 19, 28. 3055:Haythornthwaite 1996, p. 5. 2988:Haythornthwaite 1987, p. 9. 2964:Haythornthwaite 1987, p. 8. 2918:Haythornthwaite 1987, p. 7. 2884:Quebec: J. Neilson, p. 11 . 2872:Haythornthwaite 1987, p. 6. 2783:History of the British Army 2586:to capture the fortress of 2226:Battle of Copenhagen (1807) 1882:War of the Second Coalition 1013:Red coat (military uniform) 905:Riflemen and light infantry 6422: 5927:Frederick I of Württemberg 4297:Confederation of the Rhine 4023:(in Dutch), archived from 4014:Ringoir, H. (8 May 2006), 3996:Read, Martin (July 2001), 3906:McGuigan, Ron (May 2003), 3834:Haythornthwaite, Philip J. 2803:Napoleonic Wars casualties 2711: 2632: 2597: 2575: 2459:Battle of Fuentes de Onoro 2325: 2271: 2250:Alexander Mackenzie Fraser 2241: 2223: 2162: 2135:South Africa and the Plate 2084: 2047: 2009: 1978: 1895: 1873: 1846: 1822:Society of United Irishmen 1813: 1775: 1772:Muizenberg and Ceylon 1795 1753:was recaptured in 1796 by 1667: 1626: 1570: 1490: 1201: 1195: 1010: 969:and his own regiment, the 908: 821:, and was composed of ten 660: 623: 601:were being organised. The 563: 6396:Armies of Napoleonic Wars 6087:Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden 6077:William, Prince of Orange 5887:Pierre-Charles Villeneuve 4216:French Invasion of Russia 4182: 4055:Venning, Annabel (2005), 4045:, UK: Osprey Publishing, 3788:, UK: Osprey Publishing, 3620:Glover 1974, p. 329. 3611:Glover 1974, p. 326. 3142:Napoleonic Virtual Museum 3091:Chappell 2004, pp. 14–15. 2196:. Lieutenant General Sir 2060:invasion camp at Boulogne 1934:, resulted in the end of 1562:French Revolutionary Wars 1458:Royal Sicilian Volunteers 1427:was transferred from the 1180:. Following the battle a 1050:were first designated by 572:French Revolutionary Wars 557: 317:Royal Artillery, Invalids 285: 268:French Revolutionary Wars 5997:Archduke John of Austria 5992:Prince von Schwarzenberg 5837:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 3819:Glover, Michael; (1974) 3786:Wellington's Foot Guards 3753:Chartrand, René (2000), 3638:Bryant 1950, p. 86. 3073:Chappell 2004, pp. 9–10. 2793:Militia (United Kingdom) 2607:Battle of Crysler's Farm 2147:The Dutch colony at the 2054:In 1805 news arrived in 1981:Second Anglo-Maratha War 1923:The Battle of Alexandria 1504:Glengarry Light Infantry 1429:Dutch East India Company 1398:Dutch Emigrant Artillery 1231:1796 Heavy Cavalry Sword 973:), to light infantry at 865:In the aftermath of the 746:Civilian support network 648:Royal Veteran Battalions 603:Corps of Royal Engineers 486:Royal Veteran Battalions 461:Royal West India Rangers 325:Royal Artillery, Foreign 124:British Forces Gibraltar 5932:Frederick VI of Denmark 5882:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 4672:Greater Poland uprising 4495:Duc d'Enghien Execution 4107:Cathcart, William Schaw 3892:, Penguin, p. 76, 3734:Chappell, Mike; (2004) 3722:Oxford University Press 3341:. The National Archives 3319:. The National Archives 2788:Militia (Great Britain) 2758:British Volunteer Corps 1948:Battle of Abukir (1801) 1849:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War 1816:Irish Rebellion of 1798 1521:, composed entirely of 1502:fencible regiment (the 1481:Loyal Lusitanian Legion 1453:and in Canada in 1814. 1403:Royal Foreign Artillery 769:Infantry Square at the 540:Other Foreign Regiments 532:Brunswick Oels Infantry 513:German Legion Engineers 505:German Legion Artillery 334:Royal Artillery Drivers 6052:Ferdinand VII of Spain 4500:Coronation of Napoleon 3961:, USA: Da Capo Press, 3888:Knight, Roger (2014), 3696:, UK: HarperCollins, 3656:Nofi 1998, p. 31. 3317:"Greek Light Infantry" 2658: 2629:Waterloo Campaign 1815 2542: 2469: 2432:Lines of Torres Vedras 2420:Second Battle of Porto 2356: 2343:on the Peninsular War. 2337: 2179:William Carr Beresford 2144: 2006:West Indies, 1804–1810 1939: 1707:West Indies, 1793–1798 1695: 1658:Anglo-Corsican Kingdom 1597:Third Anglo-Mysore War 1592: 1573:Third Anglo-Mysore War 1474:Theodoros Kolokotronis 1445:was another nominally 1443:Regiment de Watteville 1410:Chasseurs Britanniques 1349:was overthrown by the 1328:Royal Corsican Rangers 1299:During the wars, many 1292: 1257:of French dragoons or 1213: 1136: 1105:basket-hilted claymore 1008: 886: 798: 783: 6339:Conference of Dresden 6248:Paris (February 1812) 6177:Swedish–Norwegian War 6002:Alexander I of Russia 4002:, The Napoleon Series 3912:, The Napoleon Series 3602:Chappell 2004, p. 34. 3590:Chappell 2004, p. 33. 3581:Chappell 2004, p. 24. 3560:Chappell 2004, p. 18. 3542:Chappell 2004, p. 17. 3082:Chappell 2004, p. 11. 3064:Chappell 2004, p. 14. 2745:United Kingdom portal 2683:Battle of Quatre Bras 2661:Basing themselves in 2653: 2623:Battle of New Orleans 2537: 2467: 2436:Anglo-Portuguese Army 2351: 2262:Muhammad Ali of Egypt 2142: 2070:under the command of 1942:In alliance with the 1920: 1734:and several ports in 1689: 1580: 1224:, seven regiments of 1211: 1147:". The First had the 1126:William Barnes Wollen 1121:The Battle of Albuera 1118: 999: 884: 833:and one a specialist 796: 771:Battle of Quatre Bras 768: 599:Royal Horse Artillery 226:United Kingdom portal 129:British Forces Brunei 114:British Forces Cyprus 6293:Fontainebleau (1814) 5847:Louis-Nicolas Davout 4768:Invasion of Portugal 3694:Marching with Sharpe 3533:Napier 1952, p. 549. 3463:Venning 2005, p. 14. 3454:Venning 2005, p. 15. 3445:Venning 2005, p. 31. 3280:Oman & Hall 1902 2845:Chappell 2004, p. 8. 2798:National Army Museum 2594:War in North America 2377:Convention of Sintra 2158:Battle of Blaauwberg 1952:Battle of Alexandria 1932:Battle of Alexandria 1778:Battle of Muizenberg 1423:The nominally Swiss 1339:King's Dutch Brigade 1316:King's German Legion 1107:was generally worn. 952:King's German Legion 729:gentlemen volunteers 434:West India Regiments 414:Infantry of the Line 155:Other ranks insignia 109:British Army Germany 62:units and formations 38:British Armed Forces 6319:Bourbon Restoration 6062:Maria I of Portugal 6047:Prince of Hohenlohe 6037:Gebhard von Blücher 4980:Neumarkt-Sankt Veit 4287:Swiss Confederation 3924:Napier, Sir William 3879:Holmes, R. (2002), 3629:Bryant 1950, p. 98. 3569:Glover 1974, p. 82. 3512:, pp. 288–289. 3436:Bluth 2001, p. 65. 3427:Bluth 2001, p. 63. 3418:Bluth 2001, p. 62. 3268:Napoleonistyka 2013 2936:Glover 1974, p. 37. 2495:Battle of Salamanca 2019:Battle of Trafalgar 1837:Battle of Castlebar 1664:Flanders, 1793–1796 1515:Canadian Voltigeurs 1470:War of Independence 713:sale of commissions 702:Peninsular Campaign 683:corporal punishment 610:Irish establishment 477:Garrison Battalions 444:Royal African Corps 6334:Continental System 6329:Congress of Erfurt 6253:Paris (March 1812) 6027:Peter Wittgenstein 5952:Duke of Wellington 5907:Prince Poniatowski 5872:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 5857:Auguste de Marmont 5252:Arroyo dos Molinos 5100:Walcheren Campaign 5090:Armistice of Znaim 4985:Dalmatian Campaign 4910:Tyrolean Rebellion 4030:on 13 October 2013 3713:, London: Collins, 3692:Bluth, BJ (2001), 3029:Online version of 2698:Battle of Waterloo 2659: 2641:Congress of Vienna 2551:Battle of Toulouse 2543: 2470: 2457:in April, and the 2424:Battle of Talavera 2357: 2341:Sir William Napier 2274:Walcheren Campaign 2145: 2050:Hanover Expedition 1975:Maratha, 1803–1805 1940: 1912:Battle of the Nile 1747:Haitian insurgents 1696: 1647:Napoleon Bonaparte 1609:East India Company 1607:, and the British 1593: 1497:Four regiments of 1425:Regiment de Meuron 1263:chasseurs a cheval 1214: 1137: 1009: 887: 819:lieutenant colonel 799: 784: 740:Household Division 687:Shorncliffe System 670:Duke of Wellington 612:, rather than the 549:Colonial Fencibles 453:Royal York Rangers 394:Royal Waggon Train 6383: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6371:Types of military 6167:Russo-Turkish War 6162:Russo-Persian War 6130:Anglo-Turkish War 6125:Anglo-Swedish War 6120:Anglo-Spanish War 6115:Anglo-Russian War 6042:Duke of Brunswick 5945:political leaders 5825:political leaders 5809: 5808: 4814:Medina de Rioseco 4536:Haslach-Jungingen 4470:French Revolution 4447: 4446: 4230:Seventh Coalition 3899:978-0-141-03894-0 3764:978-1-85532-859-4 3740:Osprey Publishing 2948:, pp. 36–37. 2656:Waterloo Campaign 2635:Waterloo Campaign 2539:Battle of Nivelle 2520:Battle of Nivelle 2511:Battle of Vitoria 2455:Battle of Sabugal 2451:Battle of Albuera 2447:Battle of Bussaco 2428:Battle of the Côa 2413:Battle of Corunna 2365:Battle of Vimeiro 2171:Home Riggs Popham 2149:Cape of Good Hope 2101:Kingdom of Naples 1843:Mysore, 1798–1799 1796:Dutch Cape Colony 1766:Batavian Republic 1670:Flanders Campaign 1601:Kingdom of Mysore 1567:Mysore, 1789–1792 1375:Flanders Campaign 1361:, all during the 1351:Batavian Republic 1343:Dutch States Army 1222:Household Cavalry 1154:St George's Cross 1145:Regimental Colour 1134:Battle of Albuera 827:"flank" companies 595:Board of Ordnance 576:Household Cavalry 562: 561: 424:Royal Staff Corps 273:Napoleonic France 260: 259: 171:Current equipment 93:Army Headquarters 67:current regiments 6413: 6147:Dano-Swedish War 6135:Anglo-Danish War 5987:Archduke Charles 5902:Jérôme Bonaparte 5818: 5751:Castel di Sangro 5660:Fère-Champenoise 5313:García Hernández 5227:Fuentes de Oñoro 4743:Guttstadt-Deppen 4480:Second Coalition 4458: 4439:French Royalists 4246: 4195:Fourth Coalition 4169: 4162: 4155: 4146: 4120: 4098: 4097: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4029: 4022: 4010: 4009: 4007: 3992: 3983: 3971: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3902: 3884: 3868:Arms and Armour 3816: 3781: 3767: 3681: 3678: 3669: 3666: 3657: 3654: 3648: 3645: 3639: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3621: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3591: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3570: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3543: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3470: 3464: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3244: 3238: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3205: 3202: 3196: 3193: 3187: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3167: 3164: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3113: 3105: 3092: 3089: 3083: 3080: 3074: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3056: 3053: 3047: 3044: 3038: 3036:Internet Archive 3026: 3020: 3017: 3011: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2934: 2928: 2925: 2919: 2916: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2855: 2852: 2846: 2843: 2747: 2742: 2741: 2740: 2702:infantry squares 2528:Battle of Orthez 2344: 2316:the fall of Java 2210:court-martialled 2075:William Cathcart 1992:Arthur Wellesley 1964:Treaty of Amiens 1762:Ralph Abercromby 1438:Regiment de Roll 1359:Vlieter Incident 1064:private soldiers 975:Shorncliffe Camp 938:before 1795. An 681:. Additionally, 469:Ceylon Regiments 283: 252: 245: 238: 150:Officer insignia 41: 40: 25: 18: 6421: 6420: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6375: 6302: 6186: 6107: 6101: 6057:Miguel de Álava 6022:Pyotr Bagration 6017:Count Bennigsen 6007:Mikhail Kutuzov 5972:Thomas Cochrane 5944: 5942: 5936: 5897:Louis Bonaparte 5824: 5822: 5821:French and ally 5805: 5689: 5605:Château-Thierry 5568: 5432: 5403:Maloyaroslavets 5261: 5175: 5129: 4920:Yevenes/Yébenes 4878: 4794:Rosily Squadron 4772: 4696: 4662:Waren-Nossentin 4590: 4521:Cape Finisterre 4504: 4475:First Coalition 4453: 4443: 4350: 4343: 4254: 4250: 4241: 4235: 4223:Sixth Coalition 4209:Fifth Coalition 4188:Third Coalition 4178: 4176:Napoleonic Wars 4173: 4127: 4111:Stephen, Leslie 4104: 4095: 4079: 4077: 4069: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4013: 4005: 4003: 3995: 3986: 3974: 3969: 3955:Nofi, Albert A. 3953: 3945: 3943: 3936: 3915: 3913: 3905: 3900: 3887: 3878: 3814: 3798: 3770: 3765: 3752: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3672: 3667: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3508: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3410: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3366: 3364: 3359: 3358: 3354: 3344: 3342: 3337: 3336: 3332: 3322: 3320: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3290: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3266: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3156: 3146: 3144: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2900: 2892: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2743: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2716: 2710: 2669:commanding the 2637: 2631: 2619:Edward Pakenham 2615:Treaty of Ghent 2602: 2596: 2580: 2574: 2499:besieged Burgos 2361:Central America 2346: 2339: 2330: 2324: 2314:and 1811, with 2304: 2276: 2270: 2246: 2240: 2228: 2222: 2202:Robert Craufurd 2198:John Whitelocke 2167: 2137: 2121:Battle of Maida 2113: 2089: 2083: 2052: 2046: 2014: 2008: 1983: 1977: 1972: 1970:Napoleonic Wars 1960: 1958:Peace of Amiens 1900: 1894: 1880:As part of the 1878: 1872: 1851: 1845: 1818: 1812: 1800:Peace of Amiens 1784: 1776:Main articles: 1774: 1709: 1672: 1666: 1631: 1629:Siege of Toulon 1625: 1613:Lord Cornwallis 1575: 1569: 1564: 1555: 1538: 1495: 1489: 1391:Peace of Amiens 1387:Channel Islands 1297: 1275:English Channel 1243:Tarleton helmet 1206: 1200: 1194: 1170:Army Gold Medal 1166: 1113: 1068:Colour sergeant 1019: 1005:2nd Foot Guards 994: 929:the Netherlands 913: 907: 863: 763: 748: 665: 628: 622: 584:New South Wales 568: 344:Royal Engineers 308:Royal Artillery 281: 256: 220: 202: 145:Senior officers 73: 72: 35: 34: 33: 12: 11: 5: 6419: 6417: 6409: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6388: 6387: 6381: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6374: 6373: 6368: 6366:Longwood House 6363: 6362: 6361: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6310: 6308: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6111: 6109: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6072:Count of Feira 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5967:Horatio Nelson 5964: 5959: 5954: 5948: 5946: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5877:Marshal Victor 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5828: 5826: 5815: 5811: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5655:Arcis-sur-Aube 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5398:Venta del Pozo 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5273:Ciudad Rodrigo 5269: 5267: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5151:Ciudad Rodrigo 5148: 5143: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5125:Alba de Tormes 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5025:Aspern-Essling 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4704: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4627:Jena–Auerstedt 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4512: 4510: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4466: 4464: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4399:Ottoman Empire 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4359:United Kingdom 4355: 4353: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4329:Ottoman Empire 4326: 4324:Denmark–Norway 4321: 4320: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4267:Polish Legions 4264: 4258: 4256: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4233: 4226: 4219: 4212: 4205: 4202:Peninsular War 4198: 4191: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4174: 4172: 4171: 4164: 4157: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4137:London Gazette 4133: 4126: 4125:External links 4123: 4122: 4121: 4086: 4085: 4067: 4053: 4039: 4011: 3993: 3984: 3972: 3967: 3951: 3934: 3921: 3903: 3898: 3885: 3876: 3862: 3848: 3831: 3817: 3812: 3806:, Hutchinson, 3796: 3782: 3768: 3763: 3750: 3732: 3714: 3707:Bryant, Arthur 3704: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3682: 3670: 3658: 3649: 3640: 3631: 3622: 3613: 3604: 3592: 3583: 3571: 3562: 3544: 3535: 3526: 3524:, p. 279. 3514: 3502: 3490: 3478: 3465: 3456: 3447: 3438: 3429: 3420: 3408: 3394: 3374: 3352: 3330: 3308: 3304:Chartrand 2000 3296: 3284: 3282:, p. 119. 3272: 3260: 3248: 3239: 3230: 3218: 3206: 3197: 3188: 3177: 3168: 3154: 3129: 3093: 3084: 3075: 3066: 3057: 3048: 3039: 3021: 3012: 3006:Jenny Uglow, 2999: 2990: 2978: 2976:, p. 158. 2966: 2950: 2938: 2929: 2920: 2898: 2886: 2874: 2856: 2847: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2732: 2729: 2712:Main article: 2709: 2706: 2633:Main article: 2630: 2627: 2598:Main article: 2595: 2592: 2588:Bergen op Zoom 2576:Main article: 2573: 2570: 2524:Battle of Nive 2474:Ciudad Rodrigo 2331: 2328:Peninsular War 2326:Main article: 2323: 2322:Peninsular War 2320: 2303: 2300: 2272:Main article: 2269: 2266: 2258:Ottoman Empire 2242:Main article: 2239: 2236: 2224:Main article: 2221: 2218: 2163:Main article: 2136: 2133: 2112: 2109: 2085:Main article: 2082: 2079: 2048:Main article: 2045: 2042: 2010:Main article: 2007: 2004: 1979:Main article: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1959: 1956: 1944:Ottoman Empire 1896:Main article: 1893: 1890: 1874:Main article: 1871: 1868: 1847:Main article: 1844: 1841: 1814:Main article: 1811: 1808: 1773: 1770: 1736:Saint-Domingue 1708: 1705: 1668:Main article: 1665: 1662: 1643:Charles O'Hara 1627:Main article: 1624: 1621: 1571:Main article: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1554: 1551: 1537: 1534: 1491:Main article: 1488: 1487:Canadian units 1485: 1451:Siege of Cadiz 1347:Dutch Republic 1296: 1293: 1226:Dragoon Guards 1193: 1190: 1182:Waterloo Medal 1174:Peninsular War 1165: 1162: 1112: 1109: 1096:bicorne hats. 1087:1812, wore an 1084:Field officers 1072:lance corporal 993: 990: 956:Peninsular War 917:light infantry 906: 903: 862: 859: 762: 759: 758: 757: 747: 744: 691:light infantry 661:Main article: 624:Main article: 621: 618: 560: 559: 555: 554: 551: 545: 544: 541: 537: 536: 533: 529: 528: 525: 522:Brunswick Oels 518: 517: 514: 510: 509: 506: 502: 501: 498: 492: 491: 490:12 Battalions 488: 482: 481: 478: 474: 473: 470: 466: 465: 462: 458: 457: 454: 450: 449: 446: 440: 439: 436: 430: 429: 426: 420: 419: 418:103 Regiments 416: 410: 409: 406: 400: 399: 396: 390: 389: 386: 384:Light Dragoons 380: 379: 376: 374:Dragoon Guards 370: 369: 366: 360: 359: 356: 350: 349: 346: 340: 339: 336: 330: 329: 326: 322: 321: 318: 314: 313: 312:12 Battalions 310: 304: 303: 298: 292: 291: 280: 277: 258: 257: 255: 254: 247: 240: 232: 229: 228: 222: 221: 219: 218: 212: 209: 208: 204: 203: 201: 200: 195: 190: 184: 181: 180: 176: 175: 174: 173: 165: 164: 160: 159: 158: 157: 152: 147: 139: 138: 134: 133: 132: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 103: 102: 98: 97: 96: 95: 87: 86: 85:Administration 82: 81: 80: 79: 74: 71: 70: 64: 57: 53: 48: 47: 43: 42: 27: 26: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6418: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307:Miscellaneous 6305: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6104: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5982:Manuel Lapeña 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5939: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5912:Prince Eugène 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5862:André Masséna 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5842:Joachim Murat 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5819: 5816: 5812: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5786:Rocheserviere 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5474:San Sebastián 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5035:Sankt Michael 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4950:Teugen-Hausen 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4456: 4450: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4252:client states 4247: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4184: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4165: 4163: 4158: 4156: 4151: 4150: 4147: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4102: 4101:public domain 4093: 4092: 4091: 4090: 4075: 4074: 4068: 4066: 4065:0-7553-1258-9 4062: 4058: 4054: 4052: 4051:1-84176-201-6 4048: 4044: 4040: 4026: 4019: 4018: 4012: 4001: 4000: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3970: 3968:0-938289-98-5 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3941: 3940: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3922: 3911: 3910: 3904: 3901: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3883:, p. 158 3882: 3877: 3875: 3874:1-85409-495-5 3871: 3867: 3863: 3861: 3860:1-85409-196-4 3857: 3853: 3849: 3847: 3846:0-85368-890-7 3843: 3839: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3829:0-7153-6387-5 3826: 3822: 3818: 3815: 3813:0-09-173926-8 3809: 3805: 3801: 3800:Fregosi, Paul 3797: 3795: 3794:1-85532-392-3 3791: 3787: 3783: 3780: 3776: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3749: 3748:1-84176-403-5 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3731: 3730:0-19-280311-5 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3702:0-00-414537-2 3699: 3695: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3644: 3641: 3635: 3632: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3608: 3605: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3584: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3563: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3515: 3511: 3510:Stephens 1887 3506: 3503: 3500:, p. 96. 3499: 3494: 3491: 3488:, p. 76. 3487: 3482: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3460: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3433: 3430: 3424: 3421: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3397: 3395:9781855328594 3391: 3387: 3386: 3378: 3375: 3363: 3360:Steve Brown. 3356: 3353: 3340: 3334: 3331: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3249: 3243: 3240: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3226:Yaworsky 2013 3222: 3219: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3181: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3155: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3117: 3110: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3088: 3085: 3079: 3076: 3070: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3032: 3025: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3003: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2967: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2939: 2933: 2930: 2924: 2921: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2894:McGuigan 2003 2890: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2875: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2848: 2842: 2839: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2735: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2715: 2708:Later history 2707: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2636: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2610: 2608: 2601: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2584:Thomas Graham 2579: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2553:on 10 April. 2552: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2508: 2507:Bay of Biscay 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2466: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2443:André Masséna 2439: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2373:Hew Dalrymple 2370: 2369:Harry Burrard 2366: 2362: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2342: 2336: 2329: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2275: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2245: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2232:Lord Cathcart 2227: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2166: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2141: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2105:Battle of Ulm 2102: 2098: 2094: 2088: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2051: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2036:in 1809, and 2035: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2013: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1982: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1899: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1877: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1856:George Harris 1850: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1794:captured the 1793: 1789: 1783: 1779: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1755:Victor Hugues 1752: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1682: 1677: 1671: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1630: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1590: 1586: 1585: 1579: 1574: 1566: 1561: 1559: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1500: 1494: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1419: 1416:In 1812, the 1414: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1367:Isle of Wight 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1304: 1302: 1294: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1210: 1205: 1199: 1191: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1155: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1085: 1081: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1023:facing colour 1018: 1014: 1006: 1002: 998: 991: 989: 986: 983: 978: 976: 972: 968: 964: 961:In 1803, Sir 959: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 932: 930: 926: 925:Low Countries 922: 918: 912: 904: 902: 900: 899:buck and ball 896: 891: 883: 879: 876: 872: 868: 860: 858: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 835:light company 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 811: 809: 805: 795: 791: 789: 782: 778: 777: 772: 767: 760: 754: 753: 752: 745: 743: 741: 737: 732: 730: 726: 721: 719: 714: 709: 705: 703: 698: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 671: 664: 659: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 640:North Britain 637: 633: 632:South Britain 627: 619: 617: 615: 611: 606: 604: 600: 596: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 567: 556: 552: 550: 547: 546: 543:10 Regiments 542: 539: 538: 534: 531: 530: 526: 523: 520: 519: 515: 512: 511: 507: 504: 503: 500:15 Regiments 499: 497: 496:German Legion 494: 493: 489: 487: 484: 483: 480:6 Battalions 479: 476: 475: 471: 468: 467: 463: 460: 459: 455: 452: 451: 447: 445: 442: 441: 437: 435: 432: 431: 427: 425: 422: 421: 417: 415: 412: 411: 407: 405: 402: 401: 397: 395: 392: 391: 388:25 Regiments 387: 385: 382: 381: 377: 375: 372: 371: 367: 365: 362: 361: 357: 355: 352: 351: 347: 345: 342: 341: 337: 335: 332: 331: 327: 324: 323: 319: 316: 315: 311: 309: 306: 305: 302: 297: 293: 290: 289: 284: 278: 276: 274: 269: 265: 253: 248: 246: 241: 239: 234: 233: 231: 230: 227: 224: 223: 217: 216:Installations 214: 213: 211: 210: 205: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 185: 183: 182: 177: 172: 169: 168: 167: 166: 161: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 142: 141: 140: 135: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 106: 105: 104: 99: 94: 91: 90: 89: 88: 83: 78: 75: 68: 65: 63: 59: 58: 56: 52: 51: 50: 49: 44: 39: 32: 28: 24: 20: 19: 16: 6354:Grande Armée 6314:Bibliography 6298:Paris (1815) 6258:Paris (1814) 6243:Paris (1810) 6223:Finckenstein 6198:Campo Formio 5957:Rowland Hill 5943:military and 5823:military and 5796:Rocquencourt 5665:Saint-Dizier 5635:Bar-sur-Aube 5590:Mincio River 5085:Schöngrabern 4864:2nd Zaragoza 4804:1st Zaragoza 4758:Stralsund II 4607:Campo Tenese 4581:Schöngrabern 4566:Cape Ortegal 4516:Diamond Rock 4394:Papal States 4228: 4221: 4214: 4207: 4200: 4193: 4186: 4136: 4114: 4088: 4087: 4078:, retrieved 4072: 4056: 4042: 4032:, retrieved 4025:the original 4016: 4004:, retrieved 3998: 3988: 3976: 3958: 3944:, retrieved 3938: 3927: 3914:, retrieved 3908: 3889: 3880: 3865: 3851: 3837: 3820: 3803: 3785: 3773: 3754: 3735: 3717: 3710: 3693: 3652: 3643: 3634: 3625: 3616: 3607: 3586: 3565: 3538: 3529: 3522:Fregosi 1989 3517: 3505: 3498:Fregosi 1989 3493: 3481: 3476:, I, p. 215. 3468: 3459: 3450: 3441: 3432: 3423: 3399:. Retrieved 3384: 3377: 3365:. Retrieved 3355: 3343:. Retrieved 3333: 3321:. Retrieved 3311: 3299: 3292:Ringoir 2006 3287: 3275: 3263: 3251: 3242: 3233: 3221: 3200: 3191: 3180: 3171: 3145:. Retrieved 3141: 3132: 3120:. 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The 1119: 1098: 1094: 1076: 1045: 1032:feather hats 1030:and ostrich 1020: 987: 979: 960: 933: 914: 892: 888: 874: 871:David Dundas 864: 812: 800: 785: 774: 749: 733: 722: 706: 699: 695:conscription 679:Duke of York 666: 629: 607: 592: 569: 553:5 Regiments 472:4 Regiments 438:8 Regiments 408:3 Regiments 378:7 Regiments 364:Horse Guards 358:2 Regiments 320:1 Battalion 300: 295: 287: 286: 263: 261: 77:Army Reserve 31:British Army 15: 6182:War of 1812 6140:Gunboat War 6097:Louis XVIII 5852:Jean Lannes 5766:Quatre Bras 5756:San Germano 5706:Occhiobello 5595:Champaubert 5585:La Rothière 5509:San Marcial 5393:2nd Polotsk 5358:1st Polotsk 5343:Majadahonda 5283:Villagarcia 5212:Campo Maior 5000:Piave River 4925:Ciudad Real 4915:Villafranca 4784:Dos de Mayo 4733:Stralsund I 4485:18 Brumaire 4419:Netherlands 4317:Württemberg 4089:Attribution 4080:24 November 4006:24 November 3946:24 November 3916:24 November 3777:, pp. 3486:Knight 2014 3474:Phipps 1926 3345:22 December 3323:22 December 3306:, p. . 3294:, p. . 2974:Holmes 2002 2600:War of 1812 2407:marched to 2175:Plate River 2154:David Baird 2117:John Stuart 2097:James Craig 2081:Naples 1805 1886:Netherlands 1864:Tipu Sultan 1804:Trincomalee 1792:Elphinstone 1788:James Craig 1713:West Indies 1639:Samuel Hood 1605:Tipu Sultan 1589:Robert Home 1523:free blacks 1511:War of 1812 1309:War of 1812 1259:cuirassiers 1235:Scots Greys 1089:aiguillette 1036:Black Watch 944:Baker rifle 873:. 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At the 2491:Salamanca 2392:Salamanca 2292:Walcheren 2268:Walcheren 2214:cashiered 2181:occupied 1681:Lincelles 1584:Bangalore 1553:Campaigns 1509:When the 1499:Fencibles 1383:Chasseurs 1156:design). 1141:"colours" 1060:corporals 1056:sergeants 971:52nd Foot 967:43rd Foot 831:grenadier 823:companies 808:60th Foot 656:Fencibles 558:Source: 398:7 Troops 279:Structure 163:Equipment 137:Personnel 6359:Uniforms 6273:Chaumont 6191:Treaties 5892:Joseph I 5832:Napoleon 5776:Waterloo 5716:Casaglia 5680:Toulouse 5564:Sehested 5539:Bidassoa 5519:2nd Kulm 5504:1st Kulm 5494:Katzbach 5484:Sorauren 5479:Pyrenees 5444:Castalla 5428:Berezina 5418:Smoliani 5388:Tarutino 5373:Borodino 5363:Valutino 5353:Smolensk 5323:Ostrovno 5293:Maguilla 5257:Valencia 5247:Saguntum 5095:Talavera 4975:Ratisbon 4965:Landshut 4940:Bergisel 4935:Medellín 4849:Espinosa 4809:Valencia 4682:Czarnowo 4652:Pasewalk 4647:Prenzlau 4622:Saalfeld 4561:Caldiero 4531:Günzburg 4409:Sardinia 4384:Portugal 4139:archives 3957:(1998), 3926:(1952), 3836:(1987), 3802:(1989), 3709:(1950), 3472:quoted, 3147:24 April 3122:24 April 2731:See also 2691:Waterloo 2677:, while 2562:Boulogne 2558:Bordeaux 2526:and the 2516:Pyrenees 2482:escalade 2461:in May. 2426:and the 2396:Napoleon 2371:and Sir 2284:Flushing 2190:Auchmuty 2188:General 2156:won the 2023:Dominica 1936:Napoleon 1826:Yeomanry 1218:dragoons 1052:chevrons 923:and the 839:captains 829:: one a 761:Infantry 708:Officers 654:and the 652:Yeomanry 535:1 Corps 527:1 Corps 516:1 Corps 508:1 Corps 448:1 Corps 428:1 Corps 348:1 Corps 338:1 Corps 328:1 Corps 207:Location 193:Timeline 101:Overseas 6106:Related 5685:Bayonne 5650:Craonne 5620:Mormant 5580:Brienne 5554:Nivelle 5544:Leipzig 5499:Dresden 5469:Vitoria 5454:Bautzen 5423:Krasnoi 5368:Mesoten 5328:Vitebsk 5288:Almaraz 5278:Badajoz 5237:Albuera 5222:Almeida 5217:Sabugal 5202:Redinha 5192:Barrosa 5171:Bussaco 5166:Almeida 5146:Astorga 5115:Tamames 5075:Gefrees 5030:Alcañiz 4970:Eckmühl 4900:Corunna 4869:Sahagún 4834:Zornoza 4829:Vimeiro 4799:Cabezón 4723:Kolberg 4692:Pułtusk 4687:Golymin 4677:Hamelin 4657:Stettin 4617:Schleiz 4462:Prelude 4454:battles 4429:Hanover 4374:Prussia 4364:Austria 4302:Bavaria 4282:Etruria 4277:Holland 4249:France, 4242:gerents 4113:(ed.), 4103:: 4034:6 April 3034:at the 2663:Belgium 2478:Badajoz 2404:Corunna 2296:malaria 2288:Antwerp 2280:Corunna 2220:Denmark 2072:General 2068:Hanover 2030:Cayenne 1833:Humbert 1740:General 1654:Corsica 1357:in the 1332:Menorca 1320:Hanover 1271:Vitoria 1251:Hussars 1192:Cavalry 1111:Colours 992:Uniform 936:émigrés 921:Germany 861:Tactics 847:ensigns 841:, with 815:colonel 644:Militia 636:Ireland 524:Cavalry 301:Numbers 188:History 179:History 36:of the 6283:Mantua 6233:Cintra 6228:Tilsit 6208:Amiens 5746:Ancona 5731:Pesaro 5701:Panaro 5630:Orthez 5615:Garris 5529:Roßlau 5524:Göhrde 5464:Luckau 5449:Lützen 5413:Vyazma 5383:Burgos 5378:Moscow 5333:Kobryn 5242:Usagre 5197:Pombal 5187:Gebora 5060:Wagram 5020:Tarvis 4995:Girona 4955:Raszyn 4945:Sacile 4854:Tudela 4844:Burgos 4824:Roliça 4819:Bailén 4738:Mileto 4728:Danzig 4667:Lübeck 4632:Erfurt 4551:Verona 4434:Nassau 4414:Sweden 4404:Persia 4389:Sicily 4369:Russia 4351:forces 4334:Persia 4307:Saxony 4292:Naples 4262:France 4240:Belli- 4109:", in 4063: 4049: 3965: 3932:online 3896: 3872: 3858: 3844: 3827: 3810: 3792: 3761: 3746: 3728: 3720:, UK: 3700: 3392: 3010:(2015) 2645:Allies 2566:Calais 2541:, 1813 2522:, the 2400:Madrid 2381:Lisbon 2056:London 1996:Assaye 1908:Nelson 1635:Toulon 1623:Toulon 1433:Ceylon 1301:émigré 1164:Medals 650:, the 646:, the 588:Canada 6349:Films 5781:Wavre 5771:Ligny 5761:Gaeta 5721:Ronco 5711:Carpi 5675:Paris 5645:Reims 5549:Hanau 5141:Cádiz 5120:Ocaña 5105:Ölper 5050:María 5015:Wörgl 5005:Grijó 4905:Valls 4895:Uclés 4789:Bruch 4713:Eylau 4637:Halle 4612:Maida 4602:Gaeta 4452:Major 4379:Spain 4339:Spain 4272:Italy 4028:(PDF) 4021:(PDF) 3779:36–37 3185:Ranks 3112:(PDF) 2834:Notes 2675:Ligny 2547:Paris 2129:Corfu 2125:Capri 2000:Delhi 1904:India 1892:Egypt 1447:Swiss 1130:Buffs 1062:from 1041:shako 1028:kilts 817:or a 725:peers 718:major 296:Corps 6278:Kiel 6268:Ried 5814:Info 5801:Issy 5694:1815 5640:Laon 5573:1814 5437:1813 5303:Ekau 5266:1812 5180:1811 5134:1810 5055:Graz 5045:Raab 4883:1809 4777:1808 4701:1807 4595:1806 4509:1805 4082:2014 4061:ISBN 4047:ISBN 4036:2013 4008:2014 3963:ISBN 3948:2014 3918:2014 3894:ISBN 3870:ISBN 3856:ISBN 3842:ISBN 3825:ISBN 3808:ISBN 3790:ISBN 3759:ISBN 3744:ISBN 3726:ISBN 3698:ISBN 3403:2011 3390:ISBN 3369:2011 3347:2010 3325:2010 3149:2024 3124:2024 2654:The 2564:and 2409:Vigo 2286:and 2212:and 2032:and 1998:and 1990:and 1780:and 1690:The 1525:and 1408:The 1396:The 1337:The 1326:The 1070:and 1058:and 1015:and 855:NCOs 849:(or 845:and 689:for 262:The 55:Army 5298:Mir 5161:Côa 4546:Ulm 3981:119 1926:by 1587:by 1431:in 1124:by 1066:. 779:by 275:." 271:of 6392:: 3742:, 3724:, 3673:^ 3661:^ 3595:^ 3574:^ 3547:^ 3411:^ 3209:^ 3157:^ 3140:. 3114:. 3096:^ 2981:^ 2953:^ 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Knowledge (XXG)

British Army during the Napoleonic Wars

Index